3. NON RENEWABLE and RENEWABLE
RESOURCES
• Nonrenewable Resources cannot be replaced by
nature
– Example: Fossil fuels, Minerals (copper, iron, etc)
• Renewable resources can be replaced by nature
– Example: Wood, Water, Soil (forma;on is an extremely
slow process)
– Scenario on how slow: Nature can take anywhere
from 500 years to 1000 years to replace every 2.5cm
of topsoil lost
4.
5. WATER RESOURCES
• Even though water is a renewable resource, there
is a limited supply of fresh water
– No life could ever exist in its absence (e.g. 65‐70% of
human body is composed of water)
– Biological importance: universal solvent
– Environmental importance: water cycle
• Most of the Earth’s water, 97%, is in the oceans
• Primary Concern: to maximize availability and
reduce loss
7. • CLASS SA
– PROPAGATION, SURVIVAL AND HARVEST OF SHELL FISH
(COMMERCIAL PURPOSES)
• CLASS SB
– RECREATIONAL WATER (BATHING, SWIMMING,
SKINDIVING)
– FISHERIES (BANGUS)
• CLASS SC
– RECREATIONAL WATER (BOATING ETC.)
– SUSTENANCE FISHING
– MANGROVE AS WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
• CLASS SD
– INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY (COOLING)
8. • CLASS AA
– PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
– REQUIRES APPROVED DISINFECTION ONLY
• CLASS A
– COMPLETE TREATMENT REQUIRED (COAGULATION,
SEDIMENTATION, FILTRATION, DISINFECTION)
• CLASS B
– PRIMARY CONTACT RECREATION (BATHING, SWIMMING)
• CLASS C
– PROPAGATION OF FISH
– BOATING
– MANUFACTURING WATER AFTER TREATMENT
• CLASS D
– IRRIGATION
10. • DEVELOPMENT-RELATED CHANGES
– URBANIZATION
– OVERGRAZING
– OVERCULTIVATION
– DEFORESTATION
• POLLUTING THE WATER CYCLE
– EMMISIONS AND SOLID WASTES
• OVERDRAWING WATER RESOURCES
– DIMINISHING WATER SURFACE
– SALT WATER INTRUSION
11. NEW SOURCES OF FRESHWATER
• Most of the Earth’s water resources are in
oceans, lakes, rivers and streams
• Desalina;on
– process by which salt is removed from ocean water
– may supply 20 million liters of fresh water daily.
• Icebergs/Glaciers
– could possible be moved to large coastal ci;es and
mined for fresh water
– not sure of the environmental effects the movement
of glaciers might have
12. GROUNDWATER
• More than 300 billion liters of groundwater are taken
out of the ground daily for use on farms and in
factories.
– EXAMPLE: Half the drinking water supply comes form
groundwater.
• It takes hundreds of years for groundwater to
accumulate.
– In many areas of the country it is being used faster than it
is being replaced.
• The levels of groundwater are dropping and lakes and
rivers may dry up.
18. LAND USE
• One‐third of the Earth’s • Land is needed for building
surface is covered by land. ci;es to house the
– Only a small amount of this increasing human
land can be used for farming popula;on.
or for living space.
– All land is not suitable for all
uses. • Land is also needed for
farming and industry.
• Land is used for ci;es, – These needs have to be
carefully weighed and
highways, forests, farms and balanced.
pastures. – If too much is used for cites,
then not enough will be le_
for farms.
• Even though the popula;on
– Both uses are important.
con;nues to grow, land is a
limited resource.
19. • LAND: AN ECOSYSTEM
– FOOD BASE
– CRUCIAL LIFE-SUPPORT
SYSTEM
• LAND CULTIVATION:
DEVELOPED
TO MEET FOOD
NEEDS
• PROVIDE RAW MATERIALS
20. • GRASSLANDS
• 14.2 M HECTARES – HIGHEST RATE OF SOIL LOSS (268
TONS/HEC/YEAR)
SUITABLE FOR
CROP CULTIVATION • RP GROSS EROSION RATE
– 2, 046 M METRIC TONS/YEAR
– GRASSLANDS (76.34%)
– AGRICULTURE (22.34%)
• 4% OF TOTAL RP – WOODLANDS (1.32%)
LAND AREA
• TOP SOIL LOSS
– LOSS OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
AND MOISTURE- HOLDING CAPACITY
• 5.2M HECTARES • CAUSES INCREASED RUN-OFF
SEVERELY ERODED • REDUCED INFILTRATION
• POORER SEEDBED QUALITIES
21. EROSION AND LAND CONVERSION
• ECOLOGICAL/ECONOMIC
– SOIL EROSION ON SITE
– SEDIMENTATION: OFF SITE
• DEFORESTATION
– MAJOR CAUSE OF SOIL
EROSION AND LAND
DEGRADATION IN UPLAND
AREAS
• IMPROPER LAND USE
– DESTRUCTIVE PRACTICES
– LAND CONVERSION
– LAND MANAGEMENT
22. FOOD PRODUCTION
• An increasing popula;on requires an increase in
food produc;on.
– New and improved crop varie;es must be developed.
– Farms must be made more produc;ve with beaer
growing methods.
• Land that is unusable for farming must be made
fer;le.
– Irriga;on is one way to do this.
• Land is also needed for raising animals and to
produce food for the animals.
23. FARM MANAGEMENT
• Crops use up nutrients in the soil.
– When one type of crop is grown on the same land for too long,
deple;on may result.
• Farmers need to alternate crops that extract different
nutrients.
– This is known as crop rota;on.
• Contour plowing involves plan;ng crops across the face of a
slope of land.
• In strip cropping, farmers plant strips of low cover crops
between strips of other crops.
– This holds down the soil.
24. CHALLENGE: DESERTIFICATION
• Regions too dry to support crop growth can
support grasslands.
– These grasslands have tradi;onally been used for
grazing.
– Too many animals on the land results in overgrazing.
• Overgrazing leaves the topsoil exposed to wind
erosion.
• Dry grasslands then become deserts.
• Deser;fica;on is taking place all over the world.
25. LAND AND SOIL RECLAMATION
• Some;mes land is disturbed to reach valuable
minerals.
– It may be possible for the land to be reclaimed, or
restored to its original condi;on.
• Land reclama;on involves several steps.
– First, the valuable topsoil is carefully removed and
stored.
– Then the less valuable layers below are stripped away.
• The needed minerals are removed and shipped.
• The disturbed soil must be protected from erosion and
pollu;on.
• Then the layers are put back.
– The final step is seeding and plan;ng the land.
26.
27. MINERAL RESOURCES
• A mineral is defined as a naturally occurring
chemical substance found in soil.
– Minerals are used to make a variety of products, from
silver jewelry to aluminum cans.
– Minerals are nonrenewable resources.
– Minerals are either metallic or non metallic.
• Metallic minerals include copper, iron and
aluminum.
• Nonmetallic minerals include quartz, limestone
and sulfur.
28. ORES
• To obtain a useful mineral, the minerals must
be mined or removed from the Earth.
• Deposits of minerals that can be mined at a
profit are called ores.
– If the percentage of a mineral in an ore is high, the
ore is called a high‐grade ore.
– Ore are found all over the Earth.
• The Earth’s crust is a storehouse of minerals.
29. IRON
• Iron is the most widely used metal extracted from
metallic ores.
• Other substances can be added to iron to make
steel.
– Steel is an alloy, or a substance made of two or more
metals.
• Chromium is added in the steel making process to
provide resistance to rus;ng.
31. MINING AND PROCESSING OF ORES
• Once mineral deposits have been located, they
must be mined.
• Open‐pit mining can have disastrous effect on
land and groundwater resources.
• Mining the ore is the first step.
– To extract the mineral from the ore, impuri;es in the
ore are removed.
– A purified mineral remains.
– The mineral is then processed and sent to the plant to
make the final product.
32. MINING THE OCEANS
• The minerals in the Earth’s crust have been formed over millions or
billions of years.
– The Earth contains a limited amount of mineral.
– The present rate of mining cannot con;nue or the supply will be
exhausted.
• One answer is to reuse or recycle minerals.
– Another is to find new materials to take their place.
– Another possibility is the ocean floor.
• Many minerals such as manganese, nickel, cobalt, and copper have
been found on the ocean floor.
• If these deposits can be mined economically, they may provide a
valuable new source of mineral.
33. RP REMAINS IN THE WORLD’S UPPER
BRACKET IN TERMS OF MINERAL
RESOURCES
MINERAL SECTOR : TOP EARNER DUE TO
NUMEROUS PROPOSALS FROM FOREIGN
COMPANIES
MINING INDUSTRY : ALSO ONE OF THE
MOST PROBLEMATIC AS FAR AS THE
ENVIRONMENT IS CONCERNED
34.
35. • INVOLVES EXTENSIVE
VEGETATION CLEARING
• EARTH MOVING
• REPUTATION : MAJOR
POLLUTER OF THE
ENVIRONMENT
– Effluent generation
• MAJOR DILEMMA:
– BALANCE BETWEEN
UTILIZATION AND
CONSERVATION
– SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
38. • CORROSIVE • REACTIVE
– E.G. ACIDS – E.G. CHLORINE BLEACH AND
– CAN EAT THROUGH METAL AMMONIA
– CAN EXPLODE OR CREATE
– BURN SKIN ON CONTACT POISONOUS GAS WHEN
– GIVES OFF VAPORS THAT COMBINED WITH OTHER
BURN THE EYES CHEMICALS
• IGNITABLE • TOXIC
– E.G. PESTICIDES, WEED
– E.G. GASOLINE, KILLERS, HOUSEHOLD
FURNITURE POLISH, PAINT CLEANERS
– CAN BURST INTO FLAMES – CAN POISON PEOPLE, AND
EASILY OTHER LIFE FORMS
– CAN IRRITATE EYES, SKIN – CAN CAUSE ILLNESS OR
AND LUNGS DEATH IF SWALLOWED OR
ABSORBED THROUGH THE
– GIVE OFF HARMFUL SKIN
VAPORS
39. • RE-USE AND RECYCLE
• SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS
(STORING IN LINE PONDS)
• INCINERATION (CONTROLLED
BURNING)
• DEEP WELL INJECTION
(PUMPING INTO
UNDERGROUND WELLS)
• INNOVATIVE TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGIES
40. • INHALATION
– VAPORS
• INGESTION
– THROUGH CONTAMINATED WATER OR FOOD
• DERMAL EXPOSURE
– SKIN ABSORPTION
• ACUTE EXPOSURE
– SINGLE EXPOSURE FOR A SHORT TIME
– SYMPTOMS APPEAR IMMIDEATELY
• CHRONIC EXPOSURE
– OCCURS OVER A MUCH LONGER PERIOD OF TIME
– CANCER, LIVER FAILURE, SLOWED GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
41.
42.
43. RESSING
P
CONCERN ABOUT
THE RESOURCE :
LOBAL CLIMATE
G
CHANGE
IMINISHING
D
OZONE LAYER
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C
OR WALK
SE OF FUEL‐EFFICIENT
U
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• HOW TO MITIGATE IF
VOID USING EXCESSIVE
A NOT ERADICATE THE
POWER PROBLEM…
NERGY EFFICIENT
E
METHODS • YOU CAN HELP!
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