PowerPoint Presentation Week 4 - Leadership and Management

1. Preparing for
Emergencies
Kristin Botzer

2. Emergency Preparedness
Emergency preparedness is the “comprehensive skills, abilities, knowledge, and
actions that are needed to respond and prepare for a threat, actual or suspected,
chemical, radiological, nuclear, biological, or explosive in nature” (Baack &
Alfred, 2013, p. 282).

3. Types of Emergencies
• Natural Disasters – any disaster not man-made, including health disasters
Floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, wildfires
Health disasters: AIDS, Ebola virus, epidemics, pandemics
• Man-made disasters – accidental or intentional
Accidental: industrial accidents, structural collapse, power outages
Intentional: terrorist attacks, mass shootings, anthrax
(Sullivan, 2013)

4. Levels of Disaster
• Level I – Local response
• Level II – Regional response
• Level III – Statewide or National response
(Sullivan, 2013)
Where does healthcare fit in?
“The healthcare system is now viewed as a foundation of national security
that must provide care anytime, anywhere, without fail and in an ever-
expanding role” (Cagliuso, 2014/2015, p. 160).

5. Popular Disasters
• September 11, 2001
• Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami 2004
• Hurricane Katrina 2005
• Haiti Earthquake 2010
• Sandy Hook Elementary School 2012
• Ebola 2014

6. The Role of Nursing During Disaster
• Caring for the sick and injured
• Infection control
• Planning to prevent further damage
• Triage
• Mass immunizations
• Mass evacuations
• Treatment for mass casualties
( Baack & Alfred, 2013, p. 282)

7. Challenges for Nurses
• Lack of preparation
• Lack of education in school
• Lack of understanding disaster communication methods
• Lack of understanding the formal disaster plan
• Perception of what constitutes disaster preparedness
( Baack & Alfred, 2013, p. 282)
Disasters can affect nurses in all areas of care: Community Health
Centers, Schools, Hospitals, Nursing Homes, Home Care, Management
and Administration

8. Challenges to Institutions
• Lack of performance metrics
• Lack of funding
• Limited surge capacity
• Unclear federal guidelines and requirements for accreditation
• Lack of Coordination
(Cagliuso, 2014/2015, p. 156)

9. Ways to Prepare
• Develop and maintain a current disaster plan
(American College of Healthcare Executives,
2014).
• Focus the plan to address “likely” events (ACHE,
2014).
• Develop a command system (ACHE, 2014).
• Assess available resources (ACHE, 2014).
• Plan for operations (ACHE, 2014).
• Develop resource protocols (ACHE, 2014).
• Assess safety of employees, patients, and families
(ACHE, 2014).
• Enhance communication protocols (ACHE,
2014).
• Control and report disease (ACHE, 2014).
• Staff education and training (Sullivan, 2013).
• Practice EOP biannually (Sullivan, 2013).

10. Emergency Operations Plan Components
• Activation response
• Communication plan
• Patient care and coordination plan
• Security plan
• Traffic flow plan
• Data management strategy
• Resource availability
(Sullivan, 2013)

11. National Preparedness Goal
• Prevention. Prevent, avoid or stop an imminent, threatened or actual act of terrorism.
• Protection. Protect our citizens, residents, visitors, and assets against the greatest threats and
hazards in a manner that allows our interests, aspirations, and way of life to thrive.
• Mitigation. Reduce the loss of life and property by lessening the impact of future disasters.
• Response. Respond quickly to save lives, protect property and the environment, and meet basic
human needs in the aftermath of a catastrophic incident.
• Recovery. Recover through a focus on the timely restoration, strengthening and revitalization of
infrastructure, housing and a sustainable economy, as well as the health, social, cultural, historic
and environmental fabric of communities affected by a catastrophic incident
(Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA], 2015, para. 7)

12. Factors Affecting Nurses
• Exhaustion and fatigue
• Personal safety concerns
• Illness
• Leaving families to care for others
• Grief counseling
• Professional accountability
(Sullivan, 2013)

13. Disaster Nursing Video

14. Additional Resources
• American Nurses Association Disaster Prepared-ness and Response: http://www.nursingworld.org/
MainMenuCategories/WorkplaceSafety/DPR
• Federal Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Government: http://www.fema.gov/ International Council
of Nurses Disaster Response Network: http://www.icn.ch/networks/disaster-response-network/
• International Nursing Coalition for Mass Ca-sualty Education Educational Competencies for Registered
Nurses Responding to Mass Ca-sualty Incidents: http://www.aacn.nche.edu/ leading-initiatives/education-
resources/INCMCECompetencies.pdf
• The Joint Commission: www.jointcommission.org/ standards
• National Center for Emergency Preparedness: http://www.ncep.vanderbilt.edu/index.html
• World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine Nursing Section:
http://www.wadem.org/nursing.html

15. References
• American College of Healthcare Executives. (2014). Healthcare executives’ role in emergency
preparedness. Healthcare Executive, 29(4), 90-91. Retrieved from http://www.ebscohost.com/
• Baack, S., & Alfred, D. (2013). Nurses’ preparedness and perceived competence in managing disasters.
Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 45(3), 281-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12029
• Cagliuso, N. (2014/2015). Stakeholders’ experiences with US hospital emergency preparedness: Part 1.
Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 8(2), 156-168. Retrieved from
http://www.ebscohost.com/
• Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2015). National preparedness goal. Retrieved from
http://www.fema.gov/
• Feuerstein, C. (2012, November 6). Disaster nursing [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/W-
S2BXTPKHs
• Sullivan, E. J. (2013). Effective leadership and management in nursing (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.