Complete details of anatomy and physiology of the Respiratory system. this content may helpfull for nursing and paramedical students.

1. Respiratory system
Anil Patidar
Assistant professor
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2. Introduction
• Vital system in human body
• Important role in breathing
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3. 2/12/2020 CHARUSAT 3

4. 2/12/2020 CHARUSAT 4

5. 5
Major Functions of the
Respiratory System
• To supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
• Respiration – four distinct processes must happen
• Pulmonary ventilation – moving air into and out of the lungs
• External respiration – gas exchange between the lungs and the blood
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6. 6
• Transport – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the lungs and tissues
• Internal respiration – gas exchange between
systemic blood vessels and tissues
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7. Division of Respiratory system
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8. Nose & Nasal Cavity
The nose consists of the external nose and the nasal
cavity,
Both are divided by a septum into right and left halves.
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9. External Nose
• The external nose has two elliptical orifices called the naris
(nostrils), which are separated from each other by the nasal
septum.
• The lateral margin, the ala nasi, is rounded and mobile.
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10. • The framework of the external nose is made up above by the nasal
bones, the frontal processes of the maxillae, and the nasal part of
the frontal bone.
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11. Nasal cartilages
• The nasal cartilages provide structure and support to the nose.
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12. CHARUSAT 12
Structure of the Nose
Figure 22.
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13. Blood Supply of the External
Nose
• The skin of the external nose is supplied by branches of the
ophthalmic and the maxillary arteries.
• The skin of the ala and the lower part of the septum are supplied by
branches from the facial artery.
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14. Nasal Cavity
The Roof divided into three Part
• Fronto nasal Part- is slopping and is formed by nasal cartilage, Nasal
bone and frontal bone
• Ethimoidal Part - in the middle by the cribriform plate of the
ethmoid,
• Sphenoidal Part – is also slopping and is formed by body of sphenoid
bone.
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15. The floor of Nasal cavity
• Palatine process maxilla
• Horizontal plate palatine bone
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16. • The Medial Wall of Nasal Cavity
• • The Nasal Septum
• Divides the nasal cavity into right and left halves
• It has osseous and cartilaginous parts
• • Nasal septum consists of the perpendicular plate of the
ethmoid bone (superior), the vomer (inferior) and septal
cartilage (anterior)
Septal
Cartilage
Perpendicular
Plate (ethmoid
Vomer
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17. • The Lateral Walls of Nasal Cavity
• Three shelf like projection called –conchae (Turbinate)
-Superior concha
- Middle concha
- Inferior concha
• The space below each concha is called a meatus
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18. Posterior ethmoidal air cells
open into superior meatus
Drainage of two of the paranasal
sinuses: the sphenoid and back
(posterior) ethmoid sinuses.
Nasolacrimal Canal drains into
Inferior Meatus (The nasolacrimal duct (tear duct) empties any drainage from
the eyes, starting at the external eye and emptying into the inferior meatus.)
Drainage of three of the paranasal sinuses; the
maxillary, frontal, and front (anterior) ethmoid
sinuses. Airflow through the paranasal sinuses
which creates the tones of our voices.
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19. Blood Supply to the Nasal Cavity
• From branches of the maxillary artery, one of the terminal branches
of the external carotid artery.
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20. Functions of Nose
• The only externally visible part of the respiratory system
that functions by:
• Providing an airway for respiration
• Moistening (humidifying) and warming the entering air
• Filtering inspired air and cleaning it of foreign matter
• Serving as a resonating chamber for speech
• Housing the olfactory receptors
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21. The Paranasal Sinuses
• The paranasal sinuses are
cavities found in the interior of
the maxilla, frontal, sphenoid,
and ethmoid bones .
• They are lined with
mucoperiosteum and filled
with air.
• They communicate with the
nasal cavity through relatively
small apertures.2/12/2020 CHARUSAT 21

22. Drainage of Mucus and Function of
Paranasal Sinuses
• The mucus produced by the mucous membrane is moved into
the nose by ciliary action of the columnar cells.
• Functions:
• 1. Resonators of the voice
• 2. They also reduce the skulls weight
• 3. Help wam and moisten inhaled air
• 4. Act as shock absorbers in trauma
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23. Pharynx
• It lies behind the nose, mouth
and larynx and is wider at its
upper end.
• The upper part of the pharynx
transmits only air, the lower
part( below the inlet of the
larynx) only food, but the
middle part is a common
passage for both air and food
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24. 1. Nasopharynx
Nasopharynx is the uppermost
part of the pharynx, It lies
behind the nasal cavities and
extends from the base of skull to
the soft palate
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25. Function of Nasopharynx
1-Conduit for air.
2-Through the eustachian tube, it ventilates the middle ear and
equalizes air pressure.
3-Acts as a resonating chamber during voice production.
4-Acts as a drainage channel for the mucus secreted by nasal
and nasopharyngeal glands.
5-Elevation of the soft palate against posterior pharyngeal wall its
helps to separate nasopharynx from oropharynx, This function is
important during swallowing, vomiting, and speech.
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26. Nasopharyngeal tonsils or
pharyngeal tonsil (ADENOID)
• It is a subepithelial
collection of lymphoid
tissue at the junction of
roof and posterior wall of
nasopharynx, It
increases in size up to
the age of 6 years and
then gradually atrophies.
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27. • OROPHARYNX
Oropharynx is the middle
part of the pharynx,
located between the soft
palate and superior border
of epiglottis.
The oropharynx lies
behind the oral cavity.
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28. • Function of Oropharynx:
1. As a conduit for passage of air and food.
2. Helps in the pharyngeal phase of deglutition
(swallowing).
3. Provides local defense and immunity against harmful
intruders into the air and food passages.
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29. Laryngopharynx
• Hypopharynx is the lowest part of
the pharynx and lies behind and
partly on the sides of the larynx.
• Hypopharynx lies opposite the
third, fourth, fifth, sixth cervical
vertebrae
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30. • Function of Laryngopharynx:
• 1-common pathway for air and food.
• 2-provides a vocal tract for resonance of
certain speech sounds.
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31. Blood supply:
• Arterial supply
• -Ascending pharyngeal from external carotid artery
• -Tonsillar and ascending palatine from facial artery
• -Descending palatine artery from maxillary artery
• -Lingual artery
Venous drainage:
• To pharyngeal and pterygoid venous plexus then to the
• common facial veins and internal jugular vein
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32. The Larynx (Voice box)
• Commonly called- voice box
• Shape- tube shaped.
• Composed- muscles, cartilages,
connective tissue.
• Bony part- hyoid bone.
• Location- 4-6 cervical vertebra.
• Lies- midline of the neck.
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33. • The shape of the larynx in lower side is circular and
from the upper it is tringular in shape.
• Its length is 4.3 cm,
• transverse diameter is 4.2 cm and anterior posterior
diameter 3.6 cm.
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34. • The larynx is composed of nine
pieces of cartilage.
• PAIRED
• Arytenoid cartilage
• Corniculate cartilage
• Cuneiform cartilage
• UNPAIRED:
• Thyroid cartilage
• Cricoid cartilage
• Epiglottis
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35. • Thyroid cartilage
Largest cartilage.
consist of two laminae the
anterior border of which
are fused with each other
at an angle in the middle
line of the neck and form
a subcutaneous
projection named as
ADAM’S APPLE OR
laryngeal prominence
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36. CRICOID CARTILAG
• A ring of hyaline cartilage
known as SIGNET RING.
• attached to the first ring of
cartilage of the trachea by
the cricotracheal ligament
• the thyroid cartilage is
connected to the cricoid
cartilage by the
cricothyroid ligament
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37. EPIGLOTTIS
• •It is a large leaf-shaped
piece of elastic cartilage that
is covered with epithelium
• the broad superior leaf
portion of epiglottis is
unattached and free to
move up and down like a
trap door
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38. • ARYTENOID CARTILAGE
• Tringular pieces, hyaline cartilage
located at the posterior, superior
border of the cricoid cartilage at
the back of the larynx.
• Posterior surface in tringular,
smooth and concave.
Anterolateral surface is convex
and rough
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39. • CORNICULATE CARTILAGES
• Two small conical nodules
• Shape-horn shaped , elastic
cartilage.
• Located apex of the each
arytenoid
• cartilage. Situated in the
posterior part of the
aryepiglottic.
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40. • CUNEIFORM CARTILAGES
• club shaped,placed one on
either side , in the
aryepiglottic fold.
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41. • BLOOD SUPPLY
• Upper Larynx
– External carotid artery
– Superior thyroid artery
– Superior laryngeal artery
• • Lower Larynx
– Subclavian artery
– Thyrocervical artery
– Inferior thyroid artery
– Inferior laryngeal artery
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42. BASIC FUNCTIONS OF LARYNX
• Protection
• Respiration
• Phonation
• Closure of glottis
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43. Trachea
• The trachea is a mobile cartilaginous
and membranous tube.
• It begins as a continuation of the
larynx at the lower border of the cricoid
cartilage at the level of the 6th cervical
vertebra
• Trachea ends at the carina by dividing
into right and left principal (main)
bronchi at the level of the sternal angle
(opposite the disc between the fourth
and fifth thoracic vertebrae
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44. The carina is a cartilaginous
ridge within the trachea at the
site of the tracheal bifurcation
• In adults the trachea is about
4½ in. (11.25 cm) long and 1
in. (2.5 cm) in diameter
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45. • U-shaped cartilaginous bars
(rings) of hyaline cartilage
embedded in its wall and keep
the trachea patent.
• The trachealis muscle which is
a smooth muscle that connects
the posterior free ends of the
cartilage are connected.
• The mucous membrane of the
trachea is lined with
pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium and
contains many goblet cells and
tubular mucous glands2/12/2020 CHARUSAT 45

46. • Blood Supply of the Trachea
• The upper two thirds are supplied by the inferior thyroid
arteries and the lower third is supplied by the bronchial
arteries.
• Nerve Supply of the Trachea
The sensory nerve supply is from the vagi and the
recurrent laryngeal nerves. Sympathetic nerves
supply the trachealis muscle
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47. The Bronchi
• The trachea bifurcates at
the level of sternal angle
into the right and left
principal (primary, or main
bronchi)
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48. Right Bronchus
• about 2.5cm long, it is shorter than the left
primary bronchus, but wider in diameter
• Right primary bronchi branches into three
secondary or lobar bronchi, the superior
(upper), middle, and inferior (lower) lobar
bronchi.
• The secondary bronchi then further
subdivide into ten tertiary or segmental
bronchi
• These tertiary bronchi then give rise to the
subsegmental bronchi, which then leads
to the smallest branches of a bronchus,
the bronchioles
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49. Left bronchus
• is around 5cm in size, twice as long
as the right main bronchus
• left one also divides into two lobar
bronchi, the superior and inferior
lobar bronchi
• lobar bronchi then subdivide into
eight tertiary or segmental bronchi
• tertiary bronchi continue to divide into
smaller tubes to become
subsegmental bronchi and then
bronchioles, Alveoli2/12/2020 CHARUSAT 49

50. Lungs
• Lungs are a pair of respiratory
organs situated in the thoracic
cavity.
• In the young ,lungs are brown or
grey in color. Gradually, they
become mottled black because of
the deposition of inhaled carbon
particles
• The right lung weighs about 700g.It
is about 50- 100g heavier than the
left lung.
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51. • 1)Each lung is conical in shape
• 2)It has a) apex at the upper end
b) Base resting on the
diaphragm
• c) Three borders,i.e.,anterior,
posterior, and inferior
• d) Two surfaces,i.e.costal and
medial
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52. • The apex lies above the level of
first rib. It reaches 2.5 cm above
the medial one third of
clavicle,just medial to
supraclavicular fossa.
The base rests on the diaphragm
which separates the right lung from
the right lobe of the liver and the
left lung from the left lobe of the
liver, fundus of stomach and the
spleen
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53. • The anterior border of the
left lung shows a wide
cardiac notch (lingual)
below the level of the
fourth costal cartilage.
• The posterior border -It
extends from the level of
7th cervical spine to the
10th thoracic spine
• Inferior border separates
the base from costal and
medial surfaces.
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54. Fissures and lobes of the lungs
• The right lung is divided into
three lobes by two fissures,
oblique and horizontal
• The left lung is divided into two
lobes by oblique fissure
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55. • Root of Lungs
• It is formed by the structures which either
enter or come out of the lung at the hilum
• 1) Principal bronchus on the left side, and
eparterial and hyparterial bronchi on right
side
• 2)One pulmonary artery
• 3)Two pulmonary veins, superior and
inferior
• 4)Bronchial arteries ,one on the right side
and two on the left side
• 5)Bronchial veins
• 6)Anterior and posterior pulmonary
plexuses of nerves
• 7)Lymphatics of lung
• 8)Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
• 9)Areolar tissue2/12/2020 CHARUSAT 55

56. Pleura
• Lung enclosed in 2 layers of
pleura - visceral & parietal
• Space b/w them - pleural
space
• Turn over of pleural fluid - 1-
2 L/Day
• 5-10 ml fluid present at any
time
• Normally no free gas in
pleural space
• There is a negative pressure
in pleural space
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57. • ARTERIAL SUPPLY
• 1) Right pulmonary artery
• 2) Left pulmonary artery
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58. VENOUS DRAINAGE
• Superior pulmonary vein
• Inferior pulmonary Vein
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59. RESPIRATION
• The term respiration means the exchange of gases between body
cells and the environment
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Types of Respiration
 1. External Respiration:
 Exchange of O2 & CO2
Between lungs & blood
Internal Respiration:
Exchange of gases between
blood & tissues.

60. Mechanism of Respiration
• Muscles of Respiration
i. Primary Inspiratory: Diaphragm
ii. Accessory Inspiratory: Sternomastoid, Scaleni, Anterior Serrati,
Elevators of Scapula & Pectorals
iii. Primary Expiratory: Internal Intercostal muscles
iv. Accessory expiratory: Abdominal muscles Inspiration
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61. 2/12/2020 CHARUSAT 61

62. • Inspiration
• 1. Diaphragm muscle
contracts, increasing
thoracic cavity size in the
superior-inferior
dimension
• 2. External intercostal
muscles contract,
expanding lateral &
anterior-posterior
dimension
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63. • Expiration
• Relaxation of the intercostal
muscles and the diaphragm results
in downward and inward movement
of the rib cage and elastic recoil of
the lungs.
• • As this occurs, pressure inside the
lungs exceeds that in the
atmosphere and so air is expelled
from respiratory tract.
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64. 2/12/2020 CHARUSAT 64

65. Exchanges of Gases
• External respiration
• • External respiration refers to gas
exchange across the respiratory
membrane in the lungs.
• • Each alveolar wall is one cell thick
and surrounded by a network of tiny
capillaries.
• • Carbon dioxide diffuses from
venous blood down its
concentration gradient into the
alveoli.
• • By the same process, oxygen
diffuses from the alveoli into the
blood
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66. • Internal respiration
• • Internal respiration refers to
gas exchange across the
respiratory membrane in the
metabolizing tissues, like your
skeletal muscles
• Oxygen: blood (104 mm)
tissues (40 mm)
• Carbon Dioxide: tissues (>45
mm) blood (40 mm)
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67. CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
• The respiratory center: Medulla oblongata
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68. Pulmonary Volumes, Capacities
Respiratory Volumes
• 1. Tidal volume (TV) - Normal volume of air inspired or expired
during quiet breathing- 500 ml
• 2. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) - Extra volume of air inhaled
after tidal volume by max inspiratory effort. (3000ml)
• 3. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) - Extra volume of air that
can be exhaled after tidal volume by max expiratory (1100 ml)
• 4. Residual volume (RV) - air that remains in lungs even after
totally forced exhalation (1200ml).
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69. • Respiratory Capacities
1. Inspiratory capacity (IC) = Max volume of air that can be
inspired after normal tidal expiration
TV + IRV (500 +3000 = 3500 ml).
2. Expiratory Capacity (EC)= Max volume of air that can be
expired after normal tidal inspiration
EC=TV+ERV (500+1100=1600ml)
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70. 3. Functional residual capacity (FRC) - Volume of air remaining in
lungs after normal tidal expiration
FRC= ERV + RV ( 1100 + 1200 = 2300ml
4. Vital capacity (VC) = Max Amount of air expelled after deepest
possible inspiration
VC = TV+IRV+ERV
500+3000+1100= 4600ml
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71. 5. Total lung capacity (TLC) = Volume of air present in lung after
max inspiration
TV + IRV + ERV + RV (the SUM of all volumes; about 6.0 L).
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72. THNAK
YOU
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