Parkinson’s disease, pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease, symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, complications of Parkinson’s disease, diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease, pathology of Parkinson’s disease, Parkinson’s disease symptoms, Parkinson’s disease diagnosis, cause of Parkinson’s disease, Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, Parkinson’s, Neurodegenerative disorder

1. By
K. K. Zambare
Asst. Professor
SBSPM B. Pharmacy College, Ambajogai
Prof. K. K. Zambare

2. Definition
 It is brain disorder characterized by shaking,
stiffness, and difficulty with walking, balance, and
coordination.
 It is caused by decreased dopamine level in nerves.
Prof. K. K. Zambare

3. Causes
Exact cause of disease not known
 It is caused by low dopamine level in nerves
 Lewy bodies: Thsese are protein clumps in brain which may cause
parkinson’s
 Genetics: Run in families
 Trauma: Injury to head may cause parkinsons
 Autiimmunity
 Toxins: CO poisoning
 Drug Induced: Amiodarone, Valproic acid, Dopamine Antagonist,
Cinnarizine
 Age: Usually occurs above 50 years age
Prof. K. K. Zambare

4. Pathogenesis
Causative agent
Lewy body, environmental factor, genetics,
Toxins
Inflammation, generation of free radical
Neuronal DNA damage, Changes in dopamine
metabolism
Neurodegeneration by apoptosis
Appearance of Parkinson’s symptoms like
Rigidity, tremor, Bradykinesia
Parkinson’s Disease
Prof. K. K. Zambare

5. Symptoms
 Rigidity
 Stiffness in neck, arms,
shoulder
 Tremors
Shaking usually occurs at
rest
 Dyskinesia or
Bradykinesia
Less movement, Slow
speech, writing and
shaving etc.
 Decreased swallowing
 Less swinging of arm
during walking
 Loss of sense of smell
 Sleep disturbance
 Constipation
 Loss of coordination
 Loss of facial expression
 Problem in posture
balance like lean forward
 Dementia, Hallucination,
Anxiety, Depression
Prof. K. K. Zambare

6. Diagnosis
Exact diagnostic test is not available but it can be ruled
out by,
 Physical examination
 MRI scan
MRI of brain might be helpful.
 CT scan
 Neurological examination
Neurologist checks medical history, signs and
symptoms
Prof. K. K. Zambare

7. Complications
As the disease progresses the complications appears,
 Hallucinations
 Dementia
Loss of memory
 Depression
 Anxiety
Prof. K. K. Zambare