This ppt contains brief information about phylogenetic tree

1. Phylogenetic Tree
Dr. Poonam Bansal
Assistant Professor
Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to
Be University)
Mullana

2. Phylogenetic Tree
Graphical representation of the evolutionary relationships between
biological entities, usually sequences or species.
Relationships between entities are captured by the topology (branching order)
and amount of evolutionary change (branch lengths) between nodes.
Helpful approach in finding evolution of current day species.
Gives a better understanding of how species have evolved while explaining the
similarities and differences among species.

3. Types of Phylogenic Tree
Cladograms are not scaled, meaning that the distance between each generation on
the phylogenetic tree.
Phylograms are scaled and are used to represent the amount of time between
generations.
Rooted trees show the evolutionary relationships of one lineage stemming from a
single common ancestor (the root of the tree).
Unrooted trees show the relationships between taxa without being ''rooted'' by a
common ancestor.

4. Parts of Phylogenetic Tree
Phylogenetic trees are primarily made up of two components: branches and nodes.
The branches are the straight lines that connect everything. In a phylogram, the lengths
of these branches represent periods of time between generations.
Nodes represent speciation events, or events that result in the production of two different
species from one common ancestor.
Root is the base of the tree, and it represents the most recent common ancestor of all of
the taxa that are represented on the tree.

5. A clade is an evolutionary group that includes an ancestor and all of its
descendants.
Outgroup, or taxa that diverged earlier than the taxa within the clade.
Taxa are groups of organisms at any level of the Linnaean taxonomic
system of classification (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,
species).
Sister taxa are taxa that are share a common ancestor.

6. Used to study evolutionary histories
Help to study how the species were spread geographically.
To study the common ancestors of extant and extinct species.
It is used to identify the most recent common ancestors and to recognize how closely related species
are.
Significance of Phylogenetic Tree