Literature review as a part of research proposal

1. 1
Literature Review in a
Research Proposal
Dr. Khalid Mahmood
Professor
Department of Information Management
University of the Punjab

2.  Professor of Information Management at University of the
Punjab, Pakistan
 Post-doctoral research fellow at University of California, Loss
Angeles, USA
 150+ publications
 Supervised many doctoral, M.Phil. and master theses
 Worked for various research journals as editor, reviewer and
editorial board member
 Conducted many trainings on research writing and publishing
About me
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3. Acknowledgment
 I have prepared this presentation with the
help of many books, presentations and
Websites.
 I pay my sincere gratitude to all authors,
professors and experts for their efforts and
contributions.
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4. 4
Literature review - Definitions
 A body of text that aims to review the critical points of
current knowledge on a particular topic
 A comprehensive survey of publications in a specific field
of study or related to a particular line of research
 A summary of existing published literature made by
experts who select and weigh findings available from the
literature
 A summary and interpretation of research findings
reported in the literature
 A process and documentation of the current relevant
research literature regarding a particular topic or subject
of interest

5. 5
Why do you need literature
review in a research proposal?
 Define and delimit problem
 Place study in historical perspective
 Avoid unintentional and unnecessary replication
 Select promising methods and measures
 Develop research hypotheses

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What is literature
 Books
 Journals
 Conference papers
 Theses and
dissertations
 Bibliographies
 Maps
 Internet
 Indexes/Abstracts
 Audio-visual material
 CDs/DVDs
 Electronic databases
 Government reports
 Magazines
 Newspapers
 Grey literature
 Interviews and other
unpublished research

7. Steps in literature review
 Searching and finding literature
 Evaluating literature
 Reading literature critically
 Analyzing literature
 Synthesizing literature
 Writing and presenting literature review
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8. Searching and finding literature
 Bibliographic information, abstract and full
text
 Formal and informal sources of literature
 Print and online literature
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9. Evaluating literature
 Evaluation for relevance
 Index of a book, chapter or section headings,
abstract of an article, introduction and
conclusion, references or bibliography
 Evaluation for reliability
 Audience, authority, bias, currency, scope
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10. Critical reading
 An active approach to reading that
involves an in depth examination of the
text. Memorization and understanding of
the text is achieved. Additionally, the text
is broken down into its components and
examined critically in order to achieve a
meaningful understanding of the material.
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Techniques of critical reading
 Previewing
 Note taking
 Critical reading (at least two times)
 Summarizing
 Forming a critical response

12. Analyzing literature
 Choose a question to guide analysis
 Look at and examine the author’s argument structure
 Claims: Statements that require support by evidence
 Assumptions: The writer’s underlying beliefs, opinions,
principles, or inferences that connect evidence to the
claims
 Enough evidence for claims?
 Findings consistent with those of similar studies?
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13. Synthesizing literature
 How does each reading relate to your topic
and purpose?
 Define your argument/thesis
 Identify major trends or patterns emerging
from the readings
 Reassemble your notes based on the results
of readings, using organizational aids such as
post-its, flags, etc.
 Create a detailed topic outline
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14. Synthesizing literature…
 Note consistency of results from study to study.
 Note discrepancies among studies and provide
possible explanations such as dates of studies,
different methodologies.
 Note landmark studies and if replicated.
 Note how individual studies help illustrate or
advance theoretical beliefs.
 Note gaps or areas needing more research.
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Sample topic outline
Psychological Aspects of Organ Donation: Individual and Next-of-
Kin Donation Decisions
I. Introduction
A. Establish importance of topic (cite
statistics on scarcity of organs).
B. Delimit the review to psychological
components of decisions.
C. Describe organization of the paper,
indicating that the remaining topics in
the outline will be discussed.
II. Individual decisions regarding posthumous
organ donation
A. Beliefs about organ donation
B. Attitudes toward donating
C. Stated willingness to donate
D. Summary of research on individual
decisions
III. Next-of-kin consent decisions
A. Beliefs about donating others’ organs.
B. Attitudes toward next-of-kin donations.
C. Summary of research on next-of-kin
consent decisions
IV. Methodological issues and directions for
future research
A. Improvement in attitude measures and
measurement strategy.
B. Greater differentiation by type of
donation.
C. Stronger theoretical emphasis.
D. Greater interdisciplinary focus.
V. Summary, Conclusions, and Implications
A. Summary of points I-IV.
B. Need well-developed theoretical
models of attitudes and decision
making.
C. Current survey data limited in scope
and application points to need for
more sophisticated research in
the future.
D. Need more use of sophisticated data
analytic techniques.
E. Conclusion: Psychology can draw from
various subdisciplines for an understanding
of donation decisions so intervention
strategies can be identifiable. Desperately
need to increase the available supply of
donor organs.

16. 16
Writing literature review
 A general organization looks like a funnel
 Broader topics
 Subtopics
 Studies like yours

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How to organize studies
 Chronological
 By publication date
 By trend
 Thematic
 A structure which considers different themes
 Methodological
 Focuses on the methods of the researcher, e.g.,
qualitative versus quantitative approaches

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Making links between studies
Agreements
 Similarly, author B points to…
 Likewise, author C makes the case that…
 Author D also makes this point…
 Again, it is possible to see how author E agrees with author D…
Disagreements
 However, author B points to…
 On the other hand, author C makes the case that…
 Conversely, Author D argues…
 Nevertheless, what author E suggests…

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Summary table
 It is useful to prepare.
 Such a table provides a quick overview that allows the
reviewer to make sense of a large mass of information.
 The tables could include columns with headings such
as
 Author
 type of study
 Sample
 Design
 data collection approach
 key findings

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Citation Sample Environment Method Conclusions
Colour
Bellizzi, Crowley and
Hasty (1983)
125 Adults Furniture store Laboratory
experiment
Photographic
slide
simulations
Warm and cool colours created different emotional
responses. Customers view red retail environments as
more negative and unpleasant than blue.
Bellizzi, & Hite
(1992)
70 Adult women
107 Students
Televisions
shown with
different colour
backgrounds
Furniture stores
Laboratory
experiments
Photographic
slide
simulations
Study based on PAD affect measures and approach-
avoidance behaviours.
More positive retail outcomes occurred in blue
environments than red.
Music
Smith and Curnow
(1966)
1100
Supermarket
shoppers
Retail store Field
experiment
Time in store reduced with loud music but level of sales
did not.
Milliman (1982) 216 Shoppers Supermarket Field
experiment
The tempo of background music influenced the pace at
which customers shopped. Slow tempo music slowed
customers down but resulted in increased volume of
sales.
Hui, Dubé and Chebat
(1997)
116 Students Bank branch
- waiting for
service.
Laboratory
experiment
Video
simulation
The positive impact of music on approach behaviours is
mediated by an emotional evaluation of the environment
and the emotional response to waiting. Pleasurable music
produced longer perceived waiting times.
Lighting
Areni and Kim (1994) 171 Shoppers Wine store Field
experiment
The investigation found that brighter in-store lighting
influenced shoppers to examine and handle more of the
merchandise in the store
Summers and Hebert
(2001)
2367 Customers Hardware store
Apparel store
Field
experiment
Confirmed Areni and Kims (1994) results. Increased
levels of lighting will produce arousal and pleasure and
increase the approach behaviours of customers.
Summary
table
of
literature
Atmospherics
in
service
environments

21. Bibliographical style
 Adopt a consistent bibliographical style
 APA
 Turabian
 Chicago
 MLA
 Harvard
 CSE
 Use a citation management software
 EndNote
 Mendeley
 Zotero
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Citation styles
 Information prominent citation
Example:
 For viscoelastic fluids, the behaviour of the time-dependent
stresses in the transient shear flows is also very important
(Boger et al., 1974).
 Author prominent citation
Examples:
 Close (1983) developed a simplified theory using an
analogy between heat and mass transfer and the
equivalent heat transfer only case.
 Several authors have suggested that automated testing
should be more readily accepted (Balcer, 1989; Carver &
Tai, 1991; Stahl, 1989).

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Reporting verbs
 Argue
 Assert
 Assume
 Challenge
 Claim
 Contend
 Contradict
 Describe
 Dispute
 Emphasize
 Establish
 Examine
 Find
 Maintain
 Note
 Object
 Observe
 Persuade
 Propose
 Prove
 Purport
 Recommend
 Refute
 Reject
 Remark
 Suggest
 Support

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Verb tenses – Present
 A statement about what the thesis, chapter or
section does
Examples:
 This thesis presents a report of an investigation into …….
 This chapter thus provides a basis for the next.
 In this section, the results from the first set of experiments are
reported.
 A statement of a generally accepted scientific fact
Examples:
 There are three factors that control the concentration of
aluminum in seawater.
 The finite rate coefficients have an effect on heat transfer through
a horizontal porous layer.

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Verb tenses – Present
 A review of current research work, or research work
of immediate relevance to your study.
Example:
 Schulze (2016) concludes that hydraulic rate has a significant
effect on future performance.
 Comments, explanations and evaluative statements
made by you when you are reviewing previous
studies.
Examples:
 Therefore, this sequential approach is impractical in the real
world where projects are typically large and the activities from
one stage may be carried out in parallel with the activities of
another stage.
 The reason for this anomalous result is that the tests were done
at low hydraulic rates at which the plastic packing was not
completely wetted.

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Verb tenses – Past
 Report the contents, findings or
conclusions of past research
Examples:
 Haberfield (1998) showed that the velocity of many
enzyme reactions was slowed down if the end product
had an increased paramagnetism.
 Allington (1999) found that the temperatures varied
significantly over time.

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Verb tenses – Present perfect
 In citations where the focus is on the research area
of several authors
Examples:
 Several studies have provided support for the suggestion that
the amount of phonological recoding that is carried out depends
on orthographic depth (Frost, 1994; Katz & Feldman, 2001, 2002;
Smart et al, 1997).
 Joint roughness has been characterized by a number of authors
(Feker & Rengers, 1997; Renger, 1990; Wu & Ali, 2000).
 To generalize about the extent of the previous
research
Examples:
 Many studies have been conducted in this field.
 Few researchers have examined this technique.
 There has been extensive research into.........

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A good literature review is…
 Focused - The topic should be narrow. You should only present
ideas and only report on studies that are closely related to topic.
 Concise - Ideas should be presented economically. Don’t take any
more space than you need to present your ideas.
 Logical - The flow within and among paragraphs should be a
smooth, logical progression from one idea to the next
 Developed - Don’t leave the story half told.
 Integrative - Your paper should stress how the ideas in the studies
are related. Focus on the big picture. What commonality do all the
studies share? How are some studies different than others? Your
paper should stress how all the studies reviewed contribute to your
topic.
 Current - Your review should focus on work being done on the
cutting edge of your topic.

29. Best of luck for your
research endeavors!
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