Essay On Cape Canaveral

Essay On Cape Canaveral
On a cold and frosty morning in Cape Canaveral, Florida, thousands of people gathered to watch something one of a kind – something which they
would never forget. Sitting on a launch pad at Cape Canaveral, being lit up by huge xenon lights was an incredible flying machine. Its name was
Discovery and today, it was destined to go to space aboard 2 million pounds of solid rocket fuel and 500,000 gallons of liquid gas. The location of
the launch, Cape Canaveral is one of my most favorite places on earth.Cape Canaveral used to be a military missile launch site during WW2. After the
program was discontinued, the 42 missile launch pads became an outdoor exhibit and 3 new launch pads were constructed for sending space shuttles
into space. No wonder,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Kennedy space center had a lot of displays about aeronautics, like old WWII fighter planes and some of the world's fastest planes. But they
were famous for their space displays, which consisted of old rockets, launch pads, and old Extravehicular Mobility Units (Spacesuits).Out of all
these displays, my most favorite display was the space shuttle display. It had so many facts about space shuttles and at the time, space shuttles were
probably my most favorite thing. (A space shuttle is a machine that goes up like a rocket, but lands like a glider.) Even my favorite toy was a space
shuttle plushie. I knew almost everything there is to know about space shuttles. I remember telling my dad facts about the space shuttle, " The
underbelly of the shuttle, which gets very hot during launch and landing was covered with thousands of individually numbered silica tiles. The parts
that don't get as hot were covered with Nomex felt fabric. Shuttles had very small wings which made the shuttle as aerodynamic as a brick. That's
why it's affectionately referred to as a flying brick." while he was driving us to the Kennedy space center for the
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Space Shuttle Challenger Research Paper
There are many astronauts who have taken that step to try and exit Earth's atmosphere. Most have flown to space and returned to the ground with no
problems at all. There are also those who have not been so lucky. Of these space missions, was one of the most anticipated flights in the history of
NASA. On January 28, 1986, Space Shuttle Challenger was supposed to be the first flight to orbit Earth with a school teacher onboard. Many of the
schools around the country were watching the televised launch of Space Shuttle Challenger and its crew of eight. However, just over 1 minute into the
launch something went wrong. What happened to the Shuttle Challenger?
In the 1950's and just after World War II, the United States and the former Soviet... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Commander Dick Scobee was on his second flight to space. His first flight was with Space Shuttle Challenger in 1984, where he was the pilot.
(Greene, 2017). Pilot, Michael Smith was on his first mission to space. He was also scheduled to pilot another mission later in 1986. (NASA,
2003) Mission Specialist, Ellison Onizuka, was on his second mission to space. He first served as a payload specialist on Space Shuttle Discovery
in 1985. (NASA, 2007) Mission Specialist, Ronald McNair, was on his second flight to space. His first mission was as a Mission Specialist on
Space Shuttle Challenger in 1984. (NASA, 2003) Mission Specialist, Judy Resnik, was on her second mission to space. She was a Mission
Specialist on Space Shuttle Discovery in 1984. (NASA, 2003) Payload Specialist, Gregory Jarvis, was also on his first flight to space. Teacher in
Space Participant, Sharon "Christa" McAuliffe, was a school teacher that had been selected by NASA to participate in the Teacher in Space program
with the intent on reviving the interest of space travel in children across the United States. This was set to be her first mission. (NASA, 2007) The
entire crew lost their lives during the shuttle accident

The NASA Space Shuttle Orbiter: Challenger-Engineering...
The NASA Space Shuttle Orbiter: Challenger – Engineering Disaster
On January 28, 1986, NASA Space Shuttle Orbiter: Challenger launched from the Kennedy Space Center, only to break apart 73 seconds into its
flight. Challenger carried five NASA astronauts as well as two payload specialists. Its destruction was widely recognized as one of the worst disasters
in the US space programs history. The Challenger shuttle disaster wasn't a freak accident. There were many factors which resulted in the ultimate
deaths of the seven passengers. These factors ranged from management to miscommunication, poor engineering, and negligence.
The Challenger mission was set up to fail from the beginning, starting with an impossible schedule NASA committed to, in order to ensure funding for
the mission. Additionally, NASA management had become very impatient with the technical complications which arise in constructing aspace shuttle
and demanded haste. This haste forced engineers to work quickly, and not fully test and analyze parts and equipment.
One of these parts were called O–rings. The primary function of O–rings were to seal field joints, which were a section of Challenger's two solid
rocket boosters, to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, also known as the Rogers Commission was formed to investigate the disaster.
The Rogers Commission released a report several months later of its findings. Primarily, the commission found that the Challenger accident was caused
by 'A failure in the O–rings sealing a joint on the right solid rocket booster, which allowed pressurized hot gases and eventually flame to blow by the
O–ring and make contact with the adjacent external tank, causing structural failure. The failure of the O–rings was attributed to a faulty design, whose
performance could be too easily compromised by facts including the low temperature on the day of the

Space Junk Epidemic
Space Junk Today, speeding past our Earth ten times faster than a bullet (tweentribune), are millions of pieces of space junk ranging in size from
flecks of paint to entire Satellites (NASA). To most people this does not sound like much of a problem, but even a fleck of paint moving 17,500
miles per hour or more can cause significant damage to spacecraft and space walkers alike. As more collisions take place and as new items enter the
atmosphere the statistical probability of a collision will increase. Eventually, the probability of a collision will become so high that it will be unsafe to
enter space from Earth (NASA). Now, as discussion of colonizing Mars intensifies, space junk has a new way of spreading and clogging up more of the
universe. When humans colonize Mars they will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As of December 2015 there were 1071 operational satellites around the Earth and over 21.000 objects larger than 10cm hurtling around the planet
(Universetoday). In 2013 there were 81 space launches and in 2014 that number increased to 92 space launches. 2014 had the highest number of
space launches in a year in more than two decades (spaceflightnow). If those on Mars could cut back on the number of Satellites they put up they
would have a significantly lower statistical probability of collisions. This would make long term space use possible.
Another important anti–space junk component is banishing pieces of rockets that fall off, like solid rocket boosters on the Space Shuttle
(Space.com). These large chunks of debris would cause extreme amounts of damage. If a fleck of paint can harm satellites and space suits then a 177
foot long, 12 foot diameter, 1.6 million pound Solid Rocket Booster would be cataclysmic. If various space organizations can reduce the number of
rocket stages they use, they can dramatically reduce the amount of large space junk orbiting the Red

Introduction To Columbia Space Shuttle Disaster
The demonstration of managing all exercises and assignments expected to keep up a craved level of brilliance. This incorporates making and executing
quality arranging and certification, and additionally quality control and quality change. It is likewise alluded to as aggregate quality administration.
The quality management completely says about the reputation of organization. Maintaining quality of the product helps to meet the stakeholder's
requirements.
Quality management is about the group building for dealing with the final objectives of the organization so even serves to plan appropriately and
execute so can happens smooth flow of operation or work and to keep up the quality and even the correct usage of raw material.
Where as we know the space building or keep up is exceptionally extravagant that may even influence you budgetary and misfortune the nature of the
result.
Introduction Columbia Space shuttle disaster
Columbia was the first space shuttle orbiter to fly in space on April 12, 1981. Between April 1981 and March 2002, Columbia has achieved 27
successful missions. And it was in second place in behind the quality of space flights by an orbiter in 2003.The Columbia's 28th space mission named
as STS–107 and which they actually planned to launch on January 2001, it was delayed for two year to launch space mission. And they launched on
January 16, 2003, with a crew of seven. Eighty seconds after launch, a bit of foam insulation broke off from the shuttle 's fuel

The Tragic Challenger Explosion Essay
The Tragic Challenger Explosion The Tragic Challenger Explosion Space Travel. It is a sense of national pride for many Americans. If you ask
anyone who was alive at the time, they could probably tell you exactly where they were when they heard that Neil Armstrong was the first person
to walk on the Moon. But all of the success in our space programs is overshadowed by tragedy. On January 28, 1986, one of the worst disasters in
our space program's history occurred. Many people were watching at the moment because it was the highly televised space mission where, for the first
time, a civilian was a member of the crew that was to be shot into space. This civilian was the winner of the "Teacher in Space" contest, Christa
McAuliffe. The... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
. . persevering and believing in oneself (page 34)." Michael Smith, born in 1945, always had his head in the clouds. At the age of 16, he soloed in a
single–engine Aeronca. After the U.S. put its first astronaut into space in 1961, Smith decided that was where he wanted to be. His older brother
said, "In high school he paid a lot of attention to academics because he knew that was the best way to get in." He also thought much of the space
program. He once said, "Everybody looks at flying the shuttle as something dangerous. But it's not. It's a good program, and something the country
should be proud of (Gray 34)." Ellison Onizuka, born in 1946, became an instant hero to both the Hawaiians and the Japanese Americans because
he was the first member of either group to fly in space. He was one who was always fascinated by the vastness of outer space and spend a lot of
time studying it. When he was young, he spent much of his time examining the universe through a telescope at Honolulu's Bishop Museum. He also
said before the Challenger launch, "I'll be looking at Halley's comet. They tell me I'll have on of the best views around (Gray 35)." His family always
looked favorably upon his achievement. After the tragedy, his mother remembered that "Ellison always had it in his mind to become an astronaut, but
was too embarrassed to tell anyone. When he was growing up, there were no Asian astronauts, no black astronauts, just white ones (Gray

The Space Shuttle Program: The Rise Of NASA
It was in the midst of the Cold War that the race for the conquest of outer space began. After the launch of soviet satellite Sputnik in 1957, events
moved rapidly for the development of The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in hopes of the United States gaining ground in this
race. About 5 decades after NASA's doors opened, it has become one of the world's leading agent in the exploration of space. An important part of this
exploration was The Space Shuttle Program. These shuttles were to provide transport for satellites to orbit earth and a lab for scientific experiments.
After 30 years of shuttle flight, the program was shut down on July 21, 2011 with the safe landing of the shuttle Atlantis. During these years 135 shuttle
missions took place, flying about 600 astronauts into outer space. These space shuttles that weighed around 78,100 pounds when empty consisted of
two solid rocket ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This unexpected disaster was due to cold weather and the dismissal of warnings from the shuttle's engineers. Two O–rings failed to separate the
sections of the rocket booster and formed a leak that ignited the main fuel tank and caused the explosion. This disaster was NASA's first shuttle
failure and caused great sadness and a deep impression on space travel history. Later, Congress increased NASA's budget by $21 million to help
prevent another tragedy like this. However, it was only 17 years later that NASA experienced their second shuttle disaster. The space shuttle Columbia
was the world's first reusable spacecraft and had already completed 28 missions when a piece of insulation broke off and caused the disintegration of
the shuttle upon re–entry of earth's atmosphere. For the next two years after the tragedy, no launches were made. NASA also improved their safety
checks in hopes to prevent a recurrence of an event like

The Challenger Disaster
The Challenger Disaster
By: Kathy Neuner & Jeremy Rider
Executive Summary Many factors must be examined to find the underlying reason for the horrible disaster of the space shuttle Challenger. We will
cover both the technical causes to the disaster and the communication breakdown with NASA. We will also look at the outside pressure that NASA
was receiving from the media, congress and the military. Recommendations for NASA and anyone in the communication field will be given. These
recommendations will help to avoid any further problems with communication in any organization. The O–rings failed to properly seal the gap in the
joint seal. Failure of the Orings was the ultimate mechanical cause to the explosion of the Challenger. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the Orings do not properly seal these gaps it is possible for exhaust gasses to get into the internal structure of the joint field. The extreme
temperatures of the exhaust gasses are too high for the internal joint, known as the Tang and Clevis, to handle. The Tang and Clevis are the two main
parts of the joint. They are mating sections that are held together with one hundred seventy–seven pins. Without the O–rings, the Tang and Clevis are
not able to withstand the extreme pressure of exhaust gasses.
3
Figure 1. Cross section view of field joint located in the Solid Rocket Booster
Four Technical Problems First let's look at the four mechanical aspects of the Challengers problems, blow holes, O–Ring erosion, joint rotation, and the
response of O–Rings during low temperature. The condition of the primary seal is essential to the successful operation of the rocket booster. Engineers
had to make sure that the seal was not damaged, so they increased the pressure of the leak test to above the pressure that the putty could withstand.
This was supposed to make sure the O–ring was correctly covering the gap without the help of the putty. Blow holes were tiny tunnel–like holes that
were left in the zinc chromate putty of the rocket booster insulation. The putty was supposed to protect the O–rings from the hot exhaust. The holes
were a result of pressurized test known as the leak check port. The leak test left engineers worried; they didn't think that the

Physical Science
Physical Science I have learned from my twenty years of service in the U.S. Air Force, significant background knowledge of the history of the space
shuttle. In September 1969, two months after the first manned lunar landing, a Space Task Group appointed by the President of the United States to
study the future course of U.S. space research and exploration made the recommendation that "...the United States accept the basic goal of a balanced
manned and unmanned space program. To achieve this goal, the United States should ...develop new systems of technology for space
operation...through a program directed initially toward development of a new space transportation capability..." According to Cox (1962), many
responsible observers felt that we... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rutondo (1994) emphasized that the craft should possess sufficient thrust to allow it to pass through the speed of sound as rapidly as possible During
the first stage ascent I have learned that after about two minutes, when the shuttle is about 45 kilometers (28 miles) high and traveling more than 4,828
kilometers per hour (3,000 mph), the propellant in the two boosters is exhausted and the booster casings are jettisoned. They parachute into the Atlantic
Ocean, splashing down about 225 kilometers (140 miles) off the Florida coast. The empty boosters –– the largest solid rockets ever built –– are
recovered by special NASA ships to be eventually refilled with fuel and launched again. The solid fuel used by the boosters is actually powdered
aluminum –– a form of the same metal you find in foil wraps in your kitchen –– with oxygen provided by a chemical called ammonium perchlorate.
After the main engines shut down, the shuttle is in an egg–shaped orbit that, if nothing changed, would cause it to re–enter the atmosphere above the
Pacific Ocean, the same as what happens to the external

Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster
Shuttle Challenger Disaster
In March, 1970, President Richard Milhous Nixon "opted for the shuttle–tended space base as a long–range goal but deferred going ahead with the
space station pending development of the shuttle vehicle" (NASA,1986). Thus the Space Shuttle, which was considered as merely the transport
element of a broad earlier, was reused and became the concentration of NASA's near– term future. Challenger, as NASA's second orbiter which was put
into service after Columbia in Space Shuttle program, began its maiden flight on April 4th, 1983. It made nine flights in total prior to 1986. Owing to
payload changes, cold weather, and other technical problems, Challenger was rescheduled continually and finally determined to launch from ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the Challenger event of 1986, Orbiter abort capabilities, improvement of these capabilities, options for crew escape, and the performance of the
range safety system became significant concerns of Commission. The event caused following important shuttle missions to be put on hold or canceled
in a certain period and plunged NASA into a soul–searching. Because investigators of soul–searching found that NASA had continually ignored serious
technical problems, they criticized that NASA has a "silent safety program" (NASA, 1986). Prior to occurrence of the event, several safety waivers
had been granted or were pending owing to lack of time and funds. After the event, some of approved safety waivers were required to reconsider.
Furthermore, compared to $15.5 billion in fiscal 1986, the budget of NASA increased to approximately $21 billion in 1987 and continued to trend
upward for the next half–decade (NASA, 1986). Even so, Norman Augustine, who is appointed by the Obama administration to lead a panel to
examine plans of NASA, states that NASA has usually faced a situation that identified goals disconnects with funds that carrying out the goals since the
Challenger event. (NASA, 1986). Because the Challenger accident led to a series of changes at NASA and drew national attention from the number of
flights launched each year to NASA space shuttle safety system, it played an important role in the history of

Bottle Rocket Research Paper
The topic is I choose for my Physics Research Project is rockets. The topic question is how are rockets made and what do they do? There are many
reasons why I choose this topic but one of the main reasons is because of the fact that I live in Houston. This city is a historical landmark for the
commanding of rockets and satellites. And I just love the great power that the rocket contains, this is where my second reason comes. I am
fascinated by the fact that the rockets contains enough power to push through gravity and break through the atmosphere. The topic is how rockets
are made. And many think of a rockets that launches into space, but it can also be a type of engine. The rocket usually has a fuel storage in it
shaped like a cylinder with one end open. The reason is for one side to be open is when is ignited it fires with lots of thrust. This helps the rocket
excel to a higher altitude. There are two main types of rocket engines. The space shuttles orbiter use liquid fuel. Although those are the mainly used
ones there is two white... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sir Issac Newton discovered that an object can only be accelerated if a force is applied to it. And this lead to the equation Force= Mass X
Acceleration. Newton also described another part of rockets science which he also was able to explain. He said that if an object or (A) applies
force to another object or (B), then object (B) automatically applies the same force to object (A). This was a great discovery by Newton which
helped piece the puzzles in flying a rocket. How this is related to rockets? This was explained by newton from his third law that states: For every
action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that for every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects. So
the force of the first object is the same as the force of the second

The Space Shuttle Program
This semester during the research paper, there were many challenges to overcome. Among choosing the topic for the paper, there were entirely too
many research articles to go through and find relevant information. Writing the paper took considerable time as it needed to constantly be readjusted
to let the information flow. The points brought out in the paper do not mesh as nicely as I would have hoped for, however the information was able
to be put in a logical order to accommodate the start to finish timeline that I was looking for. The main struggle of this paper became the research.
Utilizing the Arizona Western College library database and the JSTOR database, there were thousands of articles, scholarly journals, peer reviews, etc.
that needed to be sifted through. Among those, I needed to highlight the three main points of the research paper to narrow those results down. I looked
first to find relevant information to the concept and origin of the space shuttle program. That yielded few results yet gave me the background
information that I was looking for. After that had been accomplished, I was able to find information straight from NASA to identify each shuttle used
and significant points during the flights of each one. Lastly, I had to hone in on the transition from the space shuttle program to the commercial
spacecraft that are being put together to launch the next generation of spaceflight. Once finding the information, the next task was determining the

There was a failure during the launch of the space shuttle challenger with one of the 0–rings on the solid–propellant boosters. It had become brittle by
the cold weather and failed. This catastrophe led to an explosion shortly after liftoff. Engineers who had designed the 0–rings had apprehensions about
launching under these extreme cold conditions. The engineers recommended that the launch be postponed, but they were overridden by their
management. The management team did not believe that there were enough statistics to support a postponement of the launch. The shuttle was
launched, causing the infamous accident.
It has been said that engineers from all disciplines can study lessons learned from catastrophes and not make the same mistakes as their predecessors.
The Challenger event was loaded with design flaws comparable to those that test engineers today, says Brad Allenby, Lincoln professor of engineering
and ethics at Arizona State University.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was trying to remind him that managers are in charge of the people on the project while the engineers are in control of the technical aspects. He
was trying to convince him to not worry about the technical aspects of the project and focus more on what was at stake looking at it from the big
picture. As an engineer this is wrong thinking and goes against everything that you are taught when studying to be an engineer. He was wearing two
hats and I believe he was placed in a position that contradicted each other.
Conduct of the people within both NASA and Morton Thiokol with respect to the risk management was unplanned. NASA management had to make a
choice at the last minute even when everyone agreed that a disastrous possibility existed. It was understood that the duties of the engineers and
managers were clearly defined. Much of the evidence relating to the tragedy was dismissed. Conduct of the entire project team could be interpreted as
group

Why Did The Space Shuttle Challenger Collapse
The Space Shuttle Challenger launches into the sky, 73 seconds later a catastrophic disaster occurs. The Space Shuttle Challenger had exploded,
sending NASA in a frenzy. The spectators that came to watch were in disbelief. What went wrong? Who was on board? Did anybody make it out
alive? Why did the Space Shuttle Challenger explode? The Space Shuttle Challenger exploded on January 28th, 1983. NASA was shunned and
families of those aboard were in shock. What happened on that cruel day? On January 28, 1983 the Space Shuttle Challenger was set to launch at the
Kennedy Space Center. It was a frigid morning, temperatures dipping below zero, the coldest launch by NASA. The Challenger's mission was to
release the first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite. Many people at NASA were concerned about the cold weather and its effect on the rocket boosters,
but the launch had been delayed to many times already. NASA was cautioned that the rubber... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People stared in disbelief as the shuttle broke up in a plume of smoke and fire. After the flame you couldn't see the aircraft, because it was engulfed
by smoke suggesting that the shuttle had exploded. Red smoke was emitting after the explosion due to the reaction control system burning from the
wreckage. The challenger pieces began plummeting to the ocean below. Millions watched the terrible moment occur on live television. The
challenger had exploded, killing all aboard. A few seconds later the shuttle had broken apart, plummeting to the ocean. As the challenger broke apart
families of the astronauts aboard stood in shock. There were 7 astronauts aboard, including a teacher, Christa McAuliffe. McAuliffe was going to be
the first civilian into space, but she died in the disaster. NASA and the US are stunned and scared. NASA was traumatized by the accident. NASA
remodeled and redesigned the shuttles features. They didn't send an astronaut into space for 2 more

Challenger Explosion
Many people today can recall the moment of the Challenger disaster. Almost thirty years ago the U.S. watched in unbelief as the space shuttle
Challenger exploded Seventy–three seconds after lift–off. The explosion of the space shuttle Challenger was historic but unfortunately predicted,
changing the course of the U.S. Space Program. Another space shuttle that was destroyed was Columbia. The space shuttle Columbia (OV–102) was the
first fleet orbiter to be delivered to Kennedy Space Center in March 1979. Columbia initiated the Space Shuttle flight program when it lifted off in the
launch complex in April. This proved the operational concept of a reusable spaceship by passing the orbital flight test program. Some other
accomplishments Columbia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Challenger launch was originally scheduled for January 22, but was forces to be delayed six days because of uncooperative weather and delays
in the mission. Just after liftoff there was proof of a strong puff of gray smoke coming from the aft field joint on the right solid rocket booster. Not
long after that the smoke quickly became black. The black color and the dense composition of the smoke suggested that the grease, joint insulation and
the rubber O–rings in the joint seal were being burned and eroded by the hot propellant gases. Challenged then faced high–altitude wind, which lasted
for a little while. The wind caused the steering system to more active than on any previous flight. One film frame later from the same camera, the
flame was very visible. It then grew into a ceaseless , well–defined flame. Seen on a camera. Around the same time, a differential pressure was shown
between the right and the left booster. The right booster pressure was lower , proving that there was a leak that was increasing in the field joint. This
sequence of fire spreading is verified by the analysis of the discovered wreckage. The growing flame also interfered with the strut connecting the solid
rocket booster to the external tank. This proved that it is combining with leaking hydrogen from the external tank. Within milliseconds of the infraction
on the outside tank, flashy, sustained glow developed on the black tiled underside of the space shuttle between it and the outside tank. Later on a white
vapor pattern was sighted coming from the side of the outside tank bottom dome. This was the beginning of the structural failure of hydrogen tank that
culminated in the entire aft dome dropping away. This then released large portions of liquid hydrogen from the tank and created a sudden forward
thrust of approximately 2.8 million pounds, thrusting the hydrogen tank upward into the intertank structure. At approximately

Space Shuttle Challenger Case Study Solution
Executive Summary
On January 28, 1986, hundreds of spectators on the ground and millions of Americans watching on television witnessed the disaster of space shuttle
Challenger. The space shuttle Challenger broke apart after 73 seconds it was launched killing all seven crew members aboard, including Christa
McAuliffe, a teacher from New Hampshire. Christa McAuliffe was chosen from thousands of candidates and planned to teach lessons from space to
children of school age around the country.
Based on investigation conducted by the Roger's Commission, the O–ring seals in Challenger's solid rocket booster (SRB) became brittle due to
extreme cold temperature that caused the failure to fully seal the joint of the right SRB.
The purpose of this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Challenger was rescheduled to launch on January 28, 1986 at 9:38 AM Eastern Time atKennedy Space Center, Florida
2.0CIRCUMSTANCES BEFORE LAUNCH One day before the launch, NASA personnel became concerned because of the predicted Florida
weather on the early hours of January 28 would be unusually cold, the temperature was expected to be as low as 20В°F (Vaughan, 1997).
Marshall's Solid Rocket Motor Manager contacted Thiokol, the manufacturer of the Solid Rocket Motor (SRM) in Utah to review the performance of
the SRM on cold temperature. The Thiokol engineers expressed their concern that the cold temperature would make the rubber O–ring lose the
resiliency that may cause failure to seal the joints of the SRB, which is mission safety critical. This was a known issue based on several previous
launches and concerns that had been raised between Marshall and Thiokol. This issue prompted to set three–location telephone conference to discuss
the situation. Managers and engineers from Thiokol, Marshall Flight Space Flight Center, and Kennedy Space Center participated in the discussion.
Thiokol's recommendation was to delay the launch until noon or after. More discussions took place that involved more personnel from all three
participating locations and engineering data containing technical analysis of the problem was provided. Based on the technical analysis, Thiokol's
conclusion, launch at any temperature below 53В°F was

The Space Shuttle Challenger
The significant engineering failure that will be analyze is the Space Shuttle Challenger. In 1986, the Challenger faced many launch delays. The first
delay of the Challenger was due to the expected weather front and presence of the Vice President (ENGINEERING.com). Since rain and cold
temperatures were expected to move into the area, they didn't want the Vice President to make unnecessary trips. However, the launch window became
perfect weather conditions since the weather front stalled. The second delay was due to a defective microswitch in the hatch locking mechanism. By
the time the problem was fixed, the winds became too high and the weather front had started to move again.
Due to these delays, the night before the launch, there was a teleconference between engineers and management from Kennedy Space Center, Marshall
Space Flight Center in Alabama, and Morton–Thiokol in Utah (ENGINEERING.com). This teleconference was to investigate whether the challenger
was safe to launch with the predicted temperatures of low 20s. Due to inconclusive data and having no low–temperature data below 53В°F, the
managers recommended the launch to continue and not be delayed. Temperatures dropped to about 8В°F the night before launch. On January 28,
1986, the space shuttle challenger broke apart after seventy–three seconds from launch (History.com). This catastrophic event killed the entire crew in
Challenger while traumatizing the nation and throwing the NASA's shuttle program into turmoil.

Rockets Research Papers
Rockets
Daniel Croft A/3
Mrs. Hemingway
10/7/15
Rockets are amazing machines that are capable of carrying man into space and one day beyond. This report will cover the history of rockets, how
and why they fly, what they are made of, and the different types of fuel that they use. Rockets have been around for centuries understanding how
they fly, what they are made of, and the kinds of fuel that they use will allow mankind to make better improvements in the future. The history of
rockets dates back centuries to when the Chinese used them to launch fireworks. Dr. Robert H. Goddard is known as the ,father of modern rocketry.
He was the first man to successfully build and launch a rocket powered by liquid fuel (American Rocketry Pioneer, 9/25/15). His findings are still
used in modern day rockets all around the world. Ultimately it was his finding that lead to President Nixon's approval of the space shuttle program in
1972 (Kerod, 2005). Even though Nasa had already been established they didn't have a space shuttle program. When the first rocket was launched all
that was retrieved was the capsule that carried the astronauts. When a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thrust is a propulsive force that allow something to move (How Thing Fly, 9/25/15). Lift is un upward movement that acts against gravity. As a
rocket travels into space there are two major factors that work against thrust and lift. These forces are drag and gravity. Drag is the force that works
against thrust it is a pulling or slowing force. Gravity is the downward force that act against lift; gravity is the downward motion that pulls mass to the
earth or some other large mass. Rockets also have two solid fuel boosters that create a large amount of lift and propulsion to rocket the shuttle into
space (Kerod,2005). Rockets are incredible machines that are capable of traveling into space using thrust and lift to

The Mars Rover Curiosity
Sage Kaplan
Intro to Engineering
Mr. Summerrill
1/24/17
Mars Rover Curiosity
The Mars rover Curiosity is one the world's most advanced space exploration robot ever built, being used to discover whether Mars is/was suitable for
life while also studying the planet's climate, biology, geology, geochemistry, planetary processes, and surface radiation. The data collected will also
help future exploration missions, most importantly future human exploration missions.
The rover was designed and engineered by Boeing, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena in California, and Lockheed Martin with NASA's
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) controlling it. The chief engineers were Rob Manning and Joel Krajewski.
They designed a nuclear–powered rover with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It gave me a new appreciation for what engineers do to create new technology that allows for cutting–edge research to increase our understanding of the
universe around us.
Space Shuttle Challenger Explosion NASA's space shuttle orbiter Challenger was an engineering failure that shocked the US when it blew up 73
seconds into its flight after its launch from Florida in 1986, killing all seven of its crew. The cause of the failure was that the shuttle's O–ring seal in
the right rocket booster failed while at liftoff, allowing pressurized gas from the rocket to reach the adjacent SRB aft field joint attachment hardware
and external fuel tanks, causing structural failure and aerodynamic forces to tear it apart. The O–ring wasn't designed to operate under the very cold
conditions during the launch. The technology involved was the O–ring and joints of the shuttle's rocket boosters. The boosters were constructed into
seven sections held together by joints, with each joint being sealed by rubber O–rings. The O–rings are meant to contain hot, pressurized gas. If the
O–ring fails, there are little safe aborts possible for the shuttle with hot gas leaking on the

Rocket Boosters Lab Report
Volume of the Rocket Boosters
Length: 45.46 m Diameter: 3.70 m
311.174ПЂ meters3 is the approximate volume of both the Rocket Boosters
Volume of the External Tank
Length: 46.9 m Diameter: 8.4 m Length without cone 44m
793.212ПЂ meters3 is the approximate volume of the External Tank
Volume of the Orbiter
Diameter: 6.91m Length: 32.85m
392.131ПЂ meters3 is the approximate volume of the Orbiter
Solids of Revolution for the Rocket Boosters
When creating the graphs, x will equal the amount of meters, and y will represent the radius (also in meters). Both x and y will be positive rational
numbers, since there can be no negative length and decimals, if available, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The solids of revolution for this cone will look like the following images.
Thus, we return to the solid of revolutions formula
Volume = в€«_a^bв
–’гЂ–ПЂ (radius)^2 dx гЂ— a will equal 0 and b will equal 2.9.
The radius will be the aforementioned equation of the line. This again perfectly matches the predicted volume that was calculated for the conical
section of the External Tank.
Thus, the total volume of the solids of revolution will match as well.
776.16ПЂ+17.052ПЂ=793.212ПЂ
Since it matches, this further proves that the math is correct and effective.

Solids of Revolution for Orbiter
Sadly, similar to the others, I could not find sufficient data to create a detailed model of the Orbiter, so all I can attempt is model anothercylinder that
has equal dimensions.
So, using the formula again:
Volume = в€«_a^bв
–’гЂ–ПЂ (radius)^2 dx гЂ— a will equal 0 and b will equal 32.85, since that is the length of the space shuttle.
The radius will be 3.455 since the diameter is 6.91.
This forms the function y=3.455. The solids of revolutions would look like the following images.
This final value matches the predicted volume for the

In 1986 when the space shuttle Challenger launched from...
In 1986 when the space shuttle Challenger launched from Kennedy Space Center people watched in awe for a little more than a minute before the
shuttle exploded in flight. This was the first of only two major accidents that occurred during over two decades of NASA's shuttle program. Many
would consider the Challenger disaster to be a fluke that could not have been prevented or predicted but, In truth, it was an accident waiting to happen
and was a symptom of systemic problems that were occurring at NASA during that era. The 1986 space shuttle Challenger disaster was cause by a
number of factors including structural failure of the shuttle, a change in NASA's work environment from the days of the successful Apollo missions,
and additional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bidding for the Solid Rocket booster was flawed from the beginning. Solid engineering and safety gave way to the impulse help out one's cronies
and save money. As a result, better boosters were passed up so that a flawed booster could be designed and built. According to J. Hunley Author of the
book The Development of Propulsion Technology for U.S. Space –Launch Vehicles 1926–1991, "Since Thiokol had plants in Utah, NASA
administrator James C. Fletcher's home state, the decision was controversial" (Hunley 269). In addition, of the four bids put in to build the booster,
one company, Aerojet proposed a solid welded case on the grounds that sealed cases would be safer than segmented cases (Hunley 268). Morton
Thiokol, the company that actually built the boosters with a segmented case, came in second to last in the bidding but won the contract for scoring best
in the cost category of the evaluation (Hunley 269). Even though safer solid rocket boosters were presented to NASA, the booster that ultimately
caused the Challenger disaster was chosen based on cost instead of safety.
In addition to controversial bidding practices the solid rocket booster had a design flaw that was known to be an issue for years before the
Challenger's final flight took place. The First flight using the booster was in 1980 (Hunley 275). Since the boosters are recovered after every mission,
by 1981 NASA could tell that the booster's segment seals were already showing signs of

Essay On Challenger Disaster
The Challenger Disaster: Fated Before Liftoff
In 1986 when the space shuttle Challenger launched from Kennedy Space Center people watched in awe for a little more than a minute before the
shuttle exploded in flight. This was the first of only two major accidents that occurred during over two decades of NASA's shuttle program and many
would consider it to be a fluke that could not have been prevented or predicted. In truth the Challenger disaster was an accident waiting to happen and
was a symptom of systemic problems that were occurring at NASA during that era. The 1986 space shuttle Challenger disaster was cause by a number
of factors including structural failure of the shuttle, a change in NASA's work environment from the days of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Of the four bids put in to build the booster Aerojet proposed a solid welded case on the grounds that sealed cases would be safer than segmented
cases. (Hunley 268) Morton Thiokol, the company that actually built the boosters with a segmented case, came in second to last in the bidding but won
the contract for scoring best in the cost category of the evaluation. (Hunley 269) According to J. Hunley Author of The Development of Propulsion
Technology for U.S. Space –Launch Vehicles, "Since Thiokol had plants in Utah, NASA administrator James C. Fletcher's home state, the decision was
controversial." (Hunley 269)
In addition to controversial bidding practices the solid rocket booster had a design flaw that was known to be an issue for years before the
Challenger's final flight took place. The First flight using the booster was in 1980. (Hunley 275) Since the boosters are recovered after every
mission, by 1981 NASA could tell that the booster's segment seals were already showing signs of wear. (Petroski 271) They were not parts that were
designed to wear out. (Petroski 271) Evidently NASA knew that there was a seal problem with the boosters and continued using them for the next five
years until an accident occurred. Another matter entirely is that the booster seals made to flex and seal properly in cold temperatures. (Petroski 271) At
the hearings during the presidential commission's

Space Shuttle Challenger Booster
"Technology is a queer thing. It brings gifts in one hand, and it stabs you in the back with the other," as quoted by American stand–up comedian Carrie
Snow. As aforementioned by Snow, technology is an anomaly itself since it is composed of a staggering amounts of attributes, ranging from moral to
physical attributes specifically, that have yet to be established or even discovered. These aspects seem to be established for when it comes to
developing any form of technological progress. Even as simple as it seems to ponder the concept of technology, it is rather stunning to process as well.
It all seems to be due to the thought of not knowing the outcome of any advancement in technology. Unfortunately, there is also the other side of
technology... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All due to many are to jump to the conclusion of how any technology utilized in the numerous times that it has been validated and misconstrued has
been at fault. Yet, they fail to realize the true intention of the technology utilized in such events, and not even consider the preference of the user itself.
Generally, technological progress causes a soaring rise in sophistication of these human aspects rather than a decline majority of the time, it just that
majority of people choose to look at the dark cloud rather than the silver

The Space Shuttle Challenger was originally a test vehicle for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In 1979, NASA ordered
Challenger to be converted to a space–rated orbiter, which consisted of massive disassembly and restructuring of the orbiter. It was delivered back to
NASA as the second orbiter in their fleet of Space Shuttles in July 1982, where it was launched on its first mission on 4 April 1983. Crew members
conducted the first spacewalk of the Space Shuttle program on this mission, and subsequent missions saw many other firsts for space exploration
history (1). Over Challenger's lifetime of three years, nine missions of various basis were successfully completed (2).
Space Shuttle Challenger's tenth mission, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Initial thrust built up while the shuttle was secured to the launch pad, and it was released without issue and traveled upward as designed (5). No
issues were noticed by the crew, officials, or observers at the time of launch. Subsequent review of camera footage, however, reveals smoke
emanating at a cyclic rate of approximately 4 puffs per second from the aft field joint (AFJ) on the right SRB. As the shuttle left the launch pad, the
smoke dissipated from view. The next 55 seconds occurred without issue for Challenger. All systems worked as programmed; notably, the automated
guidance system was particularly active on this flight due to record high wind shears experienced by the shuttle, yet continued to be very effective. At
58.788 seconds after launch, flame appeared at the same location on the starboard SRB's AFJ as the smoke had at launch. This flame continued to
spread to the external tank (ET) connection ring, then to the ET itself. It breached the ET, which housed liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen
(LO2) fuel for the shuttle's main engines. A large, visible flash surrounded the stern of the shuttle system, all while the crew carried out normal
navigational maneuvers. The shuttle's engines shut down 73.5 seconds after launch due to lack of fuel, and all signals were lost at 74 seconds
following a bright flash around the nose of the ET and orbiter

Ethical Issues Of The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster Of...
Lecturer: Professor M.Kiru
United States International University
Name : Hassan Fauzia Hussein
ID no: 637076
Lecturer: Professor M.Kirubi
Course : Business Ethics and Values
Assignment two.
Table of contents
The space shuttle challenger disaster of 1986...............................................................................3
The ethical issues of the space shuttle challenger disaster of 1986 ..........................................5–7
References..........................................................................................................................................8
THE SPACE SHUTTLE CHALLENGER DISASTER OF 1986
The Challenger shuttle crew, of seven astronauts –– including the pilot, aerospace engineers, and scientists–– died tragically in the explosion of their
spacecraft during the launch of STS–51–L from the Kennedy Space Center about 11:40 a.m., EST,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Communication between Morton Thiokol (the company that designed the Solid Rocket Boosters) engineers and NASA management was also very poor.
After the incident, Roger Boisjoly, a Morton Thiokol engineer, stated that the meetings prior to the Challenger launch were filled with "intense
customer intimidation" (Boisjoly 1). Obviously, this was not a conducive environment to creating an atmosphere where everyone was comfortable
expressing their opinions and making thoughtful decisions. The truth of the is that Morton Thiokol did not have any information on how its Solid
Rocket Boosters and O–rings would perform at temperatures less than 51 ВєF. The night before the launch, the temperature outside fell to 18 ВєF, and
in the morning of the launch the temperature was at 36 ВєF. At that moment, some engineers believed that the boosters would still be able to function
safely under these conditions, however many were very worried that the temperature would cause a failure. The inability of the Morton Thiokol
engineers to convey their concerns to the NASA management and convince them to postpone the shuttle's launch is a factor that led to the tragic

The Safety Of The Space Race
On August 2, 1955, the Space Race, the race for spaceflight supremacy, began, with two countries going head to head, United States of America and
the Soviet Union. The front row seat to the most thrilling show on Earth. From the day the Space Race commenced, to present day, safety has always
been a fragile subject. Believe it or not, the safety of humans was not always the objective. These next events altered the concept of safety within the
Space Shuttle era.
On January 28, 1986, the Space Shuttle Challenger was rolled out to Kennedy Space Center's Pad–39A, for what would end up being its final launch.
At T minus 5 seconds, the solid rocket boosters ignited, propelling the nearly 134–ton vertical flight vehicle into geocentric orbit. However, at T plus
73 seconds, Challenger experienced catastrophic structural failure which resulted in the loss of both the Shuttle and the seven crew members onboard.
Among those seven crew members was Christa McAuliffe, an American teacher from Concord, New Hampshire. McAuliffe was slated to be the first
teacher in space, as well as the first teacher to teach not one, but two lessons from space.
Unfortunately, had NASA not ignored the many warnings from their contractor's flight engineers declaring the solid rocket boosters unfit to fly in such
a cold temperature, the astronauts aboard the Challenger would still be with us today. Furthermore, if Challenger, or any Shuttle for that matter, had
been built with an emergency evacuation

Timeline of Events and Causes of the Challenger Space...
Timeline of events and causes of the Challenger Space shuttle accident
In 28 January 1986, the Space Shuttle Challenger was launched for the Last time and exploded less than 2 minutes after the lift–off resulting in the
deaths of all seven crew members on board (Space shuttle challenger: Wikipedia, 2006).
The failure of the solid rocket booster o–rings was attributed to several factors, including faulty design of the solid rocket boosters, insufficient low
temperature testing of the O–ring material and lack of communication between different levels of NASA management.
A timeline of the events leading up to the explosion of the Challenger Space shuttle:
(Times in EST)
January 22 [3:43 p.m.]Lift–off was initially scheduled ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once functional, the shuttle became exposed to operational demands from a multitude of users as NASA endeavoured to live up to its promises.
Coordinating the needs of political, commercial, military, international and scientific communities placed immense pressures on the shuttle
management team (nasa: government, 2006). Political pressure to provide a reliable reusable space vehicle with rapid turn–around time and
deployment seriously hindered the ability for effective systems integration and development. It was not feasible to construct any complete management
support systems that could integrate all of the factors associated with such a diverse group in the operational environment.
The push of the Reagan administration to declare the shuttle 'operational' before the 'developmental' stage was completed created uncertainty and low
NASA employee morale
The process of 'selling' the concept of a re–usable space transportation system to the American public and its political system started in the late 1960's,
following the successful Apollo mission. The space shuttle was approved as a method for operating in space without a firm definition of what it goals
would be (unlike previous NASA programmes). Support for the project, both politically and economically, was not very strong (nasa: government,
2006).
These factors created an environment in NASA preceding the

How To Write A Kent Rominger Essay
"Kent Rominger entered this world on August 7, 1956. He was born in the hospital of Del Norte, Colorado. Rominger has had a full and wonderful
life. He enjoys multiple physical activities, some of which include skiing, both on the snow and in the water. After graduating from Del Norte High
School in 1974, he attended college at Colorado State University and earned his bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering in 1978. (http://www.jsc.nasa
.gov/Bios/htmlbios/rominger.html)" "Kent Rominger's Very first launch was as pilot of the Columbia. The mission was called STS–73 and it launched
on October 20, 1995, the mission was based around materials science. they also performed multiple scientific experiments on this mission. Rominger
enjoyed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On that mission they fixed up the outside of the International Space Station. On the outside of the International Space Station they installed a pair of
cranes that held bags with tools in them for future missions on the ISS. The missions that the tool would be used for was to install a shroud over a
ldin target that reduces glare and to cover up an exposed pin. The astronauts returned on a Saturday and nobody was there to greet them because the
mission was suppose to go into Sunday morning.

The Coldest Days of the Year in Cape Canaveral, Florida:...
The day of January 28th, 1986, in Cape Canaveral, Florida was by far one of the coldest days of the year. One the launch pad there icicles dangling
from the launch tower, pad structure, and other launch equipment as the space shuttle Challenger sat there waiting for its historic launch. For over
thirty–eight days Challenger's solid rocket boosters, and external tank were soaked seven inches of rain which had caused a enormous amount of
icicles to form.
After nearly a five day delay filled with wind, rain, and freezing temperatures, Challenger was finally ready to go on mission 51–L. It would be the
twenty–fifth mission for the world's first fleet of reusable manned spaceships. A spike in public interest in the flight had been caused by the... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The seven member crew arrived at the launch pad in the astronauts' van shortly after 8. The large audience gathered at the VIP observation site,
excluding family and press, represented NASA's pride of their unique "orbital classroom" mission. NASA officials invited hundreds of guests to see
the launch of 51–L, including McAuliffe's third grade class from Kimball Elementary School.
Then came the disaster that would change not only change space, but also US history. The Challenger exploded mid–flight on their way to their
historic mission. What went wrong? What actually happened to cause a veteran space shuttle such as Challenger to dysfunction on its tenth run? A
videotape showed black smoke coming from the bottom field joint of the right solid rocket booster (SRB). The black smoke suggested that grease,
joint insulation, and rubber O–rings were being burned. The smoke continued to come from the bottom field joint facing the exterior tank in cycles of
three puffs of smoke per second. The black smoke was an indication that the bottom field joint was not sealing correctly. Into flight the a flame was
seen coming from the right SRB. The flame was coming from the underside of the bottom joint. As the flame increased in size, it had begun to push
against the external tank due to the rushing air around the orbiter. Soon later there was a sudden chain of events that destroyed Challenger and the
seven crew members on

Essay On Challenger Disaster
President Regan ordered an immediate postponement of the Space Shuttle Program. The U.S. Congress then authorized an investigation of the
Challenger disaster. It was a cold morning when Challenger was supposed to fly into space. Several NASA officials urged that the launch be postponed
for warmer weather conditions. Since the NASA Launch Decision Team had okayed several space shuttles launches at and below that present
temperature and had gotten away with it, the order was ignored (Howell). Seventy–three seconds later NASA realized that their luck had finally run
out. President Ronald Regan tasked the Disaster Authority Commission with the investigation of the destructive incident. They concluded that there
was two causes leading to the Challenger ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mostly because of humans instincts, with the Apollo 1 disaster, those who worked for NASA could of welcomed the Navy engineers tips; and
would of prevented the deaths of the Apollo 1 crew. Then as we look to the Apollo 13 disaster, where it says in the safety rule book that if a piece of
equipment is damaged or malfunctions it is to be replaced. Again this was ignored only because NASA engineers had gotten away with it in the past.
Shortly after Challenger disaster would arise. Launch Comand knew what could happen if they launched the space shuttle bellow or above certain
temperatures; and only because they had gotten away launches in the past were they ok with the situation. Finally, it took the lives of seven
astronauts to cause a course of action. Though only seventeen short years later the lesson of the Challenger would be forgotten, and the United
States would loose seven more astronauts' only because NASA became lazy and started to cut corners just to get by. Nevertheless, when we get
away with something the first time and there are no consequences to for our actions, why would we ever stop? Normalization of Deviance is a
silent killer. Just as NASA slowly moved away from their saftey proticols, we as humans do the same, such as texting and or drinking and driving. The
reason they are ilegal is because people died, the reason NASA had saftey proticols is because people

How To Raise The Space Shuttle
For years, scientists had been trying to create a reusable spacecraft that could carry supplies to the space station and do other tasks that would be
easier with a reusable spacecraft. The Space Shuttle lifted off into space for the first time on April 12, 1981, and for the last time on July 8, 2011. It
would glide to a landing on a runway facing horizontally and be launched with a rocket attached to get it up into space.
Five Space Shuttles were built. They were called Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, Columbia, and Endeavour. These shuttles were used to fly cargo and
people to the ISS or International Space Station. It was also used to launch the Hubble Space Telescope, which was well known for discovering many
things.
The Space Shuttle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All seven crew members died. The accident investigation board figured out that, during the launch of the shuttle, a piece of insulating foam had torn
from the external tank and struck the orbiter's left wing, weakening its thermal protection ability. When the orbiter later reentered the atmosphere, it
was unable to withstand the superheated air, which penetrated the wing and destroyed it, leading to the vehicle's breakup. These two horrible accidents
were part of the reason that NASA canceled the Space Shuttle program.
On July 8, 2011, Space Shuttle Atlantis flew its last mission. The program was put to a stop because of safety reasons and new technology that could
be used instead of the old stuff. NASA still launches some things but other companies such as SpaceX have been used instead to launch satellites.
The Space Shuttle has been used for many missions ranging from restocking the ISS to launching the Hubble Space Telescope. It takes off using solid
rocket boosters and lands on a runway. After being decommissioned in 2011, the Space Shuttles can be found in several museums across the United

Challenger Explosion
Through comprehensive analysis, we identified the root cause of the explosion of Challenger space shuttle. We referred www.nasa.gov and many other
websites to learn more about the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster and gather domain knowledge. We referred the NASA report "http:/
/history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/genindex.htm" to go in depth of the Space Shuttle concept and development phases. All the issues with the project can be
categorized into two problem groups. Mechanical and administrative problems. The direct cause of the Challenger explosion was technical – faulty
O–rings. But, the decision to launch the Challenger despite the identified risks was a combination of poor communication and a difference in the
evaluation of the risk. We are sure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We referred www.nasa.gov and many other websites to learn more about theSpace Shuttle Challenger Disaster and gather domain knowledge. We
referred the NASA report "http://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/genindex.htm" to go in depth of the Space Shuttle concept and development phases. We
understood the need for reusable Space and how it became the focus of NASA's near–term future. We studied the elements of the Space Shuttle and
how all parts are sealed together. We studied the stakeholders which were involved in the project. After gathering all the necessary information and
information to identify the root cause of the Challenger space shuttle explosion, we assumed that the information about the project was measured

The Mission Of The Buran Shuttle Program Essay
In June of 1974, the Soviet Union's approval was given to begin the Reusable Space System (MKS). The project eventually came to be known as
Buran, the name of the first shuttle built for the program. Buran was originally created to rival the technology of the United States at the time.
Although the Soviet Union seemed to surpass the U.S. in early space exploration milestones such as the launch of the first satellite, the first probe to
reach the moon, and the first man to orbit the Earth in space, they quickly fell behind as the U.S. economy became more successful and the Cold
War reached its peak. This paper aims to explain firstly the purpose of the Buran Shuttle Program and also why it came to an end before it really
even had a chance to begin. Where the shuttles are now and whether they can be repurposed will also be analyzed. A key factor in understanding what
happened to Buran lies in the Cold War and the end of the Soviet Union. According to aerospace engineer, Jeff Scott, the Buran Shuttle Program may
have even contributed to the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 (Scott, Jeff. (2010, Oct). Soviet Buran Space Shuttle. Retrieved from http:/
/www.aerospaceweb.org/question/spacecraft/q0153.shtml). This aspect will also be explored in this report as well as the implications that this has for
the current and future aerospace industries of the US and Russia alike. Keywords: buran, soviet union, space shuttle, space race
Soviet Buran Space Shuttle
Scott, Jeff. (2010,

Space Shuttle Research Paper
The space shuttle's components include: the orbiter, three main engines, the external tank, and two solid rocket boosters. Altogether, the launch weight
is about 4.5 million pounds. Orbiter: Each orbiter is 121 feet long, with a wingspan of 78 feet and a tail height of 57 feet. Constructed mainly of
aluminum, it is about the size of a DC–9 commercial airliner, and can carry a payload of 65,000 pounds into space. The payload bay is 60 feet long and
15 feet in diameter. The landing weight varies from mission to mission and ranges from 200,000 pounds to 230,000 pounds. Each orbiter is designed
for a lifetime of about 100 space missions. The forward fuselage houses the cockpit and crew cabin and crew work areas. The mid–fuselage area
consists of the payload bay and the wing and main landing gear attach points. The aft fuselage houses the main engines, the orbital maneuvering system
(OMS), the reaction control system (RCS) pods, the wing aft spar, and the attach point for the vertical tail.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The engines can be throttled over a thrust range of 65 to 109 percent, allowing a high power setting during liftoff and initial ascent, and a power
reduction during final ascent to keep acceleration of the orbiter at three earth gravities. The engines are gimbaled (movable) to control pitch, yaw, and
roll. Normal engine operating time on each flight is about 8.5 minutes. Each engine is designed for about 7.5 total operating

Finding The Difference Between Excellence And Disaster On...
Executive summary The objective of this literature review was to study quality could mean the difference between excellence and disaster on a real
life project The Challenger shuttle disaster. The first part of the literature revive discussed the Vaughan's (1996) analysis, which found the human
errors are one of the main reasons of resulting the Challenger shuttle disaster. Also, by outlining Perrow's (1999) Normal Accident theory, it argues
that complex interaction system caused the inevitability of this accident. The second part of the literature review outlined seven points related to the
Challenger shuttle disaster of Deming's (1986) 14 points. These points were guidelines of improvements of quality management. He suggested errors
in the Challenger shuttle project could be reduced but not eliminates them completely. This literature review focused on the disaster and pinpointed
how the quality project management should be executed in this case. Table of Contents Executive summary2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction4 CHAPTER
2 Backgrounds4 CHAPTER 3 Review of the literature4 Chapter 4 Discussions6 CHAPTER 5 Conclusion7 References8 CHAPTER 2 Backgrounds
On 28th January 1986, the whole world focused on the Challenger shuttle project, which was an evolution of carrying first person into space.
However, after 73 seconds into the flight, the Challenger was ripped apart above Cape Canaveral in Florida. As a result, the launch of this shuttle
exploded and killed seven

Normalization Of Deviance And The Space Administration
Normalization of Deviance
"Failure is the opportunity to begin again more intelligently." (Ford) The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has had its fair share of
catastrophic disasters. The Apollo 1 Fire was said to be a "preventable failure by NASA". (Dhar) Though shortly after, theApollo 13 intendent was just
a near miss of a great disaster. Then to sum the failures, it would take the lives of 14 astronauts for a course of action to be considered. Thus what do
all these disasters have in common with the theory of "Normalization of Deviance"?
Apollo 1 was to be the first test flight of the "Apollo/Saturn space vehicle being prepared for the first piloted flight, the AS–204 mission." (Garber)
There were three primary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Garber) This caused a spark that would ignite the vehicle; but all materials in the cabin of the module were said to be fire retardant. The Velcro straps
in the module continued to burn, thus badly burning the bodies of the astronauts; as well as the inward opening hatch that prevented a quick
(Teitel)rescue of the men. (Dhar) Altogether there was no chance of survival for the men once the fire had ignited.
When news of the disaster had reached the public, people were shocked. People asked, how could an organization such of NASA allow this to happen.
NASA's later came out with a chilling response; "All we can say is that we lost the entire crew." (Explosion") This clearly showed that NASA was
never remotely expecting such a disaster. With this the public had taken a major hit to their pride; the thought of President Kennedy's dream to make
it to the Moon was slipping away. (Explosion") Sixteen orbital flights had taken place without incident, now Russia was on the verge of making a fool
of the United States and the public would not any of it. The Public immediately demanded that those in control at NASA fix the problem and proceed
with the Apollo missions.
The president of NASA at the time James E. Webb wasted no time informing the public of the future of the organization. He told the public "We 'll go
ahead with the space flight program. Although everyone realized that someday pilots would die, who would have thought the first tragedy would

Lori Bockhorst: A Short Story
It was a chilly morning on January 28, 1986 when Lori Bockhorst went to school at Londonderry High School. On what would normally be an
ordinary day in the life of the students, something exciting was about to occur. This day was a special day, because the space shuttle was expected
to be launched. Though launches were still rare, Lori had seen them before, and they had always fascinated her. This time, however, was different.
On the crew would be a teacher from Concord, New Hampshire; a city a few miles down from where Lori lived. The teacher, Christa McAuliffe, had
won a nationwide contest over 11,000 other teachers that granted her the right to this amazing experience. She would be teaching lessons to her
students from space, a feat never before achieved. (History.com Staff) After undergoing months of training, she would be the first ordinary citizen that
had gone into space. Everyone was excited with the fact that normal people like them were doing the seemingly impossible. Many of the... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whether it was jumping of a bed and breaking her arm, or doing something else, she was always doing dangerous things. Because of this, she always
had a fascination with space travel. It was new and exciting, giving her much intrigue. It was dangerous yet rewarding. She said in a recent interview,
"I had hoped that one day I would be up there. Flying through space, walking on the moon, and seeing the universe through a different light."
(Bockhorst) She didn't realize how hard space travel was, because she thought for sure she would be able to do it someday. All she thought was, "I
can't wait to see the earth from up there." (Bockhorst) This is the excitement that she had when she went to school on that cold January day. She would
be able to watch this phenomenon happen, and her excitement grow even more. What she didn't know, however, was that her view of space travel was
about to change

Columbia Space Shuttle Disaster 3
Quality Management 4.729
Individual Assignment
Submitted to: – Ray Ninow
Submitted by: – Payyavala Subash
Student ID: – 20140782
INDEX
Topics: – Pg. No
About Quality Management 3
Columbia Space shuttle disaster 3
Reasons for failure of space craft 5
ISHIKAWA METHODOLOGY 7
5ways of techniques 8
Conclusion and recommendation 9
Meaning of Quality Management
The demonstration of managing all exercises and assignments expected to keep up a craved level of brilliance. This incorporates making and executing
quality arranging and certification, and additionally quality control and quality change. It is likewise alluded to as aggregate quality administration.
The quality management completely says about the reputation of organization. Maintaining quality of the product helps to meet the stakeholder's
requirements.
Quality management is about the group building for dealing with the final objectives of the organization so even serves to plan appropriately and
execute so can happens smooth flow of operation or work and to keep up the quality and

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