The Habsburg And Ottoman Empire

The Habsburg and Ottoman Empire
Throughout history there has been many religious conflicts. Of those, the Habsburg and Ottoman Empire are two of them. The Habsburg Empire was
considered a Catholic Empire and the Ottoman was an Islam Empire. Charles V owned the Habsburg Empire. He inherited castile–Aragon (Spain) and
the Habsburg territories. He also became the ruler of Aztec and Inca Empires in the Americas. (Sivers, Desnoyer, Stow 2012 Pg. 537) After battling
against France in 1519, Charles was the title of emperor. In 1299, Osman Bey was in charge of theOttoman Empire when he established independent
rule in Anatolia. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire began in 1453.
The battle in which Charles encountered was just the start of his religions war. At first religion served to support political authority. While he won the
title of emperor, he also was made overlord of all German principalities and supreme among the monarchs of western Christianity. Although this title did
not mean much in terms of power and financial gain in either the German principalities or western Christianity as a whole, it made him the titular
political head of western Christianity and thereby the direct counterpart of Sultan Suleyman in the struggle for dominance in the Christian–Muslim
world of Europe, the Middle East and northern Africa. (Sivers, Desnoyer, Stow 2012 Pg. 537–538)
After this was when things started to get harder for Charles V. He was faced with Religious differences as a challenge to political authority. Charles V.
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Essay on Thirty Years War
Thirty Years War Philip, Spanish kings. Philip I (the Handsome), 1478
–1506, king of Castile (1506), was the son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I
and Mary of Burgundy. He inherited Burgundy and the Low Countries from his mother and was titular joint ruler of Castile with his wife, Joanna.
But her father ruled these lands as his regent, so he contested (1504) Ferdinand's regency and assumed (1506) joint rule of Castile with his wife.
Philip's early death, however, and his wife's deteriorating mental condition allowed Ferdinand to resume joint control of Castile. The Low Countries
passed to Philip's son, who later became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Philip II, 1527–98, king of Spain (1556–98), king of Naples and Sicily
(1554–98)... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But the nation fought in Italy (1615–17) and entered the Thirty Years War. Although the church prospered and the grandees accumulated vast estates,
the Spanish economy declined, partly as a result of Philip's expulsion (1609–14) of the Moriscos. During Philip's reign, Spanish culture flourished and
gave to the world great artists such as the author Cervantes and the painter El Greco. Philip IV, 1605–65, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily (1621–65)
and, as Philip III, king of Portugal (1621–40), intelligent but lacking energy, was unable to prevent Spain's political and economic decline. The Thirty
Years War continued until 1648, and the war with France (1621–59) ended with Spain's humiliation. Portugal revolted (1640), Catalonia was occupied
by the French, and Spain had to recognize the independence of the Netherlands (1648). Philip was a patron of the arts and, thanks to Velazquez, was
perhaps the most frequently portrayed king in history. The accession of Philip V, 1683
–1746, the first Bourbon king of Spain (1700–1746), precipitated
the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) because his grandfather, Louis XIV of France, had accepted the Spanish throne for Philip. By the Peace
of Utrecht, Spain lost much territory, including the Spanish Netherlands, Naples, and Sicily. Philip was forced to introduce the Salic law of succession,
which forbade female monarchs and thus precluded the crown's personal union with France. The

Why Vienna Matters : Vienna
Katie Gowen
10–27–2016
GEO101
Galchutt
Why Vienna Matters
Vienna, located in northeastern Austria, is a beautiful place and should be considered one of the best vacation spots in the world. The beautiful art
museums and music history is what draws a lot of people to visit the Austrian capital. Vienna's physical geography is also what attracts a large
population because of its position between the foothills of the Carpathians and the Alps. When it comes to the political geography, the city is unique
because of the history that comes along with the Habsburg family and the Holy Roman Empire. Looking at the human geography, Vienna is the most
populated place in Austria even though it is the smallest of the nine states that make up the country. There is a high quality of life, which makes it a
desirable place to live. Overall, Vienna has a very distinct geography through the history of the Habsburg family, the topography of the entire country of
Austria, and the demographics of the people who populate the city. The history of Vienna truly impacts the geography of the city today. While Austria
is not one of the most talked about cities in the world, it does hold a unique past that is recognizable through the Habsburg monarchy. Before the
Habsburg family shaped Austria, it was a part of the Holy Roman Empire. The Habsburgs are mostly credited with creating the Austria and the Vienna
that is known today. In the book The Austrian Achievement, it is mentioned, "... the recent

Emilie Du Chattelet Research Paper
Emilie du Chatelet was born on December 17, 1706 in Paris France. She was the only girl among six children, were only three of the brothAs well
as her. Emilie died on September 10, 1749 in Luneville France at the age of 42 from Pulmonary Embolism after giving birth to a child she had
during an affair. She was named Stanislas Adelaide, who passed 20 weeks later. A historic event that happened during Emilie's life time is on
October 11, when George the second had his Coronation. Handel's Coronation Anthem was composed for the event as well as Zadok the Priest,
which had been played at every subsequent coronation of the British Monarch. Later on November 9th, Spain, England and France signed the Treaty
of Seville. Our last event was on November 18, when an earthquake in Tazriz, Persia kills 77,000 people.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of her families acquaintances was Fontenelle, an perpetual secretary of the French Academie des Sciences. Emilie's father noticed her brilliance
at age 10 and asked for Fontenelle to meet with her. Emilie's mother is believed to disapprove of all of this. As a result of all the tutors that her father
would bring to the house, by the time she was 12 she was fluent in, Latin, Italian, Greek, and German. She got education in mathematics, literature, and
science. Her mother Gabrielle–Anne was horrified about what she was learning and fought Louis–Nicolas at every step, once almost sending Emilie to a

The Spanish Empire: The Rise Of Imperial Spain
Origin of the empire
In 1504, Queen Isabella died, King Ferdinand ruled Isabella's side of Spain with their eldest surviving child Joanna of Castile, who also known as
"The mad". In 1516, Ferdinand's death led to a new chapter of Spain, Joanna and Phillip I's son Charles ruled the Spanish empire and created the
Holy Roman Empire. In 1556, he stepped down and passed the Holy Roman Empire to his brother, Ferdinand. The Spanish empire to his only
surviving son Phillip II who after a succession crisis in Portugal also became Phillip I of Portugal.
Politics
There are many reasons for the rise of Imperial Spain. First of all, political advantage was one of the main factor.1469 marked the union of two major
dynasties, with the marriage of Ferdinand ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The linguistic advances of the 15th century, the development of new literary genres, the refinements of plateresque art all foreshadowed it. Isabel
called scholars together, encouraged the importation of text hooks and printing" (Pierre Vilar, Robert Brian Tate 41). Technology played an important
role that made Spanish powerful and the vanguard of the colonization. Before the exploration started, they improved or self–invented many essential
things for navigation such as sextant and astrolabe. So Spanish exploration really success towards the end of 15th century due to the new technology
of triangular sails, these sails allowed ships to sail into the wind further than ever before, which precipitated a major rise in explorative

Inbreeding In The Habsburg Dynasty
Inbreeding is an extremely controversial topic of debate that has been around since biblical times. The most extreme form of inbreeding is incest,
which is primarily between first cousins and second–first cousins. Inbreeding is practiced for many different reasons including royalty, religion, culture,
socioeconomic class, geographic isolation, and small populations. Possibly the most dramatic instance of incest for reasons of royalty was within
Habsburg Dynasty. The Habsburg Dynasty was one of the most powerful dynasties in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, beginning in the early 12th
century. The group controlled huge portions of Europe including Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, France, and Spain, maintaining control by
marrying only within their dynasty. Most marriages within the dynasty were consanguineous, meaning marriage between close blood relatives, taking
place between first cousins, double–first cousins, and uncles/nieces. Although their inbreeding originally led to their rise in power, it consequently led
to their eventual demise. By the end of the 17th century, the negative effects of their marital practices became obvious through that the dynasty had
distinctive physical mutations including a protruding lip, high infant mortality rate, and many health problems. By 1700, the Habsburgs were sterile,
therefore unable to produce a heir. Another effect of these marriages was that infant and child mortality rose to about 50% within the Spanish
Habsburgs. There

The Architecture Of Schonbrunn Palace
Introduction
SchГ¶nbrunn Palace is a political, cultural, and artistic marvel as it stands today and during the period it was made and as it exists today. The
building and all surrounding buildings are meant to be taken in as a whole, as if it were four walls of canvases each unique and significant while still
being part of the room. SchГ¶nbrunn is seen as a Gesamtkunstwerks. It was meant to out shine Versailles Palace in France. (5,6) From the height of the
Hapsburg Empire to the present, the Baroque–style SchГ¶nbrunn Palace has provided a splendid showcase for Austria's rich cultural tradition. It is
situated on the premises of former hunting grounds, the Baroque palace, completed in 1713 still stand to contest its beauty against other baroque
style palaces. While it is a precedent of Versailles its Zoo also became a precedent for future architecture. The typology of this site is one of
monarchical power, leisure hunting, and the summer home, as well as heritage.(2, 3, 6) This paper will describe the SchГ¶nbrunn Palace and
provide a historical exploration of the cultural form. The paper will begin with, a physical description of Palace and surrounding areas, which will
explore aspects such as the structure, and decorative aspects, Buildings and other landmarks that are a part of the overall Palace. Following the
physical description, the historical context of the site will be analyzed, after which the principles of design will be explained.
1.
Physical

Analysis of WedgewoodВґs The Thirty Years War Essay
Wedgwood, C.V. The Thirty Years War. London: Lowe & Brydone Ltd, 1938. Print. It is difficult to determine when the Thirty Years War really
began. Ultimately, a culmination of events led to the tension between the countries of the Ottoman Empire. Prior to the war's beginning on May 23,
1618, Europe was in a state of religious, political, and imperial turmoil. The Lutherans, Catholics, and Calvinists were all competing for religious
dominance. Political leaders tried to advocate for their religions in the elections. There was much controversy regarding the new kings of Bohemia and
political stress between the Bourbons and the Hapsburgs. War was... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although Wedgwood mentions the incident, she doesn't emphasize it being a huge turning point with regard to the conflicts in Germany. "The
extraordinary chance which had saved three lives was a holy miracle or a comic accident according to the religion of the beholder, but it had no
political significance (Wedgwood p. 79)." The "Denfenstration of Prague" is the initial event that instigated the tension because it was a rebellion.
People became angry and fought for what they thought was right. Frederick and Ferdinand began to raise their own armies by asking for help from
other European countries. Ferdinand received assistance from Maximilian of Bavaria. In Western Civilizaton, it also mentions him getting help from
Spain. He ensured this help by promising Frederick's lands to them. Wedgwood explains that this could be considered unconstitutional according to the
Peace of Augsburg. Ferdinand signed this document declaring that "German liberties" would be observed in 1555. This means that each country can
have its own religion if it's Catholic or Lutheran and that they are the Electors for the empire. If the German princes do not consent to the impeachment
of Frederick as Bohemian king, then giving the land away is stealing. Frederick asked England for support, especially since he was married to the
English King's daughter Elizabeth. Unfortunately, the king had declined any

John Reynolds: The War Of The Austria Success
England in 1713 John Reynolds was born. At age 15 he volunteered to join the navy along with John Gascoigne, later in 1734 he passed his
examination to his files and due to him being 21 years old he was arranged to become lieutenant in 1736. During his time while serving the home
station on the HMS Argyll from 1739 to 1740. In June of the year 1741, during the starting point of the Austria Success he was promoted to the fire
ship HMS Vulcan located in the West Indies. He went on to being the first lieutenant on the HMS Jersey. (1)
From that he was relocated to the HMS Victory in 1743–1744. In 1745 he was advanced to take the role as commander on the fire ship HMS Scipio up
until 1746.Where he was short–term arranged to the HMS Ambuscade in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Later in the year he was rearranged to HMS
Centurion in Portsmouth, Hampshire.In October he was assigned to the HMS Arundel.Later in 1747 he was found in the North Sea located in the
English Channel on board of the Arundel. (1)
The War of the Austria Success was a war that was between all the significant colonies in Europe. The battle was based on the Maria Theresa's
unqualified access to the House of Habsburg, her father Charles VI's throne. This was because back in 500 AD a law was created. This law stated that
no women would be able to attend the throne or inherit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
John's demands that he hoped to inflict,were very difficult to obtain such as them getting massive amounts of troops, artillery, and forts. They refused
to hold his orders and his hopes that he held in the British Government of the protection of the colony deteriorated. November of 1755 the governor
arrived from Britain into Savannah subsequently waiting ten days for the coming of the Creek Chiefs in Augusta, Georgia. He didn't feel the need to
address the concerns of the Creek Indians so he left the negotiating to an associate, William Little.

Sophie Germain's Life And Accomplishments
"Sophie Germain" Sophie was born in Paris on April 1, 1776, when the American Revolution began. Later the French Revolution would force her
childhood indoors from all of the dangers outside. She was born to Ambroise– Francois and Marie Germain. She was born into a middle class family
that later had money and her father became a director of a bank. As soon as she started to become recognized as a female mathematician she passed
away. She died on June 27, 1831 from breast cancer. While she was sick she continued her studies. After her death, her work was recognized by
many. Sophie's full name is Marie Sophie Germain. She went by Sophie due to how many Marie's were around. She would write many of her works
using an alias M. LeBlanc. She used this name to disguise her works so they could... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She worked hard and never gave up on her theories. The only awards Sophie received were: the contest she entered about Archimedes, an honorary
degree six years after her death, to be able to be the first women to attend Academie des Sciences meetings, and first woman invited to attend sessions
at the Institut de France. Many of Sophie's achievements were recognized after she died. Sophie Germain studied psychology and philosophy.
Sophie's works were in a few areas: she studied the number theory, Sophie prime numbers, and the theory of elasticity. She would study other areas to
gain more knowledge of these subjects. She did not have one study; she did multiple studies to prove theories and work of others. Sophie Germain fell
in love with math around the age of thirteen. She began to study math but was interrupted many times. Her parents did not approve of her studies

History Of The Beginnings Of A Successful Ruler: Maria...
The Beginnings of a Successful Ruler
In 1729, Charles Lewis wrote in a letter to his friend, a description of the young Maria Theresa. He wrote, "The eldest Archduchess Maria Theresa
is brought up in the agreeable prospect of the vast dominions possessed by the Emperor. This young Princess has very much of the Air of the
Empress her mother and if Heaven designs her for the Sovereignty of the Empire, God grant she may also resemble in her Virtues!" Maria Theresa
would in fact go on to become the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions, coming into power through succession. According to the New World
Encyclopedia, Maria Theresa's titles from birth to death were, "Her Royal Highness Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (May 13, 1717 – October 20,
1740), Her Majesty The Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (October 20, 1740 – September 13, 1745), Her Imperial Majesty The Holy Roman ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though there were a few causes of the Seven Years' War, like the long
–time power struggle between France and England and the French and Indian war
technically already beginning in 1754, what more or less sent the war into action was another issue between Frederick the Great and Maria
Theresa. In 1756 Frederick II invaded Saxony, and it was no surprise that he was once again trying to take something that in fact, did not belong to
him. Maria Theresa, on the other hand, was still bitter about losing Silesia to Prussia, and she saw the war as a way to possibly retake Silesia. She
can't really be blamed for wanting to take back what was originally apart of the Habsburg dominions and that which she felt had been unfairly taken
away. Unfortunately for her, Silesia was not recovered and France lost the war with many repercussions, while Austria got more of a slap on the

Q: European monarchs of the late fifteenth and early...
In northern Europe after the Middle Ages, monarchies began to build the foundations of their countries that are still in affect today. During the late
fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries these "New Monarchs" made many relevant changes in their nations. During the middle of the fifteenth century
Europe was affected by war and rebellion, which weakened central governments. As the monarchies attempted to develop into centralized governments
once again, feudalism's influence was lessened. This "new" idea of centralization was reflected in the monarch's actions. Rulers tried to implement
peace and restore the idea that the monarchy represented law and order in the nation. These New Monarchs were able to build armies due to taxation,
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Louis XI and the Valois line formed a royal army, overpowered unruly nobles and bandits, and increased the monarch's power over both parliament
and the clergy. Louis XI was able to raise taxes without the approval of parliament and eventually parliament asked for him to rule without their
input. The monarch's power over the clergy increased due to the Concordat of Bologna. In the Concordat of Bologna, King Francis I and Pope Leo X
signed an agreement that stated that the pope was to be paid by French ecclesiastics, religious figures such as priests or the clergy, and the king would
appoint bishops and abbots.
The union of Aragon and Castile showed the establishment of the New Monarchy in Spain in 1469. The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella
of Castile joined Aragon, which included the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Sicily, and Naples, and Castile, the Americas, in a "personal union" only. Both
kingdoms recognized the monarchs, but there were few common institutions. The church court, or Inquisition, was common however. Also, the church
was reformed early on so it was free from the corruption that occurred in the church in the rest of Europe. The reconquista was also completed when
Granada was taken over from the Moors in 1492. The church was at the center of unification efforts. Palmer states it best as "(t)he rulers, though they

Michael Jean Research Paper
Michaelle Jean is a Catholic who was born on September 6, 1957, in Port–au–Prince, Haiti. This year she is 59 years old. In her early life, she lived a
middle–class life. Her parents decided not to let her go to school because she would have to swear under the dictator, FranГ§ois "Papa Doc" Duvalier.
Instead, Michaelle was home–schooled. Her father got tortured, so he fled to Thetford Mines, Quebec in 1967, and the following year, Michaelle and
the rest of her family joined. The family eventually separated because her father became violent. Michaelle left with her mother and sister to go to
Montreal. She received a bachelor's degree in Italian and Spanish at the UniversitГ© de MontrГ©al. She received many scholarships to let to make
trips to Italy to study at the Perugia, Florence, and Milan universities. She knew how to speak five languages and worked for shelters for abused
women. She married a Canadian filmmaker, Jean–Daniel Lafond, and adopted Marie–Г‰den from Jacmel. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1897, the National Film board producer invited her as an interviewer and researcher on a show about the Haitian elections. A year later, she became
the filmmaker, reporter, and broadcaster for Radio–Canada. She was the first black person on French television news. She was a reporter and host for
other programs too and eventually, she won many awards. She was famous among the Francophone Canadians, and she started her own show called
MichaГ«lle in 2004. Since her husband was a filmmaker, the couple was able to make a few films together. Michaelle produced and hosted multiple
French and English shows and eventually became the Governor General of

Maria Theresa Research Paper
Only female ruler of Habsburg dominions and last of the House of Habsburg, born on May 13, 1717 in Vienna, died on November 29, 1780. Her
father, Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI was the last male member of the Habsburg Maria Theresa is significant because of her role as the first
woman ruler of the Habsburg dominions, her fights with Prussia, and the financial and educational reforms that greatly impacted Austria. Maria
Theresa became the queen of Hungary and Bohemia at the early age of 23 after her father Charles VI died in 1740. As the last Habsburg prince,
Charles VI created the Pragmatic Sanction, in which an agreement was made with nearby countries to allow him to pass his crown to a female heir
due to fear of him not having a son, especially... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite the Pragmatic Sanction, many were going back on their word and believed that Maria Theresa should not have inherited her father's role,
and a fight broke out over who truly deserved the inheritance. Not only that, but Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia and tried his best to
peacefully gain the land, however Maria Theresa fought hard, and the battle is known as the First Silesian War. During this, unfortunately, she loses
Bohemia to Prussia as well. Austria was short of experienced commanders and faced a hard loss in the Battle of Mollwitz. This ended with the
Treaty of Breslau in June 1742, creating peace between the two countries and gives her back Bohemia and a bit of Silesia. Unfortunately, She deals
with the loss of Bohemia once again when Frederick invades for the second time, starting the second Silesian War in which is soon ended by the
Treaty of Desden in 1745, resulting in Maria Theresa losing Silesia, once again. The eight–year conflict is completed with the Treaty of Aachen, giving
Prussia Bohemia and the Duchy of Parma to Philip of Spain. Maria may have not been completely successful in these battles, but she proves herself
to be a hard worker who would not go down without a fight by keeping her rule over he Habsburg

Maria Theresa Research Paper
Maria Theresa was born in Vienna, Austria at the Hofburg Palace on May 13, 1717 and was the second child and eldest daughter of Charles VI, who
was the Holy Roman Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and his wife, Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick–WolfenbГјttel. Since Charles VI was the last
remaining male heir to the Habsburg throne as his only son and sole male heir and Maria Theresa eldest brother died shortly before Maria was
born. So Charles VI reformed the Salic Law, which prevented any heir who were female to succeed her father as Charles VI feared that he might
not produce a son. In 1713 Charles VI issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which ensure his eldest daughter the right to take over and succeed the throne
and inherit his united lands when he died. During 1720 Charles VI worked endlessly to earn supports for the Pragmatic sanction from his crown
lands and over time they reluctantly agreed to honor and uphold the sanction. Charles VI was often encouraged by Prince Eugene who was his most
trusted and loyal adviser of Savoy to marry Maria off to a very powerful prince but instead, Charles VI allowed his daughter to be one of the few
people in her... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Maria Theresa was only 23 years old when she succeed the Habsburg throne. After Maria Theresa gained the titles of Holy Roman Empress,
Empress of Austria, and Queen of Hungary the Austrian, Netherlands, Bohemia, and Hungary who were her subjects were quick to accept Maria
Theresa as their empress. But Maria Theresa immediately faced resistance to her succession from European powers especially Prussia who had
previously agreed to her father's Pragmatic Sanction. Under the leadership of Frederick II who was King of Prussia, the Europeans powers formed a
coalition against Maria Theresa which was call the War of the Austrian Succession. The war ended in 1748, and Maria was forced to accept the loss
of her three Italian territories to France and let Prussia keep the province

In the Devil's Snare Book Report
Elliot, J.H., Imperial Spain: 1469–1716. London: Penguin Books, 1963. 423pgs. In Imperial Spain, J.H. Elliot examines the history of early modern
Spain from the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, to the reformation of the Spanish government by the first member of the
Bourbon dynasty. According to the author, at the start of the 15th century,Spain was internally weak, hopelessly divided and isolated from the continent
by the Pyrenees. Yet, by 1492, Spanish society experienced a tremendous transformation which allowed Isabella and Ferdinand to unify the country,
secure the largest transoceanic empire the world has ever known, and for a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aragon, the author states, was mostly left out of the affairs of empire and it turned its attention to its Mediterranean possessions.
While it is true that Ferdinand interfered little with Isabella 's handling of Castilian affairs, Elliot asserts in Chapter Four ("The Imperial Destiny") that
certain key issues were handled jointly by the monarchs. This was evident in the concessions that they were able to extract from the Vatican. Patronato
Real, or the right of presentation to all ecclesiastical benefices in the Kingdom of Granada was granted to the sovereigns of Spain by Pope Innocent
VIII while the Reconquista was still ongoing. Eventually, the author goes on to say, this right would be extended to all Spanish domains. This gave the
rulers of Spain almost complete control of the Catholic Church in their territories and in time, the clergy would become the most efficient of
bureaucrats and administrators of the Spanish empire.
Chapter Five is entitled "The Government and the Economy of the Reign of Charles V" and in it Elliot argues that after Ferdinand 's death in 1516,
his successor Charles I of Spain, V of the Holy Roman Empire, inherited a thriving, pacified, quasi–united kingdom that had access to the incredible
wealth of the Americas. The problem, the author suggests, was that Charles and his successors did not fully understand the complexity of the Spanish
system they inherited.

The Hapsburg Valois Wars Of 1494 To 1559
The Hapsburg Valois Wars of 1494 to 1559 are often confused with the Italian Wars. However the Italian War were a completely different set of wars.
The Hapsburg Valois Wars were very much intertwined with these wars. The latter arose from the instability of the Italian peninsula, which was
divided among a number of vulnerable powers, and also from a new willingness of outside rulers to intervene. Initially, the most influential was Charles
VIII of France (1483–1498), he invaded Italy in 1494, and manage to take over Naples that following March. Charles's success was particularly
achieved due to his advanced equipment. The cannons used iron shot, which allowed smaller projectiles to achieve the same destructive impact as a
larger stone shot. This made for smaller, lighter, and ultimately more maneuverable cannons.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ultimately, Maximilian's grandson, Emperor Charles V (ruled 1519–1558; ruled Spain 1516–1556 as Charles II), was to succeed to the Habsburg,
Burgundian, Aragonese, and Castilian inheritances, creating a formal rival to the Valois dynasty of France and ensuring that the wars are known as the
Habsburg–Valois

Advantages Of Political Dynasty In The Philippines
An Argumentative Essay About a Phillipine or Local Issue
Topic: Political Dynasty
Despite not being an economically rich state, Philippines is known for having people who deeply value their family members. Family–oriented
Filipinos give importance to even to their most distant relatives as long as they have the same blood running through their veins. In this practice also,
Filipinos tend to seek advices from the elders of the family before making a huge decision. Thus, decisions are made not by one for himself but by a
group for the entirety of the family. (Agoncillo, 2012, p.6)
There is the saying that goes "blood is thicker than water." This old saying can be implied to anything, moreover when it is already concerning politics
and elections. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This statement did not just come from us but from the research and survey we have conducted.
Political dynasty has already been long present in the political structure of the Philippines. It can be manifested when a family member runs, and
most often than not, wins the election and his position is soon succeeded by one of his family members as well. This cycle goes on and on and the
scope of the family's territory becomes wider and wider every election for the members can run on different places. This is often practiced by rich and
influential families; families who have been political since their forefathers and have followed the tradition as well.
Political dynasties started to emerge just after the Philippine Revolution happened. It was also when the First Republic of the Philippines was
established.The Philippine Revolution was the fight between the people of the Philippines and the Spanish colonizers. According to the book The
Making of a Filipino which is written by Renato Constantino, political dynasty was believed to be first recorded way back in the pre–Magellanic
period where the rulers where the datu, raja, and maharlika. They passed on their title to their male

Geographical Information on Austria
Austria is a country from Europe continent geographically located at latitude and longitude of 48.1200В° N, 16.2200В° E, respectively. The country
is bordered by the following nations; Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland. It is rich with
historical information and artifacts, serene places and features, traditions and activities that are unique in the area. It is commonly associated with
summer tourists who visit the historic cities and villages and hike in the magnificent scenery of the mountainous places. During the year 1569,
roman Emperor Maximilian II purchased a plot flooded by Wien River. The Roman Emperor turned the area to an animal Zoo and later fenced the
place. The place was intended to serve as a game park for animals and the palace recreational center. A mansion Katterburg was put up over the site,
and later changed into a hunting lodge by the Emperor Maximilian II. Matthias, the son of the Emperor discovered a beautiful spring when he was
hunting and renamed it as the place with beautiful spring. This led to the re–birth of the place as SchГ¶nbrunn palace. The world wars in the year 1695
resulted to part of the palace being destroyed by the Turkish especially the hunting lodge. After the world wars, the commissioning of the construction
of the palace began by Emperor Leopold I. Key personalities involved in the design and constructions of the palace were Johann Bernhard Fischer von
Erlach who was charged

Sophie's Contribution To The American Revolution
Sophie Germain was born April 1st of 1776, an era of revolution. The American Revolution began around the year of her birth. Then thirteen years
passed when the French Revolution began in her own country. In many ways Sophie personified the spirit of revolution into which she was born.
She was a middle class female who went against the wishes of her family and the social prejudices of the time to become a highly recognized
mathematician. Like the member of a revolution, her life was full of determination, up and downhill struggles. It took a long time for her to be
recognized and appreciated for her contributions to the field of mathematics, but she did not give up. Because she was a woman she was never given
as much credit as she was due... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At about this time the French Academy of Sciences announced a contest to explain the "underlying mathematical law" of a German physicist's study
on the vibration of elastic surfaces. Sophie was fascinated and set out to explain the law underlying Chladni's study. The Academy set a two year
deadline, and in 1811 Sophie submitted the only entry in the contest. Her lack of formal education was evident in the anonymous paper she submitted,
and thus she was not awarded the prize. She still had much to learn in the area. Lagrange was able to correct her errors and two years later she again
entered the contest which had been extended. She received honorable mention this time. Finally in 1816, she entered the contest for the third time and
won with her paper Memoir on the Vibrations of Elastic Plates. Upon earning the prize, the judges did relate that there were some serious shortcomings
in her explanation. These shortcomings would not be corrected for decades. After winning the contest, Sophie continued her work on the theory of
elasticity publishing several more memoirs. The most important of these deals with the "nature, bounds, and extent of elastic surfaces" (Osen 90). Her
work in the theory of elasticity would prove to be very important to the

Case Study: An Abundance Of Katherine
5 questions Why did Colin only date Katherines? That is pretty hard to answer. In my opinion, I think it was just a coincidence because all
Katherine's personality was different from each other, and they all looked different. Although, I also think there was some kind of meaning to it.
How would you feel if you were in the same situation as Colin Singleton in the beginning of the book? I would feel really lonely and I would probably
be depressed just like Colin, but I don't think I'll be as bad as him because I have friends that can cheer me up even if it's the worse day ever. Unlike
Colin, I would want to be surrounded by friends so I wouldn't be lonely, and so that I would feel like I have people who actually care about me
unlike the person who dumped me. What would you do? As I said before, I wouldn't want to be alone, so I would probably call a bunch of my
friends over to my house, or I would go talk to that one friend that I trust with all my heart, and tell her how I feel, and explain how much it hurts. In
this book, Colin and Hassan stop... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Apart from all the other Katherine's he has dated, the nineteenth Katherine (k–19) was different. She literally crushed his heart into a million pieces.
Colin was so heartbroken. After graduating from high school, Colin's best friend, Hassan Harbish, goes in Colin's dark and lonely room to try to
fix him, and tries to make him feel better. Unfortunately, he was heartbroken to the stage where he didn't even want to do him hobbies, so nothing
really helped. Hassan was extremely worried about Colin, so he started to think... What would help someone who's depressed feel better? How
would I get Katherine off of Colin's head? And he had an idea. A road trip. Hassan persuaded Colin, and convinced him to go. He approved, and off
they go on a road trip to...

The Negative Effects Of Inbreeding Within The Spanish...
Effects of Inbreeding Within the Spanish Habsburgs Dynasty Inbreeding is an extremely controversial topic of debate that has been around since
biblical times. The most extreme form of inbreeding is incest, which is primarily between first cousins and second–first cousins. Humans practice
inbreeding for many different reasons, including royalty, religion, culture, socioeconomic class, geographic isolation, and small populations. Possibly
the most dramatic instance of incest for reasons of royalty was within Habsburg Dynasty. The Habsburg Dynasty was one of the most powerful
dynasties in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, beginning in the early 12th century. The group controlled huge portions of Europe, including
Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, France, and Spain, maintaining control by marrying only within their dynasty. Most marriages within the dynasty
were consanguineous, meaning marriage between close blood relatives, taking place between first cousins, double–first cousins, and uncles/nieces.
Although their inbreeding originally led to their rise in power, it consequently led to their eventual demise. By the end of the 17th century, the negative
effects of their marital practices became obvious through that the dynasty had distinctive physical mutations, including a protruding lip, high infant
mortality rate, and many health problems. By 1700, the Habsburgs were sterile, therefore, unable to produce an heir. Another effect of these marriages
was that infant and

Ideology In The Revolution Of 1848 Essay
The Role of Ideology in the Revolutions of 1848
Year 1848 is described as "mad year"– mad with fight for freedom. Already its first months, in almost all parts of Europe, brought explosion of aims
and aspirations, which were accumulated during the after–congress period. Revolutionary movements spread throughout the whole Europe, apart from
Russia, where the system of serfdom did not allow any revolts, and Great Britain, where the reforms were carried out in non–revolutionary channels.
Despite the differences in social, economic and political structures of European countries, the revolutions of 1848 were characterised by uniformity, and
their ideology was a common denominator.
There were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of overall crises, many reforms were needed, most of which had an ideological background.
Nevertheless, the ideology did not play a huge role throughout the whole revolution. Year 1848 can be divided into three periods which were
characterised by variable importance of new ideas of 19th century. The main ideology in opposition to the order established during the Congress of
Vienna was often called 'liberalism'. This name indicates that the primary motive of it was to strive after freedom in contrary to dependence and
restrictions forced on societies and individuals by absolute monarchs. Colloquially, all people who were against absolute regime and were after
constitution established by nations representativer, were called liberals. They demanded freedom of religion and tolerance, freedom of word, press
and societies. They thought that everybody should be equal as far as law is concerned.
Another 19th century idea was radicalism, which was pretty much the same ideology, with only slight differences: radicals supported republican form
of power rather than constitutional monarchy, they wanted common right to vote, they were saying less about freedom of an individual, more about
social justice.
At the beginning of the revolutions 1848, the ideology was extremely important. All social classes were in misery, because the outcome of

Sophie Germain Research Paper
Marie Sophie Germain was born on April 1,1776 in Rue Saint–Denis, Paris, France. Even though her first name is Marie, she went by Sophie (Sophie,
Famous). Since Sophie was a girl, she was not eligible to go to school because of her gender. Her father had an interest in mathematics she began
to read the books on the subject of mathematical theory that belonged in her father's library, in her free time while she was home (Sophie,
Famous). She was even able to teach herself the language of Latin and Greek, with the acknowledgement of these languages she was able to read
the works of Leonhard Euler and Isaac Newton. The only famous teacher she had was Joseph Louis Lagrange (Sophie, Famous). During lectures
(she was able to get lecture notes) she was able to send her work to him. Sophie learned that she had Breast Cancer (Sophie, Famous). Even though
she had Breast Cancer, she persevered and she led to the discovery of laws of equilibrium and the movement of elastic solids (Sophie, Scientist). She
lost the battle to her cancer and she died on June 27, 1831 (Sophie,Famous).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Germain was famous for Formulating Sophie Germain's theorem and her work in number theory, mathematics acoustics and elasticity (Sophie,
Famous). She submitted a letter to the Carl Friedrich Gauss. The letter contained the first substantial progress toward a proof in the area of number
theory in the last 200 years, the Sophie Germain theory (Sophie, Famous). In the area of elasticity, Germain wrote a paper on 1811, she submitted that
paper three times to a contest. On her last attempt she won the contest and she was the first ever girl to win the Paris Academy of Sciences (Sophie,
Famous). Sophie Germain was important to mathematics because of her work in elasticity, number theory, and

How Did Francis Joseph Impact The World
Francis Joseph was the oldest sibling of Archduke Francis Charles, who was heir and brother of the Austrian Emperor I. Because his father was king
of the throne, Francis Joseph had become the emperor when his dad was abdicated near the end of the revolution in 1848. By the time Francis stepped
upon the throne Austria's position as a European power was already in great decline. Later, Austria betrayed Russia in the Crimean War through
1853–1856 making a heavy impact in the Austrian and Russian relationship. A couple of years later there was a unification of Italy which brought
great threats to the Italian Empire. In the decade that had followed Austria nearly lost all of their Italian possessions, such as Lombardy and Venetia.
"The rise of the Prussian dominance of the German Confederation, and Austria's loss of the Austro–Prussian war in 1866. German unification in 1871
made Austria the lesser of the two German powers." This is the information on Francis Joseph about how he came to be. This is only the beginning of
him.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After a person named Schwarzenberg died in 1852, Francis made the decision not to replace him as prime minister and instead he himself took on the
role of doing so. He had begun to take a greater part in the politics on his own. He was the only person that was doing this. After this was done, "At
home, neo–absolutism resulted in a civil service staffed by highly competent experts who tried to meet the emperor's high standards but whose
limitations nevertheless became increasingly obvious in 1859–60 as they attempted to deal with the empire's complex financial problems. " The
financial problems were very serious and were trying to be stopped at the

How Did King Leopold II Affect Society And Culture
Leopold II of Austria received his title as Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II in 1790–92. His family's name was Habsburg–Lorraine. In 1790 the 43 year
old Leopold II accepted the throne. Leopold II ruled numerous domains. He was the Holy Roman Emperor of Austria, the Grand Duke of Tuscany,
the last King of Bohemia, the king of Hungary, and the king of Croatia. Leopold II was an emperor that demonstrated absolutism. Pretending to keep
what was usable in Joseph's plan; Leopold instead ignored or cancelled reforms when it was acceptable to oppose his ideas. However, he kept Joseph's
decree of allowing non–Catholics more religious freedom. He also crowned himself king of Bohemia and Hungary, unlike his brother Joseph II. He did
not inherit nor did... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example was on November 30, 1786, after he had de facto block capital executions. Leopold II promoted his reform of abolishing the death
penalty and destroyed tools used for execution. Leopold II affected society and culture because he promulgated culture and study, by erecting
universities, museums and libraries. An example of this is in 1784 he established the Accademia di Belle Arti, which declared a stop to artistic
workshops of mediaeval origin. This halt caused conflict because some people were not able to educate themselves on mediaeval beginnings.
Leopold II influenced the economy because he moderated his tax systems and encouraged the expansion of representative institutions. An instance
that exemplified this development was the execution of profitable public works, such as the drainage of the Val di Chiana. Leopold II was elected
emperor after his brother Joseph II died. Joseph II was also Leopold's predecessor. In 1791 he suffered various ailments. His complaints of
hypochondria, which led to his death, were put down by his family and doctor. Francis II, Leopold's son, was succeeded shortly before the French

Comparing Cardinal Richelieu's Practice of Ruler Ship to...
Some regard nineteenth century France to be the France of NapolГ©on Bonaparte and, in the same respect, it can be argued that ancien rГ©gime
France was the France of Armand–Jean du Plessis de Richelieu. Upon entering the French political arena, Richelieu was thrown amidst the struggles of
international diplomacy, the devious schemes of the nobility, and the disgruntlement of the common people. Similarly, the unstable Florentine Italy
which NiccГІlo Machiavelli familiarized himself with led both these prominent men to publish their respective works: The Prince by Machiavelli and
The Political Testament ofCardinal Richelieu by Richelieu himself. By rejecting conventional morals, disregarding haughty ideals, and promoting
ruthless tactics, The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The burden of paying taxes fell upon the peasantry since the majority of nobility and high bourgeoisie were either exempt or effortlessly evaded
payment. The social distress amongst the peasantry caused by the war taxation resulted in several uprisings between 1636 and 1639, which the
Cardinal crushed violently and dealt with the rebels in a harsh manner which Machiavelli would have promoted.# However, when examining to what
extent Machiavelli's maxims on ruler ship applied to Richelieu's own experiences, it is important to understand that a state's domestic affairs and it's
international ones are mutually constitutive. It is apparent that the issue of internal security was crucial and impacted France's status in the
international arena. From 1624–8, Richelieu's foreign policy was jeopardized by national concerns: the revolt of the Huguenots and inconveniences
resulting from those who directly opposed him within France, specifically the noblesse and the peasantry. With increasingly power–acquiring factions,
Richelieu understood that the greater part of educated, intelligent French citizens wished for a sound

House Of Habsburgs Research Paper
The House of Habsburgs also known as the house of Austria was one royal house that had a great influence in Europe. The House of Habsburgs
continuously ruled over the Holy Roman throne from around 1438 to around 1740. The house also produced kings and emperors for other kingdoms
like the kingdom of Germany, England and France. The house was split in the 16th century following the rule of King Charles V, it was split into
Austrian and Danish branches where there were no close relationships between them, and they even intermarried among themselves. With the dynastic
marriages, the house was able to expand its domain but it became extinct in the 18th century.
Maximilian I was the ruler of Holy Roman Empire. He was the son of Fredrick III, the holy emperor of the Holy Roman Emperor and Eleanor of
Portugal. His rule lasted from 1508 to 1519 upon his death. During his father's reign, in his last ten years, he helped him rule. Maximilian I was an
important figure in the House of Habsburgs because he was able to expand the house of Habsburg through several of ways and that includes wars and
his marriage to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shang also known as the Yin dynasty ruled the yellow river valley in 2BC. The ruins which was identified as the last Shang capital were uncovered
and other things like tombs, and foundation of palaces.
Polytheism is where people believe and worship more than one God and this was allowed in the reign of Rudolph II.
Monotheism is where people believe and worship one God and this what was happening in the reign of most kings and emperors in Europe. The pope
only wanted people from all kingdoms to worship one God.
Bible is the holy book that Christians use. In the 16th century only the pope and other ordained cardinals and bishops were allowed to read the bible.
The common people were not and if found with one then they would be

Who were the Huns, Ottomans, and the Austrians and how did...
In Europe's early history there were many influential superpowers that contributed to the way Europe developed as a whole. Some of these powerful
influences include the Huns, Ottomans, and Austrians. These three forces left their mark on Europe, once they were no more. Whether it is military
tactics, or political ideas, without them Europe wouldn't be what it is today. So who really were the Huns, the Ottomans, and the Austrians? What made
them so powerful that they influenced Europe's course in history as a whole? The earliest were the Huns, one of the most feared groups in all of
history. They were nomads that used their unique war tactics to demolish any tribe or civilization in their way. . In Europe the Huns fought and
defeated the German Goths of Eastern Europe, the Slavs, the Franks from France, and even the Roman Empire, plus and many others. The Huns settled
in the area that is now called Hungary. They caused so much fear and chaos that even the rumor of one of their attacks would cause a community to
travel elsewhere. They traveled westward out of China. They left a clear path, on their way to the west, of panic and devastation. It is even thought
that the Great Wall of China was built as a precaution of a Hunnish attack. The reason they were so feared was their strong and cunning military
forces. They were all skilled bowmen who rode on intimidating horses. This put all their enemies at a disadvantage, which proved successful for the
Huns. Even though bows were

Thirty Years War Research Paper
The Thirty Years' War
Kristen Gwilt
HST 111. 11/16/15
The Thirty Years War, which involved multiple countries throughout central Europe, took place in 1618
–1648. Although it initially began as a religious
conflict between the Catholics and Protestants in Germany, it quickly expanded into a larger conflict over the thirst for power within all of these
countries. This struggle was prolonged by the conflict by the rivalry with the French Bourbons and the Austro–Spanish Habsburgs. This war resulted in
political, diplomatic, and religious ways that created a shift in powers in Central Europe for many years to come.
The Thirty Years War came about as a direct result of differences between religious groups inGermany. The initial ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It set up a standard of non intervention in the internal affairs of other states. This includes alliances to states and instructs other countries to not
directly involve themselves with the problems of other states. Much like all eras of socioeconomic devastation and destruction, this war had a vast
toll on the peasants and the working class members of society. The sizes of the army, the prolonged battle time, and the inability to pay the soldiers
only dug this issue into a deeper grave. The only way the countries could suffice the money to pay their armies back was to tax their people heavily.
This foreshadowed the future uprisings of the unfairness of these taxations on the people and how detrimental and destructive it is to their daily lives.
Also during the war, agricultural production declined, leaving many with the inability to create even the minimum needed to feed their families.
Famine swept across Europe and many died due to

The Role Of The Habsburg Monarchy
(1) Introduction
Modern Europe is a peaceful co–existence of sovereign countries, of which most of them are part of the European Union. Until this stage many
centuries of state and nation formation have passed. Those centuries were shaped by fragmentation in the form of republics and foreign intervention. In
all of these aspects the Habsburg Monarchy played a crucial role. To understand the particular process of state– and nation building throughout the
history of Europe, more specifically, in the Habsburg Empire the terms nation and state in the modern notion have to be defined.
First, Roberts provides a definition of state that claims to be:
presence of a supreme authority, ruling over a defined territory, who is recognized as having the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
19). Over the next decades, until her death in 1780, her determination to modernize and consolidate the different realms for the future was remarkable.
Born on May 13, 1717 she was the oldest daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI. The death of his only son prompted Charles to promulgate
the Pragmatic Sanction, an agreement, that was recognized by most European powers by which a female was entitled to succeed the Habsburg Empire.
Although the Pragmatic Sanction became the legal basis for a unified Habsburg State, Maria Theresa immediately saw herself under attack.
Bavaria, the Saxons and a part of the Bohemian nobility protested against the succession to the throne and demanded parts of the Habsburg
Dynasty. As a result, Frederick II of Prussia invaded the rich province of Silesia, belonging to the kingdom of Bohemia, a satellite kingdom of the
Habsburg Empire (Palmer et al., 2014, p. 295). As a young queen, she confronted the Hungarian assembled nobles to show her absolute power for the
first time, asking for their support in war. Following this, the war ended in 1748 with Maria Theresa loosing Silesia to Prussia whereupon she was
recognized by all former adversaries as the Monarch of the remaining Habsburg realms (Heimann, 2001,

The Most Famous Pieces Of Music
Austria Research Paper
Introduction
Austria is a very beautiful place with kind people and a very good history in music. It is often known as the music capital because of the musical
geniuses who have worked there, including Beethoven, Mozart and Strauss(biography). Some of the most famous pieces of music were written in
Austria including Silent Night and Edelweiss. Austria is located in Europe and its capital is Vienna(Austria). Austria has one of the most stable
economies in Europe. Austria has unique qualities such as its geography, history, culture, economy, and its current events.
Geography, Climate, and Location The climate, geography, and location in Austria is unique. In the East, there are hot summers and moderately cold...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was an archduchess, and a Holy Roman Empress. Joseph II was another important leader. He was also a Holy Roman Emperor who tried to
strengthen the Habsburg empire with his enlightened reforms, but his people opposed his changes very fiercely(biography). Austria had multiple big
wars, but one of the wars they fought in was the war of the Austrian succession. It began on August 16, 1740. Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia,
one of Habsburg's richest provinces. His armies defeated the Austrians at Mollwitz in April 1441 and overran Silesia. This proved what the other
European countries believed, that Silesia could not defend themselves. This ensured that the war would become general. Within a month, France had
constructed an alliance with Bavaria and Spain and, later, with Saxony and Prussia against Austria. Maria Theresa derived her main support from
Britain fearing that if France took Hegemony in Europe, the British colonial and commercial empire would be insupportable(britannica). Austria
declared independence by concluding the Austrian State Treaty with the Four Occupying Powers.
Culture
Austria have a very kind culture. They have nice holidays, they have a functioning government, and they have good food. Some major holidays in
Austria are Three Kings day, Easter, All Saints Day, St. Nicholas day, and Christmas. Three King's day is a celebration that most Christians celebrate,
but only a

How Did Joseph II Influence The Government
Although his mother held the position of Empresses until her death in 1780, Joseph II had a good influence on the Enlightenment, and his country,
pertaining to how she ran the state during the time. After his father's death, Joseph, having very many difficulties, ruled as emperor, or co–regent with
his mother, and died thinking he poorly accomplished his focuses. Joseph II, born in Vienna, Austria, on March 13, 1741, was a sole ruler of the
Austrian Habsburg dominions. Joseph was the first son of his parents, Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria, and Francis Stephen of Lorraine, Grand
Duke of Tuscany. He was baptized as Joseph Benedict Augustus Johann Anton Michael Adam. He had two siblings, his sister, Marie Antoinette, and
his brother, Leopold II. As a boy, Joseph knew he would grow to become an intelligent ruler. He studied politics, and worked hard for the things he
believed. According to www.thefamouspeople.com Joseph acquired his knowledge... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, he attempted to finish his mother's work of reform before accomplishing this change. Many of her decisions made, while in rule, Joseph
strongly supported. But when it came to his idea of religious tolerance, she disapproved. Joseph was a strong believer in what he thought was right,
as well as necessary. According to www.biography.com, while in rule with his mother, Joseph himself, issued decrees that promoted equality and
education, but the speed and scope of his reforms led to problems for him and his empire. He also took control over the army and foreign affairs. His
foremost work as an emperor though, was to consolidate an education system throughout the monarchy says www.thefamouspeople.com. He made
education compulsory for all children, as he expanded it. He made it fair for the poor to get equal education br creating scholarship programs. And he
appointed the best of scholars and scientists to the University of

The First Three Phases Of The War, The Bohemian Phase (...
The thirty years war was an important conflict in the Holy Roman Empire that started in 1618 and ended in 1648. It was fought between the German
states and the Emperor; it was fought between Catholics and Protestants, and it was also fought between outside nations against each other. The thirty
years war started with religious rivalries between Catholics and Protestants with some political ambitions, but eventually developed mainly into a war
of dynastic ambitions with many groups attempting to gain political power over their opponents. The first three phases of the war, the Bohemian phase
(1618–1625), the Danish phase (1625–1629), and the Swedish Phase (1630–1635) were mainly fought over religious reasons with Catholics on one
side and Protestants on the other. Lutheranism was accepted in the Holy Roman Empire since the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, but Calvinism wasn't.
However, many states still turned Calvinist, including the Palatinate whose ruler was one of the seven people that elected the Holy Roman Emperor. In
1608, led by the Palatinate, the protestant groups formed a protestant union. The Protestant states wanted to gain more rights and weaken the empire by
remaining independent. In response, some Catholic states formed the Catholic union in 1609 led by Bavaria. The Austrian Habsburgs wanted to
completely eradicate Protestantism that was threatening the stability of their Empire. The tension between these two sides was what caused war to
break out when the

The Most Famous Pieces Of Music
Introduction Austria is a very beautiful place with kind people and a very good history in music. It is often known as the music capital because of the
musical geniuses who have worked there including Beethoven, Mozart and Strauss(biography). Some of the most famous pieces of music were written
in Austria including Silent Night and Edelweiss. Austria is located on Europe and its capital is Vienna(Austria). Austria has one of the most stable
economies in Europe. Austria has unique qualities such as its geography, history, culture, economy, and its current events.
Geography, Climate, and Location The climate, geography, and location in Austria is unique. In the East, there are hot summers and moderately cold
winters. In the alpine region, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was an archduchess, and a Holy Roman Empress. Joseph ii was another important leader. He was also a Holy Roman Emperor who tried to
strengthen the Habsburg empire with his enlightened reforms but his people opposed his changes very fiercely(biography). Austria had multiple big
wars but one of the wars they fought in was the war of the Austrian succession. It began on August 16, 1740. Frederick ii of Prussia invaded Silesia,
one of Habsburg's richest provinces. His armies defeated the Austrians at Mollwitz in April 1441 and overran Silesia. This proved what the other
European countries believed, that Silesia could not defend themselves. This ensured that the war would become general. Within a month, France had
constructed an alliance with Bavaria and Spain and, later, with Saxony and Prussia against Austria. Maria Theresa derived her main support from
Britain fearing that if France took Hegemony in Europe, the British colonial and commercial empire would be unsupportable(britannica). Austria
declared independence by concluding the Austrian State Treaty with the Four Occupying Powers.
Culture
Austria has a very kind culture. They have nice holidays, they have a functioning government, and they have good food. Some major holidays in
Austria are Three Kings day, Easter, All Saints Day, St. Nicholas day, and Christmas. Three King's day is a celebration that most Christians celebrate
but only a few German states and Austria.

Austria Research Paper
Rough Draft
As indicated by the map above, more than half of Austria is covered in mountains due to its location around the Alps. The three longest rivers are the
Danube, Rhine, and Drava. A relatively small country, Austria is 83,858 square kilometers, which is about the size of South Carolina in the United
States. Austria also has lots of forests, such as: oak and beech, and fir and beech, thus making it one of the most heavily wooded areas in Europe. The
fauna in Austria is mainly central European, including species of deer, stag, rabbit, pheasant, fox, badger, marten and partridge. The alpine flora is
colorful and diverse, with the edelweiss, gentian, alpine carnation, arnica, alpine rose, heather and much more. One sixth of Austria's ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Coffee drinking is a major part of daily life in Austria, and it is common practice to visit a coffeehouse with friends to socialize. There are many
lavishly adorned coffeehouses in Austria to take advantage of the booming coffee industry. Austria is credited in introducing coffee to Europe from an
old legend that told how bags of coffee beans were left behind by the retreating Turkish army after the Battle of Vienna in 1683.. Austrian cuisine also
consists of dishes such as Wiener Schnitzel, KГ¤sekrainer Sausage, and Sachertorte a chocolate cake with apricot jam filling. Music has been a large
part of the culture and history of Austria. There are many music festivals throughout the year, and Austria is home to the Vienna Boy's Choir, a group
of altos and treble voices that have been performing since 1498, making it one of the oldest and best known boys' choirs in the world. Unique to
Switzerland, Southern Germany, Alsace, a region in France, and Vorarlberg, the westernmost state in Austria, is the celebration of Fasnacht. Also
known as the Shrovetide carnival, this tradition stemmed from the belief that during this time of the year, the winter spirits are hunted and expelled
(this procession dates back to 1296). Nowadays, the exuberant carnival is only celebrated every 3–5 years. Typically, the town must dedicate months to
setting up

Greek American Conquest
In the fourteenth and fifteenth century, the most common way to acquire wealth and power was through conquest and other aggressive tactics. Success
through free market operations was still means of modest wealth and most merchants and salesmen did not generate exorbitant amounts of revenue, nor
leave wealthy lifestyles. Not until the late 1400s did the world see just how much wealth could be accumulated by a man without the title or prestige
of being a leader. The Fugger's of Augsburg first earned their livelihood by trading textiles in Italy and other surrounding areas. Soon, due to the
meteoric rise of the youngest son of Jakob Fugger, Jakob II, the family would become the largest and richest merchant and trading family in all of
Europe. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Greg Steinmetz, noted journalist explained, "Fugger changed history because he lived in an age when, for the first time, money made all the
difference in war and politics" (21). His influence in funding sides in such wars as the German Peasants' War, where the ideas of capitalism and
communism were pitted against another, grew his reach and privileges in areas that before were untouchable. When King Maximillian died, and the
Habsburg empire was without a ruler, Fugger and "a consortium of German and Italian bankers" secured the election for his grandson, Charles V.
Fugger did this, not out of the goodness of his heart, or his belief that Charles V was the most qualified choice, but because it was the surest way he
could get back all the money that was owed to him by Charles' begotten grandfather (Hunt 454–455). Fugger was not ashamed of this fact and made it
well known, in his collection letter to the most powerful king, he wrote: "It is well known that without me your majesty might not have acquired the
imperial crown [...], You will order that the money which I have paid out, together with the interest upon it, shall be reckoned up and paid without
further delay" (Steinmatz 20–21). There is something to be said of the sheer confidence and resolve of Fugger that he does not care about titles when
profits are in question. Fugger would eventually receive

The War Of Bavarian Succession
Will Vaught, Trevor Lindberg
English 2 (H)
Ms. Gale
April 28, 2017
The War of Bavarian Succession
The War of Bavarian Succession, or sometimes called the "Potato War", was a cultural and country wide conflict between Bavaria, Prussia, and
Austria, as well as its allies. During this conflict, were two conflicting ideals surrounding the people's rights to territory, food, and country wide
patriotism. In addition, these two cultures conflicted politically, economically, and through supplies. Furthermore, when these two countries collided, it
sparked a political and territorial battle that Leading up to the war, Austria was embarrassed by its defeat in failing to take the country of Silesia. This
war was called the Austrian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Charles II August was a bavarian electorate and was the Duke of ZweibrГјcken, as well as a Duke of surrounding territories and an electorate in Bavaria
or in other terms, an heir to Bavaria. Furthermore, Charles II August and Charles Theodore also had very different ideals for how to run the war.
While Charles Theodore wanted to share resources with Austria and share commercial wealth, Charles August very much disagreed with his
prepositions and statutes. An example of this was when Charles Theodore tried to give Southern Bavaria away in exchange for the Austrian
Netherlands. As a result, not only did this make Charles Theodore mad, but it made other countries made as well, thus deepening the divide, some of
these people include Maria Sophina of Saxony (one of Bavaria's allies in the war), the widow of Maximilian Joseph, as well as prussia and neighboring
minor german states. While Furthermore, Charles II Auguste message resonated very well with the neighboring countries Saxony and Prussia.
Meanwhile, Austria still wanted to re–establish itself as a part of Germany, so what did they decided to do? They Invaded Bavaria. The War of
Bavarian Succession first began when Joseph II of Austria attempted to acquire Bavaria to establish a Habsburg Monarchy within the country. As a
result, Fredrick II of Prussia declared war on Austria, as a retaliation to Austria's actions, and in support of the influential

Frederick V Vs Ferdinand II
The Law is Always Right:
Frederick V vs Ferdinand II in the Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years War that spanned most of the Holy Roman Empire drawing in most of the European superpowers of the time started off as a much
smaller rebellion in the Kingdom of Bohemia in the east of the Empire. The Bohemian revolt started with the Defenestration of Prague where two
Catholic regents and a secretary were thrown out of a window by a group of frustrated Protestants. The regents had been placed in control of the city
by the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, Matthias to rule until his successor, Ferdinand of Styria, was elected to replace him. The
Protestants were frustrated because their petitions to Matthias asking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Frederick's justification for taking the Kingship is that he was trying to restore peace and protect the Protestants in Bohemia. He claims that the
Protestants were being victimized and that if he did not assume control in Bohemia then the blame for any more lives lost in the conflict could be
placed on him. He explains why him taking control should not be seen as a power grab in the following quote:
Therefore we have not sought a greater elevation, nor have we tried to gain the above–mentioned crown of Bohemia by force of through any other
actions, a fact to which the estates that elected us have publicly given witness (and can continue to do so). Furthermore, given the deplorable situation,
we also had no reason to do so, but would instead have much preferred to have seen the return of peace.
By assuring the readers of his declaration that his motives are pure Frederick negates what would be the first argument against him. If his taking of
the Kingship were to be seen as a power grab he would have no legitimacy and would struggle to find any support. There are two key points to the
above quote. The first is that he did not force his way into the position. While this may seem obvious there was the possibility that he was elected
under threat of violence. The other is that he would have preferred a peaceful resolution over the current

The Habsburg And Ottoman Empire

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