History Of The Apollo Program Essay

History of the Apollo Program Essay
We choose to go to the moon... "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal,
before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon, and returning him, safely to the earth. No
single space project in this period will be more important in the long–range exploration of space;
and none will be so difficult of expensive to accomplish."(John F. Kennedy – "Special Joint Session
of Congress", May 25th, 1961) With just a few words John F. Kennedy launched one of the largest
endeavors that America has ever embarked upon. The address given to congress in May of 1961 put
America in a race against Russia to see who could make it to the moon first. This was the start of the
space program in America. From it came the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Project Mercury was followed by project Gemini. Project Gemini like the Mercury project had
definite goals. The goals were: 1) to subject man and equipment to space flight up to two weeks in
duration. 2) To rendezvous and dock with orbiting vehicles and to maneuver the docked
combination by using the target vehicles propulsion system. 3) To perfect the methods of entering
the atmosphere and landing on a pre–selected point on land. The Gemini project contained 24
flights, of which 2 were unmanned. The Gemini project was considered a success obtaining all
objectives except one, they were never able to pre–select a landing point on land. The Gemini
project contained many elements that were necessary for the future moon landing, to come in the
Apollo program. They achieved the first American Extravehicular Activity (EVA) also known as
space walking. The first EVA was achieved by Edward H. White II, in June 1965 and only lasted 22
minutes. By the end of the Gemini project Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. had set an EVA record of 5 hours, 30
minutes, for one space walk, in November 1966. The major obstacle of docking two objects in
space, placing an onboard computer on a space craft, and adding fuel cells for electrical power were
all major breakthroughs of the Gemini program. The Gemini program was completed with the
descent of the last flight November 15, 1966. Both the Mercury and Gemini projects
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Apollo 13 Failure
Apollo 13 mission was planned as a precision lunar landing in the Fra Maura highlands with the
primary objective of exploring the moon, but an explosion in one of the oxygen tanks resulted in the
mission being aborted even before moon landing could take place. Though the mission failed its
primary objective, it's still remembered as the "Successful Failure". The crew members fought for
their life's and with the help of ground and mission control team the crew returned alive on Earth.
What Happened
The Apollo 13 spacecraft was composed of three segments: The Command Module, CM, where the
astronauts spend most of their time, the Service Module, SM, which was cylindrical in shape
contained most of the spacecraft's electrical and environmental ... Show more content on
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2 was initially used in Service Module of Apollo 10. But, it was removed for maintenance and
modification, the tank was dropped. This caused a slight damage to the internal wiring of the tank.
Before installing the tank to Apollo 13, many testes and inspections were performed. During one
tests, the oxygen tank was unable to purge liquid oxygen out; the damaged line made it impossible.
To empty the tank, the testing team heated the tank to boil off the remaining oxygen, this led to
overbaking of the oxygen tank and damaging the internal construction of the cryogenic oxygen tank.
This damaged internal wiring generated a spark and this caused a claustrophobic explosion. This
failure could had been avoided by Root Cause Analysis, a Lean tool. Root Cause Analysis identifies
the possible root cause for a problem and sorts ideas into useful categories. The testing team instead
of boiling off the remaining oxygen should had implemented the Root Cause Analysis and 5 Why's
questions methodology. Replacing the damaged tank which was the root cause for the accident
would had saved the Apollo 13 mission. The carbon dioxide levels were rising towards the
poisonous level in the Lunar Module, the removal of carbon dioxide was a major concern, as the
canisters of Control Module were square shaped whereas the opening of the Lunar Module was
round or circular shape. The crew members applied the continuous improvement Lean tool to
overcome the problem, and used duct tapes,

Apollo 11 History
On July 16, 1969, the Saturn V rocket carrying the crew of Apollo 11 launched from Cape Kennedy.
The crew inside the rocket included Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael
Collins and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Aldrin. Apollo 11 reached moon's orbit on July 19. A day
later, the lunar module piloted by Aldrin detached from the command/service module and began its
descent on the surface after 13 orbits around the moon. As planned, the module landed in the Sea of
Tranquility, where Armstrong and Aldrin were supposed to rest for four hours before starting their
first extravehicular activity; however, the plan was altered so that Armstrong and Aldrin could begin
exploring the moon as soon as possible. Still, it took almost four ... Show more content on
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Looking back at earth from the moon is like watching stars from earth; it reminds one of their own
fragility, and how trivial the problems of mankind really are. For now, Earth is the only place that
can sustain mankind, and its way of living. Of course, everyone has always been aware of that, but
being able to look back at earth from such a great distance made people think about their place in
the universe, and how earth must be taken better care of. Therefore, after the last moon landings,
NASA has ceased many space exploration projects, and turned their satellites back toward earth, and
started studying it with increased focus (Beattie

Apollo 13 Research Paper
Apollo 13
Apollo was the NASA space program that resulted in the first moon landing. The program's mission
was the goal of the President John F. Kennedy who said, "landing a man on the Moon and returning
him safely to the Earth." The program had a total of eleven space flights beginning in 1968 and
ending in 1972. Four flights were used to test equipment and the rest were used to land onto the
moon. However, only six out of those seven actually made it to the moon. The third manned mission
to the moon, Apollo 13, never made it. The mission was supposed to land in the Fra Mauro area on
the moon's surface. However, oxygen tank No.2 exploded causing oxygen tank No.1 tank to fail
leaving the command module 200,000 miles away from Earth without ... Show more content on
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Lovell, Fred W. Haise, and John L. Swigert. Lovell was the most experienced astronaut on the
mission. He participated in Gemini missions 4, 7, and 12 and was a crew member in the first
mission to orbit the moon, Apollo 8. With all the experience that James Lovell had, he made the
perfect commander for the two rookies Haise and Swigert. Fred Haise had served as a backup for
both the Apollo 8 and 11 missions, as a lunar module pilot. Jack Swigert was selected as a backup
command module pilot for the Apollo mission. Ken Mattingly was the intended command module
pilot for the Apollo 13 mission. However, that all changed when he was exposed to the German
measles. NASA made the quick decision to pull Ken Mattingly from the program and replace him
with Jack Swigert. This all happened three days before the mission was supposed to launch. "
[Swigert] knew the command module pretty good. He – it is true – he had not trained for the last
month and a half because normally the backup crew at that stage are the gophers," said James A.
Lovell in an interview with NASA (5). After a few days of training with his crew members,
however, Lovell praised his work and said, "Jack proved out to be a very, very competent pilot." (5).
This left Apollo 13 with a very promising crew to send into space and leaving Ken Mattingly on the
ground with mission

Apollo 13 Essay example
Apollo 13
Apollo 13 launched on April 11, 1970 from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The crewmembers
aboard the ship were James A. Lovell Jr., John L. Swigert Jr., and Fred W. Haise, Jr. Before the
launch, there had been a few problems. Thomas K. Mattingly was supposed to fly on the Apollo 13
but he was exposed to the measles. He didn't have the antibodies to fight the disease, causing him to
not be able to go into space. Swigert took his place. Right before the launch, one of the technicians
saw that the helium tank had a higher pressure than expected. Nothing was done to fix this. During
liftoff, the second–stage engine shut down, causing the other engines to run longer than planned.
Apollo 13 was off to a rocky start.
During the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of the explosion, the parts weren't used as had been planned. The Service Module (SM) was
supposed to provide the crew with oxygen, water and power before the mission. When the oxygen
exploded, it led to the loss of some of those necessities and the Service Module was nonfunctional.
The Command Module (CM) also provided the crew with power and oxygen. It was also prepared
with couches and served as a control center. When the explosion took place, they had to shut off the
Command Module to allow enough power for reentry. The Lunar Module (LM) was supposed to
provide the crew with living quarters when landed on the moon. However, on
this mission, the crew could not land on the moon. The Lunar Module then acted as a "lifeboat." It
allowed the astronauts to preserve the Command Module supplies needed for reentry.
The ground controllers had some major problems to solve. They had to write and test new
procedures to send up to the crew for a safe arrival home. A new navigation problem had to be
solved to provide the crew with a speedy return. Water was also a main concern. The crew was
estimated to run out of water in about five hours. But tests on previous Apollo missions found that
the ship could run without water for about seven hours. The astronauts began to conserve water by
cutting the amount they drank to six ounces each day. The crew began to get dehydrated and they

Barrio Boy Analysis
Obstacles Were Created to be Faced
Many people have different ways to accomplish their goals which depends on their experiences and
struggles in life. They can use these experiences and struggles and turn them into wisdom, and they
become determined to accomplish these goals no matter what obstacles stand in their way. For
example, Ernesto was determined to learn how to be an American, but to never forget that he was
truly a Mexican. The "Apollo 13" crew was determined to fix a problem in their spaceship by using
their knowledge. In both situations, confidence and determination was needed to face challenges,
but with teamwork, they acheived success on these missions.
In the memoir, Barrio Boy written by Ernesto Galarza, the main character, Ernesto, was determined
to learn the American ways, but still keep his Mexican heritage with determination, challenges, and
cooperation. In the very beginning of the story, Ernesto had some challenges that he faced. He was
afraid of what this school would be like. Therefore, in the text, Ernesto says,"I noticed other
differences, none of them very reassuring." There are many different things Ernesto notices about
the school.He points out things such as,"half of the block was occupied by the Lincoln School," and
,"it was a new building ,painted yellow, with a shingled roof that was not ike the red tile of the
school in Mazatlan." These differences made Ernesto nervous. Another struggle Ernesto had at first
was getting used to

Astronaut´s Survival Techniques: Getting Back to Earth on...
Survival Techniques: Getting back to earth on a life boat.
After the No. 2 oxygen tank exploded, the three now stranded astronauts moved on to the new task
at hand: getting back home from lunar orbit with the minimal resources and whole new procedures
drawn out in a matter of hours. New burdens made this improvised trip home more perilous,
including the now out of commission CM Aquarius that was dead weight and draining overall
power. To prevent this, only minimal systems needed to be turned off to stop the leak and keep the
spacecraft moving. Depending now on lunar module Odyssey would be a close call since "The LM
was built for only a 45–hour lifetime and it needed to be stretch to 90"1, and left them depending on
the minimal consumables left.
Three main consumables were of major concern: power, water, and removal of carbon dioxide in
order to breathe oxygen. As far as power was concerned, The Aquarius had to not only bring back
Lovell, Haise, and Swigert, but also charge the command module so they could detach the capsule
and land back on earth. By the time Aquarius was detached, it was left with only 20 percent of
power left.
Water and food was rationed out well, but the carbon dioxide filter was the main concern. To the
astronauts, am over–leak in the craft could be fatal if its levels passed 7.5mm Hg. 2 Houston was
able to craft a device made to fit "square lithium hydroxide canisters into a round environmental
vent port." 3
1) Dunbar, Brian. "Apollo 13." NASA.

The Tragedy Of The Apollo 1
"We've got a bad fire let's get out. . . . We're burning up." (Roger B. Chaffee Quotes) The tragedy of
the Apollo 1 will haunt our history forever, and though, three brave, American men were lost in the
tumult of that day, they put us a small step closer to the moon, and one giant leap closer to a proud
America. Forever remembered will be the catastrophe of 1967, our hearts continue to beat red,
white, and blue. The Apollo 1 flight had been scheduled for take off on February 21, 1967, an
unimaginable tragedy brought those plans to a halt. During a routine pre–flight test astronauts Gus
Grissom, Edward H. White, and Roger Chaffee were killed in an unforeseen and brutal fire. It all
began with a strange smell, one of the men reported early ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In the Korean War, Gus Grissom served one–hundred missions as an air force test pilot, for his
service and bravado he received the Air Medal with cluster, and the Distinguished Flying Cross.
Grissom had been in space before the Apollo 1 mission. Once in July of 1961 with Project Mercury,
he piloted a suborbital flight in the Liberty Bell 7, an American spacecraft. The next time, in 1965,
Grissom was commander of Gemini III and had been given a chance to orbit Earth three times.
Edward Higgins White also had pre–Apollo 1 space experience. Ed White, as he was commonly
known, had been born November 14, 1930 in San Antonio, Texas, as the Nasa History website
states, "Others, however, were 'actually born into flying.' Edward White fell into this category. For
Ed White, flying was not merely a hobby, fascination or job. Flying was his . His father was a West
Point graduate who served in the United States Air Force. Ed White's father became known as a
pioneer in aeronautics, beginning his military career by flying U.S. Army balloons. By the time he
retired from the Air Force, White 's father had earned the rank of major general." White was an
overachiever and had high goals. He found a quote one day then, consequently decided to become
an astronaut, stating, "The article was written with tongue in cheek, but something told me: this is it
– this is the type of thing you 're cut out for. From then on everything I did seemed to be preparing
me for spaceflight." Ed White also

Compare And Contrast The Astronauts In Apollo 11 And The...
Have you ever wondered why historians compare the astronauts in Apollo 11 and the Corpse of
Discovery? Almost 200 years ago, 35 men were sent on a long journey that lasted about two years.
This journey took place after the Louisiana purchase and soon made American history. Then, on July
16th,1969, three astronauts were sent up into space about to make American history. There were
some difficulties, but they successfully made it to the moon. These two topics may sound off, but if
you really think about it, they are similar in many ways. First of all, astronauts in Apollo 11 and
Lewis had to adapt to their new surroundings. Since they couldn't carry an Infinite amount of
supplies, both groups had to ration their food and water supply. Lewis ... Show more content on
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In order to be an astronaut, you need to have a degree in science and engineering. In fact, you must
be in top condition in order to go into space. You must be free from diseases, and you cannot depend
on drugs and alcohol. On the other hand, Lewis only picked men who were in the military. He did
not pay attention to their condition when he was choosing his men. However, his men had never
been out west. This was a big disadvantage because no one knew what could of been out there. On
the other hand, Neil Armstrong, one of the astronauts on Apollo 11, is an experienced astronaut. This
was a advantage for the other astronauts. In comparison, both of the groups were able to bring back
some amazing things. The astronauts on Apollo 11 were able to bring back lunar samples for
scientists to study. Lewis and Clark sent back plant samples and a prairie dog for Jefferson. In
conclusion, the Corpse of Discovery and Apollo 11 may sound different, but they have many
similarities. Both of the groups had trouble getting to their destination, but successfully made it
without too much trouble. Like Apollo 11, the men participating in the Corpse of discovery were
specifically chosen. However, these two topics had their differences. For example: While the men in
Apollo 11 rode on rockets, Lewis and his men had to walk or ride on boats. No matter how many
differences

Apollo John F. Kennedy Space Center
Where Apollo 13 took place and launched, was at the complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center. It
happened at 2:13 p.m. EST, April 11, 1970. What had caused it to orbit the moon and come back,
was a ciple in the oxygen tank. One thing that happened was on the Apollo 13 spacecraft, a oxygen
tank was crippled and they had to orbit the moon and return home. The main event was that for the
third time, they successfully lifted off once more, just to run into a problem with the oxygen tank.
The people involved (meaning on the Apollo 13) were: Fred Haise, Jack Swigert, and Jim Lovell. It
kind of ties in with Apollo 11 because they both went to the moon but, Apollo 11 was made up to
beat the Soviet Union in the Space Race by John F. Kennedy. Apollo 13 ties in with the three theme
words, Exploration, Encounter, Exchange in these three different ways: Exploration, they explored
outer space and learned many new things about plants, if anything grows on the planets, if anything
lived there they didn 't know about, etc. Encounter, they encounter many new materials (plastic is
one of those things). They had encounter a cripple and the oxygen tank that happened on the Apollo
13. Exchange, they exchanged ideas about what to do about the cripple of the one of the oxygen
tank. They were trying to exchange communication on how they were doing in space. A fun fact
about Apollo 13 is that it is the seventh manned mission in the American Apollo Space Program.
Shortly after the incident with the

In The Space Through The Time Essay
In the Space Through the Time
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has had as a strategy the development
of space exploration. All missions from the most historical to those planned, have been directed
under the same institution to enrich the scientific knowledge of the Earth, the solar system and the
universe. However, the goals, the accomplishments and errors committed throughout the history of
the space, technological advances and experiences in each of the missions, have been making the
differences. The Apollo mission is an example of the first attempts to landing on the moon, and the
planned Mars mission is an example for traveling to the Red Planet; both were created through
NASA, but their goals, historical epoch ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first of its missions ''Apollo 1'', was a tragedy, three of the tripulants lost their lives when a fire
swept through the command module because of breakdowns and technical problems. The last of its
missions ''Apollo 17'', had as its objective the geological inspection and sampling of the materials
and the characteristics of the surface in the landing area. As a result of the achievements of Apollo
missions, one of the technological branches that had benefits was the medical field with the
discovery of many cardiovascular techniques, physical exercises at the space, and advances in
microbiology (Tate).
On the other hand, the goals of Mars have been the study of possibility of life on the Mars planet. To
do this, ''Curiosity'' a kind of robot, which has been the first habitant of Mars, is the mediator of
studies and images. Other example of difference with Apollo mission is the Mars science laboratory,
which was created to obtain samples that can be used for a future mission of return, such as rocks
and soils, and certain materials found there (Wilson). Unlike the Moon, the planet Mars is a cold
desert. It is half of the diameter of the Earth and has the same amount of dry land. Another
difference is that Mars has seasons, volcanoes, canyons and the climate, but its atmosphere is too
thin for liquid water to exist for long on the surface. On the contrary of Apollo

How Did Neil Armstrong Influence The Space Race
Neil Armstrong was born August 5, 1930 in Wapakoneta, Ohio. He played a very important role in
the space race which was important because it would show the world which country had the best
science, technology, and economic system. On July 20, 1969 Neil made history becoming the first
person to walk on the moon. Armstrong was not only an astronaut he was also an aerospace
engineer, naval aviator, test pilot and university professor.
Armstrong was attracted to flying as a young boy. He assembled model aircrafts and read books
about flying. His dad was an auditor for the state of Ohio, so they moved around quite frequently.
Neil worked numerous jobs to earn money, so he could take flying lessons. At age 16 he earned his
student pilot's license even before he had his driver's license. Armstrong graduated from high school
in 1947 (Ollhoff).
He enlisted in the United States Navy, which gave him a college scholarship in return for later
service. Armstrong then went to Purdue University in Indiana and majored in aeronautical
engineering. In 1949 he conveyed to Pensacola Naval Air Station in Florida as part of his
scholarship and trained as a military pilot, at age 20 he became the youngest pilot in his squadron.
The Navy sent Ensign Neil Armstrong to South Korea in 1951, stationed aboard the aircraft carrier
USS Essex. He flew 78 combat missions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Apollo 11 mission had a crew of three men: Neil Armstrong, the commander, Buzz Aldrin, the
lunar module pilot, and Michael Collins, the command module pilot. Apollo 11 blasted off in July
1969 and four days later, on July 20, the lunar module Eagle touched down on the lunar surface.
During a television broadcast of an estimated six hundred million people in thirty–three countries on
six continents, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to set foot on
another world

Essay On Apollo 13
Apollo 13 was to be the third mission sent from the Apollo Project to land on the Moon. An
explosion in one of the oxygen tanks caused the spacecraft to become crippled during the flight and
the crew were forced to orbit the Moon and return to the Earth without landing. The Apollo 13
mission was launched on Saturday afternoon, April 11, 1970 from launch complex 39A at Kennedy
Space Center. The space prime crew consisted of trained experts Commander James A. Lovell Jr.,
Command module pilot Ken Mattingly and Lunar module pilot Fred W. Haise Jr. There was also
three backup crew members named John W. Young, John L. Swigert Jr. and Charles M. Duke. This
crew was ready to step in if for any reason something were to happen to any of the main ... Show
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However, at 55hrs, 54mins and 53secs when the crew was 200,000 miles from Earth and closing in
on the moon, mission controller Sy Liebergot saw a low–pressure warning signal on a hydrogen
tank in Odyssey. The signal could have shown a problem, or could have indicated the hydrogen just
needed to be resettled by heating and fanning the gas inside the tank. Swigert flipped the switch for
the routine procedure. However when flipping the switch one of the oxygen tanks in the service
module exploded. The explosion caused one of the spacecraft panels to rip off and damaged the fuel
tanks killing the crew's oxygen supply and the spacecraft then began to lose power. The crew
notified Mission Control, with Swigert's famous phrase, "Houston, we 've had a problem...". Luckily
the Apollo spacecraft was made up of two independent spacecrafts joined by a tunnel the main
spacecraft named Odyssey and the lunar model named Aquarius. Luckily for Apollo 13, the
explosion only damaged Odyssey so they had Aquarius as backup, which wasn 't supposed to be
turned on until the crew was close to landing on the moon. It didn 't have a heat shield to survive the
trip back to Earth, but it could keep the crew alive long enough to get there. Then, the astronauts
could switch to Odyssey for the rest of the trip home. Haise and Lovell frantically worked to boot
Aquarius up in less time than designed, while Swigert remained in Odyssey to shut down its

Apollo 13 Leadership
Case Study
9/13/2011
Zach Newcomb
"Leadership in Apollo 13" There are certain events in our lifetime that change who we are as a
person and how we view life. During the movie Apollo 13, Jim Lovell has a dream that he will walk
on the moon. His dream becomes a reality when is promoted to commander of the Apollo 13
mission to the moon. After a series of dangerous events, the crew finds themselves in a struggle to
stay alive. Jim and Houston control works around the clock to find a solution to the problem. In the
mist of all the chaos, leaders emerge from the struggle and find a way to stay alive and beat the
odds. According to Dictionary.com, leadership is defined as "the position or function of a leader, a
person who guides or directs a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though the carbon dioxide problem is solved, the crew is still faced with other problems. Since the
crew has been working non–stop for the last 5 days and they have not slept. There is also no power
in Aquarius, which is causing the cab to be extremely cold due to lack of heat. The conditions are
miserable and the crew is becoming to be less hopeful of a return to earth. However, Lovell keeps
the crew in check and motivates them to work through the problems and acknowledges they will
return safely to home, thus boosting their morale. The crew is getting prepared for a re entry to earth
even though a plan has not been developed for the power up of the Odyssey. Jim directs the crew
into manually flying the Odyssey back into the atmosphere. Even though it has been years since
they have had to manually fly the space shuttle, the crew manages to safely fly the ship into the
atmosphere. Meanwhile back on earth, Ken and John Aaron struggle to find a power up procedure
with limited resources. Without ever taking a break the two develop a power up procedure that uses
less than the required twenty amps. With a plan ready the crew fires up the new procedure and
begins their re entry into earth. There are a couple of problems that the crew is faced with in its
return to earth. One is there is a typhoon warning in the designated landing zone in the Pacific
Ocean. The other problem that arises is whether the heat shield will be able to withstand the re

National Response Framework
June 24, 2015 NRF * Rank order (in order of priority) the 14 core capabilities of the NRF. Explain
why you rank ordered 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Be specific. * Explain how the United States
conducts an all–hazards response in the five preparedness mission areas of prevention, protection,
mitigation, response, and disaster recovery. NIMS * When would a Deputy Incident Commander
(Deputy IC) be necessary? Give examples. * In The missing piece of NIMS: Teaching incident
commanders how to function in the edge of Chaos, the author notes that first responders have to deal
with a disaster situation already unfolding, and not "all the pieces fit together nicely." The author
writes about the Five Tenets of Working in Chaos. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now, they must look and prepare for situations never previously considered. Mass shootings,
chemical and nuclear attacks, and suicide bombers are just a few of the possibilities. The reality is
that today there are many dangers that have not been previously imagined. The best that can be done
is to plan, re–plan and plan again. 2. Situational Assessment. Once the Incident Commander arrives
on the scene, s/he will need to assess the emergency quickly. Is there still a threat to the general
population? Are the casualties identified or does Search & Rescue need to be mobilized? The
IC needs to come up with a game plan to save lives, protect property and the environment, meet
basic human needs, and stabilize the situation. 5 3. Operational Coordination is third on the list of
priorities. The IC has to coordinate the efforts of Police, Fire & Rescue, as well as business
owners and nongovernmental organizations (NGO). Time is of the essence. The sooner the IC has
operational control, the sooner various pieces can be delegated, and the IC can focus on the big
picture. 4. Operational Communications 5. Mass Search and Rescue Operations 6. Public and
Private Services and Resources 7. Public Health and Medical Services 8. Public Information and
Warning 9. On–Scene Security and Protection 10. Mass Care Services 11. Fatality Management
Services 12. Critical Transportation 13.

Space Program Research Paper
You are inside a rocket ready to launch. 3. 2. 1. Blast off. This is what it's like to be an astronaut on a
manned space mission. Manned space missions have been going on since the early 1960s. Scientist
send men to space using technology that has constantly been changing over the years to collect
samples of rocks and perform experiments.By sending humans instead of machines we can get a
human feel of science and learn from a human instead of sitting and watching a screen. As a result
of our human feel there needs to be more manned space missions to better understand space. Space
technology has helped better our society in technological and inspirational ways. The majority of
NASA's technology has helped improve fields such as medical, transportation, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first Apollo blew up during a test, no missions were ever carried out for Apollo 2–4, an Apollo 4
mission was planned, an AS–204 rocket test later became known as Apollo 5 and the second Launch
of a Saturn V became Apollo 6. The Apollo 7 mission then had the command module completely
redesigned as a result of the Apollo 1 fire on the launch pad, the mission boosted confidence. Years
Later, the first astronauts to travel outside of a low Earth orbit where the astronauts of the Apollo 8
mission. The Apollo 7 had no lunar lander and had a Saturn IB Booster instead of a huge Saturn V
rocket. The Apollo machinery and operations for the mission worked perfectly fine without any
major problems. The Apollo 7 also had a very important engine, the Service Propulsion System
(SPS), that helped put the Apollo into and out of a lunar orbit, made eight almost perfect firings. The
Apollo 8 astronauts were the first astronauts launched by the Saturn V, that had only been launched
2 times before, the boosters worked really well and so did the SPS engines that had been previously
tested on the Apollo 7. Apollo 8 had no lunar landing gear and went into orbit on December 24,
1968. Apollo 8 astronauts photographed an Earthrise for the first time seen from space. The mission
also showed how how the program could navigate to and from the moon,

Nevans rough draft
At 10 a.m. CDT, August 12, 1969, Julian Scheer, NASA's Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs,
opened the televised Apollo 11 post–flight press conference in the auditorium of the Manned
Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas. Addressing some two hundred representatives of the news media
from the United States and abroad, he said: "Ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to the Manned
Spacecraft Center. This is the Apollo 11 press conference. The format today will consist of a 45–
minute presentation by the Apollo 11 crew, followed by questions and answers. At this time, I would
like to introduce the Apollo 11 crew, astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin Aldrin,
Jr."
Neil Armstrong, commander of Apollo 11, began the first–hand report to the world of the epic
voyage of Eagle and Columbia to the Moon and back to Earth. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
EDT, July 16, when a Saturn V rocket launched Apollo 11 into Earth orbit from Cape Kennedy.
After one and a half orbits of the Earth, the third stage of the Saturn V refired to send Apollo on its
outward journey to the Moon. Shortly afterward, the command/service module, called Columbia,
separated from the Saturn third stage, turned around, and connected nose to nose with the lunar
module, called Eagle, which had been stored in the third stage. With Eagle attached to its nose,
Colombia drew away from the third stage and continued toward the Moon.
On July 19, Apollo 11 neared and went behind the Moon. At 1:28 p.m. EDT, it fired its service
module rocket to go into lunar orbit. After 24 hours in lunar orbit Armstrong and Aldrin separated
Eagle from Columbia, to prepare for descent to the lunar surface. On July 20 at 4:18 p.m. EDT, the
Lunar Module touched down on the Moon at Tranquility Base. Armstrong reported "The Eagle Has
Landed." And at 10:56 p.m., Armstrong, descending from Eagle's ladder and touching one foot to
the Moon's surface,

How To Write A Short Essay On Apollo 11
Apollo 11
Apollo 11 was a goal that was set by the president, John F. Kennedy, on May 25th, 1961. The goal
was to travel through space, land on the moon and return back to Earth. The three astronauts to carry
out this mission were Neil Armstrong (the commander), Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. (the lunar module
pilot), and Michael Collins (command module pilot). About 530 million people were watching this
event on live TV. Richard Nixon (the president at the time) watched from the white house.
Apollo 11 launched at 9:32 a.m. EDT on July 16th, 1969. The launch of the rocket happened from
the Kennedy Space Center in America. 3 days after descent from Earth they entered orbit around the
moon. Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin descended to the moon in Columbia.

Apollo 11 was a national goal set by President John F. Kennedy on May 25, 1961. Apollo 11 is the
goal to perform a crewed lunar landing and return to Earth. Apollo 11 launched from Cape Kennedy
on July 16, 1969 at 9:32 am. Apollo 11 took off with astronauts, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and
Michael Collins. The commander of the mission was, 38–year–old civilian research pilot, Neil
Armstrong.
Within 76 hours traveling 240,000 miles, Apollo 11 entered into a lunar orbit on July 19. An
estimated 530 million people watched Armstrong television image and heard his voice. On July 20,
1969 at 1:46 pm, the lunar module Eagle separated from the command module. Two hours later, the
Eagle began its descent to the lunar surface. At 4:17 pm, the craft

The Apollo 11 Mission
0n July 16, 1969 Apollo 11 launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida. On board the space shuttle was
Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong and Micheal Collins. They were inside the command service module
named the Columbia. Underneath the CSM was the lunar module Eagle that was 23 feet tall. This is
what would be used to land on the moon. It sat on top of the Saturn V rocket. It stood 364 feet high
and had 91 separate engines. The rocket weighed 5.8 million pounds had 8,000,000 parts that moved
and would create shock waves that made the ground shake. Michael Collins was the command
module pilot for the Apollo 11 mission. He had to use a sextant, star chart and telescope to plot the
trip to the moon. After using the tools to chart a course he entered ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After dealing with frozen fuel slug and getting on their space suits they were able to make the first
steps on the Moon. Armstrong would be the first man to step on the Moon he was followed shortly
by Buzz Aldrin. The astronauts spent 2 and a half hours on the moon. During this time they
performed several tasks. They collected moon rock samples, soil samples and took pictures. The
astronauts also talked to the President while on the moon. Armstrong and Aldrin also placed
belongings on the moon ranging from messages to an Apollo 1 patch that would honor deceased
astronauts. They were also allowed to leave some of their personal belongings. At the end of the
lunar trip the astronauts loaded up 48 pounds of moon rock and soil. The day Michael Collins was to
pick up his crew mates he had to complete a list of 850 keystrokes on the computer and other tasks.
Before lifting off of the moon Aldrin's suit broke the switch that would start the engine. He had to
use a pen to act as a replacement switch. It would take the astronauts 3 and a half hours to align the
Eagle with the CSM to be able to dock. It would take them two and a half days to get back to Earth.
Apollo 11 was going at a speed of 25,000 mph and had to land perfect or they would bounce off of
the Earth's surface or burn up. The landing spot was very thin only about 40 miles wide. The
spacecraft went at a speed of 36,000 feet per second to burst through Earth's atmosphere. The
outside temperature was 5,000 degrees

Normalization Of Deviance And The Space Administration
Normalization of Deviance
"Failure is the opportunity to begin again more intelligently." (Ford) The National Aeronautics and
Space Administration has had its fair share of catastrophic disasters. The Apollo 1 Fire was said to
be a "preventable failure by NASA". (Dhar) Though shortly after, the Apollo 13 intendent was just a
near miss of a great disaster. Then to sum the failures, it would take the lives of 14 astronauts for a
course of action to be considered. Thus what do all these disasters have in common with the theory
of "Normalization of Deviance"?
Apollo 1 was to be the first test flight of the "Apollo/Saturn space vehicle being prepared for the
first piloted flight, the AS–204 mission." (Garber) There were three primary ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
(Garber) This caused a spark that would ignite the vehicle; but all materials in the cabin of the
module were said to be fire retardant. The Velcro straps in the module continued to burn, thus badly
burning the bodies of the astronauts; as well as the inward opening hatch that prevented a quick
(Teitel)rescue of the men. (Dhar) Altogether there was no chance of survival for the men once the
fire had ignited.
When news of the disaster had reached the public, people were shocked. People asked, how could
an organization such of NASA allow this to happen. NASA's later came out with a chilling
response; "All we can say is that we lost the entire crew." (Explosion") This clearly showed that
NASA was never remotely expecting such a disaster. With this the public had taken a major hit to
their pride; the thought of President Kennedy's dream to make it to the Moon was slipping away.
(Explosion") Sixteen orbital flights had taken place without incident, now Russia was on the verge
of making a fool of the United States and the public would not any of it. The Public immediately
demanded that those in control at NASA fix the problem and proceed with the Apollo missions.
The president of NASA at the time James E. Webb wasted no time informing the public of the future
of the organization. He told the public "We 'll go ahead with the space flight program. Although
everyone realized that someday pilots would die, who would have thought the first tragedy would

Bill Kaysing: Hoax Or Sacrifice?
Introduction
Were they fake maybe all these thing the the government is lying lied before The most notable claim
is that the six manned landings (1969–72) were faked and that twelve Apollo astronauts did not
actually walk on the Moon. this claim was made by a person name Bill Kaysing.
Before this Kaysing joined the United States Navy in 1940 as a midshipman. He attended officers
training school, and the University of Southern California. In 1949, he received his Bachelor of Arts
in English from the University of Redlands. He later worked for a time as a furniture maker.
Kaysing worked as a
The claims kaysing made were Much third–party evidence for the landings exists, and detailed
rebuttals to the hoax claims have been made. Since the late ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
His position makes me feel angry. We spent a lot of time getting ready to go to the moon. We spent a
lot of money, we took great risks, and it's something everybody in this country should be proud of."
This comment was made by James Arthur "Jim" Lovell, Jr he said this comment when he was
questioned is a former NASA astronaut and a retired captain in the United States Navy, most famous
as the commander of the Apollo 13 mission, which suffered a critical failure route to the Moon but
was brought back safely to Earth by the efforts of the crew and mission control. Lovell was also the
command module pilot of Apollo 8, the first Apollo mission to enter lunar orbit. He is a recipient of
the Congressional Space Medal of Honor and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He is one of only
24 people to have flown to the Moon, the first of only three people to fly to the Moon twice, and the
only one to have flown there twice without making a landing. Lovell was also the first person to fly
in space four

The Creation Of Nasa On Space Exploration And Its Impact...
As the effects of zero gravity washed over him,Neil Armstrong was about to be the first over to
make contact with the moon and when he did he spoke "One small step for man,one giant leap for
mankind!" Many only think about this mission, but what about the start of this program.Soon after
NASA started it's goal was to get to the moon before the 1960's.The apollo program was the
program that did it all.The creation of NASA with the Apollo program and its missions had the
biggest affect on the space exploration, and it changed space exploration and how we think about
space.
Nasa started in the 1959 and is still going today played a big effect on the 1960's and the
understanding of space exploration. To start of with, "Congress passed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
NASA states that "The primary objectives for the Apollo 7 engineering test flight were simple:
Demonstrate command and service module, or CSM, and crew performance; demonstrate crew,
space vehicle and mission support facilities performance during CSM mission; and demonstrate
CSM rendezvous capability."(NASA) Clearly, the Apollo 7 made the way for the first man on the
moon considering being the first people in space they did experiments which allowed the manned
missions in space. "Apollo 7 was the only manned Apollo mission launched on a Saturn 1–B rocket
and from pad 34 at Cape Kennedy. Apollo 7 was the first manned test of the Command and Service
Module. The crew orbited the Earth 163 times and spent 10 days and 20 hours in space." Evidently,
the rocket and NASA's projects on the Apollo 7 tested the rocket and show how it was holding up to
look anything better for the future missions and to try to operate the technology better and see if it
could improve. Lastly, NASA had to add to the rockets to make them better as well as the command
module. " The spacecraft for the Apollo 7 mission consisted of a launch escape system, command
module, service module and a spacecraft–lunar module adapter that served as a mating structure to
the instrument unit on top of the S–IVB stage of the Saturn IB rocket. This mission did not include a
lunar module." NASA know that if they were going to make it to the moon they would have to add a
lunar module.NASA mission apollo 7 cleared the

Apollo 13 History
Apollo 13, the third human lunar landing and exploration mission, had been tentatively scheduled in
July 1969 for launch in March 1970, but by the end of the year the launch date had been shifted to
April. In August 1969 crew assignments for Apollo 13 were announced, eventually James A. Lovell
commanded the mission, with Fred Haise and John Swigert. The target for the mission was the Fra
Mauro Formation, a site of major interest to scientists, specifically a spot just north of the crater Fra
Mauro, some 550 kilometers (340 miles) west–southwest of the center of the Moon's near side.
On March 24, 1970, during the countdown demonstration test for Apollo 13, Kennedy Space Center
test engineers encountered a problem with an oxygen tank in the service module. The spacecraft
carried two such tanks, each holding 320 pounds (145 kilograms) of supercritical oxygen. They
provided the oxygen for the command module atmosphere and (along with two tanks of hydrogen)
three fuel cells, which were the spacecraft's primary source of electrical power. Besides power, the
chemical reaction in the cells produced water, which not only supplied the crew's drinking water but
was circulated through cooling plates to remove heat from certain critical electronic components.
The tanks were designed to operate at pressures of 865 to 935 pounds per square inch (psi) (6,000 to
6,450 kilopascals) and temperatures between–340 degrees F and +80 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Number one tank behaved normally in this test, but number two released only 8 percent of its
contents, not 50 percent as required. Test engineers decided to proceed with the rest of the test and
investigate the problem later. The next day, after KSC engineers had discussed the problem with
colleagues at the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC, the Johnson Space for

Apollo 13 Successful Failure
Apollo 13 the "Successful Failure"
How did the failure of Apollo 13 actually help NASA in some ways? Well by the end of this paper it
will show how and why the failure led to later success for NASA(National Aeronautics and Space
Administration). Apollo 13 was an interesting exploration for many reasons, and today this paper
will be showing how and why it was. First, the paper will teach about all of astronauts in space, and
the people back on Earth communicating with the crew, and all of the different responsibilities this
mission involved. It will also include what experiences they had previous to their Apollo 13 journey,
and how much time they have spent in space previous to Apollo 13. Secondly, this paper will tell
about all of the Apollo ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Apollo 13 was the seventh manned mission, and the third mission intended on going to the moon.
Apollo 13 was launched on April 11, 1970 from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. (Dunbar,
Brian) Previous to the launch, ground tests indicated poorly insulated helium tanks. After two days
in flight, the crew began to worry. "Okay, Houston. We've had a problem here." (Space Quotes) The
Apollo 13 movie changed Swigert's famous "Houston, we've had a problem here" to "Houston we
have a problem here" coming from James Lovell instead of John Swigert. 200,000 miles from Earth,
on April 13, a low pressure warning on the hydrogen tank appeared. Knowing there was danger to
be, the crew did the "cryo stir" procedure. The procedure was to stop the gas from settling into
layers. Slowly running out of power and water big concerns began to worry the crew. With no
source of heat, cabin temperatures became freezing for the crew. Also with the freezing
temperatures, some food became inedible for the crew. The astronauts left the command module
section of the spacecraft and used the lunar module as a lifeboat. With the descending spacecraft,
Apollo 13 was unable to land on the moon, it was forced to circle it due to an explosion on board.
Even though it did not get to land, Apollo 13 reached 248, 655 miles from Earth, marking the
farthest humans have traveled from Earth at that time. (BBC News) The Fra Mauro Area was the
original landing

Apollo 11: Jumping A Man On The Moon
During the midst of the Cold War, the Soviet Union and United States were doing all that they could
to appear as the bigger superpower of the world. After the Soviets had launched the world's first
satellite, Sputnik, into space as well as the first man, the U.S did all it could to try and one–up the
Soviets. In response, President John F. Kennedy stood in front of Congress and said "I believe that
this nation should commit itself achieving the goal, before the decade is out, of landing a man on the
moon and returning him safely to earth" (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2017.) Due to the Cold War putting pressure on the United States to join the space
race, America was able to launch the Apollo program, and land two humans on the surface of the
moon. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were multiple objectives besides simply landing, and returning, the two man back to the earth.
These goals included having a crew explore the moon itself, the deploying of a television to send
signals back to Earth, as well as an experiment for solar wind. They were to also capture lots of
images of the surface, the equipment they brought with them, as well as each other. (Loff, 17 April
2015) On July 16, 1969, Apollo 11 was launched from a mark 5 Saturn Rocket from the Kennedy
Space Center in Florida. The ship had 3 parts, a center of command with space for 3 members,
although

Introduction
Apollo 13 was the third NASA mission to attempt to land on the moon. Apollo 13 was set to launch
on April 11, 1970. A sequence of events caused the three astronauts to abort their mission, and they
were forced to return to Earth. Almost three days after launch there was an explosion in the second
oxygen tank in the service module. This explosion caused the first tank to rupture a valve. Apollo 13
spacecraft began to lose oxygen rapidly. The loss of oxygen lead to rapid loss of power and water.
Astronauts Lovell, Haise, and Swigert concerns were now, how are we going to get back to Earth?.
Key Terms
Fra Mauro: Crater (area) on the moon that Apollo 13 was going to land on and explore.
Lunar Module (LM): A small craft used for traveling between the moon's surface and an orbiting
spacecraft formerly known as lunar excursion module or LEM.
Service Module (SM): A detachable compartment of a spacecraft carrying fuel and supplies.
Command Module (CM): The detachable control portion of a manned spacecraft.
Main B Bus Undervolt: Source where devices share the same electricity. Allows signals to be
transferred.
Fuel Cells: A cell producing an electric current directly from a chemical reaction.
Purpose for Apollo 13 Apollo 13 was the third time a spacecraft was going to take humans to our
beautiful moon. NASA ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because the middle motor of the spacecraft shut down two minutes early. This made the rest of the
motors run longer. The first two days, the group kept running into minor problems, for the most part
Apollo 13 was the smoothest flight of the program (Apollo Program, 2017). At 46 hours, 43 minutes
Joe Kerwin, the ground communicator, stated, "The spacecraft is in real good shape as far as we are
concerned. We're bored to tears down here," (NASA, 2009). It was the last time anybody would talk
about boredom for a

Minutes after the explosion, the three astronauts abandoned the main ship for the Lunar Module.
The Lunar Module acted as a lifeboat for the crew (Redmond 18). Swigert tells Earth that it looks
like the earth is coming towards them like a speeding train (Excerpts of Talks 10). They turned off
the Command and Service Modules (Jones 3–3). "The Command Module had to be "powered
down" after the accident to avoid depleting its systems and rendering it incapable of performing the
reentry operation" (Mission 7). Lovell later tells the Senate Committee:
Our only hope of survival was to go into Aquarius, power up its systems, and use the systems and
the consumables on board the lunar module for the return home. It was here that we realized that it
was now a case of survival" (United States 23).
They turned off just about everything, including water use, to save power for the critical needs.
Gene Kranz from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the Apollo 13 mission, the entire crew had to come up with, test, and solve problems that
happened during the mission. They had to create and solve more potential hazards for future
missions (Al–Khatib 6). The changes that the Apollo 13 mission created in space exploration helped
NASA attain their Fra Mauro landing goal. After correcting the known issues, and employing
advanced technology, Apollo 14 completed Apollo 13's mission (Smithsonian 5).
The crewmembers on–board Apollo 13 continued to lead their lives after the Apollo 13 mission.
Fred Haise was supposed to fly onboard Apollo 18, but the mission was canceled due to budget cuts.
Jack Swigert was elected as a congressman for Colorado, but died from cancer before he was able to
take office. Ken Mattingly eventually commanded Apollo 16 and it was determined he never
contracted Rubella. Gene Kranz retired in the mid–1990's. James Lovell's last flight was Apollo 13
but he still desires and supports NASA's lunar missions (Howard Apollo

Apollo John F. Kennedy Space Center
Apollo 13
Where Apollo 13 took place and launched, was at the complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center. It
happened at 2:13 p.m. EST, April 11, 1970. What had caused it to orbit the moon and come back,
was a ciple in the oxygen tank. One thing that happened was on the Apollo 13 spacecraft, a oxygen
tank was crippled and they had to orbit the moon and return home. The main event was that for the
third time, they successfully lifted off once more, just to run into a problem with the oxygen tank.
The people involved (meaning on the Apollo 13) were: Fred Haise, Jack Swigert, and Jim Lovell. It
kind of ties in with Apollo 11 because they both went to the moon but, Apollo 11 was made up to
beat the Soviet Union in the Space Race by John F. Kennedy. Apollo 13 ties in with the three theme
words, Exploration, Encounter, Exchange in these three different ways: Exploration, they explored
outer space and learned many new things about plants, if anything grows on the planets, if anything
lived there they didn 't know about, etc. Encounter, they encounter many new materials (plastic is
one of those things). They had encounter a cripple and the oxygen tank that happened on the Apollo
13. Exchange, they exchanged ideas about what to do about the cripple of the one of the oxygen
tank. They were trying to exchange communication on how they were doing in space. A fun fact
about Apollo 13 is that it is the seventh manned mission in the American Apollo Space Program.
Shortly after the

On, April 11, 1970 Nasa launched the Apollo 13 mission to send three astronauts. To the moon , and
mark the third named lunar landing. The mission aimed to send Commander Jim Lovell and lunar
module pilot Fred Haise to the lunar surface while command module pilot Jack Swigert remained in
orbit. But on April 13, the mission suffered a crippling explosion that would nearly doom the
spaceflight and its crew. But Apollo 13 carried an oxygen tank with a troubled history. The tank had
been damaged in testing, but the space craft builders were not aware of a problem. The cyclinder
service module had six held the fuel tanks. Sector 4 held the damaged oxygen tank at about 56 hours
into the flight of Apollo 13, Jack Swigert was instructed to "Stir

The Discovery Of The Apollo
When it comes to exploring new horizons there is always an inherent danger that comes with it.
Whether it was Christopher Columbus and his venture to the new world, Lewis and Clark and there
exploration of the American west, or the Astronauts who were the first to travel where no man had
gone before. All of these people accepted the risk that comes with the adventure they were
embarking on. The Apollo program was the world's most ambitious project ever taken on. When
John F. Kennedy proposed the idea of placing a man moon by the end of the 1960's this was an
extremely bold ultimatum too all of those involved in the space program. As we all know NASA
achieved the goal when Apollo 11 landed on the moon in 1969. After America had accomplished
this goal and beat the Soviet Union to the moon and then repeated the result on Apollo 12,
Americans began to question why there tax dollars were being used to fund something after the goal
had already been accomplished. And then came the near disaster of Apollo 13 that re–ignited
American interest in space travel. Apollo 13 was a successful failure, while it did not achieve its
goal of landing on the moon, it showed how good NASA's people as well as their space crafts were,
in that they were able to return the crew safely after such a catastrophic failure on the space craft,
which was the NASA's finest hour.
Pre–Launch
Apollo 13 was set to launch on April 11, 1970 at 1:13 pm or 13:13 in military time. The mission was
to land and explore

Apollo 11 Footprint Essay
The Most Important Footprint
Twenty–Six year old Laura Polacek tucked her children into bed at 8:30 P.M. on an exceedingly
warm Sunday in July. The exact date was July 20th, 1969. Laura walked back into her cramped
living room to join her husband, sister, two cousins, and mother. The television was on Channel 3,
broadcasting the coverage of NASA's first Moon landing. Apollo 11 had landed on the Moon's
surface at 8:18 P.M. Six hours later, Neil Armstrong emerged from the capsule at 2:38AM, climbed
down the modules latter and became the first man to place his foot on the moon. Laura Polacek's
recollection, nearly forty–seven years after the fact, of this event is similar to those who watched all
over the world (Polacek). From July 16th to July 24th, 1969, six hundred million people had their
eyes on NASA; more specifically, Apollo 11 (Reed). For this time, this had been the most people to
watch a broadcasted event on television ever. A combination of strenuous preparation and dedication
made it possible for the United States to be the first country to put a man on the moon. This
milestone left a tremendous impact on not only the United States, but other countries as well.
The July 20, 1969, lunar landing was the culmination of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NASA wanted this first Moon landing mission to pave the way for future Apollo lunar landing
missions. The three most prominent names attached to Apollo 11 are Neil Armstrong (Commander),
Buzz Aldrin (Command Module Pilot), and Michael Collins (Lunar Module Pilot). Since the
spacecraft could not land safely on the Moon and be able to take the men back to Earth, one of the
men had to stay in the module and fly it around the Moon until the other men were ready to leave.
This was Michael Collins job. While the Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were on the Moon, they
conducted a series of experiments and means of

How Has Apollo 13 Changed
Apollo 13 was the seventh mission in the Apollo program, and the third designed to bring man to the
moon. However, the mission was aborted after a catastrophic oxygen tank explosion left the crew
without little heat, potable water, and an increasing level of carbon dioxide in the cabin. Despite the
challenges faced, the crew managed to return safely to earth, with careful guidance of the ground
crew, on April 17, 1970. On April 11, 1970, Apollo 13 was launched from the Kennedy Space
Center. After launch, variations in engine start time caused the spacecraft to deviate from its planned
trajectory. Despite this, however, Apollo 13 made its way into orbit after approximately two–and a–
half hours. At approximately hour 56, an overheated fan in the oxygen tank number two caused the
liquid oxygen in the tank to boil faster than the safety valve could release it, resulting in the tank
exploding. Shrapnel from the tank number two explosion damaged vital components on ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First and foremost, an isolated oxygen tank was installed on all future ships, used only to supply the
crew with oxygen to breathe. In addition, all shared oxygen tanks (tanks used for both breathing and
running fuel cells) were isolated from each other, to prevent a cascading decrease in pressure in the
event of a single tank failure. Next, filters and fan wiring were removed from inside the tank itself
and placed on an external line. The insulation on tank electrical components was changed from
teflon to stainless steel sheathed magnesium oxide. Additionally, a 400 amp hour battery was to be
installed on the landing module to decrease the need for power rationing. Finally, bottled/bagged
water was placed inside the cabin of the spacecraft (whereas on Apollo 13 it was located only in the
landing module), to provide the crew with drinking water even in the event of a total failure of the
fuel

Apollo 13 Pros And Cons
As I have mentioned so many times in my previous posts, I'm so into watching and reading up on
Apollo 13 mission which goes back to 1970.
The mission was supposed to highlight the third moon landing, however, the novelty of moon
landing among the general public seemed to have already worn off, none of TV networks in the
United States broadcast the live transmission from the Apollo 13 crew members, only a handful of
family members and NASA's flight controllers actually watched it.
However, what seemed to have been a plain–sailing mission was about to take a sudden turn for the
worse.
Right after the supposed–to–be–live–TV–broadcast, a flight controller in the Mission Control told
Jack Swigert, a command module astronaut, to turn on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In order to conserve as much energy as possible, they had to turn off whatever energy–consuming
equipment―the guidance system, the heater, whatever possible―reducing its energy consumption
down to only 12 ampere an hour.
In addition to this, they were faced with a carbon–dioxide issue; since the lunar module was
designed for two men for a day and a half as I mentioned, every time the astronauts exhaled the
levels of carbon dioxide was inching up to a hazardous level. It was like a bomb waiting to go off.
The mission of Apollo 13 was literally fraught with danger; once a problem was solved, another
issue cropped up and both the astronauts and the flight controllers were forced to tackle those
problems one by one; putting heads together in order to safely bring the astronauts back down to
Earth.
Among many things, what struck me the most was the abortion of the moon landing mission.
The mission commander, Jim Lovell later mentioned in an interview for a TV documentary show,
"I thought to myself, 'why didn't this explosion happen to Apollo 12? Why couldn't it wait until
Apollo

The Apollo 11 Mission Of The United States
The moon landing mission marked a new technological era for the United States. This amazing feat
ushered in an age of pride and intelligence for the American people that swept across the nation.
This fateful success gave birth to America's interest in space and buried itself into our very culture
and our long and adventurous history. The Apollo 11's successful mission has also greatly affected
current technologies today. In order to further understand the mission's impact, research on the
Apollo 11 mission's preparation, the mission itself, and the technologies it impacted, is needed.
The Apollo 11 mission was a very influential success for the U.S. This program marked itself in
U.S. history and sparked a new American exploration in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The backup crew of Apollo 8, who eventually turned into the crew of Apollo 11, had very little
access to the spaceship simulators during the beginning of their training. Only after the Apollo 10
mission did they ever have the chance to work the training programs and simulators.
An educated and properly trained crew is definitely the foundation of the successful Apollo 11
mission, however, the crew needs proper equipment, or technology, in order to train. The pilots of
the Apollo 11, Neil Armstrong and "Buzz" Aldrin, were not able to access the main practice ship
used for simulating the moon landing until the Apollo 10 crew left. After the Apollo 10 crew left, the
pilots went straight to work in the practice pod. Their schedule was so busy, they had to cancel a
dinner at the White House because the dinner would delay them a month behind schedule. The crew
of the historic space flight simulated the moon landing in a lunar module suspended by wires so the
gravity would be equal to that of the moon. This was by far the most important focus of their
training. However, the practice ship was actually inferior to the real one. The practice module would
not thrust in three different directions as the real ship would; this meant the dummy pod was
insufficient. Unfortunately, this pod was the only piece of technology that would somewhat

Apollo 13 Failure
"Houston, we've had a problem." These words were said by Jack Swigert 2 days after the Apollo 13
launch on April 11, 1970. Apollo 13 was the 3rd U.S. manned lunar landing mission of NASA under
Project Apollo. Even though the result of Apollo 13 ended in an unsuccessful attempt to land on the
moon again, Apollo 13's failure to complete their mission of landing on the moon helped aid future
Apollo missions in being successful.1
James A."Jim" Lovell Jr. was born on March 25, 1928, in Cleveland Ohio. Before he was an
astronaut he was a test pilot. His experience with aircraft controls helped him when he was a backup
pilot for Gemini 4 and Gemini 7, backup command pilot for Gemini 9, command pilot for Gemini
12, command module pilot of Apollo ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through the first day and into the early part of the second, the flight seemed to be going well and
everything was going as planned. It wasn't until later that day that one of the oxygen tanks would
explode and cause a fire, resulting in one of the wall units blowing up. At the time of the accident,
on board the spacecraft, the crew had just finished a routine mid–flight TV broadcast. Commander
James Lovell and LM Pilot Fred Haise were in the process of completing a checkout of their lunar
lander and CSM Pilot Jack Swigert was preparing to make some star sightings with his sextant. At
fifty–five hours, fifty–five minutes into the mission, all three astronauts heard and felt an explosion.
It got their immediate attention and, during the next few minutes as they and the ground controllers
made a rapid assessment of the condition of the spacecraft, it became apparent that two of the three
fuel cells in the Service Module had gone dead. At the moment, no one knew what had happened,
but it became obvious that the crew was in serious trouble.3 If they were going to survive, they
would need enough power, oxygen, and water for a four–day trip around the Moon and home to
Earth. These requirements were beginning to be very hard to acquire because of the unhealthy
Service Module. Power, oxygen, and water relied on the Service Module and without it they were
going to be in terribly short supply of these

Apollo 13 was supposed to be the third space mission to the moon. However, an explosion in two of
the oxygen tanks made landing on the moon safely, impossible. That oxygen tank was previously
installed on Apollo 10 but removed because it was damaged. It was fixed, tested then installed on
the Apollo 13 spacecraft. Before the spacecraft took off multiple tests were performed on both
oxygen tanks. To do this the oxygen tanks are emptied to half full the first oxygen tank preformed
normally but the second only emptied to 92% full. Two weeks before the launch the tanks were
tested again the first tank again emptied normally but the second tank did not. Each oxygen tank
holds several hundred pounds of oxygen, which was breathable air and the production ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The launch went according to plan and very smoothly compared to some other launches. The first
two days after the launch, Apollo 13 was the smoothest running operation that NASA has ever
experienced. At almost 47 hours Joe Kerwin, the communications officer on the ground said "The
spacecraft is in real good shape as far as we are concerned. We are bored to tears down here." At
about 56 hours the crew of Apollo 13 had just finished a 49 minute long TV broadcast telling the
people on earth how they lived and worked in a weightless environment. The spaceship was about
205,000 miles away from Earth's surface at this point. Nine minutes after they finished the broadcast
to Earth the second oxygen tank blew up which caused the first oxygen tank to blow as well. The
astronauts originally thought a meteoroid had struck the ship. All communication to the ground were
lost for two seconds as the astronauts tried to figure out what went wrong. The explosions of the
oxygen tanks caused the electricity, water and light levels to plummet. The ship did not lose all of its
light, water, and electricity it was just going through a shortage of those things. The astronauts saw
that the oxygen in the second tank was completely gone, they reported this to

Ever since humanity has been able to look up and view the stars, forever gaining a better view,
mankind has desired to go to space. Slowly gaining the ability of mobility, mankind has invented the
wheel, then the automobile, and then aircraft. However, what lies in our recent past is the greatest
achievement in reaching new frontiers so far – that is, reaching the moon. The Apollo 11 is
responsible for accomplishing the basic mission of the Apollo Program; that is, to land two men on
the lunar surface and return them safely to earth. "The long countdown for the voyage to the moon
began in the spring of 1961, in the fourth year of the Space Age." America found itself humiliated
by the fact it was the Russians, not they, that were able to send ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We feel that this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind to explore the
unknown," and at 12:22 P.M. Thursday, the astronauts jettisoned the Service Module to start the
final descent from 400,000 feet into the Earth's atmosphere in which they would travel 24,000 miles
an hour. Then the Earth's air gripped at the spacecraft, slowing its speed. Within minutes, the
astronauts were in the water 950 miles southwest of Hawaii – home safe from man's first trip to the
moon. The recovery aircraft carrier then picked up the astronauts, then adorned in biological
isolation garments as a quarantine procedure, and carried them to a mobile isolation trailer for a
checkup. President Nixon stood about 3 feet away from them speaking through a microphone, he
said: "Neil, Buzz and Mike, ... I have the privilege of speaking for so many in welcoming you back
to Earth. ...[Over 100 nations around the world] have had the opportunity to see what you have
done."
Following the recovery of the astronauts, it became clear that America had emerged ahead in the
Cold War, and therefore, a world leader in space and technology. The United States only reaffirmed
its stand as a world power, and the dreams of many to reach the moon had finally become a reality.
Science and technology became highly valued fields to study and the sixties itself was remembered
as the decade of space exploration. Nationalism peaked right after the mission came to a close, and
the future was bright for

How The Apollo Missions Changed Space Travel
Space is something that we humans are never going to be able to comprehend and understand what
it is exactly. But knowing that still is not going to stop us from trying to know as much about space
as we possibly can. The Apollo missions took that step to reaching greater heights, and landing on
our moon to know more about what it is and what is on it. These missions changed our look on
space travel and what humans can accomplish if we put our minds to it.
The Apollo Program started in 1963 and went all the way through 1972. On January 27, 1967 there
was an accident during the preflight test for Apollo 1. The Astronauts on that flight were named
Virgil Grissom, Edward White, and Roger Chaffee. They all lost their lives in a fire on Apollo 1.
What started the fire was an electrical failure in the command module which ignited the inside of the
ship with the Astronauts trapped inside with no way out. (Loff, Sarah)
On October 11, 1968 the Apollo 7 was scheduled to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was moved to San Diego to the San Diego Air and Space Museum.(Loff, Sarah)
Apollo 10 launched from Cape Kennedy on May 18th 1969. The Apollo 10 crew Commander
Tomas Stafford, John Young, and Eugene Cerman. This launch was the first live color TV
transmission began three hours after launch and showed the docking process in the interior of the
command service module. Another second and third telecast were made from as far as 140,000
miles away from Earth. At approximately 80 hours into the flight, Apollo 10 orbited the moon and
transmitted the first color TV pictures of the moon's surface from about 69 miles above the surface
of the moon. (Loff, Sarah)
After many undocking and docking practice maneuvers, the remainder of the flight was spent on
land tracking and photography. After 31 orbits Apollo 10 was on the back side of the moon when it
was injected into a trans–Earth trajectory.(Loff,

History Of The Apollo Program Essay

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