Isopropanol Research Paper

Isopropanol Research Paper
Many people assume alcohol is nothing more than liquor or rubbing alcohol; however, this is not the case. There are many different types of alcohol
including some of the alternate fuels we put into our vehicles. Over the course of my working life I have come into contact with many different
alcohols, but Isopropyl Alcohol, or 2–propanol, was one of the ones that I encountered the most and I have always wondered exactly what it is.
2–propanol is a very interesting molecule and has a lot of uses for products in many different markets. Because of this, many people come into contact
with it and do not even know it. There are many important advances going on with the development of isopropanol that could potentially change our
lives. Although, it is important to know and understand the products that you are coming into contact with because some of them might be ... Show
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Typically isopropanol is found in its liquid form because it is not easy to freeze with a freezing point of –88.3В°C. Not only does 2–propanol have a
low freezing point, but it also ignites easily with a flash point, the temperature in which a liquid can ignite in air, of 12В° C, but it also denser than
air when vaporized (ILPI). So, if there was a fire and some became vaporized, it could potentially cause a large explosion. Another interesting thing
about isopropanol is how it is soluble in many different liquids such as alcohol, water, ether, chloroform, benzene, and most organic solvents. This
means that you can create many different substances out of propanol that could potentially be used in places that you would not expect. Such as a
chemical we use at my work that we call blanket wash (mixture of 2 propanol and petroleum) and it is used to clean excess ink off of a printing press
and it is used because the ink is a different type than others and harder to remove than the ink on other types of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Alcoholism In Canad Article Analysis
Significantly, in the journal, by Bruton, et al inform doctors of medicine about alcohol because excessive drinking can put an onset to disorders and
therapy. The increase of Sickle Cell Disease is causing more psychological disorders and therapy. Bruton et al confirm, "Neither mood nor alcohol
related disorders were associated with higher cost of inpatient care." Therapy is not more costly, even entailing the alcoholic disorder. Citizens can go
to therapy for the same price of any other disorder. Alcoholism can be solved personally.
Accordingly, health risks in Canada are monitored clearly with many tests. Alcohol will cause many problems to the brain causing lifelong health
issues. In America, alcohol should be consumed once a day to

The Consequences Of Inhibiting The Structure Of HREO ( TEO )
Within the 2H88 complex II protein, an inhibitor was also discovery when they were analyzing the structure of it. The malate like intermediate, TEO,
mentioned before was found to be an inactive suicide inhibitor. During normal functions, without the presence of TEO, FAD functions normally by
grabs the hydrogen from Succinate and form FADH2. However, when TEO is present such inhibitor serves as a negative feedback (Shen, J.T.et. al.
2006). When too much Ubiquinone were produced, and not enough electrons are transferred fast enough to form ubiquinol, the excessive Ubiquinone
can oxidize TEO to oxaloacetate (OAA) . OAA then inhibits succinate oxidation. TEO binds to FAD functions to inhibit in the form of Oxaloacetate
the flavin protein ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
al. 2006). When too much Ubiquinone were produced, and not enough electrons are transferred fast enough to form ubiquinol, the excessive
Ubiquinone can oxidize TEO to oxaloacetate (OAA) . OAA then inhibits succinate oxidation. TEO binds to FAD functions to inhibit in the form of
Oxaloacetate the flavin protein from taking hydrogen from succinate. In another sense TEO can be present and be inactive unless it was oxidized to
OAA. OAA inhibits FAD from regular function (Muller FL, et al. 2007). This exergonic oxidation of malate by ubiquinone contributes to the driving
force for loading the enzyme with OAA.
Further research suggests, OAA dissociates at 4 celsius. Therefore, if OAA has such low dissociation temperature, how was it removed from the
reaction? Surprisingly, this is indeed a very unique complex II protein. According to the papers, "Crystallographic studies of the binding of ligands to
the dicarboxylate site of Complex II and the identity of the ligand in the "oxaloacetate–inhibited" state" and "Differential susceptibility of mitochondrial
complex II to inhibition by oxaloacetate in brain and heart.".The OAA only have a few that are free actived in the heart and the brain of mouse (Shen,
J.T.et. al. 2006, Stepanova,Anna; et.al 2016).
Complex II is more complicated than it was summarized. Then what happen when this complicated structure gets mutated? From the section
Differences between SQR and QFR by Structure and Functions,

The Effect Of Ethanol On The Concentration Of Ethanol
Figure 5 – Michaelis Menten Graph of Ethanol (pH 9.0) Representing the Velocity versus Substrate Concentration. Different concentrations of ethanol
were used, and the absorbance reading taken through enzyme kinetics. The velocity was calculated through the conversion of the slope of the data
points to abs/min. K_m was found to be 5.76Г—гЂ–10гЂ—^(–3) M, V_max 1.71Г—гЂ–10гЂ—^(–3) M/min, K_cat 2.85Г—гЂ–10гЂ—^(–2)
гЂ–minгЂ—^(–1), and K_cat/K_m 4.94 гЂ–minгЂ—^(–1) M^(–1).
Figure 5 – Michaelis Menten Graph of Ethanol (pH 7.2) Representing the Velocity versus Substrate Concentration. Different concentrations of ethanol
were used, and the absorbance reading taken through enzyme kinetics. The velocity was calculated through the conversion of the slope of the data
points to abs/min. K_m was found to be 7.66Г—гЂ–10гЂ—^(–4) M, V_max 8.84Г—гЂ–10гЂ—^(–4) M/min, K_cat1.47Г—гЂ–10гЂ—^(–2)
гЂ–minгЂ—^(–1), and K_cat/K_m= 19.2 гЂ–minгЂ—^(–1) M^(–1).
Table 4– Michaelis–Menten Kinetic Data [Original Experiment]
Buffer KM (mM)Vmax (ВµM/min)Kcat (min–1)Kcat/KM(min–1 M–1)
7.20.0007660.0008840.014719.2
8.50.002480.0023138.4155
9.00.005760.001710.02854.94
*Literature 7.05261.03N/AN/A
*Literature 8.118.50.5583N/AN/A
*Literature 8.9~100.383N/AN/A
*Literature values taken from Dickinson4 The Km data from table 4 suggests that a buffer of 7.2 has the highest affinity of ADH to the substrate,
ethanol. This experimental data does not correlate with what was found in the literature in either values or trends of

Alcohol : Alcohol And Alcohol Essay
Our first topic for class is alcohol. Alcohol is defined as "Chemically, a compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group; in common
usage, a beverage made from fermented fruits, vegetables, or grains and containing ethanol." (From the book pg GL–1) Ethanol is defined as "A
specific alcohol compound (C2H5OH) formed from the fermentation of dietary carbohydrates and used in a variety of alcoholic beverages." (From the
book pg GL–4) Definition of proof is "A measure of the alcohol content of a liquid; 100–proof liquor is 50% alcohol by volume; 80–proof liquor is
40% alcohol by volume and so on." (From the book pg GL–11)Alcohol is metabolized by few ways, which involves two enzymes. They are alcohol
dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). First, ADH metabolizes alcohol to acetaldehyde, a highly toxic substance and known
carcinogen. Then, acetaldehyde is further metabolized down to byproduct called acetate. Which then is broken down into water and carbon dioxide.
Alcohol abuse is defined as "A pattern of alcohol consumption, whether chronic or occasional, that results in harm to one's health, functioning, or
interpersonal relationships." (From the book pg 280) Alcohol abuse can lead to alcoholism, which is being addicted to alcohol. Alcoholism then leads
to brain, liver, organ damage, vehicle accidents, traumatic injuries and even death. Definition of binge drinking is "The consumption of five or more
alcoholic drinks on one occasion by a man or

The Effects Of Drug And Alcohol On Nervous Tissue
During my time at Saint Anthony's Medical Center I have had the pleasure of working with hundreds of different people all different sizes, shapes,
ages, and ethnicities. Most of the time these people are normal competent individuals that make good decisions for the most part and they just had a
small issue with their health that can be resolved. However, unfortunately there are people out there who have not made the best choices in life and
have succumbed a drug or alcohol addiction. Many of these people are in their 20's and 30's and show very few signs of stopping, on the other hand
there, are the ones who have survived their addiction longer than expected and continue their addictive vices until they reach their 50's, 60's, and even
into their 70's. These older addicts tend to mumble and have a hard time answering questions, some of them can barely form sentences when they are
completely sober. There are many research articles that have the general consensus that drug and alcohol cause nervous tissue to deteriorate. What I
want to know is if drug/alcohol abusers in their 20's and 30's manage to recover from their addiction early and abstain from relapsing, will they suffer
any accelerated cognitive deficits later on in life? According to the NIAAA (National institute onAlcohol Abuse and Alcoholism), the abuse of alcohol
affects several areas of the body. Alcohol can cause deterioration of the myocardial cells in the heart, causing the heart to enlarge and droop, this

Cirrhosis Synthesis
Past literature define cirrhosis as a non–reversible end result of liver disease, however recent studies have shown it's a dynamic process. If K.D stops
his alcohol intake, he will reduce the acetaldehyde and acetate in his body which is the main causes of cell and tissue damage. The mechanism of
tissue reversal takes place by blocking the formation of excessive acetaldehyde in the mitochondria. In the absence of excessive alcohol in the cells,
only the primary alcohol oxidative metabolic pathway takes place. Alcohol is metabolized to acetaldehyde by the cytosolic enzyme alcohol
dehydrogenase (ADH). Due to the ADH's high affinity and low capacity, saturation occurs very quickly. If the patient consumes excessive alcohol, the
body has to start

Sigma-Erdrich Essay
3.1 Materials The cordierite monolith catalyst supports (Rauschert Veilsdorf GmbH) were 25.4 mm in diameter and 150 mm long with a cell density
of 400 cells per square inch (CPSI). The monolith was cut into approximately 10 mm long pieces with a high speed cutter and 545 diamond wheel
(Dremel) for easier preparation and reduced chemical requirements and wastage. The monolith supports were pre–treated by washing with distilled
water in an ultrasonic bath for 30 min to clean the surface of the monolith then dryed in an oven at 100 В°C for 24 hours. The supports were then
calcined in 50 mL/min of air at 550 В°C for 6 hours. Commercial palladium on alumina (Pd/Al2O3, 1 wt% Pd), palladium nitrate (Pd(NO3)2, 10 wt%
in 10 wt% nitric acid) and tetrabutyl orthotitanate (TBOT, 97%) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 99%) and
tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH, 40 wt% in water) were purchased from Merck. Aluminium oxide (пЃ§– Al2O3, 99%) was purchased from
Chem–Supply. Boehmite alumina powder (Disperal P2) was provided by Sasol Germany GmbH. Isopropanol (IPA, 99.5%) was purchased from Ajax
Finechem. 3.2 Catalyst preparation – Pd/Al2O3 monolith A monolith catalyst containing Pd/Al2O3 was prepared by... Show more content on
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The procedural steps were used but quantities were reduced whilst maintaining the same ratios. 18.8 g of TEOS was dissolved in 13.3 g of
TPAOH dropwise for 30 min whilst being stirred continuously. The solution was hydrolysed at 4 В°C for 1 hour. A mixture of 1.28 g of TBOT and
4.2 g of IPA were dissolved dropwise for 1 hour in the resulting solution. The solution was hydrolysed further at 4 В°C for 1 hour. The volume of the
solution was marked on the flask to indicate the initial volume. The solution was heated to 85 В°C for 5 hours to remove any alcohol from the
solution. The loss in volume was replenished to the initial volume with distilled

Essay about Molecular Biology and Ldh
*Running title: Isolation and Characterization of Avian Lactate Dehydrogenase
To whom correspondence should be addressed Sylvia DaoudKinze and James Proestes, Department of Biochemistry, Portland State University
Professor, Portland Oregon, 97207–0751;
E–mail: sylviakinzie@gmail.com and proestoj@gmail.com
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Keywords: Lactate, Dehydrogenase, Avian, Bradford Assay, Affinity Column
Background: Lactate Dehydrogenase also known as LDH is an important NADH dependent enzyme in metabolism that catalyzes the conversion of
Pyruvate to Lactate.
Results: Catalytic activity was detected from chicken breast muscle
Conclusion: Copious amount of catalytic activity was detected, indicating that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then the total of 51.32 grams of chicken was weighed out, cut into small pieces and placed in a blender along with 75 mL of cold extraction buffer.
Four short bursts (around 5 seconds per burst) were applied to complete the homogenization process with a ten second pause between each pulse. The
homogenized tissue solution was then poured into three 50 mL centrifuge tubes, and was centrifuged at 15000 RPM for 20 minutes. The supernatant
poured through two layers of cheese cloth into a 50 mL falcon tube, and the volume was recorded. Three 0.5 mL aliquots were saved.
Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation After centrifugation, the volume of each CFE was measured, and then per every mL, .39 grams of ammonium
sulfate was weighed out. The CFE was then placed in a beaker that was suspended on top of ice in a larger beaker, which was placed on top of a stir
plate. Over a course of 20 minutes, ammonium sulfate was added to the CFE while stirring slowly. After the completing adding all of the ammonium
sulfate, solution was stirred for an addition 15 minutes. Followed by centrifugation at 15000 RPM for 20 minutes.
Purification of LDH
Dialysis of the Protien Dialysis of the salted protein was completed by a lab T.A.
Affinity Column Chromatography To separate LDH from the rest of the protein, affinity column chromatography method was used. A column with a

plastic stopcock was loaded with Cibacron blue affinity matrix by adding

Drinking Alcohol Research Paper
Introduction
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy is known to be associated with a variety of developmental problems which occur within the embryo. While we
have recently learned more in depth as to why this happens and the statistics behind these occurrences, drinking during pregnancy and knowledge of
possible outcomes date back to biblical times. It can be found in a book within the Bible where a prophet named Samuel tells a woman to not drink
wine during her pregnancy, as she will give birth to a child blessed by God. Other incidences, such as this one, can be found throughout history and in
1968 the first study describing ethanol as a tetrogen was carried out by Dr. Paul Lemoine.1 A tetrogen is any factor which causes a birth defect, such...
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This occurs because different cells only use certain genes of the DNA while not using others. These genes are responsible for the creation and
growth of certain cells. Changing the use of these genes is due to epigenetic modification.8 As a result, the development of the embryo is most likely
impacted if this process is changed. One specific way these genes are turned on or off is through the process of methylation. This is when a methyl
group (CH3) attaches to the DNA.6 A study performed in which cultured mice embryos were introduced to alcohol during gastrulation resulted in
altercations to the methylation of DNA.7 This resulted in many structural abnormalities and certain regions of genes saw an increase in the amount of
methylation. Genes which take part in the cell cycle, growth, and death of cells were among these.7 The effect of ethanol on folate may also have
something to do with this change in methylation. Folate is needed as a coenzyme to transfer the previously explained methyl group to DNA. Ethanol
has been shown to compromise this transfer, as it limits the availability of folate.6 These potential reasons for FASD result in a variety of conditions
which can be seen prior to and after

What Effect Does Alcohol Have on a Person's Health and...
Nicola Cooper
Student No; cs329513
What effect does alcohol have on a person's health and life expectancy?
The consumption of alcoholic beverages dates back to approximately 10,000 years ago when В‘viticulture' (the selective cultivation of grape vines for
making wine) is said to have originated in the mountains between the Black and Caspian Seas. (1) It is one of the most commonly used psychoactive
drugs in the world. Alcohol interacts with gamma amino bultyric acid (GABA) receptors in the brain, this is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in
humans and is synthesized from glutamic acid. (1a)
Since then the production of alcohol has flourished and evolved becoming a huge part of today's society.
However, in recent years much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the mild stages of this disease there are little or no signs of illness, however when the condition becomes chronic, symptoms such as nausea and
jaundice are seen, (jaundice is caused by a high level of bilirubin). The damage caused in the chronic stages can eventually turn into alcoholic cirrhosis.
Alcoholic cirrhosis involves the replacement of normal liver tissue with scar tissue called fibrosis. This gradual process affects the normal structure
and regrowth of liver cells and the liver gradually loses its ability to function well.
Alcohol Metabolism
Alcohol is detoxified and removed from the body to prevent alcohol accumulating and destroying cells and organs, through a process called oxidation.
A small amount a alcohol escapes the body unchanged through breathing and urine. Once the alcohol enters the body it is distributed throughout
affecting the brain and other tissues.
Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) after the rapid consumption of different amounts of alcohol by eight adult fasting male subjects. 100 mg% is the
legal level of intoxication in most States. 50 mg% is the level at which deterioration of driving skills begins. (7)

When alcohol is consumed, it passes from the stomach and intestines into the blood, a process referred to as absorption. Alcohol is then metabolized
by enzymes, which are body chemicals that break down other chemicals. In the liver, an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase

Dehydrogenase Lab Report
BI532: Skills for Bioscientists 2 Mini Project 2 report Effect on the velocity Alcohol Dehydrogenase on different alcohols under different conditions
Abstract The effect on the velocity of Alcohol dehydrogenase producing an acetaldehyde was measured under different conditions to analyse the
properties of the enzyme as well as the concentration the enzymes have the best rates. The velocity of alcohol dehydrogenase was measured against
different substrates such as ethanol, propanol and propan–2–ol and using spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 340nm.While the enzyme velocity of
ethanol production was high, propan–2–ol did not cause any changes the rate of acetaldehyde production. The amount of ethanol, which was the most
reactive substrate, that reacted with the fastest rate was then calculated... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The spectrophotometer as zeroed once 0.1ml of 16.2M ethanol was added. 0.1ml of the enzyme stock solution was added and the absorbance at
340nm was measured for two minutes. OD/min is then calculated from the graphs of the spectrophotometer. Concentration of the substrate was then
calculated (Appendix 1) and Enzyme velocity was calculated (Appendix 1). The same procedure was repeated for 1.2ml of the buffer, 1.5ml of
NAD+, 0.1 ml of ethanol and 0.2ml of enzyme solution was added and the velocity of the enzymes was then measured again. The same was repeated
by decreasing the volume of substrate added to the assay mixture and replacing the volume with the sodium phosphate buffer. This was repeated for
different volumes of the substrates. 0.1ml, 0.07ml, 0.04ml, 0.02ml, 0.01ml, 0.007ml, 0.005ml and 0.002ml of ethanol was used. While for
propan–1–ol 0.01ml, 0.025ml, 0.05ml, 0.075ml and 0.1ml was used and 0.1ml, 0.05ml and 0.025ml of propan–2–ol was used. To test as a control 0ml
of ethanol was added to a cuvette while all other components of the assay

Acetone Milk Lab
Utilizing Acetone Powder of Several Organs to Compare Specific Proteins and Measure L–Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Abstract Animal organs
contain a diverse amount of proteins that define their function. In this study, acetone powder solutions of calf liver, bovine pancreas, chicken muscle,
porcine kidney, porcine brain, and porcine heart were analyzed through an SDS–Page gel to determine diversity of proteins and through an LDH assay
to determine enzymatic activity. It was found that chicken breast muscle contained the most diverse collection of proteins along with the highest LDH
activity. This made reasonable sense considering that the chicken breast muscle is composed of many different classes of actin and myosin proteins
and that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The chicken breast muscle had the highest number of proteins present (13), while the porcine kidney had the least (3) amount present (Table 2).
The protein with the largest mass appeared to be the first protein in the chicken breast muscle lane at 192.5 kDa (Table 2). There was also a trend
that two protein bands with an apparent mass of 64.6 В± 2.67 kDa and 78.5 В± 2.13 kDa appeared in each of the different acetone powder lanes
(Table 2). The protein with the smallest mass was found in the calf liver at 17.0 kDa (Table

LDH Purification lab Report
PURIFICATION OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE FROM CHICKEN MUSCLE TISSUE
Abstract
The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the last step of anaerobic glycolysis that is important for the normal function of the body.
Purification of LDH is essential to understand its structure and function. The purpose of this experiment was to extract and purify LDH enzyme from
chicken muscle tissue using a variety of various. Analytical methods such as activity and protein assay were employed to determine the presence and
purity of LDH. The cells were initially disrupted and proteins were solubilized. LDH was purified from the ammonium sulfate precipitated protein
mixture by affinity chromatography and its activity was studied by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
10 microliters of the sample is then added and the assay absorption is measured at 340nm. If absorbance was above 1.5, samples were diluted. Protein
Assay: The Pierce BCA Protein Assay (Thermo Scientific) is a detergent–compatible formulation based on bicinchoninic acid (BCA) for the
colorimetric detection and quantitation of total protein concentration. A series of standard solution of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) ranging from
0–2000 Вµg/ml was prepared from a stock solution of 2 mg/ml BSA. 25ul of diluted crude (1:500, 1:250), desalted (1:100, 1:50), and 6 peak fractions
from cibarcon blue column (1:10, 1:5) were loaded in microplate along with 175ul of BCA working reagent. Microplate was incubated for 30min at
370C and then the absorbance was measured at 562nm.
Results/Discussion The purpose of this experiment was to extract and purify LDH enzyme from chicken muscle tissue using a variety of techniques
including homogenization, ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and affinity chromatography. Activity and Protein assay were used to track the
overall amount of LDH present in the samples. Crude Extraction: Chicken muscle tissue was homogenized in a blender with cold extraction buffer in
order to lyse cells, releasing LDH into

Summary Of Succinate Dehydrogenase Activity Of Mitochondria
Succinate Dehydrogenase Activity of Mitochondria
Student Name: Lolwa Alfouzan
SMU Id Number: A00423662
Date:16, November 2017
Lab time: 2:30–5:29
Biol2321(cell biology)
Lab Section:(01)
Lab (7) Full lab report
INTRODUCTION:
Mitochondrion produces the energy that cell needs by breaking down sugars, fatty acids and amino acids to CO2 and H2O. In this process, which is
called cellular respiration, the chemical energy in sugar, fatty acid and amino acid molecules is captured as ATP. Krebs cycle is a part of the cellular
respiration that consists of series of reactions. And succinate dehydrogenase is one of the enzymes that is used in this cycle. It basically catalyzes the
oxidation of succinate to fumarate. In this reaction, succinate reduces a FAD molecule, which eventually donates its electrons to coenzyme Q.
However, Azide prevents FADH2 from giving its electrons to coenzyme Q, rather than an artificial electron acceptor, DCIP takes the electrons.
DCIP is a dark blue solution that gets lighter as it gains electrons. As DCIP gets lighter, its absorbance will decrease. So, the rate of the reaction can
be relatively observed by looking at the absorbance values of DCIP since the reaction processes, DCIP gains electrons and gets lighter in color. By
spectrophotometry we took the absorbance values. Spectrophotometer is used in the process, which sends beams of light to the sample and measures
the intensity of the light that passes through the sample. This way we can

Alcohol And The Central Nervous System
Alcohol, like many other drugs, is dose dependent, readily absorbed, and widely distributed. As a result, alcohol affects many organ systems of the
body, including the central nervous system (CNS). Alcohol is easily absorbed, is soluble across all biological membranes, and does not bind to any
plasma proteins. There is no place in our bodies where alcohol cannot reach. Alcohol absorption occurs between 80–90 minutes, and is affected by
whether or not someone has eaten, as this will affect the speed at which the alcohol enters the blood stream. Alcohol is metabolized similarly to food.
Approximately 85% of ingested alcohol is metabolized by the liver, 5–10% is metabolized in the stomach, and approximately 5% is excreted,
unchanged, through sweat and the lungs. Men metabolize alcohol faster than women. This is due to the fact that women have 50% less enzymes in the
stomach that metabolize alcohol than men, and the fact that women have more body fat than men. The blood supply to fat is much less than that found
in muscles. Therefore, alcohol does not get metabolized as quickly in individuals with a higher fat content. When alcohol is metabolized, acetaldehyde,
a poisonous byproduct, is formed. Alcohol dehydrogenase breaks down alcohol into acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase further breaks down the
poisonous acetaldehyde into acetic acid. Some ethnicities, such as some Asian groups, have less active acetaldehyde dehydrogenase leading to a
buildup of

Synthesis Of Alcohol Lab Report
a)Alcohol is absorbed straight into the blood stream and through the walls of the small intestine. Once absorbed there are some ways by which the
body can get rid of it. For example, through the kidneys and urine, sweat, and some is even breathed out through the lungs (this is how breathalyzers
work). However, about 90% of it is broken down by the liver. Additionally, a healthy liver will only get rid of thealcohol contained in a normal sized
drink per hour. This means, when you drink more than one glass per hour, alcohol accumulates in the body which pushes your blood alcohol
concentration (BAC) higher. Also, the only way to get sober is to give your liver enough time to break down the alcohol in your system.
For the oxidative pathways ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It processes everything someone eats and drinks and converts it into energy and nutrients the body can use. Another important job of the liver is to
remove harmful substances from the blood. So how exactly does alcohol affect the liver? Alcohol can damage or destroy liver cells if you consume
more than it can process. According to the American Liver Foundation (2015), a type of alcohol–related liver disease found in between 10 and 20
percent of heavy drinkers is Alcoholic cirrhosis. Some symptoms of Cirrhosis include loss of appetite, yellowing of skin or eyes, fluid retention and
blood in stools. Alcoholic cirrhosis is the most advanced type of alcohol–related liver disease. It is characterized by disruption of the structure and
severe scarring of the liver. Additionally, Cirrhosis cannot be reversed with abstinence. However, abstinence could improve the symptoms of liver
disease while preventing further

Dehydrogenase Synthesis Lab Report
BIOC222 Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay Lab Report
Introduction
In this investigation, the inhibition of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Enzyme isolated from Dissostichus mawsoni by oxamic acid will be analysed
through spectrophotometric assays, and compared with parallel experimental data obtained from other groups using a different inhibitor
(вЌє–ketoglutarate), and using LDH obtained from a different fish (Squalus acanthias). LDH is a tetrameric enzyme with two different types of
subunits, subunit M and subunit H. This allows the LDH enzyme to exist in five different isoforms. The differences between different isoforms of
LDH will be examined through polyacrymide gel electrophoresis and subsequent stains for protein presence and activity.
Methods ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aspartate and Glutamate are the two negatively charged canonical amino acids, due to their negatively charged side chain groups, and therefore these
amino acids would contribute to greater negativity within the H subunit. The spacing of bands visible on the polyacrymide gel of the gel
electrophoresis is regular because the negativity of each isoform is determined by the subunits which comprise it (either the H or M subunit). Therefore
the negative charge on each isoform will change at regular intervals as the subunit composition of the isoform

How Does Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Question 1:
1.Enzymes: Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
2.Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase helps separate the alcohol molecule, making it more likely to remove it from the body.
ADH first metabolizes the alcohol to acetaldehyde, an extremely toxic matter, known as carcinogen. Then, acetaldehyde is metabolized to a different
by–product called acetate that is broken down into water and carbon dioxide.
пЃ¶Acetaldehyde: a toxic by–product
Acetaldehyde is a by–product that only occurs early in the breakdown process. When acetaldehyde still exists in the body only for a short amount of
time before it is broken down into acetate. Acetate is likely to cause significant damage that is most likely evident in the liver.... Show more content on
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Minor amounts of alcohol are metabolized to acetaldehyde in the digestive tract, revealing the tissues to acetaldehyde's harmful effects.
Question 2:
Short–term effects
In low doses of alcohol are reflexes and reaction time, poor concentration, reduced coordination and tension, sensations and perceptions that are less
clear and slower brain activity.
In medium does of alcohol are slurred speech, sleepiness, poor vision, altered emotions, more blood flow to the skin surface, lower body temperature
and disruption of sleeping patterns.
In high doses of alcohol are vomiting, passing out, coma, alcohol poisoning and possible death.
Long–term effects
пЃ¶Disrupts the normal brain development
пЃ¶Liver damage and cirrhosis of the liver
пЃ¶Brain cells die, decreasing brain

The Effects of Alcohol on the Body Essay
The Effects of Alcohol on the Body
You are in college, you are at a party, and you are drunk. You, and the people around you, know you are drunk by your disorientated behavior but do
they know what is causing you to act in this manner? Most likely not. Most people do not think about what the alcohol inside them is doing, the only
thing they are worried about is the buzz that they get from it. Moderate drinking is alright but drinking excessively can wear out the body. Three
important things to know about alcohol are how it enters and leaves the body, the effects of alcohol, and how the body responds to alcohol.
After the drink is consumed, the alcohol enters the blood stream. After it enters the blood stream it dissolves in the ... Show more content on
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After the alcohol in the alveolar is exhaled, a breathalyzer can detect the blood alcohol content of the individual. Lastly, the liver takes care of
whatever alcohol is left in the body. Alcohol in beverages is known as ethyl alcohol, more commonly known asethanol. This ethanol is chemically
broken down in the liver. The enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase, strips electrons from the ethanol to form acetaldehyde. Another enzyme, aldehyde
dehydrogenase, with the help of oxygen, will convert the acetaldehyde into acetic acid. The acetic acid can be used for to form fatty acids or if further
broken down into carbon dioxide and water.
The rate at which alcohol affects the body is determined by three things: the concentration of the alcohol, the type of drink, and whether the stomach
is full or empty. The higher the concentration the faster the body absorbs it in the blood. When drinking carbonated beverages it tends to speed up
the rate for the body to absorb the alcohol. Lastly, the more food in the stomach, the more time it takes for the alcohol to get absorbed. First off, the
body responds to alcohol in a series of stages which correspond to an increase in the blood alcohol content (BAC). Blood alcohol content is the
amount of alcohol that can be found in the bloodstream. The first stage is euphoria, which has a BAC of .03 to .12 percent. In this stage the person
loses their judgment, they may

A Report On The Enzyme Classification Of Enzyme And The...
L–Lactate Dehydrogenase L–lactate dehydrogenase, or LDH, is an oxidoreductase that occurs in many organism and is a reaction that is important to
many cells. From the peptide sequence, this specific enzyme catalyzes the pyruvate to lactate reaction along with the coenzyme NAD+/ NADH. The
enzyme classification for this sequence is EC: 1.1.1.27, these numbers each identify a specific part of the enzyme and the reaction is a part of. The first
one identifies that this is and oxidoreductase reaction, which accounts for the dehydrogenase in the name. The second number is the labeling that a
hydrogen is undergoing the oxidation reduction and the final one is indicating that the l–lactate is the acceptor of the hydrogen. The final digit, 27, is
specific to the pyruvate reaction that the L–lactate dehydrogenase is catalyzing. Each peptide sequence was run through BLAST technology both
forward and backwards. The sequence was examined multiples ways to understand that the order of a sequence is important, and to guarantee the
correct enzyme is found. The BLAST database compares the sequence to many different organism and their different cellular reaction and rates each
enzyme on their similarities and the likelihood of getting a certain result of a different database (E–value). The LDH was the top 100% match with a
low E–value of 2e–11. This connected the sequence to an enzyme in the organism Mus Musculus in the muscle and heart cells. It occurs in different
regions of the house

Pathophysiology Of Alcoholism And Addictive Disorders
1.Describe the pathophysiology of alcoholism and addictive disorders.
The pathophysiology of alcoholism begins after alcohol the ingestion of alcohol. It is absorbed and unaltered through the stomach and intestines. Next
it is distributed throughout the body through the blood and absorbed by all tissues and fluids (Huether, 2012, p. 72). Furthermore, in the liver the alcohol
blood content is metabolized into acetaldehyde by the enzymes process of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
(MEOS), and catalase (Huether & McCance, 2012). Next, the metabolizing effects the central nervous system (CNS) and exhibits a depressant action.
It is first expressed in the subcortical structures of the brain. This has an effect of disorientation of motor skills and intellect. With an increase in blood
alcohol concentration, the medullary centers become depressed and as a result affects respiration (Huether & McCance, 2012). In addition, the effects of
alcoholism encourage hepatic and gastric changes. The hepatic effect is caused by acetaldehyde, in which, induces inflammation, fatty deposits and
enlargement of the liver (Huether & McCance, 2012).
2.Discuss the concept of tolerance to alcohol and the diagnostic criteria for alcohol/substance abuse.
Individual tolerance vary upon their ability to metabolize alcohol. Genetics has been proven to influence the metabolic rate of alcohol in the liver.
Furthermore, this affects the metabolism of alcohol depending on

Purification of lactate Dehydrogenase
Purification of Lactate Dehydrogenase
Results and Discussion
Monitoring Assays Enzyme activity assay and Bradford dye binding protein assay was used.
Ammonium Sulfate Fractionation In order to isolate and purify Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), we first extracted LDH from bovine muscle tissue. We
minced 8 grams of meat and homogenized using blender. The homogenate was centrifuged and the pellet consisting of membranes, organelles,
cytoskeletal components and structural fragments was discarded. The crude extract was subjected to 40% (NH4)2SO4 fractionation. The purpose of
this is to remove molecules of lesser solubility than LDH like lipids, fats and low soluble proteins. For this, 9.24 g of was slowly added to crude
extract while stirring reaching final solution saturation of 40%. The mixture was then centrifuged and the pellet consisting the contaminants was
discarded. From table I, the data indicate that the yield for this was 88% with purification factor of 1.5. The total protein in 40% supernatant was 121
mg which decreased from 210 mg present in crude extract while retaining 88% of LDH suggesting some contaminant proteins were removed. Due to
some discrepancies in protein data for crude extract and 40% supernatant, we re–assayed these. Even though week 3 data may not be very reliable, the
crude extract assay from week 2 and 40% supernatant assay from week 3 gave the most appropriate data with least error. The 40% supernatant was
then subjected to 60%

Types Of A Secondary Fermentation
The process:
The brawlers are filled with water and the malts are added once the temperature begins to rise and it is all left to boil. Once boiled, the hops are
added. It is then left to boil for around 80 minutes. After 80 minutes the brew is left to cool until reaches 25C then it must be transferred to the
formentor. Once in the formentor, the yeast is added and the formentor closed for around two weeks until all the sugar compounds from the malts have
been devoured by the yeast, and the alcohol content has been added. The brew is then transferred to a keg, where sugar is added, this allows the brew
to go through what is called a secondary fermentation. This increase alcohol percentage as well as giving the brew the common bubbly beer qualities.
Process breakdown:
Malts are the source of beer's colour and taste as well as the sugar compound which feeds the yeast and gives beer its alcohol content. Barley is the
most common source used, often with a touch of rye or wheat, to add a fuller flavour. All barley needs to be dried and roasted, and it is the mount
of roasting with offers the light to dark ale ratio. Longer roasted, darker, barley is used to make darker or fuller tasting beers, like that of Stouts.
Less roasted barley, however, is used in some ales as it is lighter in both colour and flavour, like that of blonde or pale ales. Different malts, such as
wheat or rye, give different and distinct flavours to the beer. Rye is known for its light and refreshing addition

What Factors Contribute to Alcoholism?
Introduction:
A variety of alcoholism cases develop from factors that cause an individual to develop alcoholism. These two factors are genetic factors as well as
environmental and risk factors. About 50 percent cases of alcoholism are related to genetic factors and the remaining 40 percent is related to risk and
environmental factors. In the article Mary – Anne Enoch acknowledges that "there are gene to gene as well as gene and environmental interactions
underlying a disorder such as alcoholism." (Enoch, 2006). Therefore, these factors play an important role in alcoholism development. These factors will
be clarified in the next couple of sentences. Genetic Factors:
A major factor for alcoholism development is genetic factors such as variations of specific genes. There is not a specific kind of genes that causes the
individual to get alcoholism, but it is said that there are variants of genes that have an effect on alcoholism. The impact of the variation of genes
depends on an individual's background, such as other genetic variations that the individual carries. The strategies that identify the genes that play a role
in alcoholism will be explained in the next paragraph.
Scientists have performed studies so they can find out what gene has a huge impact on alcoholism. The studies that were formed are case controls,
population and family studies. For example, scientists have done these studies by collecting samples of people who have alcoholism. Therefore
population

The Consequences Of Alcohol Analysis
Alcohol is a very widely used drug, and is therefore present in many clinical and forensic toxicology cases. Quantitation of alcohol levels in patients
affects the clinical treatment they receive as well as any legal consequences associated with the incident that led to their hospitalization. Alcohol
analysis and its consequences for postmortem cases also forms a large part of the forensic toxicologist's workload [1–2].
Although gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS) or gas chromatography flame ionization detection (GC–FID) is the most accurate and
reliable method of determining blood alcohol concentration (BAC), it is expensive, time–consuming, and requires technical proficiency manhours
[1–2]. Therefore, BAC determination in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there is still contention over its existence, prevalence, and severity; this is evidenced by recent articles and court cases contesting its
relevance [3,7] . It is problematic that almost every mention of this phenomenon goes back to a single study in 1995 that failed to put the issue to rest
[6].
Forensically, this research has multiple implications. The presence and level of alcohol in a victim or perpetrator's system has great bearing on their
behavior and frame of mind. As a result, the amount of alcohol in a person's blood can serve as a strong piece of evidence. From a sentencing
standpoint, the level of legal consequences assigned to an individual is also be dependent on the amount of intoxication detected [1]. With these
consequences in mind, it is imperative that the test used to measure ethanol levels is reliable and accurate. If there is a possibility that the enzymatic
assays used widely throughout hospitals can be inaccurate under certain conditions, it is necessary that the users and interpreters of those assays know
that interference can occur and when it might happen. If markers can be developed to determine when further testing for ethanol should be done, the
reliability of the test will be greatly increased. In this study, the aim will be to determine if lactate and LDH in clinically possible antemortem
concentrations can cause a significant

Essay On Sodium Chloride
Our results mostly match with these studies. Interestedly, biofilm–associated cells showed to be significantly more metabolically active than the
sporangia at pH 9 (p 2 ppt has significantly reduce the infection loads (Stockwell and Mahony 2015). There is evidence that higher concentrations of
sodium chloride, 10% (w/v), can kill Bd in 2 min (Johnson et al. 2003).But, this is a very high concentration which can negatively affect amphibians
as well. Salinity of the natural water bodies increase gradually every year due to agricultural clearing, irrigation and the massive use of de–icing salt on
roads both in urban and suburban areas (Kaushal et al. 2005, Pitman 2002). There are lentic water bodies which have the mean annual salinity as high...
We provide more complete results regarding the effectiveness of the amphotericin B as an antifungal treatment for chytridiomycosis. As an attempt of
finding novel antifungal therapeutic agents for Bd, we tested the viability of the zoospores, sporangia and biofilm–associated cells in the presence of
different concentrations of methyl chavicol, curcumin, allicin and 6–gingerol. Plant extracts have been used to treat different microbial diseases of
humans, animals and plants for decades. Methyl chavicol is not soluble in water; instead it is highly soluble in ethanol and DMSO. Ethanol and
DMSO both kill Bd. Therefore, testing its ability to kill Bd was determined in mixed cultures by directly adding different volumes of oil into 10 ml
H–broth cultures. The minimal inhibitory concentration of methyl chavicol was 1 Вµl/ml which completely killed a mixer of both zoospores and
sporangia. Our results match with the previously reported MIC of 1 Вµl/ml for methyl chavicol which completely inhibited the mycelial growth of
Moniliophthora perniciosa (Costa et al. 2015). Antibacterial activities of Ocimum sp. essential oils, which consist methyl chavicol as the major
component, have been proved to be effective against different bacteria and fungi (Moghaddam et al. 2014, Pandey et al. 2014). Even though methyl
chavicol seems very promising in mitigating Bd in vitro, in vivo studies are highly recommended as there is evidence that methyl chavicol

Case Study
The Hot Tub Mystery: The Story of a Very HOT Tub Herbert House Biology Department Elon University, Elon, NC Part I
–The Discovery Cast of
Characters Sam Garrison–Detective Roma and Clint Underhill–The hot couple Kavita Dickson and Larry Gonzales–emt paramedics Renee
Volenbach–Physiologist in the Biology Department at Noletown University Friday, 7PM Roma and Clint Underhill had both had a long day. They
were the owners of a successful real estate company in Desert Palm. Each had several clients, and the strain of the current real estate market was getting
to them. It had been an unusually cool day for January, with temperatures hovering around п™‰п™ѓ degrees. On coming home they decided to relax
in their hot tub with some wine. While... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was obvious that both had been dead for some time. Kavita called the dispatcher. "Listen, Linda, this hot tub case is a doa, but something is not right.
How about sending the medical examiner and a detective out to look the situation over. Tell them to bring a thermometer!" Questions 1. What
observations did the paramedics make? 2. List the questions raised about this situation or that you think that the investigators should ask of the maid. 3.
List any physiological eп¬Ђects that you think would be associated with this situation. 4. How might these physiological eп¬Ђects have contributed to
the Underhills' death? 5. Make an initial speculation about the cause of the Underhills' death. "The Hot Tub Mystery" by Herbert House Page 2 Part
II–The Investigation Saturday, 9:30AM "п™„п™„п™€ degrees! What is this thing doing so hot?" Sam Garrison asked Kavita as he removed the
thermometer from the water. He was investigating the death of Roma and Clint Underhill, prominent real estate brokers in Desert Palm. "This hot tub
should be no more than п™„п™ѓп™Њ degrees." He remembered reading a Consumer Product Safety Commission п¬‚yer on hot tubs and wondered
if the tub was associated with the death. The bodies were being taken away for autopsy as he took in the scene. "Hmm. What about these bottles of
wine? It looks like they had a party–all by

Essay about Effect of Rotanone
Comparing LC50 of Insectisides Pirimicarb and Rotenone on Blowfly, Blowfly larvae, Woodlice and Daphni Abstract The LC50 of insecticides
rotenone and pirimicarb were compared by testing blowfly, blowfly larva, woodlice and daphnia. Rotenone is a NADH dehydrogenase inhibitor
causing death by oxidative stress however pirimicarb causes toxicity through acetylcholinesterase inhibition. It was found that rotenone had large
toxic effects on daphnia, blowflies and woodlice but not maggots and pirimicarb had low toxic effects on all of the organisms tested. Due to the low
percentage death caused by pirimicarb a LC50, however in rotenone a LC50 was performed for daphnia, woodlice and blowfly the LC50 for each
organism was compared concluding... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Woodlice are nocturnal and are classified as primary decomposers, feeding on organic materials such as bark, leaves, dead plant and animal matter
and hardwood, decomposing the debris into soil which is vital for the ecosystem (Nardi 2009, Poole 1994 & CapineraI 2010). Woodlice can also
be classified as secondary decomposers as they feed on their own faeces to replenish the copper containing oxygen –absorbing pigment lost when they
defecate. Urine is also recycled in the water conducting channels along with water that is taken up from the environment, the ammonia of the urine
evaporates and from the remaining water in the water conducting channels oxygen is absorbed by pleopods (Nardi 2009). Daphnia, also known as
water fleas, are small crustaceans about 1mm–5mm long and are part of the freshwater zooplankton (Ebert 2005, Hutchinson 2005 & Clifford
1991). Daphnia can be found in most fresh water habitats such as freshwater springs, ponds and reservoirs and are the predominant food for
planktivorous fish. Dapnia are 'filter feeders' meaning they feed on small particles suspended in the water which can include algae. It has been found
that daphnia tend to migrate to the upper parts of the water at night and return to the lower parts of the water in the day to hide from predators (Ebert
2005) (Hutchinson 2005). Daphnia can reproduce through sexual reproduction and also asexual

Effects Of Alcohol On Women 's Drinking
Alcohol is very popular amongst all ages of women whether they drink before or after 21 years old or. Women are seen as vulnerable and weak,
which is a typical stereotype society defines. A reason why women may drink is indefinite. There is not an exact reason why women drink, but there
are many reasons why may one drink. Reasons may consist of positivity and/ or negativity for alcohol; however, there are many negative effects on
women. Women drink in order to have fun and get loose, or if they are stressed and feel overwhelmed. Consumption of alcohol is every day, but
people may not know what it is composed of. There are ingredients that people do not realize that would be in an alcoholic beverage. It is important for
women to know what they are putting into their bodies. As women drink more, the more likely women are known to have a disorder. Eating
disorders can play a big factor in drinking. Many people do not realize how alcohol is broken down, however, according to Kolander, "alcohol takes
place through the stomach, where about 20 percent is absorbed directly into the bloodstream, and from the small intestine where 80 percent is
absorbed and moves into the bloodstream and to all parts of the body" (p. 322). There are many types of alcohol; the three additional types of alcohol are
methanol, isopropyl, and butyl. These ingredients are dangerous for the body. Methyl alcohol, also called wood alcohol, is an ingredient in such
products as glass cleaners, turpentine,

How Does The Amount Of These Muscle Enzymes And Muscle...
Introduction Humans have two distinct types of muscle, type I and type II. Type I is considered slow, oxidative, and is used more commonly for
endurance activities. Type II is considered fast, glycolytic and even oxidative, but it is used more for sprint–related activities. In addition,
phosphorylase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) are skeletal muscle enzymes along with myosin ATP, NADII2,
tetrazolium reducatse, and alpha–gycerophosphate dehydrogenase help determine the muscle types based on these measurements.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study is to measure the amount of these skeletal muscle enzymes and muscle fiber composition of track and field athletes compared
to untrained subjects.
Methods The experiment consists of testing maximum VO2 uptake for the subjects to measure their caliber of training, whether the subjects had no
training for a few years or those who have been participating in intense exercise. Also, each subject had a muscle sample of his or her gastrocnemius
(lateral head) taken by a needle biopsy technique.
a)Subjects: The experiment consisted of 34 men and 27 women and were measured in which 23 of the men and 17 of the women were highly trained,
internationally competitive track athletes. Within the track and field athlete category, this consisted of sprint runners, middle–distance runners,
distance runners, long–high jumpers, javelin throwers, and shot–put/discus throwers. These track athletes

Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire
Impact of Alcohol
1.None of the categories in the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire are sufficient reasons to consume alcohol throughout the day; however, many
individuals do look at the use of alcohol in the ways listed in the categories. As unfortunate as it is, there are many different reasons people pick up a
drink but they all ultimately believe the alcohol will help whatever situation they are in. What those individuals fail to realize is how alcohol works
against those problems. In questions 1–5 they view it as a transforming agent by making "the future seem brighter" but alcohol only does that by
impairing the cerebral cortex of the brain and causes them to make careless choices because alcohol tells them everything will be okay. In ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
When considering alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine, it is actually hard to classify them all as the same thing because they all have their own
individual effects on the body. The classmate was correct when saying marijuana and alcohol have similar effects on behavior, but even then, they
are only similar to a certain extent. Alcohol and marijuana are similar because they both act as a depressant on the body's nervous system when
entered into the blood stream. Both substances cause the individual to become impaired in one way or another and lose the ability to do some of the
things sober people can do. However, alcohol causes the body to lose balance, alter the individuals to speak properly, impairs their sleep cycle, and at
times causes aggressive behavior. Marijuana, on the other hand, over activates the cannabinoid receptors causing a disruption of memory, alters
perceptions in regards to sound and movement by slowing it down, and numbing portions of the body as a whole. When adding cocaine into the
equation, that's where the comparison is thrown off completely. Cocaine does the complete opposite and acts as a stimulant by "blocking the removal
of dopamine in the synapses of the brain (National Institute of Drug Abuse)". Cocaine causes the consumer to be energetic, talkative, and mentally alert
which later leads to them crashing and hitting an extreme low. Cocaine causes tachycardia, arrhythmia, abdominal pain, and possible strokes/seizures
due to the long term respiratory problems. Though they are all different, the biggest problem in their statement was that they all should be legalized. In
my opinion none of them should be legal because they are all drugs which are commonly misused by many individuals in the

The Mathematics Of Blood Alcohol Concentration
The Mathematics of Blood Alcohol Concentration
As I approached my sixteenth birthday, I began to study for my G1 written test in order to receive my drivers' licence. While doing a practice test, I
came across a statistic that stated, "In the United States in 2013, it was estimated that 10 076 people were killed in crashes that involved one or more
drunk drivers and 290 000 people were injured in these accidents ". I had heard a variation of this statistic many times, however I didn't truly grasp the
magnitude of these numbers until I began to reflect on the effects of driving under the influence. As a potential new driver, I was concerned about the
use of alcohol while driving so I began to wonder how toxins, specifically alcohol, react within our bodies. I also wondered how, or even if, this
interaction could be represented through the use of mathematical analysis.
In my research I discovered for myself a field known as pharmacokinetics, which is a branch of pharmacology that deals with the interactions of drugs
in our bodies. In pharmacokinetics, the interaction of alcohol with the body can be visually represented using a concentration–time graph, where the
concentration can be graphed as a function with respect to time in hours. The concentration in this case refers to Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC),
which is the amount of alcohol in 100 mL of blood with units, mg/100mL, or often expressed as a percent. BAC is a means by which doctors can
determine a person's

The Problems Associated with Underage Drinking Essay
Curiosity to appear more grown up may be the reason why most adolescents take their first drink of an alcoholic beverage. The ability to seen more
grown up can intensify drinking at a younger age. Consequently, as alcohol is seen as the "Forbidden Fruit," it encourages the want to drink for people
under the age of twenty–one. The use of alcohol by adolescents is widely viewed as disobedience in American society. Although, alcohol use is
technically illegal until the age of twenty–one (in 19 states the consumption of alcohol in not specifically illegal for people under the age of
twenty–one), there is still an excessive use of dinking in teenagers today. Since alcohol is associated with all three leading causes of death among teens,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When you start drinking, it's kind of a mystery, something you can't do." ("Alcohol Abuse and Youth" 1) Parents who continue to be highly involved
with their children, their kids are less likely to drink. Parental interaction with at–risk teens is far more effective in keeping young people away from
alcoholic beverages. As proof, teens who eat dinner with their whole family twice a week or less are sixty–five percent more likely to have tried
alcohol than those who have family dinner five or more nights a week. However, harsh punishments given out by parents for drinking usually results in
rebellious behavior and a lack of communication between adolescents and parents. Avoiding over–reactions when a teens drinking is discovered helps
to lessen the teen's rebellious behavior while keeping communication open. (Update: Alcohol Issues 6) Although using alcohol once is not
necessarily abuse, young people who get in a habit of drinking on a regular basis or is associated with "binge" drinking. For men, excessive
drinking is more than fourteen drinks per week and four per occasion and for women seven drinks per week and three per occasion. Research shows
adolescents have had their first drink of alcohol at age eleven for boys and thirteen for girls. The average age for teenagers to begin drinking regular
is just age sixteen. As a matter of fact, twenty–five percent of fourth

Lactate Dehydrogenase: A Genetic Analysis
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of glycolysis. It is responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates, principally
glucose, catalyzing interconversion of lactate and pyruvate with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as coenzyme (HeinovГЎ, KosteckГЎ & Csank,
2015). Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate arrives the mitochondrial matrix and will be transformed into acetyl–CoA (Wei, Wei, Li, Xu & Wei, 2015).
LDH can be found in both plants and human. LDH has two unique subunits, LDH–H (heart) and LDH–M (muscle), different subunits can combine to
form different LDH isoenzymes according to their electrophoretic mobility from anode to cathode as LDH 1, LDH 2, LDH 3, LDH 4, and LDH 5
(HeinovГЎ, KosteckГЎ & Csank, 2015). Combinations are... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In cardiac muscle which is anodic, LDH1 and LDH2 dominate over cathodic forms of LDH5 and LDH4 while in skeletal muscle which is cathodic,
dominate in cathodic forms of Lactate Dehydrogenase (HeinovГЎ, KosteckГЎ & Csank, 2015). The hypothesis of this experiment was direction of
bands movement towards positive or negative poles indicated the cathodic and anodic forms of isoenzymes. If the anodic forms of LDH in the tissue
is predominated, bands will move to the positive pole. If the cathodic forms of the LDH in the tissue is dominated, bands will move to the negative
pole. The aim of this experiment was LDH isoenzymes in different organs can be separated according to their different amino acid compositions, LDH
isoenzymes are analyzed by carrying out electrophoresis in order to separate isoenzymes according to their difference in charge. In an effort to analyze
Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme from tissue homogenates, an experiment was conducted using electrophoresis method in order to separate
isoenzymes in samples according to their difference in amino acid

New Zealand 's Leading Wine Producing Area
Report
Marlborough is New Zealand 's leading wine producing area. Marlborough produces over 75% of the country 's total export wine. Blenheim is said to
be the most productive alcohol region in New Zealand due to its' large amount of sunshine hours per year. Moisture, light intensity and temperature
show a repeating trend annually in Marlborough making it easy for winemakers predict and rely on the weather. Photosynthesis is the process that
plants carry out in order to use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. More sunshine, increases the rate of
photosynthesis in the grape vine. Steady successful photosynthesis ensures the plant produces its highest quality fruit.
Alcohol is defined as a carbon chain with a hydroxyl group attached. Alcoholic beverages for social consumption are specifically made from ethanol.
Ethanol is a 2 carbon chain with a hydroxyl attached. There are many processes within winemaking to get the flavours that are characterised into
different types of wines. Initially wine is made by crushing grapes to extract juice. From this stage the juice undergoes two main types of fermentation.
Primary fermentation is the first stage and most active of fermentation, occurring under aerobic conditions.. Sucrose is a dimer (a molecule or
molecular complex consisting of two identical molecules linked together) of glucose and fructose molecules. In the first step the enzyme invertase
cleaves the glycosidic linkage between

The Effects Of Guava And Olive Leaf Extracts On...
Cardio– Nephroprotective Effects of Guava and Olive Leaf Extracts on Doxorubicin–Induced Toxicity in Rats
Abstract
Objective: Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anticancer drug that is known to increase oxidative stress in several organs. Our objective was to evaluate the
possible cardioprotective and nephroprotective effects of guava leaf extract (GLE) and olive leaf extract (OLE) on DOX–induced toxicity in rats.
Methods: Forty adult male albino rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 rats each, as follows: a normal control group, a DOX group (a single
dose of DOX; 30 mg/kg intraperitoneally), a GLE group (500 mg GLE/kg body weight), and an OLE group (500 mg OLE/kg body weight) for 12 d.
DOX was administered in the DOX, GLE, and OLE rats, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has been demonstrated that the regular consumption of fruits and vegetables decreased the risk of certain malignancies (Tang et al., 2014).
Therefore, fruits and vegetable phytochemicals can be considered as promising chemopreventive agents.
Despite Doxorubicin is the of drug of choice for cancer treatment because of its efficacy but it has many acute and chronic side effects some of which
are irreversible especially in the heart. Our aim in the present study was to decrease these side effects in cancer patients using dietary antioxidants and
natural products.(3&7)
New refrences
Herbal and medicinal plants have been extensively used as treatment of several human disorders. Psidium guajava L. commonly known as guava,
considered as one of the most important traditional medicinal herbs Guava has been used for long time in folk medicines as a therapeutic agent for the
treatment of a number of diseases, e.g., as an antiinflammatory, for diabetes, rheumatic pain, hypertension, wounds, ulcers, and reducing fever.4 Guava
leaves extracts have various pharmacological effects.
The main components of guava including vitamins, tanins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, essential oils, sesquiterpene alcohols and triterpenoid
acids. These compounds are related to many health effects of guava [10].
Olive (Olea europaea L.) tree leaves have been widely used for traditional therapies in Mediterranean countries [11].Several experimental studies have
shown

An alternative approach of affinity chromatography with...
An alternative approach of affinity chromatography with extremely significant results is dye–ligand affinity chromatography. In this type of affinity
chromatography, dyes compose the group of ligands than are employed in the technique (Hage et al., 2012).
The initial motivation for scientists to investigate more about dye ligand affinity chromatography was given after the interactions that took place
between Blue Dextran, a Cibaron Blue and dextran conjugate, which is used as a void marker in size–exclusion chromatography, and particular
kinases. Until then, only purification of various proteins by size–exclusion chromatography with Blue Dextran, like for example, erythrocyte pyruvate
kinase, phosphofructokinase, glutathione reductase, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sulfonic acid groups are responsible for molecules in order to be soluble enough in aqueous media. Another crucial characteristic is the negative
charge of these groups at all pH values. Carboxyl, amino, chloride, or metal complexing groups can be part of these dyes, but in most of them nitrogen
both in and outside on aromatic ring can be included (Denizli and PiЕџkin, 2001).
The most popular dyes used for the purification of proteins are triazinyl–based reactive dyes. The synthesis procedure is mainly based on Cyanuric
chloride or (1,3,5–trichloro–sym–triazine). In particular, the fact that electronegative atoms are present is the reason for the three carbon atoms to be
characterized as extremely positive, and as a result they are very sensitive to nucleophilic attacks. The attachment of chromophore molecules to this is
extremely simple and so dichlorotriazinyl dyes can be also formed (Denizli and PiЕџkin, 2001).
A characteristic example of this category of dyes is the Procion MX series (from Imperial Chemical Industries). These series can also react later with
aniline, sulfanilates or other nucleophilic substituents in order to produce monochlorotriazinyl dyes like for example Cibacron (from Ciba–Geigy) or
Procion H (from ICI).The exact position of the sulfonate group on the aniline ring is the main characteristic that helps scientists to distinguish the two
series, as in Procion H series it

Why Do Some Children have Foetal Alcohol Syndrome and Some...
For many years the questions has been raised as to why not all children are affected by Foetal Alcohol Syndrome even if the mother was drinking
alcohol during her pregnancy. The theory that genetics plays a role in whether a child will have FAS first came about through studying twins. In a
sample size 16 sets of twins, which were all exposed to alcohol while in the uterus, out of the 5 sets of identical twins, in each set both children were
affected by FAS. Out of the 11 sets of fraternal twins, 4 sets had the same out come as the identical twins, while in the other 7 sets only one child per
set was affect by FAS. Through this research it can therefore be understood that it was the difference inDNA of the fraternal twins that lead to only ...
Another area of study is that if the mother has both or one of the alleles ADH1B*2 and ADH1B*3 her child is protected from FAS. ADH1B*2 and
ADH1B*3 are polymorphisms of ADH1B which comes from the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which is a catalyzing enzyme involved with the
oxidation of ethanol. These alleles code for enzymes that cause oxidation of ethanol to occur at a much faster rate than usual. By having a faster
oxidation rate alcohol will be metabolized and detoxified sooner. The alcohol consumed goes into your blood stream and is spread through the body,
which could have a teratogenic effect on the foetus, until the alcohol has been completely metabolized. Therefore the faster the alcohol can be
metabolized the less chance there is of it getting to the placenta and therefore into the foetus' bloodstream. Due to the fact that the alcohol won't be able
to get to the foetus because it oxidised much quicker, the foetus is protected from the effects of the alcohol which lead to FAS.
The most recent discovery to provide evidence that genetics is a contributing factor to the development of FAS is the discovery of the exact locus
that controls the alcohol sensitivity of the L1 protein. L1 is an essential part of the neural development of foetuses. It is located on the outside of cells
and is important to the joining of cells as well as axon control and movement of cells. Phosphorylation, controlled by the enzyme ERK2, occurred
inside the L1

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