Northern Ireland's Troubles and Conflict

The Problems of Northern Ireland Essay
The Problems of Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland is part of Ireland which is the most western part in Europe. It is a small place with a population of 1.5 million and is no larger than
Yorkshire. It has been the centre of media attention because of a conflict between the people of the province. Many people have been killed there and
in the years 1968–1994 over three thousand died. Northern Ireland is ruled by the British parliament in London where as the republic of Ireland has its
own government and parliament in Dublin.
Unionists are made up of Protestants wanting Northern Ireland to be a part of the UK. They think that British troops in Northern Ireland should stay
and help fight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SDLP and Sinn Fein are both political however Sinn Fein back up revolutionary violence and work of the IRA. The IRA use force to oppose British
presence in Ireland and have killed many British soldiers and Northern Ireland police officers. The IRA is illegal.
Overall what cause so much conflict in Ireland are the different groups fighting for unionist and nationalist views. They all believe that they are right
and it seems that they won't quit until others believe it. All groups for nationalist views want the same thing like unionist groups they all want the
same thing to but are going different ways about it. There are political parties, terrorist groups, religious groups and historical links battling for unionist
and nationalist views. It causes a lot of suspicion and violence and there is not just one fight to be solved but many.
Northern Ireland Coursework
Question 2A
In this piece of coursework I will be looking at two events that have been particularly important in shaping the views of the protestant community in
Northern Ireland. The two events I have chosen to look at are the Catholic rebellions 1641–1649 and the Battle of Boyne in 1690.
English and Scottish people were sent to live in Ireland by Elizabeth

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IRA Violence Research Paper
Action through the use of violence will always have consequences. There is no doubt the IRA were prepared to pay the 'Butchers Bill' to reach their
nationalistic goals during the Irish–British Conflict. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) was a militant organisation founded in 1919. The IRA was the
armed wing of the Sinn Fein political party. The IRA was known for various tactics including ambushes, raids and sabotage in the effort to rid British
armed forces in Ireland to be able to establish the Republic of Ireland. They operated with and without political control and took the upper hand in the
independence movement by becoming a violent organisation in both Ireland and Britain. The Provisional IRA formed in 1969 when the original IRA
was split ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This led to the British government suspending the Northern Ireland parliament and implementing direct rule from London. This aggravated the
Provisional IRA because they were uninterested in any solution other than British withdrawal and Irish unification. Attempts in the negotiations to
peace included the 1973 Sunningdale Agreement, The Anglo–Irish Agreement and The Mitchell Principles. In the end it took the involvement of Sinn
Fein, the IRA and other main players in the Irish–British conflict, as well as several world leaders, to agree on a final peace process. The Good Friday
Agreement, seen as the final negotiation, aimed to set up a nationalist and unionist power–sharing government in Northern Ireland. The Good Friday
Agreement aimed for "the achievement of reconciliation, tolerance, and mutual trust, and to the protection and vindication of the human rights of all".
Overall, the terrorist attacks committed by the Provisional IRA in both Ireland and Britain did pressure both governments to negotiate for peace,
however their long process to ceasefire prevented final agreements from happening and continued the unnecessary

Impact of Irish Culture on U.S. Military Operations
Thesis: Understanding the ideology of a nation's way of life is fundamental to successful military operations. Ireland has endured fighting, famine, and
struggle for centuries, making the people of Ireland both tough and rugged. Era after era of invasions of Ireland created a culture that is resilient,
comprehends survival, and fully understands guerrilla warfare.
1. The meaning of culture.
2. Major characteristics that define Irish culture.
a)Geographic location, background/origin, and religion
b)Infrastructure and terrain
c)Social normality –Hard people from a harsh environment
d)Economic factors –Trade: early/modern trade and current state
e)Political repute –Similarity to U.S. Government
f)Military ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the ninth century, Vikings began to raidIreland, eventually conquering and settling on the island. The strong Irish culture influenced the Viking
conquerors' way of life, rather than an invader's long–term domination would suggest. Anglo–Norman invaders arrived in Ireland in 1169, attempting
to colonize the island over the next 500 years. The invaders began to expand their influence across the island by means of force. These attacks caused
rebellions from the Irish people, as they were no strangers to aggression from the East. "Religious persecution of Catholic Irish grew – in particular
after the accession of Elizabeth I, a Protestant, to the throne in 1558. Oliver Cromwell's subsequent siege of Ireland in 1649 ended with massacres of
Catholics at Drogheda and Wexford and forced the resettlement of thousands, many of whom lost their homes in the struggle. By 1691, with the
victory of Protestant English King William III over the Catholic forces of James II, Protestant supremacy in Ireland had become complete. Catholics in
Ireland suffered greatly in the subsequent period of British occupation, enduring laws that prevented them from bearing arms, holding public office and
restricting their rights to an education. While many of those rights were eventually restored, the animosity between Catholics and Protestants
remained." (Washington Post, 1999). A group of Irish

Terrorism and Riots in Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland is known for its humor, its accent, beautiful green hills, and their weather. Although Ireland seems peaceful, more violence happens in
the north then you would think. There is terrorism and riots by the IRA used to prevent the British Catholics from trying to change the island ofIreland
to a catholic country. All this violence started with the Act of Union over 200 years ago.
In Ireland and Great Britain in 1801, the British and Irish governments passed the Act of Union, combining Ireland and England. During the next two
hundred years the islands of Ireland and Great Britain will change with war, terrorism, and riots in Northern Ireland. During the mid 1800's the Irish
potato famine broke out, more than one million died and more than two million were displaced.
In 1914 World War One began and British Parliament passed laws making Ireland partially free. Two years later on Easter Sunday a giant revolt
happens that would later be named "Easter Rising".
In 1945 World War Two ended. Eleven years after the Second World War ended the Irish Republican Army, a paramilitary group, began. The IRA
formed after a suppressed rebellion fought for independence. Ireland was split in two parts and twenty six counties. During the 20 year period after
the beginning of the IRA, there had been no stop to the violence. This time will be forever known as The Troubles.
The Troubles mark a time in which the IRA, PIRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army), and RIRA (Real

Essay On Terrorist Violence
Despite the struggle to bring about a resolution to the conflict during the 1970s and 80s, terrorist violence continued to be a problem into the early
90s, and British troops remained in full force. In 1981, ten IRA prison hunger strikers starved to death after they used hunger strikes to protest against
losing their 'special category' status and against wearing prison uniforms. This democratic success persuaded Republicans of the benefits of politics
instead of violence as a way of getting what they wanted. In 1985 British and Irish prime ministers Margaret Thatcher and Garrett Fitzgerald signed the
Anglo–Irish Agreement. This recognised the Republic of Ireland's right to have an advice–giving role in the affairs of Northern Ireland.
In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Between the years of 1969 and 2006 a total of 7,378 men, women, children, civilians, police, army personnel, republican, loyalist paramilitaries, and
the remainder categorised as 'others' were killed directly as a result of 'the Troubles' (Moran, J, 2008).
The government in Northern Ireland is made up of all the main political parties according to their strength in the elected Assembly. Responsibility for
governing the region is shared today by two political foes: the loyalist Democratic Unionist Party and the republican Sinn FГ©in Party (Law, RD,
2009).
In April 2002 weapons inspectors were satisfied that a substantial amount of IRA arms was safely stored and could not be used without detection. By
2005 the IRA had renounced clearly the use of violence. Ian Paisley, the head of the Democratic Unionist Party, met face to face for the first time and
worked out an agreement for a power–sharing government. In 2010, the Saville Inquiry into 'Bloody Sunday' 1972, found the Parachute Regiment
guilty of 'unjustifiable firing' which caused the deaths and injuries on that day. British Prime Minister David Cameron said the killings were
"unjustified and unjustifiable" and he was "deeply sorry" (Freedman, L, 2002).
In the political perspective there were numerous attempts to resolve the conflict by agreements from the Sunning dale Agreement which was in 1973,
the Atkins Talks

Essay about Conflict in Northern Ireland
Conflict in Northern Ireland
For over three decades there has been conflict in Ireland. The disagreement between the Republicans/Nationalist and Loyalist/unionists sill continues to
this day. The key issue remains should the North stay part of the United Kingdom with its own developed assembly or should it join the south as part of
a united and independent Ireland?
Ireland is a small country and has a population of 1.5 million. Yet despite this small number, the north and south of Ireland have been in bitter conflict
with each other which has been going on for decades. This is mainly due to the main difference in the beliefs of the people. The two main groups in
Ireland are the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The three main political groups for the nationalists are the SDLP (Social Democrats and Labour party), Sinn Fein and IRA (Irish republican army).
The IRA is an extreme paramilitary group which beliefs that peace can only be obtained by violence and killing. This group has mainly been
responsible for the killing of thousands of civilians. This group believes that the only way to stop British presence in Ireland and get their views across
is to use force and aggression. After the Peace process of 1998 a small splinter group known as the 'Real IRA' was made. These were members of the
IRA which were opposed to the Good Friday agreement and so split and formed there own group.
Sinn Fein is one of the political parties that agree with the use of violence and what the IRA do. This group however does not get involved in the
killing but elects candidates such as Gerry Adams to represent and put forward there views on what they believe to be right.
The other main Nationalist party is the SDLP. Their main objective is also to have a united Ireland however unlike the other two groups it is fiercely
opposed to violence and believe it is not the best way to reach an agreement. These moderate nationalists also want an independent Ireland, therefore
they support the aims of the hard–line nationalists but they are opposed to the way they go about this. The hard–line nationalists use violence and

Social Problems Of The Troubles In Ireland
Social Problems of the Troubles in Ireland For about 150 years Ireland and neighboring countries have struggled with social controversy and
segregation that has consumed society and its views, which have been labeled as the "Troubles". Ireland has struggled to become peaceful and accept
the ties it has to the United Kingdom. In every country there is hate, wars, and events that cause the population to raise up arms and try to get their
points across, but in Ireland it has lasted a very long time due to Nationalists versus the government, Catholics versus Protestants, Loyalists versus
Unionists, and many other radicals that believed in something greater than what Ireland was during certain time periods. Britain played a big role in
Irish ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
" (Personal communication, April 20, 2014)
The IRA is the Irish Republican Army made up of Irish volunteers since 1919. Many of the volunteers have been involved in street riots, hate
crimes, and violence. They are known for burning homes and shooting civilians. (Coogan, 1993, 4) Throughout 1920's to the 1990's Ireland had
some serious problems. New groups kept springing up, creating violence, riots, and rebellions. Around 1918 the War of Independence had begun
and lasted until July 1921. (Douglas, 1999, 104) On Sunday, November 22 the event that is very well known as Bloody Sunday occurred.
Assassinations and brutal killings took place; the IRA killed fourteen British officers in Dublin and killed 12 people during a football match.
(Douglas, 1999, 105) Ireland's militia grew tired of the IRA unlawful acts. In the early 1930's the economic war began due to land payments owed to
Britain. (Douglas, 1999, 118) During this time riots broke out killing 12 people, injuring 600, and driving 2000 people from their homes because of
disputes between the North and the South.(Douglas, 1999, 129) Nationalism has been one of the leading ideals throughout Ireland's history. In the
words of Richard English, "It [nationalism] has caused and fuelled wars; stabilized and destabilized states; defined political and cultural life across the
globe". (2006, 3) Irish nationalism was based upon ancient and primitive foundations. (2006, 20)

Modern Britain Essay
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND AMERICAN STUDIES MODERN BRITAIN [pic] Course Tutor: Dr Nathan Johnstone (Email:
nj8@cant.ac.uk)Lectures: Wednesday 2–3 pm, Seminars: 3–4 pm,Summary: 4–5 pm Learning and teaching The course will be delivered through a
combination of lectures, seminars and summary workshops. Lectures: Lectures are key to the learning process. However, lectures should be the
starting point of your studies, and not the end. Lectures can in no way be considered as a substitute for independent study and reading. Seminars: The
idea of seminars is to allow the student to take a more active role in the process of learning. In seminars, students can clarify and explore some of the
issues that they have identified... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To develop an understanding of the ways in which British society is a stratified and differentiated one. To advance an understanding of the institutional
structure of British politics. To develop the capacity to deal with published

The Real Irish Republican Army
RIRA: Description of group The Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA) is a splinter group of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) that uses sabotage,
subversion, and guerilla warfare to express its opposition to the terms of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement. This agreement basically recognized that
the majority of the people within Northern Ireland wished to remain a part of the United Kingdom. It also recognized that a large section of the people
of Northern Ireland, and the majority of the people of the continent of Ireland wanted a united Ireland. For the most part, the Good Friday Agreement
brought an end to the struggle between unionists and nationalists during the "Troubles" (an unconventional war spanning from 1968–1998 in Northern
Ireland between British security forces, republican and loyalist paramilitaries, and civil rights groups). To understand how the RIRA came to be, you
have to know a little about the history of the IRA. Specifically, on how the members regarded violence as a means to a unified Ireland without British
involvement. "In December 1969, the IRA divided into "Official" and "Provisional" wings. Both factions were committed to a united Irish republic, but
the Officials eschewed violence after 1972, whereas the Provisionals, or "Provos," carried out various attacks and assassinations, attempting to compel
the British Army to withdraw from Northern Ireland. In the wake of the Bloody Sunday shootings by the British military in January 1972, the Provos'
ranks

Social Inequalities In Northern Ireland
Social inequalities are issues that have been occurring for a significant period of time and are continuing to be a serious issue within contemporary
society. One of the most significant social inequalities within the North and South of Ireland is religion. Religion is a vital part of Ireland's history and
due to this history, it still very much exists within society and continues to be a social inequality. TheNorthern Ireland conflict, also known as 'The
Troubles', was a war based on political violence, low intensity armed conflict and political deadlock within the six north–eastern counties of Ireland
that formed part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland which lasted almost 30 years (The Irish Story, 2017). It was a conflict
between political actors including the Provisional Irish Republican Army that fought against the British Army, Royal Ulster Constabulary and the
Ulster Defence Regiment (The Irish Story, 2017). Dillenburger, K et al, (2007) stated during the early phase of the Troubles, shootings and bombings
were nearly daily occurrences, with approximately 3,600 people dying as a result of The Troubles.
However, the Troubles represent a fascinating part of Ireland's history with a large number of deaths, injuries, and destruction but also a huge political
and social change (McKittrick and McVea 2002). By 1998 the Good Friday Agreement was signed by both Nationalist and Unionists as a peace
process within Northern Ireland. Research carried out

Examine and Assess the Idea That the Authority of the...
Examine and assess the idea that the authority of the state to govern is always contested
This essay will explore the assertion above by considering democratic governing, 'troubles' in Northern Ireland, and international relations including the
UN. It will conclude that the state's authority is always and necessarily contested, and its reaction to such challenges is partially related its system of
government. Modern–day politics commonly follows a democratic system, and this in itself can lead to further contestation of the state. The 'state'
refers to the politicians that comprise the leadership, along with the 'machinery of government' that allow laws and policies to be enforced. These
include those agencies with coercive powers, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It may be considered whether the election process can be considered to be 'contesting the state'? It is, after all, a legitimate process which is endorsed
by the state itself. In recent UK elections 35% of citizens did not vote (BBC, accessed June 2010), suggesting a significant minority of citizens do not
feel it is necessary to participate in this type of political 'contestation.'
The recent introduction of the citizen initiative within UK politics, which is already common in the US ('Citizens of the state,' 2009, track 1) shows how
democracy further encourages contestation. If enough citizen support can be gathered for an issue (through petitioning) then a referendum will be
held. This is illustrative of democracies handing power over to the people, which can result in debate over governmental policies and decisions. A
democratic system features oppositional parties who have frequent opportunities to contest policies or actions that the elected party wish to implement.
The recent televised election debates in Britain are an example of this, where not only were citizens given an opportunity to question political agendas
and policies, but all political parties had an opportunity to contest each other.
In the UK Parliament the governing party's authority is frequently challenged by opposing parties. Often within a political party there will be
challenges to the authority of the leadership – 'votes of no

Northern Ireland
Diplomacy does not happen overnight, and the true tale of hardship and bickering over Northern Ireland is proof of that. Ireland and England failed to
agree on who held the power of Northern Ireland for over 30 years until the Good Friday Agreement, a form of diplomacy between the countries, took
place. Before that time, many soldiers and innocent citizens of Northern Ireland lost their lives. Religious fights broke out between Catholic and
Protestant residents. Political figures from countries like Wales and the United States came together to help put an end to the bitter relations of the
European countries (Delaney). After many years of hard feelings and failed attempts at bringing peace to Ireland and England, the countries came ...
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After one year, the death toll was 300, and after 10 years the number of people who had been killed from the fighting was a gruesome 1, 932
(Holland 196). Many of the victims were innocent people who were not partaking in the fights in any way. The killers of these innocent people were
never caught or punished (Graham). After several years of fighting Jack Holland expressed what he was witnessing as "there has already been much
crying about Northern Ireland" (Holland 1). Even the governments were aiming their weapons at each other. The Irish Republic Army killed a British
soldier, creating a substantial amount of tension between the two countries (De Breadun). When the end neared, Ulster Defense Association ceased
to be an armed paramilitary group. They had been responsible for many deaths over the years (Delaney). Several political figures from all parts of
the world were brought together over the ordeal concerning Northern Ireland. During the early 1990s, British Prime Minister John Major worked with
Ireland's Ahern to achieve peace between them. All attempts at peace failed overall. United States President Bill Clinton worked with Ireland, Britain,
and Northern Ireland to acquire the peace they were hoping for (Graham). It was not until Tony Blair became Prime Minister that things began to fall
into place. Britain's George Mitchell held the skill and patience necessary to help Northern Ireland peace talks lead to the Good Friday Agreement.

Editorial: IrelandвЂ™s Past? Essay
Editorial: Ireland's past?
The popular clichГ© about the island of Ireland being a place that the flow of time has left beyond is endorsed by a variety of perspectives. Emigration
has made such a huge impact on Irish history that the Irish diaspora and its descendants far outnumbered the inhabitants of the Ireland of Ireland itself,
and many of those outside Ireland who claim Irish descent remain emotionally attached to a conception of the "old country," whose image in their
minds is strongly associated with the distant experiences of their ancestors. The Irish tourist industry, conscious of the lucrative market linked to such
conceptions, has repeatedly packaged the country as characterised by a slower, almost pre–modern pace of life, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Its recent experience of rapid economic growth (the so–called "Celtic tiger" economy), has facilitated the representation of its people as enterprising, at
the cutting edge of technology and artistically creative.[5] In stereotype, Irish people have long been depicted as a people characterised by bouts of
Bacchanalian hedonism, often lubricated by the consumption of alcohol, and this too may be conducive to the exciting image of a free, untethered
people. The Irish Republic's recent strong commitment to a closer European union has led some commentators to see the country as a society able to
embrace a new post–national era without the historical hang–ups of more established European powers, not least its neighbour, the United Kingdom.[6]
The contrast has been emphasized in recent times by the Irish economy's catching up to and outstripping of the UK's per capita Gross Domestic
Product.[7] Finally, in recent years, with the vaunted peace process, Ireland has been seen as a society able to achieve an allegedly breathtaking
transcendence of historically entrenched animosities.[8]
To those of us who live outside of Ireland, the Ireland of our imaginations is in many cases a pastiche of such contradictory images. The existence of
such contradictions suggests however that such stereotypes do not always have even the bare grounding in reality that lazy adherents assume they
must have. Ireland is in fact, like many societies, a delicate blend of old and new.

Analysis of the Poem Crossings, by Judith Ortiz Cofer
The theme of poem "Crossings," by Judith Ortiz Cofer is evaluating and reacting upon the tough decisions that come up in life. The cracks represent
the flaws you can find and the inevitable accidents that will occur. "But each day more and more fissures / crisscross your path, and like the lines/ on
your palms, they mean something." (6–8) These lines show that each days more incidents and troubles, "the fissures", will come up in your life, the
bad things will happen in your life time, "crisscross your path, and like the lines on your palms, they mean something," however, every time you
experience a bad accident or disaster, which it seems at the time, you will learn something. It also seems like fate is a big theme in this piece and
the human reaction to fate's doings. On lines 8 and 9, "on your palms, they mean something/ you cannot decipher," shows fate's working in
manufacturing these cracks. What they incidents mean, or what you can learn from them however, is still a mystery because it is brought on by fate,
such as the example of lines on your palms, and how some people believe they are a representation of one's future. The lines "Finally you must
choose between / standing still in the one solid spot / you have found, or you keep moving / and take the risk: / Break your mother's back." (10–14)
show the choices humans have to make in relation to the events brought on like fate. This poem describes that like in Romeo and Juliet fate isn't just
responsible for Romeo and

Norther Ireland: A Nation Divided Essay
Northern Ireland: A Nation Divided Violence, terror, suffering and death. The conflict that has been burning in Northern Ireland seems to be an
unstoppable battle and it has flooded over the land of Northern Ireland. The struggle for power and the persistence of greed have fueled the raging
fires of the opposing groups. The conflict in Northern Ireland has been discussed continually over the past few decades. Ever since the beginning of the
"Troubles," organizations have been scavenging to find a plan that will cease the violence. Throughout my research for this project, the questions of
what are the main sources of conflict in Northern Ireland and why have they continued today guided me to many fascinating pieces of evidence that ...
The majority of my research was finding scholarly articles and books that pertained to my research questions and disciplines. Throughout all of the
information and sources that I gathered, I selected five articles and one book. The book "Beyond Violence: Conflict Resolution Process" by Mari
Fizduff was by far the most inspiring source in my collection of evidence. (Citation) It gave keen insight into the sources of the conflict but most
importantly, it presented strategies and solutions to end the violence. With my foundation evidence set in my book, my other evidence allowed me to
find more specific patterns of the sources of conflict from a sociological and theological stance. "For God, Ulster or Ireland: Religious Identity and
Security in Northern Ireland" by John Bell provided examples of the religious affiliations and how each conserved its own identity. The article focused
on the Catholic and Protestant communities and how each contributed to the conflicts. (Citation) My additional evidence provided great background
information about certain aspects and patterns that significantly benefited my main research focus.
The conflict in Northern Ireland has persisted because of religious affiliations, their identities and the struggle for overall power. The morals and
identities of the people and organizations of Northern Ireland

The Northern Ireland Marching Season
The Northern Ireland Marching Season
The marching season is where the Protestants of Ireland celebrate William of Orange's victory in the Battle of the Boyne by marching through
Northern Ireland via some Catholic areas. These marches take place in July of every year and are usually peaceful. But sometimes they are violent.
There are a number of possible reasons why there is a tension between the two communities over the marches, for example land, religion, politics,
history and social division.
During the 16th century, James 1st and England started to take a closer interest in Ireland. They feared Ireland because they thought that they could
become a threat to their own power. This was mainly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But when the civil war in England had finished, Cromwell was eager to regain control of Ireland. So he sent over soldiers from England to control
Ireland again. He restored control of Ireland between 1649 –50 but was ruthless. As a punishment for the rebellion, he ordered his soldiers to slaughter
all people, soldiers and civilians, in Drogheda and Wexford. Also, the Catholics involved in the rebellion had there land taken off them and were
forced to live in poor lands. Many of these people died of hunger and disease. This was the start of Catholic hatred towards the English rule and
towards Protestants.
The next big event to happen was the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. The marching season commemorates the Protestant victory over Catholics at the
Battle of the Boyne, so this event lives long in both Catholics and Protestants memory. That is why this battle is one of the main contributors to why
there is still tension over the marches.
The Battle of the Boyne symbolises 'protestant ascendancy'. It was the first time that the Protestants stood up for themselves against the Catholics.
The Battle of the Boyne was a fight between two people and two religions. It was William of Orange from the Netherlands against James II. James
became king of England in 1685 but was expelled from the throne in 1688. Instead of leaving quietly and forgetting about England, he

How The Diaspora Helped Violence Essay
How the Diaspora helped Violence Having established the motives for the Diaspora aiding the nationalist, now it needs to be analyzed what the
diaspora actually did to aid the nationalist movement. The aid can be broken down into three categories, financial, political and physical aid. The
first and the biggest being financial aid and this type of aid was collected by members of the Irish Diaspora in the US then given to various
different nationalist groups. Seldom was the money given to violent groups like the IRA but instead was given to other groups and in turn led to the
purchasing of arms or goods and stuff like that which the IRA could use. One of the major organizations that did this was Noraid or Irish Northern
Aid. The true purpose of Noraid dealt with arms smuggling and fund raising and thus were closely aligned and allied with the IRA(Brian Hanley
2004:1). The support for Noraid in terms of funding can be tracked in the same exact way that the general diasporatic support can be tracked. The
hunger strikes of 1980–81, in which IRA prisoners staged a hunger strike to protest conditions in their prison in which a few of them died, was
monumental in the history of Noraid because it led to not only an increase of donation which in turn were given to IRA and groups like it but it also
changed the image of Noraid in the US. It led to an increase in membership and made the organization less radical which meant that it year by year
would have generally more memberships and

The Trouble with Violence in Northern Ireland Essay
In the past century we have experienced a vast majority of violent acts towards minority groups such as blacks, Jews, homosexuals and others.
According to BBC the Troubles of Northern Ireland represent one of the latest examples of religious, ethnic, geographic and political conflict. The
Troubles started in the late 1960s and it is considered by many to have ended with the Belfast Good Friday Agreement of 1998. After more than 30
years of civil conflict, peace had finally been achieved. However, random violence acts have continued since then. How did the Belfast Good Friday
Agreement end the Troubles in Northern Ireland and how is the country today? The island was divided into Northern Ireland and The Republic of
Ireland in the 1920s. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The IRA targeted soldiers and policemen, but while doing so they killed civilians. To keep them apart, the capital, Belfast transformed into a war zone,
and walls were built to prevent the groups from attacking each other. For many years Belfast was known as "the Barricaded city". Protestants also
formed groups, which carried out attacks against Catholics. In the 1970s and 1980s, approximately 3,000 people were killed, with many more injured.
Despite the Protestants majority, the creation of Northern Ireland did not bring security to them because it was clear that London was never as
committed to the Union as the Protestants were. The Protestant leaders assumed that the new state could only exist if they had the power therefore they
made sure that their power should be both strong and permanent. As result they changed the voting system and the electoral boundaries
(gerrymandering). Nationalists and Catholics were considered as second–class citizens, and dangerous to the state. They were seen with being less
deserving of jobs and houses than their Protestant neighbors, they were discriminated in the public service, in education as well. The representatives of
Nationalists and Catholics were also banned from political power and influence. In addition to being discriminated they were also complaining to the
government because of the use of special powers against republicans.

How to Institutionalize Peace
Another major influence on the ability to institutionalize peace is the role of powerful national individuals. Many people will follow an influential
figure and do whatever they say if they believe in what they are being told. This can be both good and bad depending on the situation. If the leader
has radical views and wants change, they will often resort to violence to get what is desired. That is the worst case scenario because if peace is trying
to be obtained, then fighting will only make the situation worse. This is why major global powers such as the United States have overthrown important
political leaders in other countries to help restore order to the country. Larger, more powerful countries will often make decisions to intervene if
they feel it is in the best interest of the world or neighboring countries. If such great power is put into the wrong hands, the consequences can be
devastating. McNamara is a good example of a powerful figure that had a terrific war mind, but wasn't the best when it came to making or keeping
peace. The Vietnam War was one that came with lots of controversy because of how costly it was. The war lasted many years and resulted in the
death of many American soldiers. McNamara felt that we could win the war and continued to send troops into battle. This was not good for any hopes
of achieving peace because this did nothing but make the Vietnamese unhappy and less likely to want to stop the war. Instead of trying to make peace

Essay on The Irish Republican Army Ideology
The Irish Republican Army Ideology
The Irish Republican Army ideology is still living in Northern Ireland, nearly a century after the organization's establishment. Although the IRA has
since disbanded, the spirit is kept alive by a number of splinter factions, including the Provisional, Continuity, and Real IRAs. Not many terrorist
organizations can maintain a campaign this extensive in time. The long history of the IRA campaign of terror leads to many political, social, religious,
educational and economic effects. It also contributes to international problems about which we may only be able to speculate.
The most violent splinter group from the Provisional IRA is named the Real Irish ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The group predominantly participates in bombings, especially car bombs; however, the U.S. Department of State says they have also been involved in
robberies and assassinations. Their targets include the police in Northern Ireland, Protestant communities in Northern Ireland, the British military, and
civilians, according to the State Department. There is a good deal of conflicting information regarding the number of attacks committed by the Real
IRA. According to the MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base, the rIRA have participated in 29 total incidents, while the State Department says that there
have been more than 80 attacks since 1999. Another report stated that the rIRA was responsible for nine terrorist attacks in 1998 alone, including its
most deadly (Melaugh).
The most effective attack by the Real IRA occurred on August 15, 1998 in Omagh, Northern Ireland. On that day 29 people were killed and around
220 were wounded. Among the dead was a woman who was 8 months pregnant with twins. A false warning was issued 30 minutes before the bomb
went off to Ulster Television in Belfast. Law enforcement officials moved people away from the location of the warning, only to have moved them
closer to the actual location, causing even more injury (Omagh). The public was so outraged with the bombing that the Real IRA announced they were
ceasing all "military operations,"

Northern Ireland Research Paper
Among the green rolling hills of Northern Ireland, lies a dark past, scarred by the violence, injustice, cruelty of war. For more than four centuries,
Northern Ireland was abused by the British, which in turn unfolded a brutal sectarian civil war. Violence between Catholics and Protestants ravaged the
country throughout the conflict, but the most brutal were concentrated between the late 1960's and the early 1990's. However, despite the centuries of
bloodshed and struggle, forging peace was possible. The process was not easy and was frequently interrupted; yet peace was still achievable. Northern
Ireland's struggle with British imperialism began in 1690, when Oliver Cromwell invaded the island and established British hegemony. By 1695,
British colonists established plantations and an elitist Protestant society which essentially stripped Catholics of all rights, evicted them from their
communities and imposed severe penal laws. According to Marc Mulholland, author of The Longest War, by 1700, almost 98% of Irish Parliament was
composed of British born politicians, which reinforced British dominance. As the bells of rebellion, liberty, equality, and democracy rang around the
world, the Irish embraced the sound and assembled their own nationalist movement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Teenager Marty Hannigan, a victim of Unionist violence, wrote in his journal, "...This [bloodshed] is happening on the other side too. If I am against
it on one side, how can I be for it on another? We are all the same. We are all people of NorthernIreland,". Hannigan's words are echoed in Matthew 5
verses 43 through 45: "You have heard that it was said, 'You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy.' But I say to you, love your enemies and
pray for those who persecute you, so that you may be children of your Father in heaven; for he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the

Essay On Irish Republican Army
The Irish Republican Army is any of several armed movements in Ireland in the 20th and 21st centuries dedicated to Irish republicanism, the belief
that all of Ireland should be an independent republic. It was also characterized by the belief that political violence was necessary to achieve that goal.
The first known use of the term "Irish Republican Army" occurred in the Fenian raids on Canada in the 1860s. The original Irish Republican Army
formed by 1917 from those Irish Volunteers who refused to enlist in the British Army during World War I, members of the Irish Citizen Army and
others. During the Irish War of Independence it was the army of the Irish Republic, declared by DГЎil Г‰ireann in 1919. Some Irish people dispute
the claims of more recently created organizations that insist that they are the only legitimate descendants of the original IRA, often referred to as the
"Old IRA".
The playwright and former IRA member ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They left and formed the Democratic Left. Ultimately, the Democratic Left merged into the Labour Party.
In 1969, the more traditionalist republican members split off into the Provisional IRA and Sinn FГ©in. The Provisional IRA operated mostly in Northern
Ireland, using violence against the Royal Ulster Constabulary and the British Army, and British institutions and economic targets. They also killed
members of the Irish Army and the Garda SГochГЎna, which was against one of their standing orders.
A further split occurred in 1986, when the former leader of Sinn FГ©in RuairГ Г“ BrГЎdaigh – who was replaced by Gerry Adams in 1983 – walked
out of the Sinn FГ©in Ard Fheis after delegates voted to end the policy of abstentionism to DГЎil Г‰ireann. The followers of RuairГ Г“ BrГЎdaigh,
who adhere to republican legitimism, and opposing Sinn FГ©in's decision to abandon abstentionism, set up a rival party and military wing, called
Republican Sinn FГ©in and the Continuity

Bringing Peace to Northern Ireland Essay examples
Bringing Peace to Northern Ireland It has proved hard to bring peace to Northern Ireland. There are many factors causing the difficulties. I think some
are more important than others are. I think the most important factors are as follows. Religion is a problems because throughout history there have
been rivalries between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland. Paramilitaries are a problem because they have a huge amount of control.
Difference of opinions between people is a problem because it has been difficult to keep everyone happy. Extremists, to justify their actions, often refer
to history. Politics has been a problem ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Martin McGuiness, the current Education Secretary, has openly admitted to being an ex–IRA member. Also Gerry Adams, a leader of Sinn Fein is
believed (by Unionists) to have close connections with the IRA. There are very recently problems with area boundaries. In September 2001, Catholic
families were walking to school through a Protestant area. This caused problems for Protestants as they couldn't see a need for them to walk through
their area, especially as they claim the same Catholics vandalise their properties. Throughout these recent events we can see why it has been difficult to
bring peace to Northern Ireland.
One reason for the obstacles in bringing peace is religion. Although the main argument is between Nationalists and Unionists, Nationalists are mainly
Catholic and Unionists are mainly Protestant. Throughout history there has been an altercation between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland. I think
this began because in the 17th Century, both Elizabeth I and James I gave English Protestants Irish Catholic rebel's land to increase the security in
England. These Catholics did not like this because they felt the land was rightfully theirs. They refused to accept that the land belonged to the English
Protestants. Catholics not only hated the Protestants for this but they resented British rule because it was them that gave the Protestants the land.

The Portrayal Analysis Of John Conroy's Belfast Diary
Conroy's analysis of Northern Ireland is, in the simplest of terms, refreshing. Convoy's attention to detail and analysis when describing Jimmy Barr's
dealing with the Housing Executive's, when discussing the hunger strikes, and when discussing the plight of those who live in the Divis Flats all
support the notion that Conroy has an understanding of Northern Ireland, even though he's an outsider. John Conroy's Belfast Diary is an example of
how an outsider can provide a reliable analysis into the communal violence that has consumed Northern Ireland. I believe that Conroy's outsider
perspective, combined with his choice to immerse himself into the culture of Belfast allowed him to write a story that leaves out major biases, a story
that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His immersion into the culture of Northern Ireland made him less of an outsider in terms of ability to gain information, but he still could use his
outsider perspective in analyzing what he obtained. Conroy's choice to live in the ghetto was just the beginning of what made him equipped to tell
the story of Ireland. Equally important to immersing oneself in Belfast is having the ability to not take sides, or favor one group or ideology or
person over the other, a challenge that Conroy undertook. Throughout Belfast Diary, Conroy works through dense and complex information regarding
the various police forces, paramilitaries, and British military groups that reside in the North with the Catholics and Protestants. While reading
Conroy's pages long analysis of the variety of groups, it becomes clear that these groups within Northern Ireland cannot be deemed "good" or "bad".
Labeling a group with such complexities would be falling into the trap of being an ill–equipped outsider. Rather, Conroy implies that one needs to
develop an understanding that each group serves a purpose for the community that it's serving. Conroy explains that each group benefits the community
they're serving almost equally as much as it is disadvantaged by the group. In other words, Conroy explains that the relationship is give and take, it's not
something that is understood at

Problems that Need to be Overcome If Current Peace Talks...
Problems that Need to be Overcome If Current Peace Talks in Northern Ireland are to Succeed
In your answer you need to consider:
a) Two previous attempts made at peace in the last 20 years
b) The break through that have been made
c) The problems that still exist
Between 1980 and 1984 Margaret Thatcher held regular meetings with TaoiseachesCharles Haughey and then after she held meetings with Garret
Fitzgerald. The IRA violence was beginning to get out of control and both governments were getting very concerned. Margret Thatcher on other hands
was almost Killed by an IRA bomb in 1984 and things had to change. They were also concerned about the increasing support for the IRA's political ...
The unionists were also strongly opposed to the Agreement. They didn't like the involvement of the Republic's government in the affairs ofNorthern
Ireland. The day after it was signed the News Letter summed up unionist opposition when it claimed "yesterday the ghosts of Cromwell and Lundy
walked hand in hand to produce a recipe for bloodshed and conflict which has few parallels in modern history."
In essence the Agreement represented a negotiation between the British and Irish governments. In return for Dublin's formal appreciation of the
legitimacy of Northern Ireland, London agreed to confer with the Republic's government on all matters relating to the rights of Northern Ireland's
nationalist minority. The new relationships were outlined in the Agreement's 13 Articles. These referred to:
В· The Status of Northern Ireland, Article 1;
В· The Intergovernmental Conference, Articles 2–4;
В· Political Matters, Articles 5–6; Security and Related Matters, Article 7;

В· Legal Matters including the administration of justice, Article 8;
В· Cross Border Co–operation on Security, Economic, Social and Cultural Matters, Articles 9–10;
В· Arrangements for Review, Article 11;
В· Interparliamentary Relations, Article 12 and

Divided People Ireland
The Divided People of Ireland Ireland is a country with two very different peoples living there, Nationalists (or Catholics) and Unionists (or Protestants).
There are many differences between the beliefs of the Nationalists and the Unionists. The main one being that Nationalists want a united Ireland and see
themselves as Irish whereas Unionists want to be part of Britain and see themselves as British. Before partition this caused many problems because
Nationalists resented being ruled from London, where the politicians there probably had never even been to Ireland and so, in their opinion could not
know what would be best for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This gives them prejudiced views and means they judge each other on their religion. This comes from generations of dislike which over the years has
been distorted into hate. Protestants believe that Rome, the Pope and the whole of the Catholic Church have a huge say in the running of Eire.
Catholics however deny this and say that although many Catholics will live their life around the Church and the beliefs of the Catholic Church, the
British government allow the Church of England a much greater say in the running of the country.
Stemming from this lack of knowledge about each other's religion is the problem that Protestants believe Catholics have no personal freedom. The
Catholic Church does not allow divorce or abortion as they believe marriage is sacred; as is life, so to kill a child or end a marriage is to go against
God. As most Catholics want to lead "good" lives and follow the teachings of the Bible and religious leaders, then they agree that divorce and abortion
are wrong and so, the fact that the Irish government says abortion is illegal does not bother them. Protestants living in Ireland though see this as an
infringement upon their freedom and freewill.
Throughout Northern Ireland there are symbols of different loyalties, on one wall will be painted a mural in memorial of William of Orange and his
victory at the Battle of the Boyne over the

A Very Brief Look at Ireland
An old myth claims that St.Patrick used his to scare all the snakes into sea. Therefore, there are no snakes in Ireland. Ireland gained it's independence
from Great Britain in 1937. The "head" of Ireland is still under Britain's command. Before Ireland became a country, Ireland was covered in ice and
snow, during the the Last Glacial Maximum. The Last Glacial Maximum is the era when ice covered northern Europe, Asia, and America, which was
about 20,000 years ago. Ireland is the sixth richest country in the world, which is surprising because it is mostly farm land.
Around 600 and 800 B.C. Celtic tribes began to settle on Ireland. Around the 12th century Britain took the Irish's independence. During the potato
famine, in the 1840s, farmers dug up potatoes then a day after the potatoes became slimy, blackish, "mass of rottenness". About 1 1/4 million Irish left
their homes. They took ships Canada and America hoping for a better life.
On 1916, Easter Monday, Ireland started a Rebellion. The "IRA", Irish Republican Army, fought Britain for five years to win independence for 26
southern counties. The other 6 counties are still under Britain's control. This lead to the "Troubles" in the 1960's which were acts of violence on the
United Kingdom Army. The United Kingdom, United States, and Ireland was a part of a process that helped traders and sellers which is know as
"The Good Friday Agreement" in 1988, in Northern Ireland. In 1990, Mary Robinson changed Ireland's history by

Seamus Heaney Conflict
While great wars, murders, and crimes continue to pervade our society today, the atrocities of the past seem to loom over these in the present and
reopen years' old wounds that threaten to turn into scars. This is especially true of the Northern Ireland conflict. Although a timeline may tell a person
that the conflict lasted from the 1960's to 1998, supposedly ending with the Good Friday Agreement, the turmoil and healing in Northern Ireland is
nowhere near its finality. Seamus Heaney, an Irish poet born a mere 20 years before the conflict began, was deeply affected by the conflict and the
impact it had on himself and his family. Many of Heaney's poems reflect upon the "Troubles", which no doubt influenced many of his other pieces,
but generally did not make any explicitly aggressive statements of a political nature toward the Northern Ireland conflict or other incidents; he merely
saw himself as a poet who reflected on what he witnessed and lived through. However, Heaney himself stated that "All of us probably had some
notion that a good poem was 'a paradigm of good politics', a site of energy and tension and possibility, a truth–telling arena..." (Jensen 18). He believed
that there was an element of politics involved with writing poetry. However, he continued to say it was "not a killing field" (18). In other words, he
did not believe that it was his duty as a poet to be political. His own words defied him in the writing of one of his poems "Punishment", which is about
the

Essay about Overview and Comparison of Three Types of...
Introduction This paper will talk about three different types of terrorism. A background of each type will be provided to understand the motivations
and goals. The first type that will be discussed is religious terrorism. The second type that will be discussed is suicide terrorism. The third and last type
that will be discussed is nationalist terrorism. Each type of terrorism has distinct differences in their goals, motivations, strategy, use of violence, etc.
However, the main focus of this paper will be on the difference between each type's tactics and/or strategy.
1.Religious:
Background
Religious terrorism is usually carried out based on motivations, goals, and beliefs of a certain religious influence. The religion that ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the paramilitary groups fighting in the Afghan mujahedeen was Al Qaeda. After the Soviet Union left Afghanistan in 1989, mujahedeen groups
were still fighting over control of Afghanistan (White, 2012). When the Soviet Union left, the United States also left. The United States failed to
recognize the problem of the mujahedeen groups fighting. The United States was just focusing on making profits by building an oil pipeline from
central Asia to the Indian Ocean (White, 2012). Al Qaeda came to be the mujahedeen group that came out on top in Afghanistan. The leader of this Al
Qaeda was a mujahedeen from Saudi Arabia named Osama Bin Laden. Osama created Al Qaeda during the last stages of the Soviet–Afghan war
(White, 2012). Al Qaeda was composed of Islamic students who wanted to bring order to Afghanistan through the forced imposition of Islamic law
(White, 2012). Jihadists have a misappropriated theology of Islam saying that Muslims believe that peace comes with the completion of global
conquest when every person on Earth submits to the will of Allah (using force if necessary). Only then, will the world and the Islam religion be at
peace. Osama's philosophy was claiming that Islam is corrupted and needs purification (White, 2012).
Tactics/Strategy
Osama believed Islam was mainly corrupt due to the values and economic powers of the West, especially the United States. Osama called to destroy the
evil influence that had

Cultural Identity And Autonomous Regions Within The...
Region Report 3
There are many important issues that face Europe and the European Union as a whole today. One of these exactly important issues is the topic of
cultural identity and autonomous regions within the European Union. This includes states such as Catalonia, Basque Country, Northern Ireland and
more. The long and complex history of Europe has led to hundreds if not thousands of areas within the region that have a separate and distinct identity
and culture. These areas have independent cultures and histories that define them outside of the national identity. Historically, Catalonia and Northern
Ireland have had many different views from their parent nations and it has led to conflict in the past and will lead to conflict in the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This means areas like Northern Ireland, and Wales will receive individual sponsorship for development such as в‚¬2.6 billion for Cornwall, West
Wales, Isles of Scilly, and the Valleys. These investments have many practical results, are good for the regions, and perhaps most importantly they
help reduce the unrest within that specific region by creating jobs and a flourishing market. With the increased job market and projects in the region
people are earning more money and enjoying a higher quality of life which leads to a more cohesive area. This idea of European Union cohesion policy
is important for dealing with areas that are becoming increasingly unstable within countries especially with respect to the European Union's
commitment to preserving regional and cultural identity. This is especially important in countries with financial instability and inequality.Spain is an
excellent example, because due to a job shortage and weak economy there is high unemployment, nearly 20% in 2016, and very high public debt. The
high unemployment and a high number of people below the poverty line leads to wealthier and distinct areas becoming unhappy and stating that the
government is taking a disproportionate amount of their money.
Catalonia is a region in northeast Spain that is a prime example due the autonomous operation and self–governance that has led to what many believe is
a completely separate and wealthier region

Britain 's The European Union
Britain took a giant leap of faith when they decided to leave the European Union. Some might look at this decision being unprecedented as a good
thing; but that's exactly why it's a bad thing. Britain needs the EU to survive, the same way that the EU needs Britain to thrive the way they do. The
British exit from the European Union, or "Brexit" in short, is the name for the recently passed referendum involving the UK's decision to part ways
with the European Union. The vote took place on June 23, 2016 and passed. The decision to leave the European Union won by 52% to 48%. The
vote was very close which raises an ample amount of concern. Contrary to what those 52% of voters believe, the decision to leave the EU was bad in
many ways. Brexit now has the potential to yield devastating outcomes on the UK and every nation attached to them. One great concern following
Brexit is whether or not Erasmus will remain intact. Erasmus stands for European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students.
Erasmus is essentially a higher education and exchange program that gives access to students in universities from 33 different countries. According to
Ed Vulliamy of The Observer, since the program was launched in 1987, "more than two million young people have benefitted from EU–funded grants
to study in 27 countries" (Vulliamy). The Erasmus program clearly has a multitude of benefits to UK students, and it is safe to say that nobody
opposes it. It impacts the lives of

The Israeli Palestinian Conflict And The Northern Ireland
The Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the Northern Ireland case had many similar elements in conflict drivers and elements that gave rise to conflict;
however ,the two cases also had differing salient points. The Israelis were a diasporic community while the Ulsters in Northern Ireland were a minority
group living on their own land. The Palestinian and Israeli saw each other as more of a threat than the unionist and nationalists saw each other in
Northern Ireland. The Northern Ireland crisis did not threaten the existence of England while the PLO had motive to destroy Israel. These were some of
the several differing factors that accounted for this variation in outcome; however the main issue was threat and incentive. The actors in the Good
Friday Agreement had more incentive, or less threat in accepting the agreement. Actors in the Oslo negotiations believed that was more threat for Israel–
Palestine to integrate. Also, there were significant gaps in goals and incentives they had. An attempt to understand the failure of the Oslo process can be
explained with a Realist lens. The Oslo agreements are inherently Liberal agreements, focusing on collective security and the possibility of cooperation
and interdependence. However, under the Realist framing, the conditions in the Israel–Palestine context was not viable for the construction of a Liberal
peace. Since in Realist terms, perceived threat came from other actors "If the if practical interests [of actors were] incompatible,

Prostitution In The Uk Research Paper
Even though each state individually chooses how to handle prostitution criminals, there is a general trend among all the states that prostitutes and
customers receive more lenient punishments than pimps.
Very much unlike the United States, in the United Kingdom it is completely legal for an individual to exchange money for sex. Althoughprostitution is
legal in the UK, there are many laws implemented to ensure that the government maintains a certain level of control of the sex industry (Casciani).
Brothels, street prostitution, kerb crawling, and pimping are all aspects of prostitution that are criminalized within the UK (Calciano); through
implementation of multiple acts, such as the Sexual Offences Act and the Policing and Crime Act, the majority of the laws regulating the sex industry
were established.
In the Sexual Offences Act of 2009, it was declared that it is illegal for brothels to be utilized within the UK (Sexual Offence Act, 2009). If there is
more than one individual offering sex in the same building as another individual offering sex, the building is considered a brothel and thus becomes a
criminal situation (Casciani). In addition to brothels being criminalized, the Sexual Offences Act also criminalizes street ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Policing and Crime Act mandates that a customer who pays for sex from an individual who has been forced to work as a prostitute is conducting
criminal activity (Police and Crime Act 2009). While the decision to ultimately legalize or criminalize prostitution is the government of Northern
Ireland choice, certain distinct laws (such as those under the UK's Policing and Crime Act) have been criminalized by the United Kingdom and still
apply to Northern

Essay about The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA)
The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) was formed in 1969. The Official IRA declared a cease–fire in the summer of 1972, and subsequently
the term IRA began being used for the organization that developed from the 'Provisional' IRA. Organized into small, tightly knit cells under the
leadership of the Army Council the IRA has remained largely unchanged. It is difficult to know the exact number of IRA members because of the
political and economic persecution that comes with publicly endorsing the IRA. It is estimated that there are several hundred members, plus several
thousand sympathizers, but the IRA's strength may have been affected by operatives leaving the organization to join hard–line splinter groups.
The Provisional IRA was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The IRA declared a cease–fire on July 19, 1997 to become effective July 20. At the end of August, the Secretary of State forNorthern Ireland
announced her finding that the cease–fire was being observed, allowing Sinn Fein, the political party closely identified with the IRA, entry into
negotiations on Northern Ireland's political future. The July 20 cease–fire ended a 17–month terrorism campaign and led to the opening of inclusive
political talks in September. Following the cease–fire there was a marked decrease of sectarian violence but not a total cessation. Police believe that
paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland were responsible for 22 deaths, 251 shootings, and 78 bombings during 1997 (http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para
/ira.htm). Both republican and loyalist paramilitary groups continued to engage in vigilante attacks, although there was a decrease in the number of
such incidents even before the July cease–fire.
In August 1998 the IRA claimed responsibility for a car bomb which killed 28 and injured 220 in the Northern Irish Town of Omagh. The bombing
was the worst terrorist activity in nearly three decades for Ireland. While claiming responsibility for the blast an IRA representative anonymously told
an Irish newspaper "Despite media reports, it was not our intention at any time to kill any civilians. It was a commercial target, part of the ongoing war
against the Brits. We offer our apologies to the civilians,"

Omagh Bombing Research Paper
These attacks destabilized The Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, and Great Britain as a whole. While the motivation behind these attacks was
ultimately intended to lead to the unification of Ireland, the reality was the erosion of local and international sympathy and support for the IRA. The
Omagh bombing resulted in the condemnation from both the international community and Sinn Fein and eventually led to peace talks between
England the IRA. Throughout the history of the IRA, and their subsequent groups, leaders have renounced violence only to have members splinter off
and form another terrorist organization to further their campaigns through violence. However, the Omagh bombing significantly decreased the support
and sympathy many Irish

The Beliefs of the Republicans/Nationalists and the...
The Beliefs of the Republicans/Nationalists and the Loyalists/Unionists There are a number of differences between Nationalists and Unionists and
their beliefs. The Nationalists are predominantly Catholic and they do not want Ireland to be part of Britain. They see the British as an occupying
army and most believe that the British have no right to be in Ireland, they think it's unfair that the British came into Ireland in the 1600s and have
stayed there. They feel angry about how the British have persecuted the Catholics in the past, and they believe that they still don't get treated as well as
the Unionists. They campaign for equal rights in different areas, especially housing and jobs.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Nationalists still feel that the British are an occupying army, and think its wrong that they are still there. The Unionists also feel that being part
of Britain is good for them economically, whereas the Nationalists feel they get a bad deal. The Unionists mostly share their main religion with
Britain so feel happy with them, but the Nationalists feel angry about how the British have treated the Catholics in the past. Though these are the
two main groups, not everyone that is classed as a Nationalist or a Unionist feels exactly the same; there are differences within the sides. Some
people are more extreme than others and some can be more violent. Within the two sides they have different political parties that have different
methods and slightly different objectives. On the Nationalist side two notable parties are the SDLP (Social Democratic Labour Party), lead by John
Hume, and Sinn Fein, lead by Gerry Adams. The SDLP have always been committed to peaceful and democratic methods, and see the importance of
disarment. They want to see a United Ireland. Sinn Fein is now practising peaceful methods but in the past have had links with paramilitaries such as
the IRA, who practise less peaceful techniques. This Party wants a United Ireland like the SDLP, but also wants to break all links to England, and be
totally

Essay on The History of Conflict in Ireland
The History of Conflict in Ireland
An American audience may find it difficult to comprehend the sense of history which is in the Irish conflict. It goes back to the 1920s when the island
was partitioned, and Catholics in Northern Ireland believed that they were on the wrong side of that border, and believed that they had been done out
of their political heritage.
But Protestants have a sense of history which goes back to at least the seventeenth century, where from the time of the plantation of Ulster at the
beginning of the 1600s, they have had to look to their own resources to ensure that they remained in control in the north of Ireland because they'd lost
control in the rest of Ireland. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By the 1920s, the British political establishment decided it was time to get out of Ireland, militarily, politically, psychologically, but she could not get
out of what became known as Northern Ireland because the Protestant majority there were convinced that they were British and they represented the
majority.
Partition
So, the best deal that Britain could do in 1920 was to partition the island of Ireland, and make the northeast of Ireland into this new entity called
Northern Ireland, and leave the rest of the country as a separate entity, which was still part of British jurisdiction but had a great deal more autonomy.
Britain had no real solution other than partition. Britain, I think, would have liked to have withdrawn from Ireland, because it had been such a cost,
such a drain on its international reputation. But Britain felt it owed allegiance to its kith and kin in the north of Ireland, the Protestant majority, who
considered themselves to be British. And this Protestant majority said they would fight to maintain the right to be British. The best solution was a
qualified partition, because built into the Government of Ireland Act was the prospect that at some future date, the island could be united again.
So psychologically,

Northern Ireland's Troubles and Conflict

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