Cross-Cultural Communication Vs American Culture

Cross-Cultural Communication Vs American Culture
Cross Cultural Communication
Mohamed Elamin
Date: 02/23/2011
City University of Seattle
Abstract
This paper is about comparing and contrasting the American style of communication and that of
Bahrain. Different countries have their own interpretation for every single issue based on their
culture background and their way of thinking. The most significant characteristics of American
culture are: individualism, equality, competition, freedom and privacy, action orientation, directness,
particularity, and a problem solving orientation. In Bahrain is somewhat the same as other Arab
countries, religion faith and local traditions play a large role in the people's lives, although Bahrain
constitution is more liberal compared with other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Nussbaum, 2005, par 6) In Bahrain people are conservative and they do not like unexpected events.
Therefore they do a lot of plans to stay away from troubles. Also no one likes to take decision alone
they usually looking for consultancies form other. Moreover their social traditions not accept
unexpected actions or events.
Americans obey rules most of the time, but they see rules as someone else 's idea of how they
should do things. They think the rule might have been appropriate in some other situation but it
might not be appropriate for their situation now. Therefore they break it and do what they think is a
better idea. Though Americans say, Rules are made to be broken, but they never say, "Laws are
made to be broken." Laws are official legal "and they proudly claim that in America, "No one is
above the law". (Nussbaum, 2005, par 9)
In Bahrain popular people obey the rules, otherwise they will under the risk of detention. But people
who belong to the royal family and those are very rich, they do not care about rules or even law they
always break the law with any kind of accountability. In general, establishing business in Bahrain is
straightforward. The government of Bahrain vigorously seeks to increase foreign direct investment
in Bahrain especially from the United States and western countries. On other hand according to my
own experience I notice that people who from Southeast Asia
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Communication as a Cross-Cultural Challenge for...
COMMUNICATION AS A CROSS–
‐CULTURAL CHALLENGE FOR INTERNATIONAL
MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF GINA TRICOT
Paper within: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration Authors:
Tutor:
Frida Mordenfeld Sandra Johansson
Pamela Hinojosa Giron
Zehra Sayed
881201–
‐5520 890304–
‐5543 900910–
‐1560
Jönköping
The 18th of May 2012
0
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The known quote: "Coming together is a beginning; keeping ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We base our conclusions on the notion that as human behaviours is dynamic and highly
unpredictable, so is also culture and therefore even communication.
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1.2 BACKGROUND 1.2.1 CROSS–CULTURAL COMMUNICATION 1.2.2
CULTURE 1.2.3 GLOBALISATION 1.3 GINA TRICOT AS A FAST–FASHION CORPORATION
1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1.5 PURPOSE 1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION 1.7 DISPOSITION 2.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 A MODEL FOR INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION
EFFECTIVENESS 2.2 COMMUNICATION COMPETENCIES 2.2.1 COGNITIVE

COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE 2.2.2 AFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
2.2.3 BEHAVIOURAL COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE 2.3 COMMUNICATION
ENVIRONMENT 2.3.1 COMMUNICATION INTERACTION 2.3.2 CULTURAL INTERACTION
2.4 RELATIONAL QUALITY 2.4.1 TRUST AND COMMITMENT 2.4.1 SATISFACTION 2.5
PERFORMANCE EFFECTIVENESS 2.6 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS 3.
METHODOLOGY 3.1 DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGY 3.2 SELECTION OF STUDY
DESIGN 3.4 COLLECTION OF DATA 3.5 SELECTION OF DATA
5 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 11 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 15 17 18 18 19 19 21 21 21 22 23 3
3.6 ANALYSIS OF DATA 4. EMPIRICAL FINDINGS 4.1 THE FAST–FASHION
CORPORATION GINA TRICOT 4.2 COMMUNICATION COMPETENCIES 4.3
COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT 4.4 RELATIONAL QUALITY 5. ANALYSIS 5.1 THE
EFFECTS OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISTANCE 5.1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTANCE 5.1.2 LONG–
TERM RELATIONS

A Brief Note On Cross Cultural Communication And...
Cross–Culture Communication Competence in Global Business
Celeste Aisien Lo
COMS 2331
Dr. Richard Bello
April 29th 2015
Competence in cross–cultural communication and understanding cultural differences is becoming
more crucial in today's society. Technology is advancing in a rapid pace and is allowing more
opportunities in migration therefore existing countries has never had so much to do with each other
until today. As a result of becoming inter–connected, global business is progressing rapidly.
Majority of countries are participating in global business transactions, international alliances and
multinational joint ventures. However, recent studies suggest that these organizations often find
failure as a result of poor cross–cultural communication. Researches have analyzed the aspects of
effective cross–cultural communication, how it affects business communication and why the
communication is ineffective when it is. According to Becker & Bsat (2014), learning the skills of
"proper behavior" on an international level is one of the most important elements necessary for
business success and growth. Chaney & Martin's (2007) analysis suggest that there is "international
business culture" which defines acceptable behavior and orientation in an international social and
business setting. Although Beckers & Bsat (2014) did not title their research "international business
culture", their work aligns with Chaney and Martin's (2007) claims. Beckers & Bsat (2014) used the

Importance of Cross Cultural Communications
Effective cross–cultural communication is one of the most important issues dealt with in business,
particularly when a firm operates at an international level. Communication is a process with three
key elements, which includes a source, an audience, and a channel. Communication derived from
businesses will have listeners that include, but are not limited to customers, employees, suppliers,
and the community (Caddy et al.). These listeners contribute to the success of a firm, which is why
there is so much emphasis put into creating appropriate channels of communication. This effect is
further amplified when dealing at an international level, where the effect of culture and time has
more bearing.
What makes effective communication important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many cultures employ a hierarchical approach to communication, but often this method of results in
important issues being dodged. This problem is highlighted in an (Nakamoto 2008) article on
Japanese companies. In the article it is reported that many of the Japanese companies employ a very
rigid communication structure, and overseas managers were hired to create a more efficient method
of communication. An open exchange or direct method of communication is much more effective as
ideas can be garnered from different levels of the organisation.
Overcoming various linguistic issues is another operational benefit experienced when an effective
communication channel is established. Due to the legal issues of each country, language differences
do not only affect face o face interaction, but written communications as well (Bovee 2008).
Through proper planning and research, however, a business is able to preempt such a problem from
occurring, possibly by arranging for an interpreter to translate.
Failing to establish an effective means for communication when an ethical issue arises can be
detrimental to the stability of a workplace. This problem is particularly pertinent, when you consider
the fact that globalization has diversified workplace cultures. This can lead to what Huntington
(cited in Eunson 2005) described as a 'clash of civilizations', due to the different perspectives on
morality in the western and eastern countries. Neglecting this issue can create

Cross Cultural Communication Important For Businesses
In this report, I will justify, why is cross cultural communication important for businesses in the 21st
century. Cross cultural communication is a very important factor for businesses in these days
because of the rapid economic development hence globalisation.
Therefore, knowledge and understanding of a cultural diversity are a must especially for businesses
operated worldwide to correctly react to body language, symbols, gestures or situations that can be
easily misunderstood due to cultural differences and can lead to the unsuccessful transactions,
contracts or a business as a whole, for example, Americans or British use the gesture 'thumb up ' to
express that everything going well, while in Bangladesh it means rude or awful. Living or doing a
business in different country does not only mean knowing their food, music or clothing, but mainly
to understand their beliefs and values, as these are usually hidden deeply beneath the surface, even
though we may find some habits or beliefs in the different country 's culture to be same or very
similar to ours.
In my opinion, it is very difficult to talk about cultural differences without making statements or
likelihood, hence generalisations, which can help to describe how people from one culture usually
behave and react in a particular situation. However, even though generalisation can help to learn and
understand different cultures around the world, it can lead to a negative stereotyping,
miscommunication and conflicts.
What

Essay about American Exceptionalism and Cross-Cultural...
The study of American exceptionalism and cross–cultural communications has the ability to
improve U.S. military effectiveness in USPACOM. Understanding these two cultural principles will
improve effectiveness in three ways. First, it allows USPACOM personnel to understand their
biases. Second, it gives USPACOM personnel a perspective on how nations in their area of
responsibility may potentially view their actions. Finally, cross–cultural communications provides
tools for USPACOM personnel to overcome their biases and skepticism from potential partners or
adversaries, setting the stage for more effective military engagements.
The importance of understanding these two cultural elements will magnify in the future due to the
pending shift ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
national interest." Both the National Security Strategy and USPACOM strategy place strong
emphasis on communicating with nations in the region and building partnerships. A sound
understanding of the cultural environment is critical in achieving these strategic objectives.
Incorporating cultural understanding into the planning process gives military leaders an edge in
planning effective engagements that will eventually result in better communication with both
adversaries and allies and stronger partnerships across the region. To achieve cultural understanding
USPACOM personnel must first exam the concept of American exceptionalism. American
exceptionalism has several meanings, which led Ceaser to describe it as not a concept but a family
of concepts. However, Ceaser does identify the common denominator of these various definitions as
a claim to uniqueness. This uniqueness refers to the idea that there is either something different
about America or something special about America. America is different is the notion that compared
to other advance societies the United States is different in key social areas like religion, politics,
criminal justice, birth rates, belief in personal freedom, etc. Research conducted by social scientist
indicates the United States is an outlier in these areas supporting the idea that America is literally
different from other nations. The idea that America is different is a concept embraced by social

Overcoming Cross Cultural Differences Of Communication
Overcoming cross cultural differences in communication at Tearroir
单丝不成线，独木不成林
A single thread cannot become a cord, and a single tree does not make a forest. This Cheng Yu is
about cooperation and being part of a larger whole. Its roots stem from Confucian beliefs of
organized society through togetherness. This is in stark contrast to the emphasis placed on
individualism in some Western countries.
Introducton
Tearroir is a global tea brand that sources premium loose leaf tea from 7 countries. The need to
overcome cross cultural difference in communication is a major issue in achieving affective
knowledge transfer and performance in today's globalised world (Holden, Von Kortzfleisch, 2004,
pp127). Knowledge evolves as both organisations and individuals adapt to internal/external
environments, it is one of the most important assets for any organisation (Rivera–Vazquez, Ortiz–
Fournier, Flores, 2009, pp257). Cross cultural differences are never more of a barrier to successful
communication inl business than in the case of verbal and non verbal communication (McShane,
Olekalns, Travaglione, 2010, pp367). Tearroir's mission statement is "the best teas on Earth" for this
to be realised we need to be effective communicators with people from varied cultural backgrounds.
Cross cultural communication issues often occur because people react to situations based on beliefs,
values and expectations of their own culture, the examples of 'face' and guan xi will be discussed in
the paper.

Cross Cultural Communication Strategy Between The Roaring...
Cross–Cultural Communication Strategy:
The Roaring Dragon Hotel and Hotel International
Prasanna Baganagarapu
Sullivan University
MGT 510 Executive Summary
This proposal is meant to provide a cross–cultural communication strategy between the Roaring
Dragon Hotel (RDH), and the Hotel International (HI). RDH is one of the original three–star hotels
in southwest China and a state owned enterprise (Grainger, 2008). This proposal will address the
issues that come when failing to recognize cultural differences. In addition, the proposal will
address the importance of involving the employees in important management decisions. These
recommendations will provide a win–win situation, thus a healthy work ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
163). In addition, Guanxi is "personal, reciprocal and more long–term oriented" (Yang, 2011, p.
164). RDH depended on their social connections when conducting business.
In 2002, Paul Fortune, the HI general manager was assigned to take over RDH management.
Fortune's challenge was to transform laid–back family–based employees, into professional, dynamic
employees working under an international organizational management style. Fortune's goal was that
within two years the local Chinese employees could be transformed to world–class hotel employees.
He introduced a two month training to search for employees that could handle these changes
(Grainger, 2008).
The majority of the employees had hard time adapting to the much sophisticated management style,
especially the older employees. Many employees with important guanxi resigned or transferred to
other hotels. Moreover, along with this process RDH lost one of its important client, the travel
agency Nu Fu, because of lack of cultural understanding. Overall, the new management disregarded
the Chinese business culture, and lacked communication with its employees.
Problem: Lack of Cultural Understanding
The organization culture of RDH and HI were completely different. RDH's organizational culture
was constructed by guanxi. The employees did not have work professionalism and lacked discipline.
They did not show any effort to beat competition.

Cultural Impact On Cross-Cultural Communication
Introduction
When a company starts to do business in a foreign country, there are often many business practices
that are different and difficult to understand. Cross–cultural communication refers to
communication conducted by people from different ethnic, social or gendered backgrounds, that is,
communication between people who do not share the common linguistic or cultural values. Through
identifying some most important influential factors in cross–cultural communication, the paper
points out some steps and sugestions which can be use to make a successful meeting between an
Australian young business women and a traditional Japanese manager and discusses how those
factors can lead to cross–cultural communication failures. After that, it provides solutions for main
types of cross–cultural communication breakdown and strategies for enhancing effective
communication. Finally, the paper ends with a restatement of the main points, which is also the
conclusion part.
Influential factors on cross–cultural communication
Socio–cultural influence
An important factor which also influences cross–cultural communication is the socio–cultural effect.
From the meaning of "culture" mentioned above, it is not difficult to see that socio–cultural
influence is crucial to a successful cross–cultural communication. Gumperz (2002) once wrote that
"...socio–cultural assumptions concerning role and status relationships as well as socialvalues
associated with various message components also play an

Cross Cultural Communication : Communication
Tianli Yuan 1043313
Assignment–A1
Cross–cultural communication
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be
judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
–––––––––––Martin Luther King Communication is the transference and the understanding of
meaning, it is also an activity that conveying meaning through a shared system of signs and semiotic
rules.
By commuting target individual or target group, we can affect change the progress of events and
execute our intention with success. For example, it could foster motivation for what is to be done,
also provide a release for emotional expression and provide information needed to make decisions,
even it could control or affect member behavior. Generally speaking, communication contains a
complex multilayered, dynamic process through which we exchange meaning .
Cross–cultural communication as a part of communication, although it owns some identical
characters when it compares with the communication, the unique features should not be neglected.
Cross– cultural communication usually happens when person from one culture sends a message to
one person from different culture. The greater difference in participants' culture background, the
greater difference in comprehension's way it will shows. It is easy to understand that why does such
phenomenon happens, because in a particular circumstance, we

Cross Cultural Communication Selection And Review
Cross Cultural Communication Selection and Review
As Jeane Kirkpatrick once said, "Cross cultural experience and communication teaches us not
simply that people have different beliefs, but that people seek meaning and understand themselves
and others in some sense as members of a universe ruled by God." Effective cross cultural
communication with people of different cultures can be especially challenging. Culture itself
provides human beings with different ways of thinking and responding, which includes a variety of
different ways of seeing, hearing, and interpreting the world. While there are ways of translating the
language of other cultures in order to have the ability to effectively use cross cultural
communication (most specifically for collaborative purposes), the same words can mean different
things to different people from different cultures, even when they speak the same language. In fact,
when languages are diverse, and translation has to be used to communicate (cross cultural), the
potential for misunderstandings and difficulty rises. In the case of "Strategies for Smooth and
Effective Cross–Cultural Online Collaborative Learning" written by Junfeng Yang, Kinshuk Huiju,
Sue–Jen Chen, and Ronghuai Huang, describes the difficulties with cross cultural communication
and the findings of a study done by Hangzhou Normal University (China), Athabasca University
(Canada), and University of North Caroline (United States) about this difficult subject and its
gravity

Communication Is The Most Fundamental Element. Cross...
Over the past decades the business world has become more globally interdependent due to the
globalization and technology, one of the main business challenges that an organization faces today is
cross cultural communication. With increasing numbers of business opportunities across national
borders, many organizations tend to expand their business operations abroad. Consequently, there
have been significant business competitions. In order to win in this competitive business world,
communication is the most fundamental element. Cross cultural communication is defined that it is
part of the intercultural communication and has to compare how people communicate across
cultures (Browaeys and Price, 2008). Furthermore, according to Huang (2010, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Similarly, Lebron (2003) agreed with Hofstede's statement but assumed that significant cultural
differences lead to miscommunication which may bring conflict and aggravate crash. Additionally,
she has indicated that intercultural communication will be demonstrated by sharing ideas, attitudes,
and behaviour and they are divided into four categories such as time and space, fate and personal
responsibility, face and face–saving and nonverbal communication. Moreover, most research on
cross cultural communication focuses on the importance of cross cultural communication in
business environments and negotiations. For instance, some experts have claimed that cross cultural
communication has become one of the important parts of international business that cannot be
avoided (Zhu and Zhu, 2006; Huang, 2010; Salacuse, 1999). Furthermore, they have assumed that
when two negotiating parties from different cultural backgrounds tries to communicate, potential
disagreements and misunderstandings arise which may make difficult to negotiate and break up a
business partnership. Similarly, Zhang and Zhou (2008) also has claimed that understanding the
different cultural issues which existing among different nations and focus on cultural diversities in
every facet of business is vital for negotiators in operating international business negotiation. In

International Business Communications : Unit 4-...
International Business Communications (MGM316 –1603A –05)
Instructor: Jason Sheedy
Unit 4– Negotiations and Cross–Cultural Approaches
Amanda Kranning
July 22, 2016
From a relative perspective, effective communication proves imperative in aiding efficient business
transactions. The different cultures and nations involved in the launch of the fast–food franchise
should aim at understanding one another's culture despite their differences between culture,
language, and way of life. To begin with, proper channels should be put in place to communicate
important factors concerning the business without necessarily having an interpreter. In equal
measure, some challenges present themselves during the presentation to the various individuals
involved with the firm. For instance communicating may prove difficult putting into consideration
that not all persons can speak fluently in English. Additionally the fact that American culture is
typically made up of low–context practices, it may appear rude and ill–mannered for persons who
originate from high–context cultures. A good illustration of the above–mentioned factor is that
Chinese culture dictates that individuals should engage in typical chit–chat before getting down to
serious business. In this instance, if the individual from any cultural background jumps in
immediately to address serious matters, he or she is viewed as rude and insensitive.
Verbal and non–verbal language
Some verbal and non–verbal aspects

How The Cross Cultural Communication Effectively For The...
The changing of culture and development of technology make a huge change to the global business
marketplace. Nowadays, almost every organization around the world has more than one nationality
of employee. For example, all of the Google offices in the United States have 39 percent of foreign
employees (Google, 2014). From the multinational environment in the global business, the cross–
cultural communication is so important for the company to communicate and send the message to
their stakeholder clearly. It is not easy to do the cross–cultural communication effectively for the
company, because there are the barriers from the diverse workforce. There are three major barriers
of effective cross–cultural communication; language, nonverbal communication, and stereotype
barrier.
Language Barrier We can say that language is the biggest barrier for the people to make the cross–
cultural communication. According to Oxford dictionary, language means "the method of human
communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structure and
conventional way" (2014). Language is the important tool that can connect people to communicate
to each other, and it is not only for the business purpose, but it includes how to talk with people in
daily life. However, if people come from the different country, the problem is how they can
understand the language of each other, because in each country, they have their own language. In
addition, there are more than 7,100 languages

Cross Cultural Communication Essay
The three cultures that are involved in cross–cultural communication are the Missionary's Culture
Context, the Bible Culture Context, and the Respondent's Culture Context. The Missionary's culture
is a missionaries understanding and interpretation of the Bible according to their upbringing in the
gospel, and their traditions. For example, I grew up in the Methodist Church, and singing hymns is a
part of our worship and culture. Some modernize Churches do not necessary care for hymns,
because it seems to turn off the younger generation from attending Church. Therefore, the modern
Church may only sing a hymn on a special occasion to honor their heritage, but they do include
hymns as part of their weekly worship. Nevertheless, no matter the cultural differences God loves
diversity (Winter, 2009, p. 354). As I reflect over my culture there is not too much difference in the
Bible culture, we praise and worship, fast and pray many are still judgmental and prejudice, and
slander and cheat. Ecclesiastes 1:9 states "History merely repeats itself. It has all been done before.
Nothing under the sun is truly new." Therefore, in my opinion the culture only changes when we
change. Unfortunately, some people cast believers to the side when we do change, but now as I
reflecting on this topic, it really just gives us an opportunity to create a more Christ–like culture, the
way God intended it to be since the beginning of time.
The Bible Culture Context is the foundational key to

Communication Is the Main Essence of Knowledge and...
Communication is the main essence of knowledge and understanding. The emphasis on cross
cultural communication has increased due to the ever growing global environment, of which, this
case is a perfect example. Canadian Bank of Nova Scotia increased their share in Inverlat, the
Mexican Bank to 54% and took control of the management. Soon after that, BNS started the
restructuring process of Inverlat and sent a team of Canadian managers to Mexico.
Cross cultural communications was a major issue between Canadians and Mexicans as seen in the
Inverlat case. Due to the communication gap between Canadians and Mexicans, Jim O'Donnell and
his management team faced an uphill task in dealing with several issues in restructuring Inverlat.
Few Mexican ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the Canadian and Mexican managers had made conscious efforts to analyze these differences and
take appropriate actions, things could have been different.
Jim O'Donnell and his Canadian team face a huge task of making Inverlat profitable and securing a
complete turn–around of its present business situation. Although they have had some success in
previous months, an understanding of this complex Mexican heritage and culture must be achieved
in order to secure future business success. This involves establishing effective modes of
communication over a longer period of time.
In the immediate future, Jim O'Donnell should try to instill trust in his talented Mexican officers that
are uncertain about their future in the company. Since staff reduction may be necessary, Jim
O'Donnell needs to identify individuals that are asset to the company and establish close
relationship with them. Being sensitive to the Mexican communication style is essential in this
context. An important step in reducing the communication gap would be to pay attention to business
etiquettes that are common in Mexico and adopt them as soon as possible. Encouraging informal
conversations in Spanish might be a good idea to minimize the language barrier between the two
communities. Jim and his Canadian counterparts need to realize that Mexicans are informal in their
communication style. So forcing them to be direct and informal is not going to work. This might

Cross-cultural Communication and Power Distance
Executive Summary
This assignment is to analyze the U.S. culture and Japanese culture by using Hofstede's 5 cultural
dimensions and Trompenaars's cultural dimensions. According to the Wal–Mart's Japanese strategy
case to distinguish the difference culture in Japan compare with U.S. There are some problems that
Wal–Mart may encounter which are Japan's current distribution system, people's traditional thinking
of low price equate low quality and people would not going big shopping. The inherent risks of
Wal–Mart's entry strategies include trust, communication, and power problems. Further more, the
advantages of crossing culture diversity that are more creativity, more and better ideas, better
decision making can strengthen an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further more, People live in very small space since the real state became expensive, they have no
space to store things cause people in Japan has no big shopping activities.
2. Do you agree with Wal–Mart's entry strategy? From a cross–cultural perspective, what are the
inherent risks? Do you think that a faster market entry would be more effective?
Yes, I agree. From the perspective of crossing culture, the inherent risks include trust, power
problems, and communication problems. Wal–Mart bought Seiyu to enter Japanese market. It is
difficult to communicate between 2 countries which have totally difficult cultures. No matter in the
language or in mind. Language problem may be more easy to solved. They can apply interpreters,
but the culture stuff influent people's thinking, behavior. People from different culture think from
different ways. Trust can be also a big problem. Firm engaged in international trade have to trust
someone they may have never seen, who lives in a different country, who speaks a different
language, who abides by ( or does not abide by) a different legal system, and who could be very
difficult to track down if he or she defaults on an obligation.(Charles, 1994) Another problem is
power. Both Japan and U.S are the masculinity country, they are ambitious and fight for power
while work in same place.
I don't think the faster market entry would be effective. Because Wal–Mart

Communication Challenges Among Cross Cultural Setting And...
Understanding the communication challenges among cross–cultural setting and offshore teams and
understanding the ways to minimize the challenges will help everyone to reduce communication
issues and increase performance. Many US based companies are utilizing the teams from India and
china to reduce the product development cost. While reducing the cost, using offshore teams, they
face multiple cross cultural issues. Management needs to understand these kinds of issues and way
to solve or mitigate the risk. Knowledge of cross–cultural teams and various ways to communicate
effectively will help minimize the miscommunication issues and help understand the cross cultural
teams. Multiple researches have been done on how the people from various cultures communicate.
"Particular societies tend to have distinct ways of working, and they can prove problematic when
attempting cross–border collaboration. For example, Indian software companies have found they
need to approach communication with U.S. and Japanese clients in very different ways. U.S. client
companies normally work with extensive written agreements and explicit documentation, reinforced
with frequent and informal telephone and email contact. In contrast, Japanese clients tend to prefer
verbal communication, more tacit and continuously negotiated agreements, and less frequent but
more formal use of electronic media" (Krishna, Sahay & Walsham, 2004). This means we cannot
generalize how people prefer to communicate. It depends

Cross Cultural Communication Skills And Communication
Introduction
This paper will give a brief overview and then analyze the different cross cultural communication
skills, including; oral, written, formal, informal, verbal and non verbal. It will then compare and
contrast two focus areas of cross culture communication; culture and ethics. This paper will then
conclude its findings
Brief overview of cross–cultural communication skills
Oral communication is transmitted through speech. It includes personal conversations, speeches,
meetings, telephone conversations, conference calls, and video tele–conferences (synchronic).
Written communication is communications transmitted through writing. It can include e–mails
(asynchronic), letters, memos, faxes, formal reports, news releases. Formal communication is
transmitted through the chain of command within an organization to other members or to people
outside the organization. It includes internal memos, reports, meetings, oral presentations, external
letters, written proposal, speeches, news releases, press conferences. Informal communication is
transmitted outside formally authorized channels without regard for the organization's hierarchy of
authority. It includes rumours, chats with colleagues in the hallways or during lunch or coffee
breaks. Verbal communication is transmitted in the forms of words Meetings, voice mail, telephone
conversations, internet forums (asynchronic) and chat (synchronic). Finally, nonverbal
communication is transmitted through actions and behaviour

Cross-Cultural Communication Essay
Cross–Cultural Communication
Introduction
In business, successful communication is the key to success, and being able to relate to a customer
is the best form of communication. This is why cross–cultural communication is so important as the
business world continues to globalize itself. Unfortunately, "A lack of awareness about the culturally
prescribed rules and norms of communication behaviors can cause public relations projects to fail,
or worse, backfire." (Zaharna, 2001, p.135).
My research is focused on the problems associated with cross–cultural communication and how
awareness of culture, language, tradition, and business practices can increase the advantages to
globalization. This report will be field specific in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction: In every type of business, how people are able to communicate dictates the success of
the company. If all aspects of the business are not able to keep each other informed on important
issues and breaking news, then the company is destined to fail. For my research report I have
decided to focus my efforts on the issue of communication in the Beer Wholesaling industry. For
over a year now I have been involved with the beer industry working in both promotions, and in
merchandising. Even in that small window of time I have seen forms of communication change.
This change has lead to both the creation, and the solution to many communication problems in this
workplace.
I plan to study how the changing methods of communication have altered the beer wholesale
business, and worked to solve and create problems. Over the past 10 years we have seen a
revolution in how people in the work force are able to communicate. First car phones and then cell
phones made contacting others much easier, and now computers are affecting everything through
email and the Internet. The beer business, much like other business, is built mainly on the strength
of communication. Brewers must communicate with wholesalers who in turn must be in constant
communication with storeowners. If one of these lines of communications breaks down then a too
much beer might be brewed for a season, or a liquor store may end up with

Use Of Pictographs Can Improve Cross Cultural Communication
Pictographs
Moreover, the use of pictographs can improve cross cultural communication. Pictograms is a visual
language aim to establish the most important type of communication using visual language to
transcending language barriers. For instance, it was stated, "Languages allow us to communicate
with each other in a relatively effortless way because they rely on many types of conventions (e.g.,
morphological, syntactic, semantic, phonetic)" (Nakamura & Zeng–Treitler, 2012, p. 535). It is a
language that enables the essential meaning to be understood visually at a glance, irrespective of
differences of cultural or language.
In additional, pictograms is use in the Medical Health industry to improve the communication with
people who speak different languages. To emphasize, it was stated, "As a universal language to
communicate with people speaking different languages, pictographs can be an efficient tool to
improve healthcare education for this underserved population" (Choi, 2011). Pictograph is a
powerful tool to use for cross cultural communication.
Furthermore, the ability to have and create pictograph will enhance cross cultural communication.
For instance, as it was stated, "There is a good chance that pictographs created using a combination
of representation strategies may yield higher recognition rates. (Choi, 2011) The combination of
pictographs and communication will improve the language barriers in cross cultural communication.
Resources
Additionally, the resources

A Brief Note On Cross Cultural Communication Within The...
Problems or difficulties of cross–cultural communication within the company
Language problem and other difficulties. English is the communication language within the
company but it's not native for the Russian managers. Therefore, they admit some difficulties related
to this, such as sometimes it's necessary to ask for the details from their American colleagues to
understand their requests better. American managers admit the language difficulties as well but they
understand that it's not easy to express oneself in a foreign language. There are also differences in
the approach to the business correspondence, e. g. the American managers use many introductory
and conclusive phrases, while Russian managers go straight to the business and often ... Show more
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Moreover, Russian colleagues are perceived as a bit negative and American ones as too optimistic
regarding new ideas:
"Russian colleagues can be, I don't want to say "negative", but there is always an element of an
argument to what they do. When you bring up an idea instead of always looking at anything
optimistic they say "yes, but...". It's always something a kind of negative and there is no optimistic
look. I don't know if it's cultural, I'm not sure. Sometimes it is said that people in the USA are too
optimistic, but it's one of the biggest things that I can see" (Participant 5).
This observation is in compliance with Thomalin and Nicks (2007) and Bergelson (2003) who
describe Russians as more fatalistic and Americans as having a "can do" attitude. Also American
colleagues avoid the word "problem" and start to discuss business issues from the positive things.
While Russian managers concentrate on the negative things first.
Stress during cross–cultural communication. Four out of six managers have some stress during
cross–cultural communication with their Russian or American colleagues. According to the opinion
of one American manager, around 80% of the American employees agree that it would be less
stressful if there could be less communication with their Russian colleagues. Russian managers have

The Cross Cultural Communication Issues
On the whole, this paper will identify four other major possible cross–cultural issues as analysed
below.
First, the cross–cultural communication issue may arise and there are mainly 3 factors contributing
to the communication barriers in such case.
For starters, the factor of culture difference (Moslehpour et al. 2016) present itself. As given in the
case study, both of the SSSL executives and Saran are all from India, but the target Qatari market
and the people, including both Sheikhs and host–country nationals, that they have to deal with, share
the Islamic culture or Arab culture, which distinctly differ from India's religious belief – Hinduism
or Buddhism culture.
In the next place, the factor of perception difference and experience difference (Beeber et al. 2014)
may occur as a result of culture differences. Since culture can influence the way people perceive
things and usually lead to diverse life events among individuals (Nisbett and Miyamoto 2005),
people from Qatar and India may have different solutions and reactions to the same problem in the
future. At the minimum, conflicts or stereotyping may occur among the host–country nationals and
expatriates; at the maximum, the major decisions regarding the development and future direction of
this partnership business for both sides' chief executives may go separate ways.
All three major differences outlined above interactively influence the cross–cultural communication
process by creating 'noise' (Francesco and

A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Teaching Cross-Cultural...
A MULTI–DISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO TEACHING CROSS–CULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
Paul Kalfadellis Working Paper 34/05 May 2005
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT WORKING PAPER SERIES ISSN 1327–5216
Abstract The ability of managers to interact with individuals from cultures other than their own,
requires a concerted effort on the part of business educators and academics to 'train' and 'educate'
today's students and tomorrow's managers in the area cross–cultural communication. This is not
necessarily an easy task. Teaching cross–cultural communication requires a multidisciplinary
approach, which goes beyond what is traditionally offered by trainers and educators. It requires the
educator to design a course that includes not only culture–general but also ... Show more content on
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The training helps contribute to people's cross–cultural competency and enables them to develop an
awareness of cultural difference (Gannon & Poon, 1997; Gudykunst, Ting–Toomey, & Wiseman,
1991; Milhouse, 1996). Black and Mendenhall (1990) suggested that cross–cultural training
provides for positive outcomes in terms of people's cross–cultural skill development, adjustment and
performance. Cross–cultural training for expatriate managers was found to have a strong impact on
cross–cultural skill development, adjustability and job performance (Deshphande & Viswesvaran,
1992). Gannon and Poon (1997), in a study of MBA students undergoing crosscultural training and
education as part of their course, found that that cross–cultural training promoted cultural awareness
and confidence on the part of students. This study confirms the general proposition that cross–
cultural training increased people's level of confidence in dealing with others of different cultural
backgrounds (Milhouse, 1996).
2
EDUCATION AND TRAINING: WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE? After World War II, a plethora
of theories, research agendas and training methods developed to aid the cross–cultural sojourner
which helped the development of cross–cultural communication as an separate discipline of study
(Brislin & Yoshida, 1994; Milhouse, 1996). The

Cross Cultural Communication And The Classroom
Cross–Cultural Communication "The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable
one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself" [Shaw]. Internalize this quote begs the question,
can education make a difference? This paper will examine in detail cross–cultural communication, a
cultural issue that educators must seek to address in the delivery of teaching to English Language
Learners (ELL) classroom. Moreover, the ensuing paper will analyze the problems of cross–cultural
communication in the classroom of ELL; this will be followed by its relation to the theories and
application of those methods. On the other hand, the writer will outline the effects of cross–cultural
communication, and how these effects can be changed into a social value through education.
Examination of Cross–Cultural Communication in the Classroom Instruction and assessment are
delivered through the medium of communication, while resolution of behavioral problems involve
communication. Significantly, in a classroom with ELL/LEP learners, the job of the teacher is not
only to teach but to be a mediator between the different cultures represented in the class. What
teachers must realize is that an environment that is filled with cultural tension does not lend itself to
learning. Therefore, administrators/educators must recognize cross–cultural communication as
essential in the learning environment. Collier and Powell (1990), posits "ethnic background
influences the way students define the

How to Effectively Communicate Using Cross Cultural...
How to Communicate Effectively in Cross–Cultural Communications
Saundrea M. Grant
Colorado Technical University
ENG211–1102A–43
Phase 1, Individual Project
April 11, 2011
How to Communicate Effectively in Cross–Cultural Communication
Specific Purpose The objective of this presentation is to provide meaning and reasoning to the
purpose and importance of cross–cultural communication (also known as intercultural
communication) competency, and to explain the importance for institutions and organizations to not
only provide cross cultural education and training effectively, but to also incorporate it into their
ethics and corporate responsibility policy and procedures, as it affects and pertains to business
relations, community ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is especially critical in the use of technologies such as social media, emailing, ecommerce,
blogging, twitting, texting, and other forms of electronic and wireless communications, where the
sender must clearly and appropriately convey or share information and intent appropriately to the
receiver(s).
Topic
Today, we are going to discuss and review How to Communicate Effectively in Cross–Cultural
Communication.
Credibility Statement My name is Saundrea Grant, and I am the Founder, Chairman, and Chief
Executive Officer of LQ Enterprise, a boutique consulting firm, consisting of professional service
providers, who specialize in Communications and Business Development. LQ Enterprise was
founded in 1999, when I began my pilgrimage into entrepreneurialism. I have a rather extensive
background in administration, sales, marketing, communications and business development. In this
capacity I have had the honor of meeting and working with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice,
General Colin Powell, US Surgeon General Dr. Louis W. Sullivan, Morehouse College, San
Francisco 49ers, Santa Clara County Fire Department, Contempo Realty, Boy's and Girls Club of
America, Lencoler Clinic, and many more wonderful organizations.. In 2001 I departed from
PriceWaterhouseCoopers, the number one accounting firm in the

Cross Cultural Communication : A Universal Standards For...
Cross–Cultural Communication
Does the world have a universal standards for business communication? With business being a
crucial part in how countries interact and exchange goods it almost seems as if the answer is yes, but
as business continues to grow and become internationally engaged many see the answer is more
complicated. Across the world countries have created standards for communication that differ from
other countries, therefore, creating the urge to understand how to communicate across multiple
cultures effectively. This process is called cross–cultural communication, with this has created much
debate as to if it's important to understand other countries cultural communications. Below I will
explain why it is crucial, to understand cross–cultural communication, key components of
communicating, and provide some examples of cross–cultural communication.
Why It's Needed
Business is not conducted in an identical fashion throughout the world from culture to culture, with
this being the case communication difficulties can arise and create problems with individuals from
different cultures. Experts believe that one of the key part to communication difficulties among
different cultures is ethnocentrism; ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture is innately
superior to another's. This may not be directly understood for business people as they are superior
but often in business, people see their own culture as being logical and sometimes find difficulties
seeing

Cross-Cultural Communication Problems in Expatriation- an...
Cross–cultural communication problems in "Expatriation: An American Working in Japan" case. I
decided to choose this topic because in the modern world, where globalization takes over the
economy, the cross–cultural communication is becoming increasingly important subject to address
for organizations and especially for its Human Resource Management. Whether it is a multinational
company with subsidiaries all over the world, or a manufacturing company with distribution
network across continents, or just a wholesale company expanding to new markets, all of them may
encounter cross–cultural difference problems among employees, with clients, with superiors, etc.
The goal of this essay is to study the cross–cultural problems that ... Show more content on
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The above scores lead to the following conclusions on five dimensions of cultures for Japan and
Unites States of America. JAPAN PDI (score: 54): Japan is near the world 's average score of 55 and
is not very power distance oriented society. "Japanese are always conscious of their hierarchical
position in any social setting and act accordingly. However, it is not as hierarchical as most of the
other Asian cultures" (2) However, many foreigners consider Japan as very hierarchical. IDV (score
46): Japan is in the area of world average score of 43. Though, It has many characteristics of
collectivistic society, expressing such things as harmony, collective strength, group convention, etc.
Even though, it still is not as collectivistic as other Asian countries. Japanese are also "famous for
their loyalty to their companies" (2). MAS (score 95): Japan has one of the top scores in this
dimension. For Japan masculinity is expressed through "the drive for excellence and perfection ...
workaholism" (2). UAI (score 92): Japan is one of the most uncertainty avoiding countries in the
world. Due to constant threat from the nature, such as earthquakes and tsunamis, Japanese "learned
to prepare themselves for any uncertain situation" (2). This also had an impact on businessmen who
prefer to prepare a detailed plan and rely on facts. LTO (score 88): Again, Japan is on the top of the
list with one of

Communication In Health Care: A Cross-Cultural Analysis
Communication in health care is a necessary part of all therapeutic interventions. A strong patient–
safety culture has been shown to be a successful predictor of medication errors and falls injuries
(Vogus & Sutcliffe, 2007). Involving a combination of information of numerous cultural practices
and worldviews helps while taking care of patients. Competency in cross cultural practice is a
method to gaining expertise and continued interest in learning and in sharpening cultural assessment
and communication skills. Whereas nurses might succeed a particular degree of competency in
some numerous cultures, they can't be altogether competent in all cultures. (Eubanks, McFarland,
Mixer, Munoz, & Wagner, 2010). Yet, nurses seem to attain culturally

Communication And Cross Cultural Communication
The paradigm of culture is essential in the human day–to–day conversation of cross cultural
communication. To effectively and appropriately communicate with an individual of a different
culture an individual needs to fully understand the beliefs, norms and stereotypes affiliated with the
culture. The process of learning a language accompanies the positives and negatives of what is
acceptable within the culture in the context of communication. To equip and guide the learner,
simultaneously diffusing cultural assumptions which are considered untrue. This essay illuminates
the impact of cultural blunders, reviewing previous studies of effective communication and cross
cultural barriers in communication, supported by focus on the Chinese and French culture. Although
a group is not defined by its cultural expectations because individuals differ based on various
influential factors. On the other hand, it can also be argued that a part of cultural awareness entails
knowledge of behaviours and linguistics, which associates with stereotypes. The lack of zeal to
learn about the culture and lack of delve; results in an individual's reliance on stereotypes which
may be informative in outlying what may be acceptable within a specific group. However, can be of
negative results consequent to miscommunication between communicators of differing cultures. The
areas of cultural assumption, nonverbal communication, and face saving will be analysed
thoroughly in reference to the Chinese and

Cross- Cultural Communication
"We didn 't all come over on the same ship, but we 're all in the same boat."– Bernard Baruch
Cross–cultural communication is the process of exchanging meaningful and unambiguous
information across cultural boundaries, in a way that preserves mutual respect and minimizes
antagonism, that is, it looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds endeavour to
communicate. The study of cross–cultural communication was originally found within businesses
and the government both seeking to expand globally. Communication is interactive, so an important
influence on its effectiveness is our relationship with others. All communication is cultural –– it
draws on ways we have learned to speak and give nonverbal messages. We do not always ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
good/bad, right/wrong) which can only be nurtured through both cross cultural knowledge and
awareness. 'Cross Cultural Competence ' is and should be the aim of all those dealing with
multicultural clients, customers or colleagues. 'Competence ' is the final stage of cross cultural
understanding and signifies the actor 's ability to work effectively across cultures. Cross cultural
competency is beyond knowledge, awareness and sensitivity in that it is the digestion, integration
and transformation of all the skills and information acquired through them, applied to create cultural
synergy within the workplace.
Following are the five cross cultural communication needs that will allow for improved lines of
communication, better cross cultural awareness and more successful cross cultural relationships
Cross Cultural Communication needs .Listening Skills
Although emphasis usually lies on being a competent speaker, listening is a key skill that many
business personnel do not exercise enough. For cross cultural communication, attentive listening is
critical to be able to understand meanings, read between the lines and enable to empathize with the
speaker.
Cross Cultural Communication needs. Speaking Skills
Listening and speaking must work in tandem for effective cross cultural communication. Speaking
well is not about accent, use of grammar and vocabulary or having the gift

The Cross Cultural Communication Has Impacted The Industry
Canadian has become a multicultural country, because the globalization as well as the benefits that
Canadian government provided, more and more people are willing to live in Canada, especially in
Vancouver and Toronto. Because more people are willing to stay here and also work here, a lot of
Canadian company are facing a problem about the cross–cultural communication. In my
perspective, the financial institution is the one of the industry that having the cross–cultural
communication more often. This is because if neither people want to neither live here nor work
here, they have to deal with a lot of financial related issue with banks.
Royal Bank of Canada would be a great example to show how the cross–cultural communication
could impact the industry. First of all, we could see a fact that more and more banking branch has
diversified staffs from different countries; those employees could speak English as well as at least
speaking a second language. Some of the branch employee could speak more than three languages.
This is because that RBC is trying to eliminate the language barrier between their employees and
customers. In my experience, in Richmond, nearly every branch has someone who could speak
neither Cantonese nor Mandarin. Those branches are very conscience for people who can't speak
English very well, and also it could give the customer better service. It's not just only benefit for
customer, the bank also get a lot of benefits from this. They could sell their own

Cross Cultural Communication Is Essential For Todays...
Cross cultural communication is essential to todays business world. Unfortunately, there are many
boundaries that can cause miscommunication when communicating cross culturally. This paper will
discuss three patterns that I believe have the ability to degrade cross cultural communication.
Understanding the barriers of each of these patterns will help you to have more effective
communication. As you look at society you notice that we continue to grow culturally. We live in a
society that promotes business that expands pass our borders. So it is very necessary that we
understand each other culturally. Chapter ten of Leadership in a Global Society entitled "Culture and
Communication in the Global Workplace" states, "that there are patterns ... Show more content on
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In a society with a low power distance members feel entitled to power. With low power distance
society is more democratic and hierarchal. Whereas with high power distance, power is not shared
things are very unequal. The people with power make all of the rules. Examples of a large power
system is Korea, and example of a small power system is Norway. Understanding power distance is
essential to successful cross cultural communication. "power distance denotes the degree to which
less powerful members of a society take inequality for granted. Hofstede explains that though
inequality exists in all societies, the level of tolerance to it, changes from one to culture to another."
(Toprak, & Genc–Kumtepe) Power distance looks at how members of society who have little or no
power respond to the distribution of power. A person who comes from a society with low power
distance would be very confused if they attended a meeting in Korea a culture with a high power
distance. For example, in a high power distance society a manager may look down on his employee,
the employee will understand that his manager holds all of the power and he goes to him for
direction. In a low power distance society an employee would see themselves as equal to their
manager.
A great example of high power distance can be seen in country like Korea which I have mentioned
before. If you walked into a corporate board meeting in Korea, you may be caught of guard if you're
from a country with a low

Different Types And Levels Of Cross Cultural Communications
Introduction
Nowadays, in the time of globalization, different types and levels of cross–cultural communications
are now increasing constantly and appearing frequently in negotiations, trades and social events. As
a result, culture has become significantly important in the field of business communications.
However, the culture differences among people often lead to incomplete information and even
unnecessary some misunderstandings and embarrassments. In the worst case, they may also cause
disagreements and contradictions, affecting the efficiency of the business event. Therefore,
analyzing the possible effects of culture differences to business communications and finding the
most accurate way to communicate in the business field have become a serious, new topic in the
whole world. Major forms of culture diversity in business communications
Culture diversity defines the differences between regions, races originated to various historical,
political, traditional and conventional factors. In the field of international business communications,
people always come from different countries and areas with different prospective on political
system, habits, religious beliefs and education backgrounds. They have different or even opposite
understandings on the same thing. Chinese philosopher Confucius from 2500 years ago said "The
differences in the characters of men are chiefly owing to habit. By nature, men are nearly alike; by
practice, they get to be wide apart" could totally

Cross Cultural Communication Is Self Explanatory Essay
A1: Cross–Cultural Communication
The term Cross–Cultural Communication is self–explanatory. Cross cultural communication refers
to the communication between people who have differences in any one of the following: nationality,
ethnicity, race, culture etc. Cross cultural communication can also refer to the attempts that are made
to exchange, negotiate and mediate cultural differences by means of language, gestures and body
language. It is how people belonging to different cultures communicate with each other.
Each individual can practice culture at varying levels. An individual is constantly confronted with
the clash between his original culture and the majority culture that he is exposed to daily. Cultural
clashes occur as a result of individuals believing their culture is better than others.
Cross cultural communication has been influenced by a variety of academic disciplines. It is
necessary in order to avoid misunderstandings that can lead to conflicts between individuals or
groups. Cross cultural communication creates a feeling of trust and enables cooperation. The focus
is on providing the right response rather than providing the right message.
When two people of different cultures encounter each other, they not only have different cultural
backgrounds but their way of talking will also be different. Many cultures have a rather harsh tone
while talking and many have a soft tone. This is all because of the culture in which people are
brought up. Many culture prohibit

Understanding Cross Cultural Communication Barriers
It is a challenge to communicate effectively with people that from different countries and cultures.
Due to the different backgrounds and cultures, there are a number of barriers to effective cross–
cultural communication. The same words have different meanings to people that from different
cultures, even the people that speak the same language. In my own opinion, there are three aspects
of cross–cultural communication barriers: they are language, behavior and emotion.
Firstly, language is always an serious barrier to people in the whole world. People who speak the
same language also have misunderstandings commonly, so there is no doubt that people from
different cultural and linguistic backgrounds have communication barriers. I can say language is a
complicated thing in the world; moreover, communication among people speak different languages
is difficult. Sometimes, words that from mispronunciations can lead to misunderstandings of
meanings. In this situation, people can not communicate with each other effectively, and people who
are in this conversation may feel uncomfortable with the unhappy ending of the talk. People look at
the world through language, which includes emotions and concepts. If you consider how many
times that you misunderstand someone speaking in your language, you can imagine how difficult it
is to know the whole meaning from a person has a different background is talking to you. Therefore,
language barrier can exist in everyone's conversation and

Cross Cultural Communication And Cultural Differences
When people think of business, rarely do we associate culture with the concept. This leads to an
issue in cross–cultural communication. By analyzing cross–cultural communication, and its
miscommunication in cultural differences, it is clear that employees should know more of a
country's defining culture. Only recently have we seen an emphasis in understanding other country's
cultures. In doing so, some businesses have prospered, while others have suffered after a terrible
miscommunication. When dealing with culture, there are three segments that an employee should
consider. What can be done before, during and after contact is made with the culture. In effectively
preparing for one, a business may successfully send the message they wish to their client.
Before even beginning communications, an individual should research the culture. When
researching the culture, individuals should identify and understand normal business patterns in that
location. This may include doing work before communication is started. For instance, in other
cultures it is customary for a friendship to develop before communications may begin. In attempting
to be on a friendly basis, clients may be more forgiving if a cultural mistake is made. While in other
cultures, giving a gift before a negotiation takes place is normal. Lastly if possible the individual
should be aware of the current state of affairs in the opposing nation to avoid sensitive subjects. This
all depends on the culture though that is

A Cross-Cultural Comparison Of Communication Apprehension?
Cultural Patterns
Communication, and the difference therein, is one of the most important aspects of life to
understand in both our business and personal lives. Communication styles and methods vary
between different cultures. Communication is perhaps the most important cultural pattern to
understand, if we are to succeed in doing business on a global scale. According to Walker (2015),
"Depending on the country and the individual, this dimension of communication cab be ether more
direct or more indirect" (p. 98). Because of vast cultural pattern differences, communication
apprehension will often become a barrier in conducting business in the global arena.
Croucher, Sommier, Rahmani, & Appenrodt, (2015) analyze communication apprehension in their
July 2015 article, A Cross–Cultural Comparison of Communication Apprehension. Their
comparison is based on data collected from England, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2015), communication apprehension has received a lot of scholarly attention, as this trait is one of
the biggest communication traits effecting effective communication. The authors state that varying
educational levels has not yet been proven to be a contributing factor to communication
apprehension. However, it is noted that communication apprehension is considerable less in the
U.S., and this may be because public speaking, in some form, is part of the required educational
curriculum in the U.S. According to Croucher et al. (2015), this is readily accepted in educational
communities as a relevant treatment for communication apprehension. Fall, Kelly, MacDonald,
Primm, & Holmes, (2013) support this statement in their article on intercultural communication
apprehension. However, Fall et al. (2013) support the theory that cultural values are the key
contributing factors to cross–cultural communication apprehension. Additionally, the article notes
that most other cultures do not require public speaking as part of a national educational

Cross Cultural Communication
Cross cultural communication Bearing that we all come from varying cultures and cultural
backgrounds do dictate a lot the type of reactions we receive from the pubic as well as the way we
react to other people around us, there is need to use our communication tools as an access tool to the
people of the different culture. Being a Chinese who has lived in the USA for 4 years, I have come
to realize that the use of communication accommodation has been one of the best tools to overcome
the barriers that can be between me and the majority of the cultures around me. In a society that is
multicultural in composition, it is most significant that people from the varying cultures strive to
embrace each other for a harmonious coexistence. In order for this to take place, one of the central
pivots is the cross cultural communication. For this to take place, there is need for what is known as
communication accommodation theory to be applied and used appropriately. This is the approach
that has made my stay in the USA bearable despite the varying religious, cultural, race, nationality
among other central tenets of existence. According to Howard G., (2013) there is tendency for the
people who seek the approval of others whom they come across in an intercultural encounter to
adjust their speech styles as well as the content of their speech in order to rhyme or mesh up with
the others. This is a thing that I have had to do several times in order to fit into the various groups
that I

Cross-Cultural Communication Vs American Culture

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