Introduction In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: · Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more. Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image. Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what. Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work. Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place. Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life. For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it. Chapter - 1 The Law of Attraction The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th

1. SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE AND
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
Advanced Research Methods- Quantitative and qualitative
John W. Creswell (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and
Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, 4th ed: Pearson Education Inc.
Chapter II The Process of Conducting Research: Literature Review

2. With so much information available, searching
and locating good literature on your topic can be
challenging.

3. Literature Review
By the end of this session, you should be able to
Define what a literature review is and why it is
important
Identify the five steps in conducting a literature
review

4. What is a literature review?
An examination of the research that has been
conducted in a particular field of study.
The selection of available documents, and the
effective evaluation of these documents in relation to
the research being proposed.
A written summary of journal articles, books and other
documents on the topics of your research study.

5. Purpose of a literature review
To convey what knowledge and ideas have been established
in a topic of inquiry, and identify strength and weaknesses
To judge if the proposed research is indeed needed
Help to narrow a research problem
Identify methodologies and theories common to the field .
To document how your study adds to the existing literature.
Questions for further studies
Generation of hypothesis

6. Why a literature review
 identify gaps in the research areas
 avoid reinventing the wheel
 carry on from where others have already completed
 identify other people working in the area
 fathom /comprehend/understand the depth of knowledge
on the field of inquiry
identify opposing views
place your study in a wider perspective
Identify methods and theories that could be relevant
to your research
identify seminal/determining, influential works in your area

7. The Literature review
Understanding topic
Develop own idea and perspective
on the problem
Demonstrate knowledge about the topic

8. Literature review beyond
annotated/explained bibliography
Evaluate
Analyze
Show relationship
Literature
Review

10. Select a topic
Key term
Search &
choose the
literature
Organize
& Write the
review
Process of literature review

11. Identifying Topic/Key Terms
Write a preliminary “working title” for the project and select
two or three key words that capture the essence of the
project
Pose a short general research question that you would
like to answer in the study
Look in catalogues/list of book of terms to find words that match
your topic
Scan the contents in your library stacks and the table of
contents of educational journals

12. Priority/Value of Sources in the
Literature
 Summaries- encyclopedias, dictionaries and glossaries of terms, handbooks,
statistical indexes
 Books
 Journals (refereed /non refereed )
 Indexed publications (conference papers, dissertations, thesis)
 Early stage literature (e.g., papers posted on websites, conference papers)
Sources
 Abstract series – searching journal articles by subject area
 Data base
 Libraries
 Internet

13. Critically Evaluate and Select the Literature
Is the source worthy of inclusion?
Topic relevance: Is the literature on the same topic as your
proposed study?
Individual and site relevance: Does the literature examine
the same individuals and sites you want to study?
Problem relevance: Does the literature examine the same
research problem as you propose in your study?
Accessibility relevance: Is the literature available in your
library or can it be downloaded from a Web site?

14. Organize the Literature: Abstracting
Studies
The structure is essentially the same for
quantitative and qualitative research studies:
Research problem
Research questions/hypotheses
Data collection procedures
Results/findings

15. Organize the Literature:
Constructing a Literature Map
Identify key terms for the topic and put them at the top
of the map.
Sort studies into topical areas or “families of studies”
Provide a label for each box which will become a
heading for the review

16. Organize the Literature:
Constructing a Literature Map (cont’d)
Develop the map on as many levels as
possible
Draw a box toward the bottom of the figure
that says “my proposed study”
Draw lines connecting the proposed study
with other branches of the literature

17. An example of a literature map

18. Writing a Literature Review
 In referencing use an accepted and consistent style manual / also for figures & tables
 e.g. the publication manual of the American Psychological Association, Chicago Manual of style
 End-of-text references
 Journal Article : Haile, H.B., Bock, B & H. Folmer. (2012).Microfinance and Female
Empowerment: Do institutions Matter? Women’s Studies International Forum, Volume 35
(4):256-265
 Dissertation : Haile, H.B.(2010).Targeting married women in microfinance programs:
transforming or reinforcing gender inequalities? Evidence from Ethiopia, unpublished PhD
Dissertation, Wageningen University, the Netherlands. IBSN 978-90-8585-530-9.
 Book : Shertzer, B., and Stone, S.C. (1981). Fundamentals of guidance (4rth ed.). Boston:
Houghton Mifflin.
 Conference preceding : Haile, H.B. and Bock, B.B (2008). Married Women’s Access to
Microfinance Services and Changes in Gender Roles, Responsibilities and Decision-Making in
Ethiopia, Preceding International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities 2008
Crossing the Border of Knowledge for The Future 18-20 June 2008 for Universiti Sains
Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia ISBN 978-983-2700-65-

19. Writing a Literature Review
Within-text references
e.g. A recent report by Daley-Harris (2009) shows that women comprise about 83.4% or 88.72million of the
poorest clients reached by 3552 microfinance institutions operating in developing countries.
Several empirical studies, mostly from Bangladesh, provide evidence on the empowering effects of microfinance
on women (Hashemi, Schuler, & Riley, 1996; Kabeer, 2001; Lakwo, 2006; Osmani, 2007; Pitt, Khandker, &
Cartwright, 2006). According to the World Bank (2012)……
Levels of Headings
Tables/figures

20. Writing a Literature Review: Types
1. Thematic review
 Literature documents the theme identified by researchers
e.g. Evidence shows that providing microfinance to the poor increases household incomes
(Buckley, 1996), and expenditure on food (Pitt and Khandker, 1998), on education (Hospes
et al., 2002; Khandker, 1998; Pitt and Khandker, 1996), and on health (Hospes et al., 2002).
 No study is discussed in detail
2. Study-by-study review
e.g. Hashemi et al., (1996) have also analyzed intra-household decision-making on loan uses and
enterprise management. They found a considerable variation in the degree to which women control
loan use decisions in different villages, which ranged from nil to full control.
Detailed review of each study
Studies grouped by themes
organized under subheadings

21. Concluding Statement in a Literature
Review
Summarize the major themes found in the
literature review
End with a rationale for the need for your
study based on this literature review

22. Types of literature
1. Conceptual – concepts and theories
1. Empirical - studies made earlier which are similar
to the one proposed. What has been said or
found
2. Methodological – methods and techniques

23. Conceptual literature
Concepts:
 Key terms or abstract words used in the study
 The building blocks of a theory -
 Important to define and discuss concepts
e.g. empowerment, democracy, income, poverty
Conceptualization:- is the process of specifying what we
meant by a term.

24. Conceptual…
A theory :
describes the relationship among key variables for purposes
of explaining a current state or predicting future occurrences.
 primarily concerned with explanation and therefore
focuses on determining cause-effect relationships.
 a conceptual model or understanding of some phenomenon, one that
not only describes, but explains, that phenomenon – that clarifies why
the phenomenon is the way it is.
 can be seen as being about a) inspiration involving patterning or
accommodation- bringing ideas together; b) explanation and prediction.

25. A good Literature Review
Critically review theories which will be needed for
analyzing results
Critically review different methodologies that researchers
use to investigate similar questions
Use the result of previous research to identify a
promising direction for future research

26. Literature Review in a Quantitative Study
Documents the importance of the research problem at the
beginning of the study
Supports the theory or explanation used in the study
Foreshadows/predict (guided by in the background) the
research questions
Provides an explanation for the results in other studies and in
the theoretical prediction at the end of the study

27. Literature Review in a Qualitative Study
Documents the importance of the research problem at
the beginning of the study
Does not foreshadow/predict the research questions
(which are broad in scope to encourage participants to
provide their own views)
Is used to compare and contrast with other studies at
the end of the study

28. Citation and referencing
Give credit to the original author
Avoid plagiarism
Parenthetical citation / in text citation
According to Getachew and Aster (2015)
Recent study claim that …(Getachew and Aster, 2015)

29. Least respected Most respected
News papers unpublished dissertation peer review
journal articles

30. Thanks