Detecting ARP Spoofing Essay

Detecting ARP Spoofing Essay
Detecting ARP Spoofing
Ordinarily, we would have used Splunk to detect this attack, but we couldn't find the right networking data being sent to Splunk and didn't want to
bother Ryan :), so we used Wireshark to show, to an extent, what we would have discovered in Splunk. The screenshot in figure 3–9 shows the traffic
we captured in Wireshark. The info section of the packets shows that it detected the duplicate use of the 10.10.10.6 IP address (the Windows 7 victim
machine). It can see this because there are two different MAC addresses claiming to be the same IP (the Kali attacker and Windows 7). With this data
in Splunk, you could set up alerts in the Splunk Enterprise Security App that would detect this type of spoof.
Bonus Attack: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As we researched different attacks to use on our virtual machines, it was surprising how simple some attacks seemed to be able to be completed; it
was almost scary to see how many step–by–step attack instructions can be found on the Internet, as well as video tutorials. Many of these attacks are
easily defendable with correct configuration of network and firewall policies. Although we carried out our attacks on virtual machines and did not set
out to cause any harm, we were able to understand how attackers can cause real harm. This project highlighted the importance of using intrusion
detection systems and proper computer security in order to prevent against attacks like we carried out in the project.
Policy Measures to Prevent Attacks
Based on our experience with this project, it is clear that the risk of network attacks is very real and should be given significant attention by a company
to prevent any serious damage resulting from such attacks. We have a few points that would make sense for a company to implement in order to reduce
risk. As mentioned in previous sections, many experts recommend that companies develop thorough incident response plans before the occurrence of a
threat so that in the worst case scenario the damages are minimal. Additionally, enterprises should implement detection programs, including some
firewall functionality and intrusion detection systems.
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Computer Technology And Its Impact On Computer Crime
"Cyberwarfare is the use of computer technology to disrupt the activities of a state or organization, especially the deliberate attacking of information
systems for strategic or military purposes" (Oxford Dictionary, 2016). While this definition may seem fitting on a global basis the idea of cybercrime
can encompass any valuable information of an individual, company, government, or military entity. The termhacker came about in the early 80's
defining a coup of people where were proficient at manipulating computers. However, in 2016 the Oxford Dictionary defines hacker as "a person who
uses computers to gain unauthorized access to data". In the early stages of cybercrime hackers spread programs called worms, computer viruses and
trojan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Users would click on the links, be rerouted to a web page that looked like their bank, but was actually a page developed by the hackers. Once the users
entered their user ID and password, the hackers had all the information they needed to access the users accounts.
In the early 2000's new criminal opportunities arose by attacking Web sites. Denial of Service (DoS) attacks took place by having large numbers of
computers accessing a Web site at the same time. This provided cyber criminals with two things, global visibility, and financial opportunity. As
technologies evolve and advance, so do the abilities of the hackers. Now, the goal is to stay one step ahead. It is not a matter of if a system can get
hacked, but rather a question of when.
Specific functional business areas have common aspects of their software and hardware setup. For example, the banking industry uses financial
software and specific hardware, such as Automated Teller Machines. The medical industry uses medical records software and specific hardware, such
as ultrasound and X–ray machines. The energy industry, uses substations controlled by master servers. ""Every substation is controlled by the master,
which is controlled by the operator," says researcher Chris Sistrunk who, along with Adam Crain, found vulnerabilities in the products of more than 20
vendors. "If you have control of the master, you have control of the whole system, and you can turn on and off power at will. An intruder could exploit

Essay about Threats to Computer and Data Systems Today
Introduction
Safety of information is the most valuable asset in any organization particular those who provide financial service to others. Threats can come from a
variety of sources such as human threats, natural disasters and technical threats. By identifying the potential threats to the network, security measure
can be taken to combat these threats, eliminate them or reduce the likelihood and impact if they should occur.
Hacking
Outsider attackers often called hackers because they gain access to system without authorization or permission from the owners or legitimate user. With
information technology, comes increase risk of fraud and information theft. Hackers can steel sensitive information from one organization and sell it to a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can identify websites frequently visited by users, those vulnerable websites that can be targeted and what users often search for.
Virus
There are special viruses that creates different types of malicious problems on a network or computer, for instance it will create or open programs to
perform tasks. Viruses is also used for denial of service attacks, password cracking and many more. This can be fought against by having a reliable
protection service; it is safer if this is taken from the provider itself.
Deniss Calovskis who is a native of Latvia in Eastern Europe, he was arrested by the US government because he was involved in creating numerous
computer viruses called Gozi, Zeus Trojan and spy eye Trojan
Denial of service
Denial–of–service is an attack aimed to refuse access for legitimate users and disrupt service availability according to www.msdn.microsoft.com.
This type of security threat according to www.tech.co.uk is rapidly increasing on the Internet due to open doors on Websites. By using the Internet,
companies increase the risk of denial of service attack. Denial of service can also be caused by too many connected to a server at the same making
run slow or unavailable to others. People who deliberately abuse a network server are often difficult to track down.
Outsider attacks also increased substantially over the past year, UK

Essay On Data Breaches
TYPES OF DATA BREACHES THAT AFFECT UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES A large amount of PII is stored in platforms utilized by
universities and colleges, such as Banner Web. Bricker and Eckler (2016) stated, "Colleges and universities maintain large stores of sensitive data,
including financial information and expensive research statistics, making them prime targets for hackers" (para. 2). Students, faculty, staff, and alumni
are not aware of the security issues involved when using portable devices or identifying a phishing email. The most common data breaches in higher
education are hacking and malware, spear phishing, and portable devices. Although social media is not a type of breach, hackers can plan a data
breach by collecting personal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of this phishing attack, those that were affected were offered one free year of credit monitoring and identity protection services (Goldman,
2016). According to KnowBe4.com 91 percent of successful data breaches begin with a spear–phishing attack ("Did you know," n.d). The resources
utilized by IT departments at universities are not fully protected from these types of attacks, and there are training resources and companies that offer
phishing awareness training. The company conducts a simulated phishing attack, and if an employee clicks on the email, they will be directed to take
training. The only issue with this method is that not every employee will learn from the first phishing email test and potentially causing harm to the
university network or networks unintentionally. Open networks.
Many universities, such as TAMUCT and the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs use an open network, which is a wireless network that is
unsecured and can be used by anyone that is near the location. Colleges and universities are attractive targets to hackers because there are many access
points into their networks, which contain financial and personal data, as well as intellectual property (Dance, 2014). According to SysAdmin, Audit,
Network, and Security (SANS) PII are not encrypted, and only54 percent of PII is encrypted while in

My Prank Friend
My best friend, Ashley, and I have been known to get into some serious trouble together. We have gotten in so much trouble that our parents would
not allow us to see each other for a while, but we are still best friends despite that. We have learned some serious lessons together. One blazing hot,
Alabama, summer day Ashley and I, who were around eight at the time, were playing at my house when we learned a very important lesson which we
still regret to this day. We decided toprank call a family friend who had a daughter our age. That day we made a poor decision, went through with the
prank call, and both ended up in serious trouble while learning an important lesson.
Since it was such a sweltering summer day, Ashley and I decided not to play outside, but that usually meant trouble for us. We spent the majority
of the day watching YouTube videos on my third generation iPod Touch and sneaking around getting into my mom's makeup. In one of the videos
we watched a man was making prank calls, and we decided we wanted to be like him by making our own prank calls. We decided to go ask my
mom if it would be okay to do this, but she, of course, told us absolutely not. Since we were two extremely stubborn, bored girls we decided to make
the prank calls anyway, but we had to figure out how. We watched, even more, videos on prank calling, and we thought we were set even though we
really had no clue what we were doing. Since we thought we were prepared to make what would turn out

Problem Of Rfiber Technology
Madlmayr, G., Langer, J., Kantner, C., & Scharinger, J. in [14] studied the security and the privacy of the devices and the services that use the NFC
technology. The researchers concluded that the secure element structures of security should be used in the peer–to–peer communication in order to
provide a secure communication [14]. In addition, the authors provided an innovative solution to protect against the phishing attack, which is the using
of specific tags that have a sign [17]. In addition, according to the fact that the difficulty of recognizing the real tag from the spoofed tag, the attacker
can modify the data on the tags when users use the NFC applications that are used for sending and receiving information to or from NFC tags ... Show
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In addition, the authors asserted that when the organizations that deal with the NFC technology started to establish services, they should consider
peoples' interests. Furthermore, the researchers indicated that different risk ratings and different responses to these risks could appear when there are
individuals from various demographics [21].
Mulliner, C. in [6] discovered the weaknesses and the vulnerability that the NFC technology had when applying the applications by using NFC tags or
specific new techniques for analyzing the NFC smartphones. The results demonstrated that the NFC smartphones can be exposed to different types of
attacks, such as "phishing and denial of service" [6].
Rahul, A., Krishnan, G., Krishnan, U., and Rao, S. in [19] wrote about the NFC technology by explaining many different aspects of this technology. In
addition, the authors discussed the security issues of this technology, and the researchers believe that even with the different types of the attacks that
might occur to the NFC technology, the NFC technology could provide a secure communication if it used a secure and safe channel for that
communication [23].
Badra, M., & Badra, R. B. in [41] studied the issues that are related to the NFC technology. The researchers suggested and provided an appropriate

What Is Denial Of Service Attack
Access Control Threats
Denial of Service(DoS/DDoS)
Overview
A denial–of–service attack (DoS attack)/distributed denial–of–service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt of making a computer resource unavailable to
its intended users.
The purpose of DoS attacks is to consume all of its resources or force the targeted computer to reset so that it can no longer provide its intended service.
Spoofing/Masquerading
Overview
To gain an illegitimate advantage, a spoofing attack is a situation in which one person or program successfully masquerades as another by falsifying
data.
Below are the Popular Spoofing Techniques
Man–in–the–middle attack (MITM): A middle man which can read, insert and modify messages between two parties without... Show more content on
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E–mail address spoofing: Hiding the origin of email, a technique commonly used for spam e–mail and phishing to hide the origin of an e–mail message
by changing certain properties of the e–mail, such as the From, Return–Path and Reply–To fields.
Login spoofing: Gaining the user's password, login spoofing is used. The user is presented with an ordinary looking login prompt for username and
password, which is actually a malicious program, usually called a Trojan horse under the control of the attacker. When the username and password are
entered, this information is logged or in some way passed along to the attacker, breaching security.
Backdoor/Trapdoor
Overview
To get unauthorized remote access to a compromised system, a backdoor is a malicious computer program or particular means that provide the attacker
with exploiting vulnerabilities of installed software and bypassing normal authentication.
It works in background and remain hidden from the user. It has very similar to a virus and therefore is quite difficult to detect and completely disable.
A backdoor is one of the most dangerous parasite types, as it allows a malicious person to perform any possible actions on a compromised computer.
The attacker can use a backdoor to
spy on a user,

manage files,
install additional software or dangerous threats,
control the entire system including any present applications or hardware

Network Architecture : The First Class Citizen
2.CONET This architecture is based on the content–centric paradigm where content is called as the first class citizen. In this approach, the network
architecture should provide the user's access to Named Resources that could be either content (named–data) or services. At CONET, a network consists
of several CONET nodes interconnected by CONET Sub Systems (CSS). The nodes area classified as End Nodes Serving Nodes, Border Nodes
Internal Nodes and Name Routing System Nodes (NRS) [7]. These nodes exchange CONET Information Units (CIU) that can express an interest on
some named–data or chunks of this named–data. CUI are carried in smaller CONET data units named carrier–packets. 3.Entity Title Architecture The
Entity Title Architecture,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4.Performance control This control application is responsible for broad classes of performance policies at both point–to–point and multipoint flows. It
has a specific bandwidth which is reserved for the flow and cannot be exceeded. Further, for each flow, its priority should be specified. This priority
will be enforced at all stages along the flow path that help to supports applications that require low IO latency. 5.Control over flow routing During
the study of a policy for an IO flow which is specified, the controller needs to configure stages along the flow's paths. First of all, we start by creating
just one flow to measure the latency. Then the controller is responsible to create an increasing number of flows to measure throughput. Here, we expect
throughput to be good enough from batching several flow creation operations into one operation to the stages. It is checked that each flow's policy is
dynamic point–to–point, like P2. One hypervisor anode storage server machine are used for this purpose, with one SMBc and one SMBs stage
respectively. THE NETWORK MODELING We are using a simple mathematical model to describe the fine grained and all important step by step
execution of software defined network, may take time while starting of application, resulting in the network n0. Our model extends the network model
as previously literature suggests so to account for end host and switch or physical migration. It also

Using Wifi Fingerprinting Is An Important Issue
Abstract–Accurately localization using WiFi fingerprinting is an important issue. As many sensors can be exposed to attacks, we need to be sure
about the validity of the received data and to get the accurate position inspite of the presence of attack. We address the problem of detecting malicious
attacks to the sensors of a WiFi fingerprinting network. Here, we suggest a novel algorithm to detect the attack using statistical measurement.
We expose our data to a spoofing attack algorithm to see the effect of our attack detection algorithm. We are able to enhance the prediction of locations
in presence of attack by using our detection scheme.
Keywords–WiFi fingerprinting, Localization, RSSI, Security,
Cyber–physical
I. I NTRODUCTION
The term cyber–physical systems (CPS) refers to a new systems with integrated computational and physical capa–bilities that can interact with humans
through many new modalities [1]. CPS have been at the core of critical in–frastructures and industrial control systems for years. CPS are becoming
more vulnerable to computer attacks for many reasons [3]. There are many challenges for securing cyber–physical systems [2].
Indoor localization is an example of cyber–physical systems.
For outdoor localization, a Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) such as Global Positioning System (GPS) can be used. However, GPS is not suitable for indoor environments as the satellite signals cannot
penetrate walls or roof of buildings [10] [11].
Indoor localization

Modern Day Attacks Against Firewalls and Vpns
Modern Day Attacks Against Firewalls and Virtual Private Networks
Electronic technology is growing at a rapid rate; more devices are made mobile and wireless, but with those improvement and developments come
flaws and malicious opportunities. Cyber attacks are on the rise and no system or device is immune. Many organizations employ multiple layers of
firewalls but that doesn't completely eliminate the threat. Attacks against firewalls and virtual private networks or VPNs are constantly being exploited
with new methods everyday, but they are yet another obstacle that a cyber criminal must overcome. First let's discuss what a firewall is and what a
firewall is capable of doing. Firewall applications are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, many firewalls come with so many rules or policies that they can counteract the security desired and create loopholes for network
threats or actually block traffic that is desired or requested by the user. These issues make it really important to understand how all rules and policies
in the firewall work and how to apply them. Another tool often used for secure reasons and also as a reliable method to share information remotely is
called a Virtual Private Network or VPN. Henry describes A VPN as "a group of computers (or discrete networks) networked together over a public
network–namely, the internet" (para 3, 2012). Basically, it's a private network created to allow remote access through a public network. Most often
you will see that employees on airplanes or in a public place that will require and utilize these VPNs to access their business resources for all kinds
of information, but some people just use it as a means to use their network without physically compromising the actual systems. A good VPN can
provide many functions such as access anywhere worldwide without dedicated lines, data security, remote access to business resources and better
employee production. For these VPNs to perform these functions properly they are required to provide reliability by ensuring that the network does
not break down before reaching its max capacity, scalability to ensure the ability to expand as business grows, and of

Costco Security Risk Analysis
Overall Risk Level and Likelihood
As Costco's e–commerce business and network infrastructure is scattered to numerous locations globally along with a huge customer base, the risk of
an attack or intrusion to steal or capture the valuable financial and personal information travelling within the network and stored in the database, is
extremely high. The Costco security has been effectively invaded recently in July 2015, when an extensive data breach affected the Costco online photo
center operations for several weeks (Duryee, 2015). Considering the extremely quick paced growth in terms of new customers, new warehouses, new
network and infrastructure requirements, and adoption of new IS dimensions such as Cloud and virtualization, the likelihood ... Show more content on
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A majority of the software risks are associated with the poor programming practices, such as allowing changed in web page or SQL query
structures; unrestricted upload of files; improper handling of operating system commands and log message content; unchecked Uniform Resource
Locator (URL) redirection and race condition; inappropriate resource management; and weaker defenses including access control, authentication,
encryption, and critical resource allocation porousness (Stallings & Brown, 2012). One of the most popular web application attacks is known as
Cross Site Scripting (XSS), where the attacker maligns a vulnerable web page or server. When a user visits the compromised web page, the
infected code executes in the browser using the web server privileges. XSS attacks can be of many forms, such as: reflected XSS, where the server
directly processes the infected script; persistent XSS, where a stored infected script in the server is passed to the client's browser and gets stored
there; stealing of cookies; defacement of the web pages; phishing; execution of exploits; and violation of privacy (Chugh & Gupta,

Network Security Is Important For Protecting Your Computer
Network Security
EET 5720
Daljot Rai
Have you ever surfed the web and received a popup alerting you a threat is detected? If so, you are not alone. This is a very common issue web
browsers and organizations face. In order to resolve or prevent such issues, it is key to learn about the security of your network. Network security is
the protection of networks that help secure files and directories of a computer. It helps protect the user from hackers, virus attacks, misuse and prevents
unauthorized access. The importance of learning and becoming aware of network security is important for protecting yourself and others around you. I
will be discussing the common type of attacks, methods to protect your computer from harm and discuss what the future may hold for network security.
There are many attacks that can be associated with network security, eavesdropping, viruses/malware and Trojans, phishing, IPspoofing attack and
lastly denial of service. Eavesdropping, has two subcategories passive and active. Passive eavesdropping refers to someone listening to a phone call,
or reading a chat email (Daya, Bhavya). Active eavesdropping refers to the hacker physically going in and distressing the conversation (Daya, Bhavya).
This type of attack allows the hacker to steal confidential information. In this circumstance, it is important to have some sort of network security
because having someone listening in on a personal conversation can be detrimental. This can be solved

How To Defeat The DDOS Attack In Cloud Environment?
J. Rameshbabu et al. [1] described the major DDOS attacks that were launched in cloud environment in different years. So the task is to defeat the
DDOS attack in cloud environment. A technique NEIF (Network Egress and ingress Filtering) is proposed to overcome the issue. This technique uses
the ingress filters as well as the egress filters at the ISP's edge router. That monitors the incoming and outgoing traffic in the network. As a result of
implementing NEIF technique the Throughput is improved and the connection delay is reduced. The limitation of the technique is that the ingress
filters fail if the attacker has access to the IP address of authorized system which will than allow every packet to pass through the network.
Karnwal et al. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence the trained data sets play important role in deciding the performance of CTB model.
Vikas et al. [4] proposed an algorithm that uses hop count filtering (HCF) mechanism. This algorithm continuously monitors the packets over the
network in a cloud. The three parameters (SYN flag, TTL and Source IP) are extracted from monitored TCP/IP packets. For each packet algorithm
recognize four cases: i) if SYN flag is HIGH (SYN = 1) and source IP already exist (SRC= 1) in IP2HC table, calculate current hop count value. Update
the table if calculated hop count does not match the stored hop count value. ii) if SYN = 1 and SRC = 0 in the IP2HC table then calculate hop count
value and in IP2HC table add the new entry to Source IP with corresponding hop count. iii) Packet is malicious if the calculated hop count value does
not matches with the stored hop count valve when SYN = 0 and SRC = 1 in IP2HC table. iv) If Source IP does not exist and SYN flag is LOW (i.e.
SYN = 0, SRC = 0) then packet is spoofed.
Chen et al. [5] proposed a confidence based filtering method CBF that works in two periods (i.e. non–attack period and attack period). In the non–attack
period the nominal profile is generated by collecting legitimate packets, for extracting attribute pair inside the TCP and IP header that generate the
nominal profile. The confidence value of these attribute pair is calculated by counting the number of

The Comprehensive Security Policy In The Trojan War
Comprehensive Security Policy
Introduction
A company that experiences a social engineering attack to create or reevaluate its security plan in respect to its email, acceptable use, physical security
and incident response plan. Social engineering attacks have been around forever across many different cultures and platforms. The first major social
engineering attack happened during the mythological Trojan War. The Greek after a ten
–year unsuccessful siege of Troy appeared to leave, and leave
behind a huge wooden statue of a horse as a parting gift. The Trojans wheeled in the horse through the gates and proceeded to celebrate their victory
not aware that the horse contained Greek soldiers. The soldiers late at night crept out of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water holing is an attack using malware which allows the attacker to observe websites often visited by a victim and infects those sites with malware.
Attacks using whaling the goal of whaling is to trick someone into disclosing organizational or personal information through social engineering, email
spoofing and content spoofing efforts. Whaling is typically directed towards the powerful, wealthy and prominent individuals. Pretexting is an attack
that the attacker presents their self as someone else in order to obtain private information or data. Attacks using pretexting try to manipulate victims
into performing an action that allows an attacker to discover and exploit a weakness inside an organization. Finally, attackers use baiting which is a
technique to exploits the victim's natural curiosity. Baiting relies on the curiosity or greed of the victim and is very similar to phishing attacks.
Prevention and Detection The keys to prevention and detection of social engineering attacks should be included in the organizations security policy.
Social engineering attacks require the same approach and security posture as another type of attacks on an organizations information and data. The
organization must identify its assets, turn up span mail features, clarify the line between work and personal, develop effective access management, and
conduct training and awareness of

Technology And The Internet And Personal Smartphone Devices
With the ever increasing use of technological advancements such as the internet and personal smartphone devices, many people simply take their
security for granted. However, the act of simply connecting to a web page like the Google search engine requires interacting with thousands of
security checkpoints and distinct networks just to display their distinctive logo. Every modern organization must consider the risk of the internet,
including but not limited to: banks, organizations, universities, militaries, big business, local shops, and even governments. Astonishingly, this is a
risk that essentially did not exist merely 20 years ago. Nowadays there are many ways to add security to a system or network. Some will find that
simply placing a password on their site works and others may find encrypting their data is the best way to keep private information safe. Nevertheless,
the loss of personal information to things like identity theft is at an all time high. This lack of cyber security means that there is an increasing number
of ways to get personal information with the ever expanding use of technology and thusly a more dire need for awareness of the risks taken.
Need for Cyber Security To directly address the sheer magnitude of the issue at hand, users must understand what exactly falls under the category of
"cyberspace" and thusly "cyber security". Goutam defines cyberspace as a "virtual space that use electronics and electromagnetic spectrum to store,
modify and

Disadvantages Of Honeypots
ABSTRACT
Honey pot is an exciting new technology with enormous potential for the security community. It is a resource which is intended to be attacked and
compromised to gain more information about the attacker and his attack techniques.
They are a highly flexible tool that comes in many shapes and sizes. This paper deals with understanding what a honeypot actually is ,and how it works.
There are different varieties of honeypots. Based on their category they have different applications. This paper gives an insight into the use of
honeypots in productive as well as educative environments.
This paper also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of honeypots, and what the future hold in store for them.
CONTENTS ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But certainly, some places are better for certain approaches as others.
A honeypot can be used on the Internet as well as the intranet, based on the needed service. Placing a honeypot on the intranet can be useful if the
detection of some bad guys inside a private network is wished. It is especially important to set the internal thrust for a honeypot as low as possible as
this system could be compromised, probably without immediate knowledge.
Honey Pots can be setup inside, outside or in the DMZ of a firewall design or even in all of the locations although they are most often deployed inside
of a firewall for control purposes. In a sense, they are variants of standard Intruder Detection Systems (IDS) but with more of a focus on information
gathering and deception. If the main concern is the Internet, a honeypot can be placed at two locations:
In front of the firewall (Internet)
DMZ
Behind the firewall (intranet) Each approach has its advantages as well as disadvantages. Sometimes it is even impossible to choose freely as placing a
server in front of a firewall is simply not possible or not

Components Of An Information System
Saleh Abuhasharah
ID# 1616885
Information Security
Dr. Harvey Lowy
1–components of an information system:
Information System is a complete set of software and hardware, data, people, and procedures, and networks that enable the use of information resources
in the organization. There are six components of information systems and each component has its strength and weakness points, and it has its
properties and its uses. And also each component of Information System has its own security requirements. A–Software:
The software component is one of the six components of information system which contains applications, operating system, and arranged command
utilities. the software is argued as the hard one to be secure amongst other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hardware must be protected from damage or theft, such as the application of physical security, keys or locks. These restrict access to computers and
interact with the hardware components of information systems. Securing the actual location is very important because if it had been entered may result
in loss of information or result other unpredictable problems.
C–Data:
Data is the most important thing owned by the organization and it is the main target and objective of deliberate attacks. Database management systems
are the best way to protect the data and applications from an outsider attack if they develop and implement it properly.
D–People:
In order to generate or operate any system the qualify people necessarily appear. Often the most over–looked element of the information system is the
people, probably the component that most influence the success or failure of information systems.
E–Procedures:
Procedures are another important component of information system. Procedures are responsible component on the drawing process and write the
instructions for accomplishing tasks. Procedures are considered as very important for the integrity of the information in the organization, because if it

used by unauthorized user may threat the security of the information. Organization should give the accurate members the knowledge of procedures
only on a need–to–know basis.
F–Network Is the component of IS that connect information system to each the in

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Honeypots
Abstract–Computer Networks and Internet has become very famous nowadays since it satisfies people with varying needs by providing variety of
appropriate services. Computer Networks have revolutionized our use of computers. Online bills, shopping, transactions and many other essential
activities performed on the go by just a single click from our homes. Though it is a boon in this era, it also has its own risks and weaknesses too.
Industries need to tussle to provide security to their networks and indeed not possible to offer a cent per cent security due to the intangible intelligence
of hackers intruding into the network. This paper exploits the concept of honeypots for providing security to networks of industries which may not
have custom... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. INTRODUCTION
The Internet is a network of networks. It is based on the concept of packet switching. Though the services offered by Internet are extensively used from
a layman to multi–millionaire it also has its own defects. Many attacks on Internet are being identified and reported. Some of the common types of
network attacks are eavesdropping, data modification, identity spoofing, password–based attacks and denial of service attacks. To overcome all these
types of attacks an organisation usually installs an intrusion detection system to protect the confidential data exchanged over its network. The local
network is then connected to the Internet thereby availing the employees to be online on the fly. Information security has three main objectives namely
1. Data confidentiality 2.Data integrity 3. Data availability. Data confidentiality ensures that the secure data can be accessed only by authorized
persons. Data integrity allows secure modification of data. Data availability ensures that the data is available readily to authorized persons. Small scale
industries often do not prefer on intrusion detection systems due to its installation and maintenance costs. Honeypots and Honeynets are an efficient
alternative for such

Fxt2 Task 2
A1. The Nature of the incident was that an employee was able to hack into the computer system and gain access to the financial payroll system, human
resources and even email system. This employee used several methods in order to gain access into the system: IP spoofing, Data modification, Man in
the middle attack and compromised–key attack. As a result the employee was able to tamper with payroll system. An auditor discovered the
discrepancies and tried to make upper management aware of the situation through email, but the email was intercepted by the hacker. The hacker
impersonated an employee and persuaded the auditor into granting him more access into the system which resulted in additional sabotage into the
payroll system. Hacker... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Immediately bring down any affected systems shut them down and power down switches and/or routers to entire segment that were hacked. The
servers that were hacked need to be immediately reset meaning passwords, backup system and its applications. But before doing this to any system
the company should take an image of the affected systems for forensic investigation, this will be the evidence against the hacker. Virus software
needs to be run as soon as possible and security patches need to be installed on the entire company's network system. The computers that were hacked
need to be shut down and retrieve specially the one from the employee that hacked the system. Reroute network traffic to back up servers. This will
help the company to minimalize the incident from reoccurring. The company should also remove/reset accounts and/or backdoors left on hacked
systems. A4. How the factor that caused the incident could be removed? The company must ensure that proper steps were taken to remove all affects
systems from the network. Ensure that systems were reimaged and passwords reset. Latest virus definitions need to be updated along with all security
patches in order to fix any vulnerability that was exploited by the hacker. Unused services should also be disabled in order to harden the system against
any future attacks. All of the affected computers should also have been reimaged. The company might need to reiterate

Attackers May Depend On Social Engineering To Gain...
1.Reconnaissance – Attackers may depend on social engineering to gain information, access, and data to a companies inner–working; This include
finding out policies, office building security protocols; even dumpster diving for any information that could be used to initiate a scanning procedure.
Counter measures for these methods include, enforcing employees to comply with security policies, constantly train employees in the methods of social
engineering by attackers; this includes over the phone conversations subjecting an employee into disclosing any type of company information, no
matter how innocent the information may seem (an alternative excuse for employees is to refer to company's website), installation of security cameras,
and use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Should the attacker decide it wants to gain access to a network and obtain its data, it may resort to using software such as: Exploit software, Intrusive
penetration testing, back doors, use of brute–force passwords, Trojans, worms, software bug, or any type of vulnerability in order to gain access to the
network. Additionally, a black–hat hacker may use social engineering skills to infiltrate systems by having someone innocently browse to an infected
website or use a usb–memory stick (thumb drive) into an access point, thereby infiltrating the IT infrastructure. The examples of social engineering are
many, however the goal is always the same; gaining access to a system without having authorization. In order for an ethical hacker to protect against a
black–hat hacker gaining access, similar tools must be used to find weaknesses in the system, these include: penetration testing, port scanners, OS
fingerprint scanners, Vulnerability scanners. Once found, it is imperative to seal security holes, this is mostly done through maintaining software
/hardware up–to date and running malware/antivirus software. Additional ways of protecting systems are blocking USB ports on workstation domain,
restrict access to LAN domain servers, and blocking dangerous websites on a LAN to WAN domain.
4.Maintaining Access – Once a black–hat hacker gains access to a system, it will target the data that is usually found on the WAN domain, many of
these servers may hold intellectual

Post Event Evaluation
Perform a post event evaluation of how the organization's IT staff responded to the attack described in the scenario by doing the following:
A1. Describe the nature of the incident.
An employee succeeded in unauthorized access to human resource record system and modified financial record that changed the employee's base
salary rate to obtain a raise. The inconsistency was detected by the auditor, after two paychecks has been processed and paid to the employee.
The auditor notified some individuals about a potential problem with the employee's paycheck by email, but the email never made it to the intended
recipients. The emails were intercepted by the employee and was able to fake responses that appeared to be from those individuals. Where additional
access permission to other financial records were obtained.
The employee proceeded to reduce the salary of the vice president and some other employees and added the difference in the employees own salary.
IT personnel identified that spoofing of internal Internet Protocol address was used to perform a man–in–the–middle attack that allowed the employee
to gain access to human resource system data packets. This was possible because of a vulnerability in the system that lacks authentication and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this point of the incident, it has not been classified as an incident until human resources determines that an incident had occurred. Then the most
appropriate incident reporting method will be used to notify the incident response team, preferably a telephone communication method should be used
instead of email to avoid tipping the attacker off. The incident response team will assume the responsibility to alert and assemble required resources
needed to begin incident handling

Essay about FXT2 Task2
FXT2
Task 2
This is a post event evaluation. It is used to gather information about an incident.
1. Describe the nature of the incident.
The nature of this event describes an internal breach of security in order to access and manipulate sensitive data. This internal breach was caught by the
auditor, but the communications from the auditor to those who's data was breached was intercepted.
It was determined that authentication and encryption controls as well as a lack of PKI should have been implemented in order to prevent this breach
of data.
2. Identify who needs to be notified based on the type and severity of the incident.
Notify
Reason
Severity of the incident
President of Company
Directly affected and upper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The system can be restored to normal business practice by either using a backup that carried the correct data and restored the files that were affected.
An incremental restore. The system could also be returned to its normal state with the human resource department going through the payroll and
changing the files that were affected back to their normal pay scale. Without adding additional security though, the system is still vulnerable.
5a. Explain how the system could be verified as operational.
The system is verified as operational when all files have been restored to the normal state and the system is running smoothly. Management will need to
review the affected files to ensure that the information in them is correct.

1. Identify areas that were not addressed by the IT staff's response to the incident.
One of the areas that were not identified was how the network system allowed the spoofing and was not caught much earlier. Were permissions
already in place? Do they have a network logging system that analyzes the logs? The lack of other system checks were not addressed in this scenario.
2. Outline the other attacks mentioned in the scenario that were not noticed by the organization.
An attack that was not mentioned in the scenario was social engineering. The employee that manipulated the system used social engineering as well to
convince the auditor that not only did the emails get sent by the person to whom they were

Task A Post Event Evaluation Essay
TASK A. Post–Event Evaluation
1.Malicious Events
Wanting a pay raise, an employee looked for a method to obtaining a raise without going through the proper channels, such as their manager. So,
instead of discussing the raise with a manager, the employee found a way to hack into the Human Resource (HR) records system at work. The
employee figured out to spoof an IP address and proceeded to eavesdrop on the business network until the employee records were located. Once the
employee obtain access to the records in the HR system the employee altered the records to receive a raise. Once the change was made, the employee
received two paychecks with the pay increase.
During an audit, an auditor discovered a problem with the employee's paycheck and contacted numerous employees within the company through email.
The employee who caused the hack was able to divert the auditor's messages. The employee then created phone messages and communicated with the
auditor. In time, the employee acquired access to other parts of the network including additional financial records. The employee changed the salary of
several additional employee, including the company president, lowering their pay and pocketing the different into the employee's own paycheck.
A lack of encryption controls and authentication, were determined by the IT department, to be what allowed the employee to hack into the HR system.
2.Notification
Different types of attacks required different processes and procedures. Due to

Taking a Look at the Walmart Corporation
Executive Summary Walmart is an American multinational retail corporation that runs chains of large discount department stores and warehouse
stores. According to the 2014 Fortune Global 500 list, Walmart is the world's largest public corporation, the largest retailer in the world, the biggest
private employer in the world with over two million employees, and also one of the world's most valuable companies. Founded in 1962 by Sam
Walton, the company now has over 11,000 stores in 27 countries, proof that Walmart has grown significantly over the last five decades. 'The nerve
center of what makes Walmart work on a day to day basis is its Information Systems Division (ISD), which sets a high bar for innovation, delivering
solutions, and streamlining operations. Walmart's global advantage comes from maintaining low expenses, and ISD's cutting edge solutions play a big
part'. There are six departments that make up Walmart's ISD, which include Customer Planning and Analysis, Application Development, Security and
Compliance, Infrastructure, Strategic Services, and Enterprise Information Management. Combined, these departments make Walmart's ISD adaptable,
agile, and able to maintain its role as a worldwide leader in retail. Walmart's ISD has approximately 3,000 associates that work in the very structured
and formal David Glass Technology Center located in Bentonville, Arkansas. One of the keys to the success of huge retail chains such as Walmart has
been the advancement of

The Security Of Database System
The Security Of Database
Introduction
In the contemporary times, it has been widely believed that the huge computer network platform is considered to be extremely beneficial in terms of
making the entire community more informative (MartГnez, et al, 2013). The technology of database has created a leading position for itself in the
computing environment. However, due to this drastic increase in the use of computer network systems, it has been widely observed that there has been
an aggravation in the aspects of network intrusion and identity theft. And with many other words did he testify and exhort, saying, Save yourselves
from this untoward generation (Acts2:40, New King James Version). Therefore, thedatabase system is considered to be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Thesis Statement
The aspect of computer database security is aggravating with the increase in intense influence of technology in our routine lives. The paper aims to
present some key security threats and the effective solutions in order to counter such threats that are largely adopted by the companies in today's world.
Various Types of Attacks on the Computer Network System
After the violation of several layers of protection, it has been observed that the attacker or hacker may want to perform the below listed attacks.
Direct Attacks
This type of attack specifically means that the targeted data or sensitive information is attacked directly. Due to this, it has been observed that these
targeted attacks are considered to be extremely obvious and they are successful only in the condition if the database is not protected by any sort of
protection mechanism (Ahmad, et al, 2011). In case there is any protection system installed at the gateway, this type of attack is failed and the attacker
proceeds to the next.
Indirect Attacks
In this type of attack, the attack is not aimed directly at the data or information, which is targeted. Rather, in an indirect attack, information about the
target and from the target is achieved through various intermediate objects. Here, attackers usually use combination of keys as well as queries. Some of
them are even used for the purpose of misdirecting and cheating the secure mechanism of database security (Ambler, 2012). These are

Benir V. Alba
Legal Opinion on the Benir v. Alba Case
(Benir)
On the present case being addressed to the International Court of Justice in dealing with the matter of sovereignty over the Island of Manca, the issue
of legality belonging to which side of the parties at dispute is put forward. The problem however, lies in, the period at which the dispute took place,
for International law has not evolved at that time unlike in this day and age.
The Statement of fact is as follows:
The Island of Manca, small in size and blessed by temperature vegetation, has been discovered by the Albanese State in 1560, when it was inhabited
by a native tribe, the Mancans. The Albanese state put a flag, appointed a non–permanent governor and occasionally sent ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, no objection to the form of Berniri government took place. Thus, this fulfills the Self–determination of the Peoples condition and guarantees a
peaceful atmosphere.
2.After clarifying the former point to the court, the second and most crucial element to shed light on is Territorial Acquisition. As demonstrated before
in the Island of Palmas Case before, there must be evidence as to a peaceful and continuous display of sovereignty on the territory; it should also be a
public and enduring practice. In the case of Benir, there is enough evidence to prove a peaceful and continuous display of its sovereignty existed and
still does, it established state control, managed good relations with the natives (through intermarriage), as they coexisted peacefully, and it was willing
to protect the rights of other states in peace and in war, as well as offer for the safeguarding of the rights of non–nationals residing in it, however this
is an infrequent happening since the island is small in size. Thus, a peaceful atmosphere was provided for continuously by the Beniris, with only one
exception at the time of the attack put forward by

Case Study On Business Email Compromise
Business Email Compromise by RГ©da Herbzi Business Email Compromise is a dangerous Fraud case where fraudsters spend the least and can obtain
a hefty reward through manipulating companies into making payments. Cyber thieves have stolen $2 billion from 12,000 businesses using a scam that
starts when business executives' or employees' email accounts are compromised or spoofed. The fraudster is able to steal money with the help of an
unwitting accomplice, an employee who is fooled into submitting a wire request. From the perspective of the company's financial institution, the
transaction appears completely legitimate. Even confirmation calls or other out of band authentication will reach the employee who did indeed submit
the request. Use various media sources (internet, newspapers, etc.) to identify an event within the last 5 years in which a company experienced a
control breakdown. пѓ Mattel Loses $3 Million in Crazy Cyber Scam, Tracks It Down in China, Gets It Back : The case displays when and how an
look alike email from the CEO to a finance Executive asking for a new vendor transaction to a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They will try to compromise an employee's email account to see what they can learn there and will check publicly available information such as:
Company web page , Press releases , Social media , Out of office replies with travel schedules. What they look for is : General information about the
company, where it does business, and with whom , Names and titles of company officers , Management organizational structure: who reports to who ,
Information on new rounds of funding , Information on new products and services, or patents , Product or geographic expansion plans, Travel

To Kill A Mocking Bird: A Comparison of The Novel and The...
To Kill A Mocking Bird
A Comparison of The Novel and The Film
There are many differences between the movie and the book. First the positive points: This film attaches faces to Scout, Jem, Miss Maudie, and Dill,
since no description of their faces is given in the book. Also, the film has some genuinely hilarious moments, particularly the scene where Scout is
dressed as a ham and walking through the forest. Another good point is that the acting was superb and a treat to watch. Gregory Peck, who played
Atticus, was captivating. The film is cast very well. The novel does not give physical descriptions of Scout, Jem, Miss Maudie, and Dill, but the film
characters were believable. The actors look like what we would expect them to look like. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These negative points certainly subtract from the plot.
On the subject of scenes left out, the list is quite big for such an important story. The scene in which it snows, and Miss Maudie's house catches on
fire, did not happen, proof is seen when we see that at the end of the film, Miss Maudie has the same house as in the beginning. Also, Dill does not cry
in the courtroom scene. There is no Christmas family reunion, where Scout meets her snotty cousin and develops character, Aunt Alexandra never
moves in, Ms Dubose is seen for about 30 seconds, which is disappointing because she helped develop Jem's character. In the scene where the mob
confronts Atticus, there is no Mr. Underwood covering Atticus with his rifle. We never get to see Scout's famous mess up at the pageant, and Cecil
Jacob's never jumps out of the bushes to scare Scout. These scenes are all very important to plot and character development, and it makes the viewer
wonder why the editors left all that out and included the minor scene where Atticus shoots a mad dog. Additionally, the order of scenes is switched
around, and the time frame is compacted into about one year, compared to the books 3 years.
If I could make any changes, I'd colourize the film, add the scenes in which Calpurnia takes the children to church, the pageant (admittedly, its really
only so I can laugh at the ham costume again), as well as the Aunt Alexandra fiasco. I'd also give Boo his line, and make the

Mim Attack Essay
What series of malicious events led up to the incident?
The following events led up to the reported incident. First, an attacker spoofed his IP address to eavesdrop on the network to find the finance and HR
information systems. Second, the employee hacked into the HR database and increased his salary in the records system. This resulted in the employee
receiving two paychecks with the altered amounts. Third, the employee sniffed the network to intercept and alter emails about the checks between an
auditor and management. Fourth, the employee impersonated a person who has access to financial records to gain more access to other financial
records. Finally, the employee decreased the company President's paycheck while increasing his paycheck by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Account hijacking – again, this attack's severity is high because the attacker had access to finance record accounts on the finance information systems.
Email spoofing attack – email spoofing is a medium severity attack because it is an easily mitigated attack; it is mostly a nuisance to most organizations.
MITM attack – the severity of an MITM attack is medium since the attacker used it to intercept messages between the auditor and the finance
department; it can be easily mitigated with network and VLAN segmentation accompanied by access control lists; often times, using a layer two switch
mitigates the issue.
Describe how these additional attacks can be prevented in the future.
Mitigate the attacks by using the following techniques:
Encryption – apply encryption to the network with software and hardware solutions. For instance, software can be used to encrypt the financial records
for anyone unauthorized to see the information, and a hardware solution can be used to build a VPN from any remote

Cloud Computing Using Intrusion Detection And Prevention...
Abstract:– public cloud is vulnerable to threats from attackers. in this paper we propose a method to protect the data in cloud computing using intrusion
detection and prevention system. It helps to protect the data from unauthorized access and from various attacks to the cloud environment .we propose a
method where IDS with HONEYPOT can be integrated at the provider side to have a robust data security for the cloud user data access.
1.Introduction:– In this century, Internet is on the edge of another revolution, where resources are globally networked and can be easily shared. Cloud
computing is in the focus that uses the Internet as a large repository where resources are available to everyone as services.[5]. many people prefer
cloud services for its flexibility,versatility,anywhere accessibility of the services through internet. Cloud Computing is an internet based computing
technology primarily based on utilization of computing power that provides different types of services by utilizing pool of resources mainly hardware,
software, database, network, in terms of pay–for–use basis as per specific Service label agreement. Cloud Computing is becoming more and more
popular at present information technology setup of many large organizations. [2]. security plays a major role from the user prospective in the cloud
environment. Cloud computing also suffers from various traditional attacks such as IPspoofing ,Address Resolution Protocol spoofing, Routing
Information

Security Analysis Of A Protocol For Pollution Attack...
ABSTRACT
The following technical paper "Security Analysis of a Protocol for Pollution Attack Detection" is based on the concept of network coding. Since we
have a limited bandwidth it becomes imperative for us to optimize our network in such a way that we can make maximum use of the network
resources. Network coding allows us to do that. It achieves this by combining different packets that it receives at a node into one single packet for
transmission, instead of simply taking and forwarding the packets. However, network coding is vulnerable to pollution attacks where a single
malicious node can disrupt the operation of the complete network. Several protocols to detect pollution attacks have been proposed previously. In the
following paper the author has described a new pollution attack detection protocol that extends the existing SpaceMac protocol. This paper describes
how we have modelled the protocol in order to carry out a security analysis and presents the results of that analysis.
INTRODUCTION
Network coding allows multiple packets to be transmitted using a smaller number of packets thereby increasing throughput. Here a common single
base station transmits data from a common single base station to intermediate stations where it is kept and sent out to the п¬Ѓnal destination or to any
other intermediate stations at a later time. For a traditional network that employs multicast network, the stations receive a packet and forward it to the
next node. Under network coding,

Integration Of Threat Intel And Incident Response. In TodayвЂ™S
Integration of Threat Intel and Incident Response
In today's modern world of security threats, intelligence and the ability to respond to incidents are the keys to survival. As technology continues to
change and advance, we also must change our security procedure and techniques. Dina Evans from LookingGlass has a good definition of threat
intelligence, "We define threat intelligence as the combination of technical and contextual information regarding existing or emerging threats from all
available sources. It has been evaluated and analyzed for accuracy, timeliness, and relevancy, and implemented among an organization's tactical,
operational, and strategic stakeholders." (Evans, 2016). The process of threat intelligence feeds into all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The challenges arise from the fact that when using multiple sources, it can be easy to miss the connections between data points or to misunderstand the
significance of noise when reviewing the massive amount of data that must be crunched, cleansed and turned into useful intelligence.
The best way to address this issue is the use of a threat intelligence management platform. The "threat intelligence management platform" filters, gathers
and analyzes data, and then delivers it in a standard format for inclusion in a variety of security systems and appliances (Comparing). Finally, it is
important to remember that the organizations budget will play a major role in the choice of selecting threat intelligence services. The appropriate
choice is to strive for consistency when interviewing potential service providers.
Threat Kill Chain
The threat kill chain reveals the stages of a cyber attack from early reconnaissance to the goal of information exfiltration. The kill chain can also be used
as an organizational tool to help continuously improve network defense (Kill Chain). Threats must progress through seven stages of the model; the first
stage is reconnaissance. Reconnaissance occurs when the attacker does a background check on the target before attacking them. Most reconnaissance
is accomplished with the help of the Internet and social media accounts. The second stage is the weaponization phase. In this phase, the attacker creates
a remote access

Computer Security And Social Engineering Essay
Computer security is a very important topic in today's world. One does not have to look far to read about data breaches, DDoS attacks, or other
computer related crimes. When we think of cybercrime, we usually envision the Hollywood portrayal of technical hackers typing vigorously and
wearing dark sunglasses. However, in reality, hacking tends to be much less glamorous. Actually, one critical element is often overlooked by the
general public and movies alike; yet, every security professional knows, people are the weakest link, when it comes to security. In fact, "as part of a
demonstration at the 2010 Def Con hacking conference, large corporations were subject to social engineering techniques. The result was alarming:
96% of employees contacted by phone or email disclosed confidential information..." (Ricart). In this paper, I will discuss the concept of social
engineering: what it is, the types of attacks, the framework used in carrying out said attacks, and lastly, I will address countermeasures to mitigate the
risk. Social engineering, as defined on social–engineer.org, is any act that influences a person to take an action that may or may not be in their best
interest (social–engineer). Human nature is a very interesting topic and one that has been studied for centuries. Throughout its history, certain patterns
and behaviors have been observed. Therefore, social engineering is a type of applied science that is rooted in psychology, however its nature is fluid
and varies

A Report On The Attack Automation Strategy
http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~sunshine/publications/ccr.pdf
1a) An DDoS(Distributed Denial of Service) Attack consists of several phases– firstly the attacker recruits multiple agent machines which will be later
on infected with the attack code and further exploited. The infected machines can be used to further recruit new agents. We can outline those phases as
Recruit, Exploit, Infect and Use.
ATTACKAUTOMATION STRATEGY
The attack automation strategy stands for how much of the DDoS attack does an attacker want to make automatic and how much to leave for manual
control. The strategy depends on the degree of automation of the phases of the attack. There are three general automation degrees – Manual, Automated
and Semi–Automated– which are explained as follows:
oManual
In that case, the hacker manually recruits machines by scanning remote ones for vulnerabilities, breaks their security mechanisms, installs the prepared
attack code and then directs the attack. This type of a DDoS Attack has become really outdated since lately all the recruitment phase has been
automated.
Weak design consideration in terms of functionality and productivity.
oSemi–Automated
In the Semi–Automated DDoS attacks the DDoS "network" is made of a handler and an agent machine. There is automation present for the Recruit,
Exploit and Infect phases. Through the communication between the handler and the agent, the attacker specifies the attack type, the onset, the duration
and the victims ID. The

S-ARP is a Permanent Solution to ARP Spoofing Attacks
1.How can ARP spoofing attack be controlled permanently? What are the drawbacks of S–ARP protocol, Static MAC Entries, Kernel based patches?
Answer:
1.1.1 Secure ARP Protocol (S–ARP)
This has been proposed as a replacement for the ARP protocol in [10]. The S–ARP protocol is definitely a permanent solution to ARP spoofing but the
biggest drawback is that we will have to make changes to the network stack of all the hosts. This is not very scalable as going for a stack upgrade
across all available operating systems is something both vendors and customers will not be happy about. As S–ARP uses Digital Signature Algorithm
(DSA) we have the additional overhead of cryptographic calculations though the authors of the paper have claimed that this overhead is not significant.
1.1.2 Static MAC Entries Adding static MAC addresses on every host for all other hosts will not allow spoofing but is not a scalable solution at all
and managing all these entries is a full time job by itself. This can fail miserably if mobile hosts such as laptops are periodically introduced into the
network. Also some operating systems are known to overwrite static ARP entries if they receive Gratuitous ARP packets (GARP).
1.1.3 Kernel Based Patches Kernel based patches such as Anticap[11] and Antidote[12] have made an at– tempt to protect from ARP spoofing at a
individual host level. Anticap[11] does not allow updating of the host ARP cache by an ARP reply that carries a differ
– ent MAC address then

Case Study Of Phishing
Hacking – Phishing
2.1 Introduction to Phishing Phishing is defined as the attempt to obtain personal information such as usernames and passwords, credit card numbers,
PINS, and other sensitive information. In this case, the creator will send out a legitimate looking email in disguise as any big and trustworthy company.
The words phishing itself sounds like 'fishing' because of their similar concepts that is used. A bait is used in the attempt to catch a victim like for
fishing, fisherman will use worm as their bait to attract fishes to their fishing rod or net. As in the hacking term, the bait is referred to any activity that
will gain people's trust so that they want to attach to the bait. And once they are attached, the creator will hack into their information.
Their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then, they would attempt to use the algorithm to make fake AOL accounts. When they hit a match to the real card, they were able to create an
account and spam others in AOL's community. They only need a few to take the bait. By 1995, AOL managed to stop the random credit card
generators but unfortunately, this warez group moved on to another methods. They specifically pretend to be AOL employees and messaging the
people via AOL messenger. On 2 January 1996, the word phishing was first posted in a Usenet group dedicated to AOL including warning on all its
email and messaging software to send alert to the users regarding potential phishing abuse. In year 2001, the phishers had turned their attention into
online payment systems. The first attack which was the attack on E–Gold in June 2001 was unsuccessful, it planted an important seed. By the year of
2003, the phishers had registered dozens of domains that looked like legitimate sites such as eBay and PayPal but the truth is they are not. If only the
user was paying attention, they will somehow notice the not so obvious

Essay on The Threat of Cyber War
CNA'S AMMUNITION
There are several different forms of cyber weapons, all of which can be used for either an attack or espionage. There are principally five common
practices. The first of three attacks that will be examined is spoofing.
SPOOFING
Spoofing is an attack that falsifies information in order to disguise and misconstrue an identity to appear as someone else, or as an application. An
example, per say, would be an instance that took place in Arizona at the works of Daniel David Rigmaiden. Rigmaiden used what is known as an air
card to spoof a nearby cell tower. Rigmaiden was indeed caught by the FBI, but this case was a major event for the intelligence community, due to the
judges' skeptical preceding's in order to catch a major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The FBI exploited Eric Eoin Marques, a US–born 28–year–old, using buffer overflow methods. Marques is accused of creating and engineering
Freedom Hosting, the hidden website indicated to be responsible for facilitating child pornography on 550 servers throughout Europe. One FBI agent
declared that Marques is undoubtedly 'the largest facilitator of child porn on the planet".5
VULNERABILTIES & POTENTIAL HARM
The damage of a full–fledged cyber attack would be devastating, the destruction would be unparalleled to any other tragedy that has occurred America.
Since technology is responsible for providing America with vital entities and resources, an unadulterated cyber attack would nearly fail the American
economy; this is what is known as critical systems failure. Weapons of mass destruction and cyber attacks present imminent threats of critical systems
failure. Although currently Americas' critical infrastructures are coordinated by controlled systems, majority of these systems are indeed connected to
the American cyberspace. This exposes one of America's most vulnerable spot amidst cybersecurity. Another major vulnerable spot within the nations
IT security would be the geographical physical location for each of Americas primary infrastructures, as well as their productivity. Due to the proximal
locations, the major infrastructures could very well be infiltrated by one efficient CNA.
Transportation – Over 37% of

A Brief Note On Business And Information Technology
INTRODUCTION
Information Technology is very essential everywhere to run a business company. This is only one thing that facilitate a company's staff to do
everything such as writing documents, sending e–mail, having conferences at long geographical distances in the world, having IP phones to
communicate inside of the company, having VPN (virtual private network) to let workers to work from home and etc.
IT has bad and good sides so to prevent any kind of unwanted mistakes is required to have a good knowledge about it.
BUSINESS & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Business is an organization that provides goods or services to their clients in order to get money (BBC, 2014). In this world there are lots of different
types of businesses like banks, shopping centres, schools, restaurants, jewellers, warehouses and etc.
All businesses now days are mainly based on computers and information systems. For example if a company wants to keep record of financial sales the
best way to do it is to type it on word documents therefore it will be easier to copy and store it in different places.
Technology allows a company to do everything easily:
–Have faster communication.
–Save big amount of time
–Send and receive electronic mail from any country.
–Store and Back–up important data in different places which allows to have a recovery data when any inconvenient situation occurs.
–Have conferences online in real–time with no restriction that are based environmental distances.
–Have IP phones

Paradise Now and Then
Clay Meyers
History of Art 3901
Professor Svede
September 7, 2012
Filmmaking features can shape the viewer's attitude toward specific elements of a film. Music, timing, camera features, setting and much more all
influence the viewer's outlook. The Battle of Algiers and Paradise Now and then both put their perspective on the struggle between two different groups
and fighting techniques within the two sides. Each film takes a different approach to connect the viewer to the film. With only being exposed to
twenty–six minutes of The Battle of Algiers, it was difficult to get on a personal basis with the characters. Understanding who the characters were and
the reasoning for their actions was missing. Learning on how and why they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Film making decisions can very easily pull in a viewer to the themes and motives of a plot. In The Battle of Algiers, the viewer does not get pulled
into the battle. The film lacks the interest of one side over another and without this choosing of a protagonist verse an antagonist, the viewer cannot feel
emotionally tied into the battle. Also without being introduced to any characters, the viewer in unclear to who is really being put at risk with each attack
, who is gaining or losing what from the attacks, and what is actually being gained or lost. The only influence on the attacks that the viewer is
aware of is that one side attacked another, so they must strike back. The filmmaking decisions do not shape the viewers attitude toward any
character in this film. In Paradise Now and then, the viewer follows Said and Khaled through their journey to supposedly the end of their lives.
The viewer is able to feel why the characters choose to go along with their mission, what is at stake if the mission is attempted, and what will be
gained and lost if the mission is successful. Religion is a big factor that influences Said and Khaled to become suicide bombers. Khaled asks, "What
happens after death?" He gets an answer of "Two angels will pick you up." This is very satisfying for Khaled and Said to hear. Remarks are often
made throughout the film regarding God. That they are doing their people and God a

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