Nuclear Tree Focus on the relationships (monophyly, sister groups, .pdf

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Nuclear Tree: Focus on the relationships (monophyly, sister groups, etc…). Address things that look different group1 outg oatgroup2 0.0 A Fa T pol s all Shala u-ba. H our seya Stri SLxig S.coy Snit Solution The phylogenetic tree is composed of tips, internal nodes and edges. The tips (leaves) of the phylogenetic tree represent current day species, groups of descendant taxa. Two descendants that split from the same node are called sister groups, each one is the closest relative of the other, they have a common ancestor that is unique to them, they have a lot of evolutionary history in common and very little evolutionary history that is unique to each one. In the given tree, so of the sis groups branches are not complete, or of different length, if they have a difference in length then they are not sister groups. Phylograms are phylogenetic trees in which the length of the edges represent evolutionary time; therefore clades in phylograms represent true evolutionary history. in the given tree it ssems it is a phylogram. but 0.02 represents length of branch that represents amount of genetic change. but is not given for other branches. Two differenet length of branches from sister groups are seen , which is unlikely to happen. One branch shows a straight vertical line , and two groups are formed, this is not defined in thr tree. Each clade different branch length so can not be defined clearly. Branch length of two outgroups are looks unusual..

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Rose Pine Fern Algae Moss Solution Tree 1 - In tree one the algae and moss are evolved before the other three. These two, algae and moss are primitive than rose, pine and fern. Tree 2 - In tree two the algae is separately represented, as it belong to protoctista. Where as fern and mosses are further evolved as terrestrial organisms. The rose and pine have similarity of having woody system. -- Node in a tree corresponds to hypothetical ancestor. The rotation of node represents the speciation or evolution or interbreeding between the species. 2. Algae and moss are sisters before, but now algae is individually represented. 3. Fern and moss are grouped together, but in tree 1 moss is grouped with algae. 4. In tree 1, rose, pine and fern are grouped together but in tree 2 fern is categorized with moss. 5. In tree1 there are two main branches, but in tree2 there are three branches. 6. In tree1, there are three nodes, in tree 2 there are only two nodes..

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The history of life is very ancient, that is, millions of years. During such a long period of time, innumerable species continued to occur. How come there is so much variety in it? Where did it come from? Some of what is produced is destroyed, and some that is (and still is!) Grows from one type of organism to another. The similarities between the two are sometimes significant and some are not. If the speed of some transitions is too slow to breathe The rush to change for just a few days! Some live in a certain area and some are so widespread everywhere! How did this gigantic mountain range of biodiversity come to be? Why produce diversity? When and how fast? What are the pressures in nature for such changes to take place? What is the nature of these pressures? What is their strength? Answers to such questions are not always found in descriptive and categorical systems.

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Write a shell command to substitute the first Nick to John in report.txt and save the result to report_new.txt Solution By default sed uses stdout, so shell\'s redirect operator is to be used, as in our example below. This is a most simple example, but we illustrated a few points: we match the pattern \"Nick\" and we substitute all instances with \"John\". Note that sed is case-sensitive. $ sed \'s/Nick/John/g\' report.txt > report_new.txt.

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