The Environmental Justice Movement Of E-Waste In The...

The Environmental Justice Movement Of E-Waste In The...
Here in the United States alone, we produced 3.412 million tons of electronic waster, also known as
e–waste (Facts and Figures 2014). However only one million tons were recycled correctly,
according to the standards of the Environmental Protection Agency (Facts and Figures 2014). So,
that means that two million tons were disposed of through landfills or other disposal methods. This
enormous amount of e–waste has become a prominent issue due to our political economic system,
better known as capitalism. However, our capitalistic system doesn't just effect our country when it
comes to e–waste, it also effects the environmental conditions of the newly developing countries
around the Globe too (Wilson 2017). E–waste has become an essential part ... Show more content on
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This movement is called the Environmental Justice movement and its principle is for there to be an
equal distribution of environmental goods and bads throughout the world (Robbins et al. 2014).
Most people see developed countries dumping their electronic waste on weak and developing
nations as an issue. It is supported by the Environmental Justice Principle that states that all
environmental actions must be made free of any form of discrimination or bias (Delegates 1991).
This major issue is both discriminatory and bias because the dumping of e–waste onto weak and
developing nations is not seen as socially acceptable and its bias due to developed countries thinking
they can do based on the fact that developing nations do not cause as much pollution as they do.
Another Environmental issue is the knowledge and regulations that workers in developing nations
have were breaking down these old computer, televisions, cell phones, and other electronic devices.
Currently workers in Hong Kong have no regulations or health benefits to protect them (Watchdog
Group 2016). They also are not taught of the dangerous chemicals and toxins that are released from
the electronics as they are broken down (Watchdog Group 2016). Again, this is the reason why
sellers and producers are sending people's old devices to these countries. Especially when regarding
safety, the devices that go to Ghana are just piled up in mounds where older kids dump chemicals on
them to try and recover the inside materials to sell and make money (Ghana 2009). Yet again, they
sadly do not know of the toxic chemicals they are being exposed to. When a computer monitor is
broken down the cathode ray tubes are either broken or destroyed releasing toxic lead fumes to the
people around it (Watchdog Group 2016). These are reasons why we ship off our waste because it's
too
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Environmental Issues Of Environmental Justice
Environmental justice is a term coined in the United States that usually deals with two different
things. One is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color,
national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of
environmental laws, regulations, and policies. The other is a mixed body of social science literature
pertaining to anything from environmental laws to political ecology. Primarily based around the
concept of injustices carried out by energy companies, environmental injustice is still a rampant
problem in todays wide variety of social justice issues. While the prior two meanings mentioned are
the main ones, some other definitions include equitable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are seen as environmental discrimination because the companies are placing possibly toxic
facilities in these specific areas where the residents do not often have the means to fight back against
them.
Due to the results of that study, waste dumps and waste incinerators have been the target of
environmental justice lawsuits and protests. Several of the most popular Environmental Justice
lawsuits are based off of violations of civil rights laws. The first instance to use civil rights as a way
to challenge the placement of a waste–management facility was in 1979.
The Northeast Community Action Group, or NECAG, was created by African American residents in
a middle–class neighborhood in order to keep a landfill out of their home town. This group is
recognized as the first organization that found the connection between race and pollution. The
group, alongside their attorney Linda McKeever Bullard started the lawsuit Bean v. Southwestern
Waste Management, Inc., which was the first of its kind to challenge the sitting of a waste facility
under civil rights law. The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which was used
many times to defend minority rights during the 1960s, has also been used in numerous
Environmental Justice cases.
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is sometimes used in lawsuits that are fighting
environmental inequality. Section 601 prohibits

PCB Contamination
Essay #1: PCB Contamination on Warren County
Had I had the strength to do something, I would have tremored every part of my body as I witnessed
the atrocity committed by the "midnight dumpers". As burns and the Ward Transformer Company
laid waste to me and my body, I saw how the people that reside on me were harmed by the
contamination of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls). Though Burns and his business men were
arrested soon after, they still had managed to get the last laugh. Since the late 1970s I became a toxic
landfill full of contaminated byproducts where legislation and government failed to manage my
wellbeing as well as protect the health of nearby residents. State officials were slow to react and I
had to succumb to this contamination until finally, someone spoke up for me. With the unjust actions
that happened against me, came a strong and empowering movement that would force government
to stop ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By 1990, he wrote a book titled "Dumping in Dixie" as well as "Overcoming Racism in
Environmental Decision Making", where he proposed a framework for environmental justice.
Bullard's work ultimately led to the convergence of social justice and environmental movements
into what is called the environmental justice movement. From this movement, The 1991 First
National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit was created. The Summit aimed to
broaden the environmental justice movement to further include issues of public health, worker
safety, resource allocation and community empowerment ( Muller 2009). Since my incident, people
finally began paying more attention to how they manage their built environment. People have rights
to environmental protection and any sign of harmful impact should be prevented at all cost.
Government eventually responded to this movement and created laws that would strengthen this

Global Climate Change, Sustainable Development
The Global Environmental Movement is one of the many (NGO's) addressing international issues,
mostly in developing countries, gathering and analyze technical information. Environmental issues
have become a significant problem over the years, which raised concerns at the global and
international levels, which provoke movements for environmental protection at the international
level. From the early 1960s forward, concern about the global scopes of environmental harm and the
movement for international environmental protection grew significantly. The first issues such as oil
spills, nuclear testing, and overfishing was the areas targeted for ratification by the United Nations,
concerning the environmental protection of Antarctica. Increasing concerns over loss species and
poorer nations in the lack of resources lead to these three major issues, biodiversity, global climate
change, and sustainable development in which the paper will discuss. Keywords: biodiversity,
global climate change, sustainable development International Environmental Movements
Introduction
There are settings where international environmental disputes are arbitrated, such as National courts,
the International Court of Justice, and international panels. These meetings, however, generally
require that the disputing parties freely submit to the jurisdiction of the court or board.

President Roosevelt's National Parks And Preservation...
As President Mckinley condition stabilized, post being shot, Vice–President Theodore Roosevelt
embarked to view the vastness of nature in the less developed west. His trip was cut short, as he got
word that Mckinley's condition had turned for the worse. Mckinley was pronounced dead September
14, 1901; subsequently, Roosevelt was sworn into the presidency, along with his progressive views.
Although this was not the start of the conservation and preservation movements, extended from the
late 19th through the early 20th century, it was a major step for the movement as Roosevelt had
empathy for activists and nature. The combination of a movement and a president who was willing
to move resulted in five national parks and 18 national monuments being established by the end of
Roosevelt's presidency. After the establishment of these parks, the lands were to be preserved by
federal government, but the political and economical agendas of those opposed to the conservation
and preservation movements still endangered the pristine land. The fact that it took a president to get
assassinated, before any serious legislative help came to aid the conservation and preservation
movements. If the movement came in a more populated group, which could agree on how save the
environment around us, then it wouldn't have taken this mishap to get the ball rolling. The battle for
Hetch Hetchy highlighted the different views within the movement, all in favor of environmental
protection. Years later

Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring and the Beginning of the...
Rachel Carson's Silent Spring and the Beginning of the Environmental Movement in the United
States
When Rachel Carson's Silent Spring was published in 1962, it generated a storm of controversy over
the use of chemical pesticides. Miss Carson's intent in writing Silent Spring was to warn the public
of the dangers associated with pesticide use. Throughout her book are numerous case studies
documenting the harmful effects that chemical pesticides have had on the environment. Along with
these facts, she explains how in many instances the pesticides have done more harm than good in
eradicating the pests they were designed to destroy. In addition to her reports on pesticide use, Miss
Carson points out that many of the long–term effects that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Impact of Silent Spring
When excerpts of Silent Spring first began appearing in The New Yorker magazine in June 1962,
they caused an uproar and brought a "howl of indignation" from the chemical industry. Supporters
of the pesticide industry argued that her book gave an incomplete picture because it did not say
anything about the benefits of using pesticides. An executive of the American Cyanamid Company
complained, "if man were to faithfully follow the teachings of Miss Carson, we would return to the
Dark Ages, and the insects and diseases and vermin would once again inherit the earth." Chemical
manufacturers began undertaking a more aggressive public relations campaign to educate the public
on the benefits of pesticide use. Monsanto, for example, published and distributed 5,000 copies of a
brochure "parodying" Silent Spring entitled "The Desolate Year," which explained how chemical
pesticides were largely responsible for the virtual eradication of diseases such as malaria, yellow
fever, sleeping sickness, and typhus in the United States and throughout the world, and that without
the assistance of pesticides in agricultural production millions around the world would suffer from
malnutrition or starve to death (NRDC 1997).
One of the main counterarguments to Miss Carson's book expressed by the farmers, scientists, and
other supporters of the pesticide industry was that farm yields would be drastically reduced without
the assistance

Summary Of Environmental Ethics By The Late 1800s
During the late 1800s to the beginning of the 1900s advocacy for land ownership became a major
issues that help shaped the United Stated environmental policy. The essay's author recognizes
transformation in the U.S environmental policy. Bissell writes, Wildlife are one example of the
transition of policy formulation and the influence of culture and biological thought in the United
States" (Bissell, 1998). Bissell not only explain this environmental shift but Joseph R. Desjardins
provides detailed explanation in his book Environmental Ethics, he writes, "By the late nineteenth
century, the United States had largely succeeded in these tasks, and most of the American landscape
lay open for human use. During this period of tremendous industrial

Environmental Education : Education For Sustainability Essay
Environmental Education today must be understood as education for sustainability. The flow
information and knowledge caused by Environmental Education have the potential to build a new
vision of the world capable of guiding actions towards sustainability.
The history of environmental education can be searched back in the 18th century when Jean Jacques
Rousseau stressed the importance of an education that focuses on the environment in Emile: or, On
Education. There after several decades later, Louis Agassiz, a Swiss–born naturalist, echoed
Rousseau's philosophy as he encouraged students to "Study nature, not books." The work of these
two influential scholars helped lay the foundation for a concrete environmental education program,
known as nature study, which took place in the late 19th century and early 20th century.
The nature study movement used fables and moral lessons to help students develop an appreciation
of nature and embrace the natural world. Anna Botsford Comstock, the head of the Department of
Nature Study at Cornell University, was a prominent figure in the nature study movement and wrote
the Handbook for Nature Study in 1911, which used nature to educate children on cultural values.
Comstock and the other leaders of the movement, such as Liberty Hyde Bailey, helped Nature Study
garner tremendous amounts of support from community leaders, teachers, and scientists and change
the science curriculum for children across the United States.
A new type of

Research Proposal On Environmental Racism And...
Unit 8 Learning Assignment Research paper University of the People term 4 (2015–2016) Phil
1404: Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice May 30, 2016 Andy Stanford (Instructor)
This will be my paper research proposal on behave of the unit 8 Learning assignment as per
requested; The Brief summary of my topic will be An environmental Justice / Environmental
Racism. This ethical concern is our biggest generation issues that critically affected the human life
around the globe. To limit global warming as necessary and needed to the required labels is a big
challenge, and to avoid worst effects of climate change has many issues because of it's on Justice
and racism around the matter. Additional pay attention to the matter will be very important in my
ethical understanding. I have attached three link list in order to support my paper research. Title:
Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice: Environmental Racism and Environmental
justice is one of the biggest global issues that the world has facing and dealing with and critically
hits the world as a result inconsistency

An Argumentative Essay On Sea Shepherd
How can any social, political, or economic issue matter if there is no earth to argue them on? How
can humans fight amongst themselves if there is no way for humans to live on this planet? These
kinds of arguments are perhaps the most well known arguments many ecoterrorists give to explain
their actions, and to be fair, that is because they can be a rather convincing ones. It is a universal
truth that it is humanity's responsibility to care for that which gives the human race everything, the
earth. Yet at what cost? Are radical environmental groups justified in employing direct action tactics
involving illegal acts, or even violent ones? It is a question with no easy answer, but through an
examination into the history and motives of one such particular environmental group, Sea Shepherd,
a conclusion leaning towards support is hard not to reach. It should be noted, however, that this
positive conclusion can only be applied to the present, and should groups such as Sea ... Show more
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This is because, for the most part, the illegal actions these groups take to protect the environment
actually do not do much at all in terms of direct change. It is one thing to justify illegal actions that
only harm businesses and organizations, but a completely different matter if actual human beings are
hurt or killed for the sake of a cause that does not facilitate highly successful results. In one
particular case study that relates to Sea Shepherd's direct action tactics against Japanese whaling
ships, it was found that simply educating the public about the negative effects of whaling and eating
whale meat had a bigger effect than Sea Shepherd's actions. (Hoek 2010, 1) This is important to note
so it can be understood that the value of direct action tactics used by environmental groups such as
Sea Shepherd is not in direct change but in the form of creating publicity and

Executive Order 12898
The prevalence of environmental issues in the public awareness reached a point where government
was forced to take action in 1979. When Henry Love abandoned construction of a canal in New
York in 1920, the site was bought by Hooker Chemical and used as a toxic chemical waste dumping
site for the next 33 years (Schons 2011). Then in 1953 Hooker Chemical sold the Love Canal to the
school board, and construction of a school began. In the mid to late 1970s, when children's shoes
began melting to the ground and children got sick the residents organized and protested. Media
coverage increased and showed toxic black sludge oozing into people's basements (Schons 2011).
The lack of awareness of environmental and health consequences of chemical dumping ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was the first environmental justice action taken on a federal level, and it ordered that all federal
agencies, programs, and activities be equal in their benefit or protection (Clinton 1994). It further
requires the mission all federal agencies include addressing environmental justice (Clinton 1994).
The order also established an Interagency Working Group on Environmental Justice (Bernier, C. J.
2013). Executive Order 12898 was intended to ensure the full implementation and to supplement the
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 promoting environmental justice awareness in all US
environmental policy. It was also designed to supplement already existing law prohibiting
discrimination of any kind in programs receiving funding from the federal government, and extends
the same protections from discrimination established in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to one's health
and community being afforded the same protection from pollution and effects of exposure to toxic
material (Clinton

Environmental Policies Of China And Brazil
China and Brazil have developed historically together but why does Brazil have more effective
environmental agencies than the China? Both nations are different politically and cultural, however
through their developments as nations their environmental policies are having different degrees of
success. These countries are partly free, but Brazil has informal institutions including the Catholic
Church that affects the political climate and has helped environmental agencies. China and Brazil
have historically had similar environmental policy specifically in UN talks. These countries have
had their own struggles with their environmental policy trying to have a balance of economic
growth and being a sustainable country. It is important examine ... Show more content on
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As a communist state becoming more international acknowledged as a state China had to make
major changes as a government and it had to come externally. China "began to manifest an
awareness of environmental problems in the early 1970's" (Ross, 810). This was because China had
gained a seat in the UN and was working with the U.S during this time. Right before the 1972
Stockholm conference China had created a domestic agency that worked with environmental issues
so that they had a voice in the conference. This conference came to the existence of SEPA which had
policies with emission permits that was modeled by economically advanced countries such as the
U.S (Ross, 812). SEPA was a cost to the state and could restrain a growing economy which was not
in China's best interest. Right before the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development China and 41 other developing countries made a declaration. This declaration
"acknowledged the need for international co–operation to promote environmental protection and
sustainable development while demanding financial assistance" (Ross, 814). This was also
mentioned by the top leaders of China that economic development would reject in any interference
with domestic politics for environmental policy (Ross, 814). China eventually reached a deal with a
9 year plan which shows that China is not against environmental

The Environmental Movement In The Film Simb King Of The...
When thinking of the environmental movement in America, it is presumably just thought of as the
effects climate change and left–winged ideas, but the history of the movement is much more
complex than its current state. As Europeans began colonializing America, the wilderness was a vast
and plentiful resource and new settlers quickly conquered new land. As America was created into an
industrialized and urbanized nation, debates occurred on what environment of our newfound country
should hold. The environmental movement started with conserving and preserving wilderness
resources as an American idea, which is shown in the film Simba: King of the Beasts, and shifts to
the modern environmental movement were the effects of industrialized American have effects on
human health and quality of life shown in the film Blue Vinyl.
As America expanded, companies demanding more natural resources for the growing populations,
which became the roots of the conservation movement. The federal government began granting land
to states, such as Yosemite (1864) and Yellowstone (1872) to conserve for public enjoyment (Boger,
9/11). Elitist women began using their privileges to decrease the popularity of some animal
produces, such as plumes, which lead to the formation of the Audubon society in 1896 and the
Lacey Act that prohibited trade of illegal animals (Boger, 9/11). According to Professor Boger's
timeline, the National Park service became established in 1916 to protect the land for future
generations to observe. By saving the American frontier, the public believed that they were
continuing the preservation of the way of American life. The Frontier Thesis argued by Frederick
Turner in 1893, stated that "the frontier was critical to the US identity and success." (Boger, 9/11)
By saying that the frontier of America was closed, people became more interested in wildlife and
wilderness protection to keep America prosperous.
To save the wilderness and preserve the American way, propaganda was created to spread the idea to
the American public. As talked about in Professor Boger's lecture (9/11), elite clubs, such as the
Boone and Crocket Club and the American Bison Society, were formed to purpose methods for
white men to hunt game

American Environmental Movement
Have you ever caught yourself criticizing a littered area of your favorite park? Or cringed at the
bitter taste of an apple's skin, due to heavy pesticides? Like you, many Americans began to socially
denounce the mistreatment of their natural world, thus sweeping an environmental movement across
the United States. The modern environmentalist ideas that help safe guard the nature in our everyday
world have grown into a hugely adopted cultural movement through decades of research and
persuasion. Its influence on America and other parts of the world vastly differs from society to
society, however, the fundamental ideas seem to remain concrete through time.
The American environmental movement holds itself in high esteem both in the common individual
opinion, and its literal definition. The environmental movement describes the attempt to purify and
conserve natural resources. This fundamental movement bore its beginnings in rough times for the
U.S., as certain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many counterclaims enter human thought, including, exaggeration of facts, content, the idea of
hidden truths about our environment, and laziness. For example, in 1983, researches released their
fears of ozone degeneration and looked into both the reality and causes. Because of some faulty
information and controversial data, many citizens disregarded the warning and made no efforts to
increase fuel friendliness. Ignoring the threat also allowed every day people the ease and capital
provision of using more harmful gases in their machines and vehicles. However, in May of 1985, an
article was released, confirming the ozone hole over the Antarctic. People throughout America
began to drastically increase the concept "Going Green". The effects of concern, followed by
research, followed by a call to action, have created a much more conservative culture in America.
However, we are not a perfect people and both doubt and laziness in association with environment
purification will continue to

Environmental Inequality In The 1970's
Introduction The atmosphere of the 1950s to 1970s can be described as a time of intense turmoil in
American history. In the 1960s there was a change in the way people viewed the environment and
what as a nation they were doing to destroy it. Women again rose up to combat oppression
inequality during the 1960s, as they have done in the past before. The Civil Rights came with a
powerful force of change for the minorities of the United States and paved the way for other
Movement to arise. In the trying times of the chaotic 1950's to 1970s three of the most influential
movements of their time emerged, the Environmental Movement, Women's Movement, and the
Civil Rights movement, all would go onto changing the American way of life.
Environmental Movement Just like the bald eagle the American way of life in the 1960s was killing
America and the animal in the environment. Chemical sprayed in the air to ward off bugs like DDT
was contaminating the water supply, killing the fish and harming the animals who drank from it. So
in the mid 60s Congress passed a law prohibiting the use of DDT in the United States. As news of
America's environmental arose the public began to organise small environment movements which
played a big role in attracting the attention of the government, which passed the Clean Air and Water
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such as the case of inequality in the social aspect, the workforce, and educational fields. The
serotype of the 1950s was that the women were to get married, become housewives, and raise a
family with the man supporting them. The Women's Movement sought to fight against that
stereotype and allow women to be empowered to live their own life. They passed anti discrimination
bills in congress to allow women to more easily get jobs and expand their feminist movement.

The Environmental Justice Movement Is The Confluence Of...
Delegates of the National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit once said that the
"The environmental justice movement is the confluence of three of America's greatest challenges:
the struggle against racism and poverty; the effort to preserve and improve the environment; and the
compelling need to shift social institutions from class division and environmental depletion to social
unity and global sustainability." (pg.1)
"Environmental Justice is a grassroots movement that deals with environmental burdens and their
distributional consequences" (Visgilio and Whitelaw, ix) Environmental justice emerged in the
United States in the 1960's during the civil rights movement. However, environmental justice didn't
become a national issue ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I will discuss why communities in the United States, who have the least political power, fewer
resources such as money, time and education and have little to no community awareness on
ecological threats, are more than likely to experience arduous environmental and health problems.
Additionally, I will explain that the main reason certain communities are not talking about these
injustices is because they don't know how much they are being affected by toxic air pollution or
water contamination. How they don't understand the neoliberal policies that encourage and allow
companies to be located near their homes, schools and children. I will then go into a case study
about Barrio Logan and the injustices the community has faced over the century. Through my case
study, I will discuss how organizations like Barrio Logan College Institute (BLCI) are extremely
important because they encourage families to become more involved with their community. Using
BLCI's coalition efforts, I will focus on ways in which activism, education and community
involvement are important when fighting against environmental injustices in Barrio Logan.
"In the United States, communities of color and low–income neighborhoods are historically the
hardest hit by pollution from industrial factories and incinerators, the illegal dumping of chemical
wastes on vacant lots, lead contamination in building materials, a lack of parklands and other

The Environmental Movement: A Huge Social Movement In The...
The environmental movement is a global campaign and also a huge social movement in the United
State of America. It addresses the issues of environmental protection, advocates problems of
ambiance which include water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution, biologically pollution,
chemical pollution, radioactive pollution, lack of non–renewable resources, and climate change. The
activists share the same beliefs that human beings should defend our living surrounding from
contaminants. Through the development of technology and human effort, people can create a non–
toxic environment and bring earth sustainability (Aidt, 2005).
The early awareness was in the late eighteenth century. With the rapid development of the industrial
revolution, people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People paid more attention to global warming issue. Some of them wrote books, others made
disaster movie to remind audience the impotence of our environment. As a result, globe warming
enhanced the awareness of all nations. Therefore, the government enacted law and educated people
to contribute the responsibilities in daily life.
In addition, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an
international environmental movement organization to antagonize global warming. Their main goal
is to reduce the greenhouse gas in order to declare the greenhouse effect and stabilize the climate
change (Kulovesi, 2012).
Although there are several reasons may cause global warming, for instance, the sunlight passed
through the atmosphere, it absorbed and contain the heat which caused the temperature increase in
our atmosphere. We called it "greenhouse effect". In addition, the large number of rain forest
decreased on earth caused carbon dioxide exchange rate also decrease. Also, fossil fuel used which
produced a great amount of carbon dioxide can play a critical part of the global warming (Feeley et
al., 2013). These three points will be the main focus in this

Environmental Justice Analysis
Environmental justice is very ambiguous term as it denotes the need for not only environmental
sustainability but also social liberation. Regrettably, not every citizen, politician or business owner is
apprehensive about our wilting global environment. To this very day, there are scholars and
politicians that contend that climate change and global warming is the rhetorical vehicle for which
liberal propaganda can be transported. Consequently, these same leaders in their lofty positions deny
that there is any evidence of global warming and other environmental dangers by undermining the
countless research studies by acclaimed scientists. Ignorance to objective quantitative and
qualitative findings that justify theoretical claims that global warming ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
to launch an intensive construction plan to create this direct access pipeline. Antecedently, the
United States is attempting to capitalize in their domestic crude oil production to dissipate the cost
of importing crude oil from the middle east and other areas. Theoretically, the managerial approach
to public administration contends that public administration is a "field of business" as quoted by the
presumed Father of Public Administration, Woodrow Wilson (Rosembloom,1983). Under this
theoretical proposition of public administration, it depersonalizes citizens and concentrates on the
economic profits of subordinates. Nevertheless, rational choice theory must also be pondered.
Rational–Choice theory is a neo–economic concept that proclaims that individuals will function
within their own self–interest to achieve maximum utility (Frederickson, Smith, Larimer, & Licari,
2012). Theorist Adam Smith advocates that people will act in pursuit of their own self–interests and
that they would do so concerning the achievement of the greatest benefit for all of society
(Frederickson, Smith, Larimer, & Licari, 2012 p. 196). There is a double entendre that the late hip–
hop mogul Big Pun made that declares, "Cause if it doesn't make

Global Climate Change, Sustainable Development
The Global Environmental Movement is one of the many (NGO's) addressing international issues,
mostly in developing countries, gathering and analyze technical information. Environmental issues
have become a significant problem over the years, which raised concerns at the global and
international levels, which provoke movements for environmental protection at the international
level. From the early 1960s forward, concern about the global scopes of environmental harm and the
movement for international environmental protection grew significantly. The first issues such as oil
spills, nuclear testing, and overfishing was the areas targeted for ratification by the United Nations,
concerning the environmental protection of Antarctica. Increasing concerns over loss species and
poorer nations in the lack of resources lead to these three major issues, biodiversity, global climate
change, and sustainable development in which the paper will discuss. Keywords: biodiversity,
global climate change, sustainable development International Environmental Movements
Introduction
The environment has no replacement, and therefore, it is the role of the earth's inhabitant to ensure it
is handled correctly. International Environment Movements have stepped in to aid in the fight of
saving the environment for the future generation. The key concerns identified by International

Racism and Social Injustice Essay
In the United States and internationally, there is a multitude of indicators that the racial environment
is changing. Environmental pollution and racism are connected in more ways than one. The world is
unconsciously aware of environmental intolerances, yet continues to expose the poor and minorities
to physical hazards. Furthermore, sociologist continue to study "whether racial disparities are largely
a function of socioeconomic disparities or whether other factors associated with race are also related
to the distribution of environmental hazards" (Mohai and Saha 2007: 345). Many of these factors
include economic positions, health disparities, social and political affairs, as well as racial
inequalities. A large number of low–income and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hazards and pollutants are apparent in a variety of outcomes. Possible outcomes include asthma,
cancer and chemical poisoning (Gee and Payne–Sturges 2004: 1647). Furthermore, "Although
debated, the main hypothesis explaining these disparities is that disadvantaged communities
encounter greater exposure to environmental toxins such as air pollution, pesticides, and lead" (Gee
and Payne–Sturges 2004: 1647). Therefore, disadvantaged groups, such as people of color and the
poor, experience greater environmental risks. Additionally, "Blacks in particular are exposed to a
disproportionate amount of pollution and suffer the highest levels of lead and pesticide poisoning
and other associated health problems" (Jones and Rainey 2006: 474). People of color, essentially,
compete to live healthily. For example, African–Americans and Africans alike, struggle with the
negative affects of oil refineries and unresponsive governments. The same can be said for Hispanics
in California and the natives of Ecuador, who are forced to cope with the pollution of the Texaco oil
refineries (Bullard 2001: 4). Environmental racism not only exploits natural resources, it abuses and
profits from the communities involved. Governments and polluting facilities will continue to
capitalize on the economic susceptibilities of poor communities, states, nations and regions for their
"unsound" and hazardous operations (Bullard 2001: 23).
For

Trump's Impact On The Environment
Globalization through free foreign trade allows for specialized goods to circulate on a global scale.
This type of economic integration calls for lower tariffs, creating an economy without borders where
more consumers and other markets can be easily accessed. Despite obvious economic benefits of
globalization, the expansion of foreign trade clearly harms local and domestic economies. With
international agreements and organizations such as the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), the economies become highly competitive,
often disturbing the local agricultural farmers that are unable to compete with better and cheaper
goods from abroad. Consequently, without taxation, large businesses are more likely ... Show more
To overcome these great obstacles set by the polluter–industrial complex, the environmental justice
movement must grow and adapt to the changes. If the environmental justice movement expands its
constituency to include broader human rights campaigns, the movement will be able to strengthen
its numbers. It will become much more difficult to argue against human rights platforms for it
applies to every social class and race. These campaigns could also compromise less by showing
increased activism through grassroots campaigning. Without extreme measures, the environmental
justice movement could place more pressure through a united front, compromising to none. Another
way to combat the polluter–industrial complex is by forcing politicians to make their financial
statements more transparent to the public. The American people have the right to know if certain
politicians are paid by individuals linked to the polluter–industrial complex. This information should
be publically displayed for immediate and easy access, helping many differentiate between real and
false information. Most importantly, the American people and consumers need to become more
conscious of reliable sources, for not every source tells the truth. Mindful consumers that restrict the
purchase of certain

John Muir and the Environmental Conservation Movement Essay
The conservation movement of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and the environmental
movement which came about after 1950 had symbolic and ideological relationships, but were quite
different in their social roots and objectives. A clear point is that especially in the beginning, only
the elite, wealthy class, had time left to think and enjoy nature and joined the environmental
movement organizations. It was born out a movement of amateurs. The organizations of the
environmental movement viewed natural resources such as water, land, and air, as recourses that
would improve the quality of life (Sandbach, 1980). The conservation movement grew out of the
idea of how to use water, forests, minerals and animals, fearing that they ... Show more content on
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He was born on April 21, 1838 in Dunbar, Scotland. Until the age of eleven he attended the local
schools of that coastal town. In 1849, the Muir family emigrated to the United States. During this
time slavery was still common in the United States. Therefore John Muir dealt with that slavery the
first 16 years in the United States, until the end of the Civil war. After that, blacks and whites were
still not equal. The history of slavery was still present in the community, even after slavery was
outlawed (Flyer: John Muir Exhibit – Sierra Club, 2004 (writer unknown)). This is why John Muir
had a bigoted upbringing. He lived in a time when bigotry was common. Although he was not a real
wealthy and high class person, he was still bigoted.
John Muir had a Christian upbringing, even though later on in his life, he believed in nature; and not
in god anymore. His wife was a devout Christian. Because of his Christian upbringing and his
Christian wife, he became bigoted as well, because the Christian believe is a bigoted believe (Fox
1981).
John Muir sometimes made fun of the Irish and this was bigotry as well. However this has to do
with his nationality; he was a Scotsman, and the Scottish were known to make jokes about the Irish
((Flyer: John Muir Exhibit – Sierra Club, 2004 (writer unknown)). You can also find the White
Anglo Saxon Protestant (WASP) feeling in his ideas about the environmental

Education and Awareness Will Promote Environmental...
Education and Awareness Will Promote Environmental Justice
The goals of this environmental justice conference are stated simply: firstly, to explore whether
racial minorities and the poor are being environmentally victimized, and secondly, to evaluate public
policies that promote environmental fairness. Each speaker provided insight and information from
their respective area of expertise. Led by keynote speaker Dr. Bunyan Bryant, they drew upon the
realms of academic investigation, government and public policy, sociology, healthcare, and
philosophy to unite the environmental movement with the quest for social justice. After absorbing so
much information concerning the current state of environmental justice, one leaves the conference ...
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Additionally, many conferences over the years have contributed to the organization and
dissemination of information vital to the growth of the environmental justice movement. As the
movement continues to grow and hopefully breach international boundaries, Dr. Bryant emphasizes
the importance of promoting an understanding of the central issues of race, income, intent, pollution
control versus prevention, positivism and participatory research, and top–down versus bottom–up
perspectives of investigation. Overall, Dr. Bryant's talk reveals the uniting theme of the conference –
the need for public awareness and understanding of environmental issues and concerns.
Dr. Manuel Lizarralde spoke of green imperialism and the relationship of indigenous people with
the conservation of natural environments. He emphasizes the importance of encouraging knowledge
and understanding of the environmental effects of the consumerism lifestyle, as well as recognizing
the expertise of indigenous people concerning their environment. Dr. Lizarralde dispenses with the
notion of the "noble savage," instead explaining that indigenous people often do not have the
technology to cause extensive environmental damage. This should serve as a warning to those of us
inhabiting the western developed nations. Choices we make every day can degrade our own
environment, as well as that of indigenous people in the

Examples Of Environmental Racism
This paper will discuss environmental justice and the ethical dilemma of environmental racism. The
definition of environmental justice according to the Environmental Protection Agency (n.d.) "is the
fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, ethnicity, income,
national origin, or educational level in the development, implementation, and enforcement of
environmental laws, regulations, and policy".
Environment justice main concern is the equitable distribution of environment burdens, which
comprise of health hazards and indirect inequities that include limited access to healthy food
(Hilmera, Hilmera, & Dave, 2012).
According to Bullard (n.d.) the environmental justice movement has come a long way since 1982 ...
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These include redefinition of environmental protection, design a holistic approach to environmental
protection, strengthen legislation and regulation. (Bullard, n.d.). According to Bullard (n.d.)
redefinition of environmental protection mean that environmentalism is a basis right and pollution
prevention, waste minimization, and cleaner productions techniques to achieve environmental
justice for all American without regard to race, color, national origin or income. Designing a holistic
approach to environmental prevention consist of eliminating unequal enforcement of environmental,
civil rights, and public health laws. Many of the inequalities could be eliminated if the existing
environmental, health, housing and civil rights laws were enforced in a non–discriminatory manner
(Bullard, n.d),
Bullard (n.d.) explained that strengthen legislation and regulations may be needed were
environmental, health and worker safety laws and regulations are weak and inconsistent. Legislation
and regulations are only good if they are enforced. It should be noted that political power
arrangements have permitted the poison of reach to be solution to short term economic remedies for

Vietnam War Environmental Movement
Lyndon B. Johnson made the Vietnam War his own by escalation and the involvement of the United
States growing. While being president of the United States Johnson had the Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution signed by the senators. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was signed because of the earlier
attack of an American ship by the Vietnamese. This resolution gave the president the power to do
what is necessary to prevent another attack. Even though it was proven that no Vietnamese attack
actually happened. This was the first time that America had declared a war against another country.
He sent American troops to Vietnam by aircrafts and by ground troops. This action contradicted
what he said in his election. In his reelection campaign he specifically said ... Show more content on
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In the early 1960s after the war there was an economic boom in the United States that caused people
to move out of the city to the suburbs. To make suburban homes the constructions sites would
demolish forests and would contaminate waterways. This lead to Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring
which exposed the environmental problems caused by the economic growth. This book brought
awareness to the environmental impacts that were happening because of the economic growth.
Carson's book started the environmental movement. It made Americans question the quality of life
which concerned American's and they made movements that would help the to preserve and restore
the environment. This movement was a part of the rights revolution because in the 1960s the
supreme court was expanding the rights of American's and one of them was to be preserving the
environment. They were able to get laws passed like the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts and
Endangered Species Act. The rights revolution fought several cases that overturned laws made in the
past for example they made it legal to have interracial marriages. So the environmental movement
was a part of the revolution because it was a case where Americans wanted to protect the
environment from contamination from fertilizers and deforestation that were happening because of
the economic

Environmental Racism And Environmental Justice
Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice
Environmental Racism and Environmental justice is one of the biggest global issues that the world
has facing and dealing with and critically hits the world as a result inconsistency implementation
from the government. It has many issues that out of control and unprecedented and discriminating in
the process. the government hasn't want to stabilizing the issues and environmental discrimination,
and environmental policy making are one of the top critically impact the affect the global issues and
confronting environmental racism in our generation twenty first century.
According to Bullard, R. (2002), "despite significant improvements in environmental protection
over past several ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, the consideration of the problematic equation associated with environmental injustice is
not only concern of the movement. For example from the statement of Bullard, when stated about
the environmental justice practical reality, "advances environmental justice is not a social program",
nor it and affirmative action program and that ultimately the central concern of the movement is the
implementation of justice ("American Environmental Justice Movement | Internet Encyclopedia of
Philosophy", 2016). The statement of environmental justice, originated with a great passage of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Title VI, which stated that the illegality of any act against the passage
that not permitted or allowed the federal government to discrimination any bases of race, color and
national origin. Nevertheless, the reality and actual practice has been differently and the global
environment issues have many conflicts that critically influence and move the world in critical
movement. (http://www.iep.utm.edu/enviro–j/#H3) As a result today there is no place in the world
have environment is protected and resistible because of intentional governmental

Modern Day, The Green Living Movement
In today's modern day, the green living movement "intersects local state and federal politics. it
impacts business practices, art and the media, education and health in the united states" (Gordon).
The green living movement's purpose is to control pollution or protect plant and animal diversity. In
the 1960's until the present, there has been a lot of controversy. Fallout from testing air pollution
from millions of factories, cars belching chemicals into the atmosphere, and deliberate destruction
of pristine rivers and lakes (such as Ohio's Cuyahoga River, that famously caught fire). These
disasters, including the disappearance of farmland and forests under suburban development, were a
concern to many citizens. These concerns are still ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This book was a pivotal instrument to ecology.
As time went on more environmental issue emerged, environmentalist advocated and protested the
green living movement so much that it received public recognition on the political stage. 1969
massive oil spill in Santa Barbara, California raised a lot of attention and then governor Gaylord
Nelson was determined to do something about it. "He could infuse that energy with an emerging
public consciousness about air and water pollution, would force environmental protection onto the
national political agenda. Senator Nelson announced the idea for a "national teach–in on the
environment" to the national media" (Earth Day). It became highly publicized in this time period.
The Green Living Movement went from being a major concern to citizens to being campaigned by
senators and presidents. The movement was so important, more awareness was in the works and
innovative symbols began to be created. "The ecology symbol, [was] created in 1969 by Ron Cobb,
a political cartoonist and artist. His symbol combined the letters E and O, the initials of
"environment" and "organism," with the idea of an ellipse and a circle" (Patton) . This symbol
caught the attention of many, as it brought a visual effect to go with the name of the movement. The
movement was so

The Environmental Impact Of The Environmental Movement...
Environmental Movement Report
Before the 1960s, environmentalism mainly focused on conservation of resources and the
wilderness and was apparent through Theodore Roosevelt's creation of five National Parks, one
hundred fifty National Forests and about two hundred thirty acres of land set aside for conservation.
In the 1960s, the environmental movement was really able to garner support as it was during many
other movements such as Civil Rights, Peace, and Women's. Many consider the spark for
environmentalism to be Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962), which exposed the harmful effects of
pollutants such as DDT on the environment and the public. While minute amounts of DDT cause
little to no harm to the organisms that are affected, as DDT moves up the food chain, it becomes
more and more concentrated. A generally accepted value is that for each level up in the food chain,
the concentration of pollutants increases by a thousand times. The effects of Silent Spring cannot be
overestimated. As people began to become more informed about pollution, more people demanded
that the federal government take action. The environmental movement then grew to encompass
global warming, clean air, energy, the ozone layer, and also pollution. These concerns were
vocalized in the very first Earth Day that occurred on April 22, 1970 and was established by United
States Senator Gaylord Nelson. A group of twenty million Americans, all coming from vastly
different backgrounds, celebrated the holiday

The Intellectual Roots Of Modern Day Environmentalism
Many people today do not understand or appreciate the lasting effects that the environmental
movement of the 1960s brought to our world. The things that most people immediately associate
with the 1960s usually include the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam, the space race, student protests
and the hippie generation, underscoring the fact that the environmental movement is often put aside
relative these seemingly more iconic symbols of this decade. The 1960s certainly did not mark the
first time that efforts were made in the United States to change attitudes, policies, and views
regarding the environment. Many trace the intellectual roots of modern–day environmentalism all
the way back to the 19th century American writers and philosophers Ralph Waldo Emerson and
Henry David Thoreau, most notably the latter's 1854 work, Walden. President Theodore Roosevelt
set aside more public land for national parks than all of his predecessors combined. His policies and
views about conservation remained dominate for decades (nps.org). The efforts made by these
figures in the mid–1800s through the early part of the 20th century were crucial for paving the way
for what would come in later years. The main reason for such progress in the environmental
movement in the 1960s is because of influential leaders, the prominent role of media, and a
generation of people who were not afraid to initiate change.
Influential figures in the 1960s were the first ones to bring to light the urgency of the

Globalization Makes Society Better
Globalization benefits society as a whole because it expands markets, increases profits, creates new
jobs and has also lifted people in poor countries out of poverty.
According to Robert O' Brien and Marc Williams globalization in terms of liberalization is:
"the removal of restrictions to cross border flows, such as the elimination of trade or investment
barriers" (O'Brien and Williams:27).
Globalization has also transformed the way the world is viewed today. As technology has improved
the production of goods are made faster and cheaper as well as the transportation of goods. As you
can see in the global division of labor, certain countries specialize in different things. For example,
in the automotive industry, different parts are made ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though the manufacturing and agriculture industry have declined in the United State due to
globalization, it has produced growth in other industries. Scheve and Slaughter also argue that the
free movement of trade and capital has also benefited countries such as China and India because it
has removed millions of people out of poverty. How is globalization bad? If markets are expanding,
new jobs are being created and people are being lifted off from poverty.
Globalization has also increased competition among countries by removing regulation laws that are
undermining corporations to increase profit as well the faster and cheaper production of goods. For
example, a country that has strict labor and environmental laws will engage a Multinational
Corporation to move to a country that have these laws set at a bare minimum; this is because they
want to gain as much profit as possible with low production costs. This is where the term "race to
the bottom"comes into play.
Spar and Yoffie define "race to the bottom" as
"the progressive movement of capital and technology from countries with relatively high levels of
wages, taxation, and regulation to countries with relatively lower levels" (Spar

Chicano San Diego Book Report
Chicano San Diego Cultural Space and the Struggle for Justice edited by Richard Griswold Del
Castillo
This book illuminates the challenges and obstacles Chicano residents of Southeast San Diego have
endured since the inception of their communities. Through multiple essays, it is pointed out that the
efforts to fight for equal access have an "added dimension" due to its close proximity to the U.S –
Mexican border. This relates to my topics because the struggles of San Diego are not only local, but
national and international because the people that are negatively impacted by these issues such as
environmental are immigrants. I hope to use this book to connect the national debate on immigration
with the struggle for environmental justice because it is unfair that the people who do the least
environmental damage are the ones suffering the most.
Capitalizing on Environmental Injustice: The Polluter–industrial Complex in the Age of
Globalization by Daniel Faber
In this book, it greatly breaks down the history, stages and evolution of American ... Show more
107) Also, it relates back to my main theme because I can use this to know the politics that comes
with environmental justice issues such as knowing which questions to ask, such as who, what, when
and where environmental hazards get dumped on them. Also, I can actually see and understand how
ideas that I learned in my classes like "not in my back yard" are used in case studies, not just as
slogans in social

Summary Of Forcing The Spring: The Transformation Of The...
Since the early 20th century the environmentalism movement has migrated from the struggles of
consumers versus producers, or saving the planet as a whole as shown by Donald Worster in
Nature's Economy to a more socio–economic view based on urban growth and industrial health.
Robert Gottlieb's book Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental
Movement argues that as society goes so too does the environmental movement. As the emphasis on
working environments and commercial goods we buy including food changes so too does the
environmental movements. It did not matter whether it was large politically prominent
environmental organizations such as the Sierra Club or the Audubon Societies or any other numbers
of local grassroots ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ecology became an issue thrust into the national limelight for all to see. By bringing the issue to the
national spotlight, it forced the government to take action as shown in the number of laws and
regulations passed in the 1970s. Gottlieb called the 1970s the "Environmental Decade." By the late
1970s, after the Vietnam War was over and many of the sociological and political issues had
subsided several environmental struggles were weakening, possibly due to less sociological interest
seen in the 1960s and early 1970s. Environmental efforts in the 1980s experienced a surprising
resurgence and became a strong global social undertaking. Many people did not understand some
aspects of the environmental movement. One of the reasons for this lack of comprehension may
have been diversity. The terms race, gender, and class were not associated with environmentalism as
late as 1993. Gottlieb attempts to bring these terms into the environmental movement in Forcing the
Spring. Race, gender and class became more important in the environmental movement in the
1990s. Gottlieb attempts to show this new diversity and by doing this he suggest a revised view of
the environmental movement. This new view shows environmentalism as a group of "social

Environmental Justice Essay
The United States Environmental Protection Act (hereinafter referred to as EPA) defines
environmental justice as ''the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of
race, colour, national origin or income with respect to the development, implementation and
enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies'' (Bullard 2005, 4). Throughout the
world, poor people and people of colour, who have the least political power and who are the most
marginalized, are selectively victimized by environmental crises (Bullard 2005, 6). Numerous
environmental groups have been formed over time e.g. the Green Belt Movement to combat this
injustice. On the other hand, environmentalism is more concerned with protecting the ... Show more
However, the EPA was never designed to address environmental policies that result in unfair, unjust
and inequitable outcomes. Officials of the EPA are not likely to ask questions that go to the heart of
environmental justice such as ''what groups are most affected by a specific environmental problem''
or ''why are they affected'' or ''how could the problem have been prevented''? (Bullard 2005, 29).
The environmental justice framework was adopted on September 27th, 1991 following the First
National People of Colour Environmental Leadership Summit (Bullard 2005, 21). This seventeen–
principle framework was extremely important at the time it was drawn up because it served as a
catalyst for bringing environmental protection issues to the core. The framework attempts to turn the
dominant environmental protection paradigm on its head by seeking to prevent environmental
threats before they occur. (Bullard 2005, 5). It incorporates the aims of other social movements that
seek to eliminate harmful practices in houses, health care, poverty and redlining especially for those
living in an urban ghetto or barrio (Bullard 2005, 25). Bullard states that the framework attempts to
uncover the underlying assumptions that may contribute to and produce unequal protection (Bullard
2005, 25). One of its major principles is that all individuals have a right to be protected from
environmental degradation and some of the precedents for

The Rise of Environmentalism in the United States Essay
The Rise of Environmentalism in the United States Eden; it is a word that, for most, inspires
thoughts of lush green trees, untarnished fruit, soft green grass, perfect blue skies, and harmony
within nature. According to Judeo–Christian teachings, this is similar to the state in which the world
began. It was an environment unspoiled by humans, unblemished by their pollution. Such a pristine
utopia is often hard for a person to imagine today amongst the industrial smokestacks and their
billowing gray clouds, between the rancid landfill mounds, and surrounded by stagnant pools of oil–
slicked water. The environment in America today is far from Eden, but there is a valiant battle being
fought by many to return the earth to a more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, until around 1920 nature was little more than the supplier of life sustaining necessities3.
From nature Americans obtained wood for their homes, fuel for their fires, and plants and game for
their meals. At this time the concern for nature was not for it's innate beauty or pure state, but rather
for it's productivity. If nature was providing ample food and shelter is was serving its necessitated
purpose. As the American economy grew in the 1920's so too did peoples personal finances. With a
booming economy people had larger spending, or discretionary funds. This brought upon the shift
from a market of necessities to a market of convenience goods. At this point there is still very little
mention of the environment. One could argue that the Soil Conservation Act of 1933 showed
concern for the environment, but the real motive behind the Act was a concern for crop productivity.
With a passing of the Soil Conservation and the similar Taylor Grazing Act, the idea of "natural
resources" is popularized. The idea of natural resources, however, still portrays the idea that people
saw nature as a service to humans. It isn't until the F. D. Roosevelt administration that nature is
preserved simply for being natural. The era of FDR was one of secure economy and growing
incomes. With the popularization of the automobile, people began urbanizing around cities and
living further from their work places, many gained leisure and vacation time, and for the first time

Environmental Justice and Toxic Racism
Environmental Justice and Toxic Racism
Encouraged by diverse foundations from across the globe, The Environmental Justice movement has
become one of the most important topics in the media. Europeans have used Marxist philosophy on
class laddering, while non–Western countries required its encouragement in the criticism of
colonialism. In the United States, The Civil Rights Movement was its forerunner. The notion of
"Environmental Justice", nevertheless, has its genesis in the resistance of black culture and lower
income–communities in opposition to uneven ecological trouble in the United States during the last
few years of the 1970s and the early 1980s. In the framework of racial improvement and public
activism, the phrase was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the first influences on the deliberation on Environmental Justice was The Civil Rights
Movement in the United States of America. Leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr. fought hard to
ensure that social transformation and power be established for African Americans, especially those
in the southern states as well as those in the northern inner–city parts. Activists like King altered the
philosophy on Environmental Justice arguing that there was a lopsided effect that proved that
environmental hazards were not accidental. What environmentalists advocated instead was that
environmental dangers resulted from racial segregation that placed power plants, nuclear plants, and
other potential ecological hazards in areas with a high concentration of minority and low income
groups. Several activists defined this as "environmental racism." The earliest reference to
"environmental racism" originated in Warren County, North Carolina, in 1982. A mainly African
American neighborhood rallied to protest the construction of a noxious waste landfill. The
community was well–backed with the support of the United Church of Christ. The remonstration
resulted in well over five hundred arrests for civil disobedience. Its impact caused other explorations
in southern communities across of the United States of America. In 1987, The Commission for
Racial Justice of the

Persuasive Essay On Climate Change
On 22 April 2017, thousands of people flooded the streets of Washington D.C. to call for
environmental reform as a response to climate change. They were concerned that due to President
Donald Trump's conservative view on climate change and his Cabinet's ties to the oil industry, this
issue would be overlooked. Environmentalism in the United States at the federal level began during
the Progressive Era with former President Theodore Roosevelt. Since then, substantial progress in
the way of conservationist reform has been made, predominantly as a result of the Environmental
Movement of the 70s. Former President Barack Obama recently attempted to make further process
with his Clean Power Plan; however, Trump's EPA is trying hard to reverse these other
environmental reforms. While extensive environmental reform is needed to combat climate change
and continue the progress made since the Progressive Era, this reform is unlikely under the current
administration.
During the Progressive Era, Roosevelt promoted protecting the environment from overconsumption
of natural resources as part of his Square Deal domestic policy. He used existing laws, such as the
Forest Reserve Act of 1891, to protect millions of acres of land in a national reserve, and he created
new laws, such as the Newlands Reclamation Act, which helped finance western irrigation projects
using funds the government raised by selling public land. He also promoted conservation efforts at a
White House Conference of

Environmental Movements in the United States Essay
The United States has earned the reputation of a rebellious country since its birth in the revolution
against Britain. Over the course of history, Americans have repeatedly confronted oppression, both
foreign and national, through various wars and rights movements. Unfortunately, when it comes to
environmental issues the average American has grown increasingly complacent. With a renewed
urgency, government is working to combat global warming, but lacks the necessary social backing.
This social support could be supplied through a new environmental movement that differs from past
efforts. Throughout American history there have been three categories of environmental movements:
preservation, conservation, and modern reform, all of which have ... Show more content on
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In the course of his lifetime, he was able to "champion protection of the Petrified Forest and the
Grand Canyon in Arizona...Yosemite Valley as a national park in 1890, as well as for General Grant
and Sequoia national parks" ("John Muir (1838–1914)"). Muir's collaboration with President
Theodore Roosevelt not only helped to make these national parks existent, but also developed into
part of the "rational use" philosophy that guided environmental policy of the conservation era. The
conservation movement coincided with the progressive political era of the late 1800s and early
1900s. Significant figures of this time were George Perkins Marsh and Gifford Pinchot, both who
played predominant roles in shaping the rational use policy by calling for simultaneous protection of
natural resources and ability to use them for economic purposes. Marsh, an intellectual Vermont–
native, wrote on the vital interconnection between humans and nature, calling for a taming or
"command of nature," believing it was "important to weigh results and act accordingly" ("George
Perkins Marsh: Renaissance Vermonter"). As a professional forester, Pinchot held similar
environmental values, boldly declaring "the object of our forest policy is not to preserve the forests
because they are refuges for the wild creatures of the wilderness, but the making of prosperous
homes...Use must be the test by which the forester tries himself" (Bailey,

Review : On Working Class Environmentalism : A Historical...
Journal's Review: On Working–class Environmentalism: A Historical and Transnational Overview
Written by Stefania Barca in 2012
Abstract
This paper reviews from the article written by Stefania Barca, with the title of class
environmentalism: a historical and transnational overview. I will elaborate the problem of
environmental Justice in US and Brazil, in regards to the problem of the working class struggle in
promoting Environmental Justice. In here, I believe that the Environmental Justice will be achieved
if the government concern more into the welfare of the society, especially the working class. The
actions should be taken to ensure that the interest of several stakeholders will not disadvantage the
environment and the life of other people (working class). The problem of Environmental Justice
itself appears because of the policies of the government which are not well analyzed in regards to
the affect to both environment and communities.
Introduction
Nowadays, environmental issues have become the concern of many scholars, both from social and
exact sciences. Because the environmental issue itself affect not only the Mother Nature but also
human as the social creature that lives within the earth. In the globalization era, there appear many
environmental issues, such as the water scarcity, natural disaster, the rising of sea level, and the
climate change itself. As we all know that to counter these environmental issues, we can do several
actions, such as protecting the

Rachel Carson: The Leaders Of The Environmental Movement
Due to the sweeping vision and hard work of conservationists such as Rachel Carson, the
environmental movement witnessed great advancement in their activities. The beneficiaries of the
movement are ordinary people who can drink uncontaminated water and breathe clean air due to
legislation such as Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act of the 1960s and the 1970s, which were the
direct result of its efforts. Unfortunately, since then the environmental movement has been
consistently defeated not only in legislations but also in fickle public opinion. A poll results
indicating that 41 percent of Americans think that environmentalists are radicals not reasonable
people in 2000 underlies the rising anti–environmentalism atmosphere when compared to the 1996
level of 32 percent. Even faced with such a deterioration in public opinion, the leaders of the
environmental movement are steadfastly convinced by their past successes to consider their victory
inevitable. One such leader said, "we are on the right track" (Shellenberger and Nordhaus 6).

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