Global Competition Of The Auto Industry Essay

Global Competition Of The Auto Industry Essay
Global competition in the industry Global competition is an important factor for many industries including the auto industry because a breakdown
to it 's simplest form, personal accomplishment and group camaraderie is achieved in the process. What is something if it doesn 't mean something
to someone else? To illustrate this, I look at the most innosent form of competition between my two dogs. One was whining because the other had
the ball. I threw out two balls and they fought over the newest one. The essential point is the same with people. We find value in what other people
want, especially if it is popular or new. It makes it seem more valuable. We also find value in knowing that we have others wanting to beat us at what
we do. Look at American football for instance. Everyone wants their team to be the top team and we pay a lot of money, and spend a lot of energy to
watch the fight and engage in the rivalry. Competition is good because it creates something to out–perform. It creates a sense of worth that what we are
doing is making a difference even for a short time. "Americans dominated the industry in the first half of the twentieth century" (Bland, n.d.) However,
" By 2000 Japan became the largest car producing nation in the world." (Bland, n.d.) When a country finds a product that they can manufacture well,
we find global customers that will pay for exports. This helps our economy flourish because it creates jobs. When that same company has global
pressure to
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Ford Hybrid Case Study
Paper # 2 Ford Hybrid
09/13/2012
Abstract
Which stages of the project life cycle are evident in the case study?
Did Martens select the right two project managers in Patil and Wright?
What are toughest challenges faced by the project manger' during a high visability and high risk project?
Would you like to have been involved with the Ford Escape Hybrid project?
Paper # 2: Ford Hybrid
The Ford Escape Hybrid program was the midterm step of the company's steps of sustainability. The program was included in the company's long–term
plans for more than two decades. The program in the past decade accelerated rapidly due to increased pressure from recently enhanced EPA
regulations for improved gas mileage and pollution standards. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hybrid Project personnel Decisions The task of managing a project of the magnitude Martens was assigned could either fail, succeed. The scope of
the job contains extremely complex engineering feats combined with a rigid timeline. The only path for success was to find a project manager well
versed in both aspects of the project. Instead Martens decided to split the responsibilities of the project with two managers with different experience
and subject matter expert qualities. Patil was brought his PhD scientific experience to the table. While Wright brought the can do spark plug approach
to the project. The two will be instrumental in the projects outcome (Salter 2004).
Challenges
This type of project required an organized approach to working out side of the normal confines of Ford's production models. The bench mark for
success is not in comparison to other previous projects. Large scale engineering designs had been implemented in the past, but never a machine with
dual means of propulsion. The company had already announced release of the Hybrid and the whole world was waiting to see the outcome (Tierney
2005).
Member of the TeamHaving the opportunity to be part of a team steeped in innovative engineering tradition would be an honor for anyone in the

automotive production industry. The overall project requires more than just strong management, designers, and engineers. The entire project requires

The Electric Vehicle: Good or Bad?
The Electric Vehicle: Good or Bad?
By
Elizabeth Andrews
English 102: Writing Research Paper
Instructor: David McCarthy
Outline
1. Introduction Paragraph and thesis
2. History of Electric Vehicles
a) 1890–1929: Early ideas
b) 1930–1989: brought up due to shortages from WWII
c) 1900–present: environmental issues, shortage on gasoline
3. Impact on environment and what needs to be done
a) Power grids
b) Impacts on power grid

c) CO2 (Carbon Monoxide) production from cars
d) Power grid study
e) Power grids need to be upgraded to be more efficient
f) Development into electrical infrastructure will need to be changed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We need to integrate smart technology to regulate the power and eliminate was. This combined will conservation efforts will free up the energy needed
for electrical vehicles. (Weeks. 145–168) A person with this same idea is R. Frank, writer of, Electric Vehicles: The Smart Grid's Moving Target. He
focuses on the ability and consumer feasibility of the electric vehicle and the impact on the power grid, and suggests that many advancements need to
be made to our infrastructure before a large percent of our vehicles could transition to electric power. ( Frank. 65–70). A study was conducted ornl.gov
to see the impact electric vehicles would have on the nation's power grid. Projections are for at lease a twenty–five percent penetration of hybrid
vehicles in the market by two–thousand and twenty, with high percentage of those being plug–in variety. The study shows that if consumer's charge
their vehicles at five PM when they get home from work, the country would need an additional one–hundred and sixty power plants, compared to no
additional plants needed if everyone charged after ten PM. Systems will have to be mandated to ensure charging only occurs in the overnight hours
when demand is at its lowest. If this can not happen then a suggestion "Power grids need to be upgraded to be more efficient and utilize off–peak
times for charging of electric vehicles" said by David Sandalow

A Short Note On Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plug
This report shows a comparison between hydrogen fuel cell plug–in hybrid vehicles (FCHEV) and battery (BEV) and hydrogen fuel cell (FCEV)
electric vehicles. Comparing infrastructure and technology requirements along with the lifecycle cost of the drivetrain (the main components that
generate power and deliver it to the road surface) over 100k miles taking fuel costs and capital costs into consideration.
This can then be compared to a conventional petrol–fuelled internal combustion engine (ICE) drivetrain. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis shows
that FCEVs could achieve lifecycle costs similar to conventional petrol vehicles in the near future. However, both the BEV and FCHEV have
significantly lower lifecycle costs. Looking forward, the drivetrain lifecycle costs of FCEVs could range from around ВЈ5000 to ВЈ15000, whereas
those for BEVs range from ВЈ4300 to ВЈ7600 and FCHEVs, from just under ВЈ3000 to ВЈ8400. All vehicle platforms exhibit significant cost
sensitivity to drivetrain capital cost. The BEV and FCHEV are relatively unaffected by electricity costs but the FCHEV and FCV are affected by the
cost of hydrogen. The BEV and FCHEV are alike in lifecycle cost and one could offer an advantage over the other depending on driving patterns.
In conclusion, the hydrogen fuel cell plug–in hybrid vehicle would be the best route towards future development of the fuel cell electric vehicles.
1.Introduction
Transport is one of the main contributors towards

The Impact of Electric Vehicles on Greenhouse Gas...
The rising levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHG) caused by the increased use of fossil fuels for energy services–notably transportation,
heating, and the generation of electricity–is known to be one of the foremost drivers of climate change. The United States is responsible for one–fourth
of the world's total greenhouse gas emissions, representing only 5% of the world population and it becomes the world's single largest emitter of
atmospheric greenhouse gasses (EPA, 2011) . Since 1970, the U.S. share of net import of crude oil and consumption had been increased significantly
and the majority of the imported liquid–based petroleum fuels were used for U.S. transportation sector (EIA, 2010). Today, the transportation is the
second ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the American Clean Energy and Security Act (ACES), the U.S. work towards an economy–wide CO2 cap–and–trade reduction program
to reduce CO2 emissions to 17% below 2005 levels by 2020 (Morrow, Gallagher, Collantes, & Lee, 2010).
As part of the United States planned greenhouse gas emissions reduction strategy, it is necessary for U.S. to consider the effect of new electricity
services coming to the transportation sector. One such service that is gaining widespread interest is the electrification of personal transportation (also
referred to as "passenger cars") using Plug–in Electric Vehicles (PEV's). The advantage of electrification of personal transportation leads to improved
air quality and to reduce the U.S's GHG contribution to global climate change.
In 2007, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) made a collaborated study on penetration of
plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and published it as "Environmental Assessment of Plug–In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV), Volume 1:
Nationwide Greenhouse Gas Emissions". The EPRI "well–to–wheels" study is based on the data which is primarily collected from the 48 states of
U.S.A. This study compared the well–to–wheels GHG emissions per mile for three distinct vehicle types: Conventional gasoline

Introduction. Automobile Industry Has Been Rapidly Shifting
Introduction
Automobile industry has been rapidly shifting from the traditional gas–powered vehicles to other economic and environmentally friendly alternatives
such as electric and plug–in hybrid cars. Nighthawk Motors is a fast–growing car maker company that is looking to become the number one car selling
company in the world. Its latest plug–in hybrid car, the Ecostar, is equipped with latest electric–fuel engine and long lasting battery life. Although it is
new to the market, the Ecostar has comparable quality and specifications to its competitors. Table 1 illustrates a side–by–side comparison of Ecostar and
Toyota Prius.
Qualifications /
SpecificationsEcostarPrius
Picture
PriceMSRP $21,495MSRP $24,495
Seating55
EPA60 City ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, the company has to create marketing and branding strategy of the Ecostar that resonates with the Millennials' lifestyles, attitudes, and
buying behaviors.
There are many ways to segment and classify the automobile consumers. Typically, demographic, psychographic, geographic, and behavioral
environments are considered when evaluating the target market segmentation ("Principles of Marketing v. 2.0", 2012). According BCG Analysis
(2012), there are six distinct segments of the Millennials. Table 2 describes the six segments of the Millennials in the U.S. (Barton, Fromm, & Egan,
2012).
SegmentPercentage
(Approx.)Characteristics and Attitudes
Hip–ennial29%п‚§Cautious consumer, globally aware, and information hungry
п‚§Female dominated, below average employment
Millennial Mom22%п‚§Wealthy, family oriented, confident, and digitally savvy
п‚§Highly social and information hungry
п‚§Older female with high income
Anti–Millennial16%п‚§Conservative, locally minded
п‚§Seek comfort and familiarity over excitement and changes.

Gadget Guru13%п‚§Successful, wired, and confident
п‚§Greatest device ownership
п‚§Male dominated, above average income, single
Clean and Green Millennial10%п‚§Cause–driven, healthy, green, and positive
п‚§Greatest content distributor for cause related matters
п‚§Younger male, more likely to be full–time student
Old–School Millennial10%п‚§Not wired, charitable,

Pest Toyota
Political. Governments have implicated the car industry in to a socio–politic–economic corner. This company is strongly linked to policies of
governments by the earnings of banks. Therefore countries try to develop this industry to rise profits and in develop countries is a gigantic pressure to
maintain it. Likewise Toyota is a company that dominates more than a handful of firms. "The company's approach to dealing with political institutions
has not always been brilliant. It tends to be good on technical issues, although it has not always fully presented the longer–term options, in order to
make the choices and their implications clear." Toyota had a lot of help from the local government, including tax break and facilities to operate... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But Toyota is not only in the industry of cars, as their similar Honda, they designed and built a robot specially created to take care of old people in
homes for elder people. Also they created specialized robots in the production of Cars and the entertainment. They have a specialized area on Agricola
biotechnology were they invest on little business, but trying to develop new technologies and new uses for other products. This are some examples of
this specialized areas: P.T. Toyota Bio Indonesia en Lampung, Indonesia Australian Afforestation Pty. Ltd. in Australia Occidental y Australia
Meridional Toyota Floritech Co., Ltd. en Rokkasho–Mura, Distrito de Kamikita, Prefectura de Aomori Sichuan Toyota Nitan Development Co., Ltd. en
Sichuan, China Toyota Roof Garden Corporation en Miyoshi–Cho, Prefectura de Aichi In other industries, Toyota has bought several tiny soccer teams
in different countries, many of this clubs were not able to continue playing by the problem of Money. Many of this teams are located in Argentina,
where Toyota is one of the first sellers in the industry of cars. Apart soccer, they have been in other sports, like rugby in Australia and between 2002
and 2009 they had a Formula 1 team. They also created a specialized way of working, called "Toyotismo" and is the relationship between the
environment of where are they working, and workers. This was created in the 70Вґs during the petroleum crysis in US, and moved the

Electirc Car
Timeline: History of the Electric Car
1832–1839
Scottish inventor Robert Anderson invents the first crude electric carriage powered by non–rechargeable primary cells.
1835
American Thomas Davenport is credited with building the first practicalelectric vehicle –– a small locomotive.
1859
French physicist Gaston PlantГ© invents the rechargeable lead–acid storage battery. In 1881, his countryman Camille Faure will improve the storage
battery's ability to supply current and invent the basic lead–acid battery used in automobiles.
1891
William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa builds the first successful electric automobile in the United States.
Thomas Edison and an electric car. Courtesy of the Smithsonian
1893
A handful of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1990
California passes its Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate, which requires two percent of the state's vehicles to have no emissions by 1998 and 10
percent by 2003. The law is repeatedly weakened over the next decade to reduce the number of pure ZEVs it requires.
1997
Toyota unveils the Prius –– the world's first commercially mass–produced and marketed hybrid car –– in Japan. Nearly 18,000 units are sold during the
first production year.
1997 – 2000
A few thousand all–electric cars (such as Honda's EV Plus, G.M.'s EV1, Ford's Ranger pickup EV, Nissan's Altra EV, Chevy's S
–10 EV, and Toyota's

RAV4 EV) are produced by big car manufacturers, but most of them are available for lease only. All of the major automakers' advanced all
–electric
production programs will be discontinued by the early 2000s.
2002
G.M. and DaimlerChrysler sue the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to repeal the ZEV mandate first passed in 1990. The Bush Administration
joins that suit.
Crushed EV1 electric cars
2003
G.M. announces that it will not renew leases on its EV1 cars saying it can no longer supply parts to repair the vehicles and that it plans to reclaim the
cars by the end of 2004.
2005
On February 16, electric vehicle enthusiasts begin a "Don't Crush" vigil to stop G.M. from demolishing 78 impounded EV1s in Burbank, California.
The vigil ends twenty–eight days later when G.M. removes the cars from the facility. In the film "Who Killed the Electric Car" G.M.

Transportation And The Future Of Transportation
Miles Blakesley Ms. Wiand English 12H 3/16/15 Transportation in the Future The future of transportation will most likely be very different to
current transportation systems. Current projections say that the world 's crude oil supply will be gone by 2070. The demand for alternative
options of transportation methods is increasing at a rapid rate. These new opportunities are expected to bring new modes of transportation and
transportations services in the coming years. Some of these new modes include electric cars, nuclear cars, hydrogen vehicles, and autonomous
vehicles. All of these new transportation ideas will make a profound effect of the world as we know it today. All of these new ideas will reduce
pollution in the world and lower are dependence on fossil fuels. In the future, senior mobility and independence are likely to be even more of a vital
concern in society. Real challenges will arise in dealing with the transportation needs of older people in the future. In particular, the fastest growing
age group is the elderly, meaning that in the future there will be a huge need for new transportation that is both practical and easy to use. These
options will mostly differ from independent driving and from the current mass transit services and could possible include anything from ET3 tubes to
all electric and nuclear powered cars. All of these technologies are very viable options for the future that can and will greatly revolutionize
transportation for the future. Designers

Informative Speech Electriccars
Informative speech
Electric Cars
Introduction
Attention Getter:
Central Idea: State an interesting new facts about electric cars.
Preview of main points: Today I am going to talk about history of electric cars, where is electric cars today and finally we will explore what is to come
of electric cars in the future.
Body
I.The history of the electric cars A) Where do the electric cars come from? B) When they was billed in the US? C) How they grow up in our country?
II. Where are the electric cars today? A) Some statistic B) Top current companies/manufacturers that sell them. 1) Chevrolet Vol 2) Nissan Leaf 3)
Toyota Prius Plug–in Hybrid 4) Tesla Model C) How much does it is cost? D) Where can... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thomas Davenport, built a electric cars. Americans, Ryker and William Morrison built a 6 passengerelectric car. In 1897 taxi's in New York city were
electric cars.
When Henry Ford made the model T, was the last good moment for the electric car for 6 and a half decades. In 1920 car owners were into the gasoline
car, gas was selling cheap and roads were available to drive on.
The first electric car in the United States was created by William Morrison and could reach a then–pretty–impressive 14 miles per hour. Electric cars,
however, still remained more popular in Europe than in the US.

Around 1900, a fleet of electric taxi cabs took to the streets in London, but the first gasoline/electric hybrid was built near Chicago. That vehicle,
however, was not a commercial success because it was too expensive, it was too slow, and it was a challenge to maintain.
By the 1920s, electric cars had lost ground to their rivals, as gas–powered vehicles could cover greater distances. And the main reason gas–powered
cars gained popularity over electric cars was price. Production techniques made it possible to buy a gasoline–powered car at half the cost of an electric
car.
Fuel shortages during World War II increased interest again in electric cars, but those efforts were short
–lived. It wasn't until the 1970s that another
shortage fueled interest in electric cars. Finally, in the 1990s major auto manufacturers began to offer mainstream electric and hybrid options.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using A Parallel Over A...
In contrast to series hybrids, parallel hybrids can use two different sources of power simultaneously – an I.C.E. and a battery driven electric motor. The
advantage of using a parallel over a series hybrid is that electric motor can be used at low power over short distances (increases fuel economy) whereas
the I.C.E can be used over long distances at high power which helps to reduce range anxiety. Examples: Honda Insight, Accord and Civic etc. [6]
Figure 3: Working of Parallel HybridElectric Vehicle
Disadvantages of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles
1.It has a complex design.
2.I.C.E is not decoupled with the wheels; so it cannot be charged at standstill.
3.It doesn't operate in a narrow range of RPM and so the efficiency is low at low rotation speed.
Advantages of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles
1.Overall efficiency is high over long distances. It can easily ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another study published in 2011 revealed that the gasoline cost savings in PEVs did not increase the purchase of PEVs due to short run time. [11][12]
4.2.Availability of Recharging Facilities
The ecofriendly aspect of PEVs is based on the assumption that recharging facilities will be easily available in all places such as streets, parking
structures, commercial setups etc. Without the infrastructure, PEVs will not attract majority of the crowd due to range anxiety. However, a huge
investment from both private and public sectors will be required for a project of this magnitude.
Battery Swapping: Is a solution deployed by 'Better Place' for recharging of batteries. In this, customers are sold the car without the battery. Since they
aren't allowed to buy batteries separately, these are rented to them by better place that has set up various charging sectors that allows people to travel
by PEVs over long distances.

The Impact Of Co2 Emission On The Environment Of The...
Abstract:
In the light of ever–increasing greenhouse gases, global energy use, the increasing cost of energy services, concerns over energy supply security,
climate change and local air pollution, this report centers around the question of how CO2 emission can be reduced in long term. As transport system
plays a major role in the increased greenhouse gases, this report highlights the use of future vehicles in the transport sector from an economic, technical
and environmental point of view.
Through its multi–disciplinary approach the report provides a knowledge base concerning different strategies made by government and recent
advancements in automobile sector in order to reduce carbon emission.
Contents:
1. Introduction......................................................................................03
2. Key findings .......................................................................................04 2.1 Policy context ....................................................................................05
2.1.1 European transport and fuel policy...........................................................05 2.1.2 Biofuel
compatibility.........................................................................05 2.1.3 Tail pipe CO2 related policies ..............................................................06 2.1.4 Sales
of ultra–low carbon cars by 2020 .............................. ..............06 2.2 Future fuels ......................................................................................07
2.3Future vehicles..............................................................................07

Climate Change And Its Effects On The Country 's Most...
Alternatively, climate change poses a series of interrelated challenges of the country's most densely populated cities. The U.S. is highly urbanized, with
about 80% of its population living in cities and metropolitan areas (National Climate Assessment). Cities depend on infrastructure, like water and
sewage systems, roads, bridges, and power plants, much of which is aging and in need of repair or replacement. This structure will undergo with
multiple changes that will compounded by rising sea levels, storm surges, heat waves, and extreme weather events, stressing or even overwhelming
essential services. Urban dwellers are particularly vulnerable to distractions in infrastructure services, in part because many of these infrastructure
systems are reliant on each other and properly planned. For example, electricity is essential to multiple systems, and a failure in the electrical grid can
affect water treatment, transportation services, and public health (National Climate Assessment). These infrastructure systems, lifelines to millions,
will continue to be affected by various climate related events and processes. Moreover, the United States produces nearly $330 billion per year in
agricultural commodities, with contributions from livestock accounting for roughly half of that value (National Climate Assessment). Production of all
commodities will be affected in many ways. The agricultural sector continually adapts to climate change through changes in crop rotations, planting

Pull The Plug On Electric Car Subsidies Right Now
It would be very unwise to "pull the plug" on electric–car subsidies right now. The industry needs the support. The subsidies are money given by the
government to help the auto industry make electric cars and offer discounts for people to buy them.
If they went away, car companies would be forced to sell electric vehicles at huge losses of money. The thriving auto industry is one of the few bright
spots for business in the U.S. It would be thrown into disarray.
The subsidies help make up for tough regulations the government put in place.
Those regulations are a huge challenge to automakers. Between now and 2025, the distance cars go on a gallon of gas must improve. New vehicles
must increase from less than 30 miles per gallon (mpg) to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But, they are not scheduled to be looked at again by the federal government until 2017.
To help with the serious challenge imposed on business, the federal government and the states gave generous subsidies for the newelectric vehicle
industry to grow. The battery makers, car manufacturers, andelectric car buyers all receive help.
And since it takes a long time to launch a new electric vehicle industry, this is the wrong time to make any big changes. But, the temptation to do so is
understandable.
Critics are right that President Obama's goal of one million plug–in vehicles by 2015 was too hopeful. It won 't happen in time. However, the rate of
sales of plug–in vehicles from 2010 to 2013 is growing rapidly.
The growth rate of plug–in vehicles has already beaten the growth in sales of traditional hybrids, which run on gas and batteries. Sales are even
growing faster than those of the Toyota Prius when they were first introduced. The Prius was the first hybrid.
More Plug–In Cars Coming
In the next few years, much can be learned from the experience of Oslo, Norway. In that European city, many people are choosing plug–in vehicles

over gas–powered ones.
It is true that the first generation of plug–in vehicles do not meet the needs of most Americans. They 're too expensive. The Chevrolet Volt, the Nissan
Leaf and the Tesla sports car are some of the most popular plug–in cars.
However, the hard work that began four years

Hybrid Demystification
The article "The Gas–Electric Hybrid Demystified" by Sara R. Howerth, gives the reader some insight on the new developed technology of hybrid
cars. The author uses the difference between four engine models; Gas–Engine, Battery Powered Electric, Hybrid model #1 and Hybrid model #2 – to
show just how far technology has come and to say that this is only just the beginning. The engine will keep evolving as long as our natural resources
continue to diminish and our need for them increases. The author starts with the Gas–Engine; this is where we started, the foundation for how far
technology has come. According to the article gas engine vehicles are one of the major leading causes of pollution which contributes to global
warming. The gas engine... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The vehicle was equipped with a smaller engine and like explained above a smaller engine requires less fuel to run. According to the article where
this version fell short was having an electric motor that made up for the smaller engine. They needed to find a more powerful motor that picked up
the smaller engines slack so the vehicle preformed how it was supposed to perform. They equipped this car to save fuel by powering down when
the vehicle is stopped, the car powers back up when the accelerator is touched. All hybrid models have the ability while running to charge
themselves which solves the problems consumers found with battery powered electric motors. Enter hybrid number two, this model has the same
properties as the hybrid number one but has extra features that proved to be ingenious. Like hybrid number one the gas engine shuts off when the
car is stopped but stays off until the car is moving at speeds above forty kilometers an hour. All hybrid models are equipped with the neat feature of
using breaking to also help keep that battery charged. Therefore hybrid models though expensive when first purchased can save you a lot of money in
the long run (less money spent fueling your car, and you save your hydro bill by not having to charge the car) and their eco–friendly because they
require less fuel to power which means a lot less emissions

Tesla Motors A Zero Emission Sport Car
Tesla Motors target their vehicles towards the upper middle class, where not everyone would be able to afford. Tesla is currently the only
manufacturer of a zero emission sports car. While the threat of substitutes within the electric car industry Tesla faces is currently low, but due to the
price premium of the product causes Tesla to face other substitutes such as gas vehicles, hybrids, mass transportation, and hydrogen vehicles. As Tesla
only targets the upper middle class, environmental conservatives and those who are looking for a high end luxury car, most consumers who are price
conscious would most likely choose the alternatives because of Tesla's high price on their electric cars. Tesla faces substitute competitions from
General Motors, Toyota, BMW, and Daimler AG, Nissan and Honda as some of these companies are also starting to build their own electric cars to get
into the electric car business, which will increase the number of substitutes in this industry. With each every coming year more manufacturers are
beginning to go towards building their own electric motor technology to enter the electric car market.
Currently General Motors provides an alternative to Tesla's electric cars by developing the Volt which is an electric/hybrid car. Toyota provides a
substitute by offering the Toyota Prius hybrid car with the development of a larger battery, plug
–in system and provides home charging system that
could affect Tesla's electric car business. Another substitute is

What Is More Expensive Than Hybrid Cars
"Oh my gosh the gas went up 50 cents since last night when I came to fill the tank", is what everyone is always going to say every time they pass
any type of gas station. You always hear people comparing gas prices and companies, and in the end most people just end up going to the closest gas
station that there is. You also see people choosing cars that are fuel– efficient so they could go long distances without having to waste so much gas,
because gas is expensive. So why not try a hybrid car? Yes, hybrid cars are way more expensive than agasoline powered car but that is at time of
purchase. Studies show that gasoline powered cars aren't as safe as hybrid cars. The hybrid cars burn less fossil fuel therefore emitting fewer gases.
The hybrid

Electric Vehicles On The United States Essay
Electric vehicles have been around for decades, but the public has been slow to adopt the use of them. These vehicles have become more easily
available to the public in the past three years (Zhou et al., 2015). The new focus on greenhouse gases and carbon footprints has brought a push from the
government for cleaner transportation methods. The transportation sector accounts for one–third of greenhouse gases in the United States (Krupa et
al., 2013). The use of plug–in hybrid electric vehicles could reduce greenhouse gases by 20% to 50% compared to traditional vehicles (Axsen &
Kurani, 2010). In the past year, there has been a higher level of mainstream adoption but are far off from the United States' goal of one–million
plug–in electric vehicles on the road by 2015 (Krause, Carley, Lane, & Graham, 2013). This lack of adoption may be due to several reasons, such
as, lack of knowledge, fuel and vehicle costs, range concerns, and social influences. In a survey conducted by Ebgue and Long (2011), respondents
referred to electric vehicles (EV) as "the way of the future" and the "future of travel". This response does not imply that EVs are a viable vehicle for
current use. Ebgue and Long (2011) state that people are often resistant to technology that is unfamiliar or unproven. This could be due to failure by
manufacturers to better inform and market EVs to consumers or by the misconceptions that are already in place. Basic misunderstandings about EVs
are common. Krause et al.'s

Ecostar Executive Summary
Expanding the Nighthawk Motors product line to include a plug–in hybrid vehicle is an exciting and innovation move for the company. As an
organization, we will be aiming to provide our customers with a vehicle that is fuel efficient, reliable, cost affordable, and fun to drive. The new
product line, the Ecostar, presents a unique and exhilarating vehicle to our customers. The new plug–in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) offers a 1.8L 4–cylinder
engine with a 500–mile range on a tank of gas with an 80mile range on batteries alone. The EPA rating for the Ecostar has been verified at 60 miles
per gallon for city and 55 miles per gallon for highway driving. The Ecostar is not alone in the market, it will have direct competition from the Toyota
Prius; however,

The Pros And Cons Of Electric Vehicles
Global Warming is a topic of interest in today's world and ways that we could cut back our carbon footprint. Electrical vehicles are vehicles that use
electricity to power the motors in order to run. Electrical vehicles are thought to be one of the solutions to greenhouse gases and global warming.
While electric vehicles tend to produce pollution at times from their backup motors, electrical cars depend on a fuel source that doesn't originate from
burning fossil fuels, which produces fewer greenhouse gases and cuts back on oil consumption. Electric Vehicles are starting to replace combustion
engine vehicles, and some towns are using smaller electric vehicles in their own Public Safety, Parks, and Water departments. Greenhouse gases should
be cut back by electrical vehicles, and fear for their lives.
Greenhouse gases are composed of different types of compounds that pollute the Earth's atmosphere. The three main compounds that contribute to the
greenhouse gas effect are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. Carbon dioxide is found when fossil fuels are burned, fossil fuels are found in
gasoline and diesel products. Electric vehicles are designed in order to cut back on carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is one of the largest contributors
to greenhouse gases, and by relying on electricity instead of gas CO2 emission is cut back. James Kliesch states " On a national average basis, an
efficient electric car emits about half the amount of carbon dioxide as a conventional car,

Tesla's Competition in the Green Automobile Market
Tesla are competing with not only "green" vehicle market that consists of Electric vehicles (EV), plug in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and
hybrid vehicle, but with the overall vehicles industry. Let's put into consideration that all major automakers are planning to launch or have
launched electric/hybrid vehicles, which will increase the competition widely in the next years. As well defined the green vehicles are competing
in the requirements of a usual car such as: speed, comfort, handling and fun. However, market breach will depend on battery pack costs, charging
infrastructure, competing technologies, oil prices, manufacturer investments in EV and PHEVs, and consumer uncertainty of EV and PHEVs.
Some of Tesla major competitors are BMW and Audi in the luxury category, as well as, Toyota Prius which is the most popular car in the hybrid
market. BMW BMW is emerging in the green vehicle market; it has employed 2600 employees at the end of 2011 to focus on electric/hybrid
technology. The BMW launched two vehicles one in 2011, the activeE and the other in 2013 the megacity vehicle. The ActiveE is erected on the
BMW 1 Series CoupГ©; it is designed to take up to four passengers and can go from 0–60 mph in approximately 8.5 seconds. In the other hand, The
MegaCity Vehicle will be a solid, urban tailgate with a carbon fiber passenger chamber and aluminum framework components. Its predicted to reach
100 miles range. Audi Franciscus van Meel, Audi's manager for electric mobility

Alternative Cars And Its Effect On The Environment
Background Conventional vehicles burn fossil fuels and emit exhaust fumes to the atmosphere. Not only have gasoline vehicles depleted natural
resources, they also have caused severe environmental pollutions, especially in some populous nations such as China and India. [1] CO2 is the main
contributor of the greenhouse effect. 97% of greenhouse emission is carbon dioxide. And in turn, road transportation has become the largest sector in
producing carbon dioxide. [2] Because of the decreasing natural resources and the increasing environmental pollution, scientists focus more on new
technologies that can help reduce those consequences. However, even though scientists hope hybrid cars could substitute traditional cars in order to
reduce... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most apparent difference is that hybrid cars have an internal combustion engine accompanied by an electric motor. When a car is moving at a
low speed, the ICE (internal combustion engine) only provides power to the electric motor and the motor drives the entire vehicle. Thus, an electric
motor helps reduce fuel consumption as well as car emission. Moreover, a smarter management of power called the regenerative braking system is
introduced to hybrid vehicles. It converts kinetic energy to electrical energy during braking so that heat energy due to friction will not be wasted.
The electrical energy can be used to charge the storage battery. [4] In addition, the aerodynamics and weight of the car body are carefully considered
so the power supplied to drive the car can be lower than usual. Hybrid cars also have an adaptive strategy at traffic stops and idle periods. The engine
shuts down so that exhaust will not accumulate at places such as traffic stops.
Apart from technical aspects, governments also take efforts to popularize hybrid cars for home use. In March 2013, the Chinese government
extended the subsidy on electrical and hybrid cars for three more years. [3] And in certain traffic crowded cities such as Beijing and Hangzhou,
electrical and hybrid cars have privileges on traffic restriction days. Nevertheless, customers still won 't buy hybrid cars because they do not believe
that the technology is mature enough to replace traditional ICE cars with new energy

S Curve for Ev
S–Curve Insight into the Electric Automobile Industry
Introduction
Many technological improvements have been made to vehicles to reduce their environmental impact. Some of these advances have been imposed by
environmental legislation, others have been incentivized by commercial pressure to improve energy efficiency and limit our dependence on fossil fuel.
Greening the transportation sector is thus important for meeting global emissions reduction targets. One innovative technology to achieve a green
transportation sector is radically changing the design and components from fossil fuel based internal combustion cars to electric vehicles and hybrid
electric vehicles. This technology shift will lead to emergence of new technologies that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This race was accelerated by the new proposed model of better place for battery swapping. The new Leaf the first EV vehicle is schedule to be released
in December 2010.
While companies raced for dominating the electric vehicle technology, they realized that this market is highly shaped by many external factors. As
result, companies like Toyota decided to take incremental steps toward electrification through the introduction of the first hybrid electric vehicle Prius
in 2004. Prius was well received by customers and gave Toyota an edge over its competitors. The Prius however used an old battery technology based
on Nickel Cadmium NiCa. General Motors later developed a better battery that uses the lithium ion technology (with the help of A123 company) in its
first plug–in hybrid electric vehicle the Chevy Volt which is expected to be official launched by the end 2010.
External Factors Controlling the EV markets
Electric vehicle market is highly shaped by the external factors controlling this market. Some of the major external factors impeding the diffusion of
EV to markets are: 1– Incompetent battery technology 2– Carbon intensive grid electricity 3– Immature renewable energy techology 4– Safety Issues –
(for example cars with lithium ion batteries are not allowed to be shipped by air) 5– Long battery charging hours ( in the US 6 hours, in EU

Advantages Of Hybrid Vehicles
Traditional vehicles use gasoline or diesel to power a combustion engine, while hybrid vehicles use both the traditional combustion engine and an
electric motor ran on electricity. Hybrid vehicles are superior to their conventional counterparts when it comes to fuel efficiency. Like in traditional
vehicles, the combustion motor's alternator charges the vehicle's battery. But the difference is that in hybrid cars, there is an electric motor that can
utilize the energy generated by the alternator. The reason why hybrids are so efficient is that the alternator from the combustion engine charges the
battery which runs the electric motor. Therefore, hybrids can alternate from one energy source to the other, cutting down the amount of fuel needed
to go longer distances. Hybrids are also considered environmentally friendly because they produce 90 percent fewer emissions than their conventional
competitors. Hybrids are also flexible when it comes to their energy source. Hybrids can be fueled like normal cars are powered by wholly by
electricity, and of course, they can use both. Moreover, ghe electric motor is not the only aspect that contributes to hybrids' fuel efficiency. The feature
"Idle–off" is often found in Hybrid vehicles. Idle–off works much like a refrigerator's light bulb when the door is closed. When stopped, hybrid vehicles
will go into idle–off, turning off the combustion engine while still powering the interior technology with the vehicle's battery, saving fuel.

Essay on Mr. Jason
MBA 5240: Sanger Automotive Companies
Problem Sanger Automotive Companies, Inc. is one of the most successful auto dealers in the United State. In September 2011, the executives met a
problem that whether or not to pursue an exclusive franchise for a plug–in hybrid electric vehicle. Plug–in hybrid electric vehicles were in the
embryonic stage of the product life cycle. This decision is a complicate one which the executive must find the sufficient evidence to support.
SWOT Analysis Strengths| Weaknesses| * The company is one of the most successful auto dealers * No incremental cost for dealership land or
construction was necessary * Fisker's engine for the vehicle is excellent and is defines as "Uncompromised ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But what should be considered seriously is that at this high price and the competition of the other three franchise dealer, could the company gain the
adequate market share of the hybrid vehicles. The most well–known PHEVs are Chevrolet Volt and its price is only $41000. The other point should be
considered is though the market area is the wealthiest in the U.S., how much willing do they have to purchase a high price hybrid–electric car and
really to buy. The third question is the delivery date and the back–out rate. How to shorten the delivery date and reduce the back–out rate, could the
company negotiate with the Fisker Automotive Inc to get better conditions?
Alternatives Alternatives | Pros | Cons | profits| Do nothing | * No extra fee * No risk| * Losing an opportunity to place itself at the forefront of
marketing a luxury plug–in electric vehicle * Lose the opportunity to add reputation * Losing the increasing market of hybrid plug–in electric
vehicleSee Exhibit 1| | Purchase the franchise | Exhibit 1 is the annual growth forecasting Exhibit 2 is the sales forecasting at different price| Low
price =96000| * Low price can efficiently

SWOT Analysis: Nighthawk Motors Ecostar
SWOT
Furthermore, to effectively establish an effective marketing strategy Nighthawk Motors must establish a SWOT analysis to root out the strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats observed by the company.
Strengths
As mentioned previously the Nighthawk Motors' Ecostar offers an HPEV, with a 1.8L 4
–cylinder engine that produces 60 MPG city and 55 MPG
highway with a range of 500 miles. Its main strength compared to the direct competition is that it is $3000 less than the comparable competition's
models. Moreover, Nighthawk Motors has been able to eliminate the pitfalls and issues with the early year hybrids as the Ecostar is the
first–generation PHEV that Nighthawk Motors has developed. This latter release allows the Ecostar to sidestep any preconceived notions by customers
from past model releases. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will be a positive marketing point to U.S. buyers who will at times purchase American made vehicles over foreign vehicles. Finally, as charging
points continue to hinder the electric only vehicles the HPEV market is still growing as it allows the owners peace of mind that they will not run out of
fuel.
Weaknesses
The first weakness that can be seen of the Nighthawk Motors' Ecostar is that since the company has not built, marketed, and sold a plug–in hybrid
vehicle before, it will be a new venture that will have considerable startup expenses to ensure success. Additionally, as Nighthawk Motors are new the
HPEV market, it will experience considerable competition from a market that already has several other HPEV options. Moreover, in addition to
constructing a new vehicle, Nighthawk Motors will have to also construct or add on to its current facility to be able to manufacture the added vehicle
line.

Hybrid Vehicle Disadvantages
The pros and cons of Hybrid/Alternative Fueled Vehicles:
There are many factors to consider when purchasing a Hybrid or Alternative Fueled Vehicle. Most times when searching for a vehicle, consumers tend
to search for amenities to help cut cost. When considering alternative fueled vehicles, consumers have to keep in mind that there are several types of
hybrid vehicles with different operating abilities to choose from to satisfy the needs of the consumers. With hybrids, there are three types which are
hybrid electric vehicles, plug–in hybrid electric vehicles and all electric vehicles. Since they all operate differently, it is important to be informed to
ensure the consumer is happy and satisfied with their investment.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles consist of gasoline engines, electric motors and use advanced technology to operate. One of the technologies used is a
regenerative braking, which recaptures energy that is lost during coasting or braking. The use of the forward wheels is what turns the motor which
generates electricity and assist to slow the vehicle. There is also a normal hydraulic braking system that stops the vehicle when the regenerative
system isn't sufficient. Another technology used is the Electric Motor Drive/Assist which allows the electric motor to provide power and assist the
engine in accelerating, passing and hill climbing. It also allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. The electric motor in hybrids drives the
vehicle at low speeds,

A New Form Of Energy
Oil drove the industrial revolution and brought civilization a step forward, but so much money should not be spent on something that is quickly
running out or that is doubling in price. Oil has brought civilization towards greatness, developed countries, and even brought them back from the
brink of poverty. Society has lived off of fossil fuels for the past hundred years powering cities and driving it forward towards great innovations. Such
as the car engine, electricity, the power of flight, and the power to globalize trade worldwide. With a growing dependence in oil and natural gas, the
supply is quickly diminishing and prices are soaring causing countries to invest billions and create global environmental changes. A new form of energy
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oil supply is decreasing and with the great number of oil dependence in this country, some of the American people's hope that the new bill called
the Keystone XL project is pass in order to help Americans resupply their oil. According to Valerie Volcovici of the Chicago Tribune, the Keystone
XL project will pipeline Canada to the United States and be able to bring down oil shale or oil sand down to our refineries for processing, oil shale
is basically oil stuck between the pores of sand and rock (Volcovici). This project will not only be expensive, it will also be bad for the
environment, In order to get the oil shale, one must strip the land of its entire soil foundation which causes mass environment and land change. This
bill would also be hypocritical of president Barack Obama. In the president's inaugural address, he stated that America's growing price on gas, its
dependence, as well as the issue of global climate change. His plans on passing this bill, all that he stated would be implausible. With many people
supporting and opposing the president 's bill, "this is the one of the most scrutinized infrastructure project in our nation's history," according to the
president of building and construction, Sean McGarvey (qtd. In Valerie Volcovici). The Keystone XL project is not the only way America can loosen
its death grip on oil refineries in the Middle East. Other ways of obtaining

Essay about Cleaner Alternative Transportation
When people think pollution, most think straight to automobiles producing harmful emissions which contribute to global warming or climate change.
Well, this is true. Motor vehicles account for about half of the toxic air pollutant emissions in the United States. A large part of these toxic air
pollutants is the need to rely on oil as a fuel source. The fact that oil is still the main source of energy for things like automobiles, when there are other
alternatives like electric vehicles, creates many problems within our society. The United States' dependency on oil causes incidents like the Deepwater
Horizon. The estimated amount of oil released stood at 4.9 million barrels and polluted the area significantly. We as a country need to cut
... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Automobiles have since evolved and become almost a necessity for people. While they have become of major importance, they also hold many
drawbacks to our environment. They are the leading cause of transportation emissions and they generate a majority of America's global warming
emissions. Even though air pollution emissions from motor vehicles have dropped considerably since 1950, Automobiles still produce about 60% of
US transportation emissions and generate nearly 30% of America's global warming emissions (Car Emissions and Global Warming). The average
conventional automobile can be seen as fairly gas inefficient. Compared to a hybrid electric vehicle, conventional cars produce about 1.5 times more
greenhouse gas emissions and costs more in fuel costs. Within a 100–mile trip, conventional vehicles produce about 87 lb CO2, hybrid electric vehicles
produce 57 lb CO2, plug–in hybrid electric vehicles produce 62 lb CO2, and all–electric vehicles produce 54 lb CO2 (see table 1). This shows that
hybrid and electric cars produce less greenhouse gas emissions and costs less for fuel, compared to a conventional pure gas powered vehicle.
Table 1
Emissions and fuel cost for a 100–mile trip between conventional, hybrid electric, plug–in hybrid electric, and all–electric vehicles.
Emissions and Fuel Cost for a 100–Mile Trip
Vehicle
(compact sedans)Greenhouse Gas Emissions
(pounds of CO2 equivalent)Total Fuel Cost
(U.S. Dollars)
Conventional87 lb CO2$13.36
Hybrid

Pros And Cons Of Hybrid Cars
The pros and cons of Hybrid/Alternative Fueled Vehicles:
There are many factors to consider when purchasing a Hybrid or Alternative Fueled Vehicle. Most times when searching for a vehicle, consumers tend
to search for amenities to help cut cost. When considering alternative fueled vehicles, consumers have to keep in mind that there are several types of
hybrid vehicles with different operating abilities to choose from to satisfy the needs of the consumers. With hybrids, there are three types which are
hybrid electric vehicles, plug–in hybrid electric vehicles and all electric vehicles. Since they all operate differently, it is important to be informed to
ensure the consumer is happy and satisfied with their investment.
Hybrid Electric ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is often referred to as the "all electric range" of the car. Most of the driving with the plug–in hybrid comes from the stored electricity. If a
consumer would like to use this vehicle to do light commuting, they can plug the vehicle in at night and the next day; this vehicle will be able to be
driven in all electric modes. The batteries to the plug–in electric vehicles can be charged using an outside electric power source, the internal combustion
engine or by the regenerative braking. When braking, the electrical motor behaves as the generator which uses the energy to charge the battery. There
are two configurations used to combine power from the electric motor and the engine which are parallel and series. Parallel connects the engine and the
electric motor to the wheels through mechanical coupling. The electric motor and engine drives the wheels directly. With series, plug–in hybrids only
use the electric motor to drive the wheels.
All Electric Vehicles use battery packs to store the electrical energy that provides power to the motor. These types of vehicles are charged by
plugging the vehicle to an electrical power source. Since this car does not produce direct exhaust or emissions, it's been said to be a zero–emissions
vehicle. The use of fuel is not needed with this vehicle so this helps reduce petroleum consumption. This type of vehicle has a short range per charge
than conventional vehicles

India Ready For Hybrid Cars Essay
FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, DELHI
Is India Ready For Hybrid Cars
Anik Paul
Ankan Sengupta
Chandresh Kakliya
Subhashis Bhunia
8/5/2015
Contents
1.Executive Summary2
2.Background and Motivation 4
3.Objective5
4.Hybrid Cars6
5.Electric and Hybrid cars in US7
6.Reason for Implementation in US8
7.Do electric cars make economic sense in India13
8.Behaviour of Indian consumers based on a marketing study 16
9.Government role18
10.Hybrid Cars: Boon or Bane?19
11.Conclusion 22
12.References 24 Executive Summary
In the recent past, India has witnessed launch of several hybrid and electric cars from automobile manufacturers. Some of the most discussed electric
cars are Reva and E2O from indigenous automobile maker Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M). They recently launched India 's first four–door pure electric

car, E–Verito too.
A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move. Conventional vehicles use gasoline (commonly called petrol) or
diesel to power an internal combustion engine. Hybrid cars also use an internal combustion engine, and can be fuelled like normal cars, but also have
one or more high voltage electric motors and battery, and can be partially or wholly powered by electricity. Hence are commonly referred to as hybrid
electric

How Electronic and Hybrid Engines Can be Used Instead of...
How can the electronic and hybrid engines be used instead of the petrol engines
Introduction:
Hybrid engines and electric and other forms of fuel are being tried the world over on account of multiple problems. It is not only for vehicles but
also for the industries that use fossil fuels and chemicals for manufacture. The primary problem is the pollution of the air, water and the entire
planet on account of fossil fuel use. Not all fossil fuel forms are harmful. For example CNG, compressed natural gas is less harmful. The use of
fossil fuel has deadly repercussions on human, animal and plant health. In other words all life on the planet can be at jeopardy. The shocking truth is
revealed as follows: John Vidal of the Guardian reported that millions die in Asia on account of vehicle pollution. According to the report he quoted,
issued by a consortium of universities working in conjunction with the UN, most of the deaths in Asia are caused by air pollution and fifty two
million people died by particle air pollution in 2010. (Vidal, 2012, p. 4)
Air pollution causes cognitive decline, strokes and heart attacks. Thus with the rise in automobile use the air pollution in India is far above the legal
limits of 100 micrograms per cubic metre. This can rise to nearly 1,000 microgram's during festivals like Diwali. (Vidal, 2012, p. 4) Worldwide, over
three million people a year died from air pollution in 2010, and air pollution is ranked world's top 10 lists of killer diseases. Some

How Would Enforcing Electric Cars Impact on Almaty City?
Running head: THE IMPACT OF ENFORCING ELECTRIC CARS IN ALMATY
First Draft
How Would Enforcing Electric Cars in Almaty Impact on the City?
KIMEP University
December 10, 2013
Table of Content
Abstract3
Chapter 1. Introduction4
Chapter 2. Literature Review8
Chapter 3. Data Collection Methodology11 Chapter 4. Description of Results15 Chapter 5. Analysis20 Chapter 6. Conclusion22 Bibliography23
Appendix A25 Appendix B26
Abstract
This study addresses the issue of the ecological and economical impact of enforcing electric cars in Almaty city. It is important to find positive or
negative impact of introduction new alternative as electric vehicle.
The proposition that would be tested is 'There would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hybrid electric vehicles use a small electric battery to addition a standard engine. It increases fuel efficiency by about 25 percent. The plug–in
hybrid electric vehicle is also having the electric motor and the internal combustion engine. It has a larger battery pack, which is charged from the
power grid. This battery complements an engine smaller than those that are in hybrid or conventional vehicles. The hybrid and plug–in hybrid both
combine an internal combustion engine with a battery and electric motor to increase fuel efficiency. The difference between them is that you can use
electricity as a fuel, because plug–ins can recharge from an electric outlet. An extended–range electric vehicle works on the principle charging
successively of an internal combustion engine to power an electric generator, the battery system in a linear process – the engine powers a generator,
which charges the battery. The last is battery electric vehicles, which are all electric. They do not have internal combustion engine and they have to be
plugged into the electric power grid to recharge.
This study took the approach of estimating the 'macro cost and micro cost'. The macro cost would be considered the total cost that government would

face if enforcing electrical cars would be implemented, such as substitution of petrol stations by electric charging stations, duties paid by holders of

The Impact Of Co2 Emission On The Environment Of The...
Abstract:
In the light of ever–increasing greenhouse gases, global energy use, the increasing cost of energy services, concerns over energy supply security,
climate change and local air pollution, this report centers around the question of how CO2 emission can be reduced in long term. As transport system
plays a major role in the increased greenhouse gases, this report highlights the use of future vehicles in the transport sector from an economic, technical
and environmental point of view.
Through its multi–disciplinary approach the report provides a knowledge base concerning different strategies made by government and recent
advancements in automobile sector in order to reduce carbon emission.
Contents:
1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
..............07 2.3.2 Hybrid vehicles ........................................................... ..............09 a. Plug–in (i.e. parallel) hybrid electric vehicle....................
..............09 b. Range–extended (i.e. series) hybrid electric vehicles.......... ..............10 2.3.3 Pure battery electric vehicles
..............................................................11 2.3.4 Further development of internal–combustion engine powertrain technologies
.................................................................... ............12
3. Conclusions ..............................................................................13
4. References.................................................................................14
1. Introduction:
Low carbon fuel standards are rapidly becoming an part of the national debate over how to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Transport system plays a
vital role in the increased greenhouse gases. Increase in number of vehicles has increased the carbon emission rapidly. A pie chart gives you the
information about the total amount of CO2 emission by different sector in 2010. Electricity, heat generation and transport system are the three major
systems accounted for 63% of total CO2 emission during the year 2010 (I E A Statistics, 2012).
The potential for increased levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cost of fossil fuels and high demand for
non–renewable fossil fuels has brought attention to CO2 emission reduction strategies. Government has set some policy context and emissions
standards for the

Climate Change And The Environment
By 2050 the population of the world is expected to be 9.3 billion people. As the population of the world continues to grow so will the demand for
resources. Resources such as land for agriculture, fresh water, and the most important fossil fuels are becoming scare. In order for the resources
that we still have available to last, we as a society have to change the way we are using the resources. Not only do we have to make the resources
last for future generations, but we also need to learn how to become less dependent on the resources since they are causing great harm to the
environment. In order to slow the pace of climate change, we as a society have to change how we do things in order to confront climate change.
People that have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People should be informed that global warming is not the same as climate change. They should know that global warming is only part of climate
change. Then this would show them that climate change is an actual problem and not a hoax.
Even "A–list" celebrities are taking notice that climate change is a serious problem that is facing this generation. "Climate change is real, it is
happening right now. It is the most urgent threat facing our entire species, and we need to work collectively together and stop procrastinating."
Leonardo DiCaprio. The well–known actor is taking the advantage of the fact that he is a public figure to get the voice out that climate change is a
serious problem and that society needs to do something to change the fate of the world. Many actors and actresses are not as open with their
political views and only express their views when it has become a problem. Had they expressed their views sooner than we could have prevented
some of the problem. There are many different ways that we as a society could slow down the pace of climate change. One of the different ways is
carpooling to and from work with co–workers. This is an easy solution to the increasing use of fossil fuel. Average workers travels 39 miles to work,
and when gas is $3.00 per gallon the average household is paying $5.32 each day for gas alone. (Carpooling benefits) $5.32 may not seem like a whole
big deal but the money saved could

The Theory Of The Hybrid Car
The human species is always advancing in technologically, medically, electronically, and even transportation. Transportation methods are one of the
many contributions to our climate change issues we are experiencing. As we progress technologically, we have come up with better and more
climate–friendly vehicles to prevent and reduce climate changes. With these advances in transportation, the hybrid car was introduced to the market.
The hybrid car is a vehicle that uses two or more distinctive types of power, such as an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. The
introduction of the hybrid car to the market changed the consumer's views and thoughts on climate change. It became evident to most consumers that
climate change is a major issue not only in the U.S but also around the world. This involves severe levels of various chemicals such as carbon dioxide
and greenhouse gases. The brilliant innovation of hybrids is an attempt to turn the issues of climate change around or even reduce its effects on our
planet. Ultimately, the goal is to reduce and prevent further climate changes, but how can the consumer attitude affect purchases of hybrids vehicles to
help aid the climate change issues? To understand the influence of the hybrids on climate change we must first look at what climate change is.
According to United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA),Earth's average temperature has risen by 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit over the past
century, and it's projected

Hybrid Cars : Advantages And Effects Of Hybrid Vehicles
Hybrid is a term used to describe a combination of two or more distinctive things, aiming to accomplish a common objective. A hybrid vehicle is a fuel
efficient vehicle having two motors– one a gasoline powered motor and the other electric motor. The reason for combining two motors is using their
strengths and reducing deficiencies. Electric motor is used at low speed wile gas motors perform better at high speed generating extra power for a
particular motor weight. During rush hours, when vehicles are continuously stopping and running, performance of electric motor is appreciative. Gas
motor supports higher speed supporting driving at the highways. (Anderson 134–45) Hybrid vehicles are continuously gaining popularity in the general
public. With the growing societal concerns about green revolution and also achieving significant reduction in fuel consumption, hybrid vehicles are
considered satisfactory in performance. They have become so popular that certain tax incentives have been offered by the government on hybrid
vehicles. Due to their better performance compared with gas powered vehicles, we present the thesis of our paper as follows: Thesis statement: it is
hypothesized that compared with the gas powered vehicles, hybrids offer more benefits in maintenance, are cost–effective, and most importantly
environmental–friendly. History of Hybrid Cars A steam–powered motor carriage was used in France in the eighteenth century. In the next century, a
car with electric motor

Hybrid Vehicles Essay
A hybrid vehicle uses multiple propulsion systems to provide motive power. This most commonly refers to gasoline–electric hybrid vehicles, which use
gasoline (petrol) to power internal–combustion engines (ICEs), and electric batteries to power electric motors. Modern mass–produced hybrids, such
as the Toyota Prius, recharge their batteries by capturing kinetic energy via regenerative braking. As well, when cruising or idling, some of the output
of the combustion engine is fed to a generator (merely the electric motor(s) running in generator mode[1]) which produces electricity to charge the
batteries. This contrasts with all–electric cars which use batteries charged by an external source such as the grid, or a range extending trailer.... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A forgotten attempt was by the Bill Clinton administration with the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV)[3] program in September
29, 1993 that involved Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, USCAR, the DoE, and other various governmental agencies to engineer the next efficient and
clean vehicle. The resulting hybrid prototypes[4] never made it into production as the program was replaced by the hydrogen focused FreedomCAR
initiative[5] of George W. Bush's administration in 2001.
In the intervening period, the widest use of hybrid technology was actually in diesel–electric submarines, which operate in essentially the same manner
as hybrid electric cars. However, in this case the goal was to allow operation underwater without consuming large amounts of oxygen, rather than
economizing on fuel. Since then, many submarines have moved to nuclear power, which can operate underwater indefinitely, though a number of
nations continue to rely on diesel–electric fleets.
Automotive hybrid technology became successful in the 1990s when the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius became available. These vehicles have a
direct linkage from the internal combustion engine to the driven wheels, so the engine can provide acceleration power. The 2000s saw development of
plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which can be recharged from the electrical power grid and don't require conventional fuel for short

Essay On Sanger Automotive
1. Introduction
The United States of America is one of the biggest automobile markets in the world. This trend has also created awareness for environmentalist to bring
attention to rising level of pollution and emission within the cities and metropolis. As response, the U.S. Government is encouraging the automobile
manufacturers to produce clean and renewable alternative vehicles that will drastically reduce pollution and emission. Subsequently, the automobile
industry has witnessed a gradual introduction of environmental friendly vehicles that use clean and renewable energy to encourage less pollution and
safer environment. The manufactures of these vehicles have introduced into the market three categories of electric passenger car ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
п‚· Unpopular brand: Fisker automotive Karma sedan is not well known in the auto market as compared to other luxury brand such as BMW, Lexus
etc. This will create skepticism among potential consumers who are willing to purchase an electric car. п‚· Pricing of electric vehicles: It is widely
believed that the prices of electric vehicles are relative high and consumers are only willing to pay lesser than the suggested manufacturer retail selling
price which means that Sanger Automotive will be restricted on its profit margin. п‚· Consumer Response/Knowledge: Majority of potential electric
vehicle buyers are not well informed about the technicalities of the vehicles regarding the distance it can travel
3
on full charge and anxiety of running out of charge. This has plagued the market share of electric cars resulting to loss of customers to conventional
indirect competitors. п‚· Brand Loyalty: Fisker automotive is relatively a new company and its product line is still not widely known and accepted by
consumers. The brand does not have the customer loyalty which popular manufacturer of gasoline powered vehicle possess. Therefore they have to
embark on massive marketing campaign and advertisement to create awareness and sensitized the market.
4. Market Details

Global Competition Of The Auto Industry Essay

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