Brief presentation for Emergency and Disaster Nursing

1. Emergency
and Disaster
Nursing
Prepared by:
Ma. Althea Odon-Ilao, R.N.

2. Terminologies:
• Emergencies - sudden and unlooked for conditions requiring immediate action
• First Aid- the immediate and temporary care given to the victim.
• Disaster – any destructive event that disrupts the normal functioning of the
society
• A catastrophic situation
• People are plunged into helplessness and suffering.
• Disaster victims are in need of clothing, shelter , medical and nursing care and
other necessities of life.

3. Terminologies:
• Disaster Preparedness
• A program geared towards pinpointing dangerous spots with
predictable hazards to the community.
• Planning and disseminating information to the public
• It further involves identification of all available resources - human
and materials which can be tapped during disasters.

4. Terminologies:
• Rescue - to free from danger or violence
• Shelter - a temporary place where disaster victims are housed until
they are able to establish their own living quarters.
• Warning Signals - official public information concerning impending
disaster for precautionary measures.
• Triage - used to identify those patients whose conditions are most
seriously compromised so that they are the first to receive medical
intervention.

5. DISASTERS:
• Natural
• Man-made
• Medical
• Complex emergencies
• Technological disasters
• Synergistic emergencies

6. Effects of a Disaster
• Premature death, illness and injuries
• Destroy local health infrastracture
• Environmental imbalances, increase risk of communicable diseases
and environmental hazards
• Affect the psychological, emotional and social well-being of a
population
• Causes shortages of food and water
• Large population movement

7. The Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) defines DISASTER as:
“an event that results in large numbers of deaths and injuries; causes
extensive damage or destruction of facilities that provide and sustain
human needs; produces an overwhelming demand on state and local
response resources and mechanisms; causes a severe long-term effect
on general economic activity; and severely affects state, local, and
private sector capabilities to begin and sustain response activities.”

8. Level I
Minor Emergencies
•A minor disaster that
involves a minimal level
of damage but could
result in a presidential
declaration of emergency
Level II
Limited and
Potential
Emergencies
•A moderate disaster that
likely result in a
presidential declaration
of an emergency, with
moderate federal
assistance
Level III
Major Disasters
•A massive disaster that
involves significant
damage and results in a
presidential disaster
declaration, with Major
Federal involvement and
full engagement of
Federal, Regional and
National resources.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Levels of Disaster

9. Phases of
Disaster
Management
Mitigation Preparedness
Response Recovery

10. Mitigation
Actions or measures that can prevent the
occurrence of a disaster or reduce the damaging
effects of a disaster.
Determination of the community hazards and
community risks (actual and potential) before a
disaster occurs
Awareness of available community resources and
community health personnel to facilitate
mobilization of activities and minimize chaos and
confusion if a disaster occurs
Determination of the resources available for care of
infants, older people, the disabled and those with
chronic health problems.

11. Preparedness
Plans for rescue, evacuation and caring for disaster victims
Plans for training disaster personnel and gathering resources, equipment and other materials needed for dealing with the disaster.
Identification of specific responsibilities for various disaster response personnel
Establishment of a community disaster plan and an effective public communication system
Development of an emergency medical system and a plan for activation
Verification of proper functioning of emergency equipments
Collection of anticipatory provisions and creation of a location for providing food, water, clothing, shelter, other supplies and needed
medicine.
Inventory of supplies on a regular basis and replenishment of outdated supplies.
Practice of community of disaster plans (mock disaster drills)

12. Response
Includes putting disaster planning into
action and the actions taken to save
lives and prevent further damage
Primary concerns include safety,
physical health of the victims and
members of the disaster response team.

13. Recovery
Includes action taken to return to a normal
situation following a disaster
Includes preventing debilitating effects and
restoring personal, economic and environmental
health and stability to the community

14. National Disaster Risk Reduction & Management
Council
• Formerly known as National Disaster Coordinating Council
• An agency of the Philippine government under the Department of National Defense,
responsible for ensuring the protection and welfare of the people during disasters and
emergencies.
• In February 2010, the council was renamed, reorganized and subsequently expanded.
The following composes the NDRRMC:
Chairperson – Secretary of Dept of National Defense
Vice Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness – Secretary of DILG
Vice Chairperson for Disaster Response _ Secretary of DSWD
Vice Chairperson for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation _ Secretary of DOST
Vice Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery – Director General of NEDA

15. Phases of
Disaster
Management

16. Challenges
to Disaster
Planning
• Communication
• Distribution of all types of resources
• Advance warning systems
• Evacuation
• Mass Media
• Comprehensive disaster plan
• Information system

17. Declaration of Disasters
Disasters are declared using established guidelines and procedures.
Because all disasters are local, they are initially declared at the local
level. This declaration is made by the local Chief Elected Official (CEO)
(mayor, city manager, commissioner). Only when the CEO determines
that local resources capabilities have been or are expected to be exceeded
will the CEO of a community request state assistance. If the state
chooses to respond to a disaster, the Governor will direct implementation
of the state’s emergency plan. Again, if the Governor determines that the
resource capabilities of the state are exceeded, the Governor can request
that the President declare a major disaster in order to make national
resources and assistance available to qualified state and local
governments. This ordered sequence is important to ensure appropriate
financial assistance.

18. Hospital
Emergency
Preparedness Plan

19. Essential Elements of Hospital Disaster
Management
• Infrastracture
• Competency of the staff
• Disaster plan
• Pre-existing relationship and partnerships
• Response

20. Incident Command
System
The Incident Command System (ICS) is a management tool for
organizing personnel, facilities, equipment, and
communication for any emergency situation.

21. Hospital
Incident
Command
System
• An emergency management
system that is comprised of a
specific disaster response functional
role positions within an
organizational chart.

22. Hospital
Incident
Command
System

23. Components of Emergency Operational Plan
• An Activation response
• An internal/external communication plan
• A plan for coordinated patient care
• Security plans
• Identification of external resources
• A plan for people management and traffic flow
• A data management strategy
• Deactivation response
• A post-incident response
• A plan for practice drills
• Anticipated resources
• Mass casualty incident planning
• An educational plan for all of the above.

24. Initiating the Emergency Operation Plan
The disaster activation plan should clearly state how the EOP is to be initiated.
If communication is functioning, field incident command will give notice of the
approximate number of arriving patients, although the number of self-referring
patients will not be known.
Identifying Patients and Documenting Patient Information
-Patient tracking is a critical component of casualty management.
Triage (disaster tags > disaster log > command center >track patient/assign beds>info
provided to families)
Managing Internal Problems – e.g. supplies
Communicating With the Media and Family

25. The Role of Nursing in Disaster Response Plans
• Nurses should remember that nursing care in a disaster focuses on essential
care from a perspective of what is best for all patients.
o depends on the specific needs of the facility at the time
o Triage officer
o Documentation
o Crisis intervention
o Shelter provider