Ph.D Horticulture in Vegetable Science Major Subject Credit Seminar

1. Welcome
to
PG Seminar Series
2020-21

2. ASPEE COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE & FORESTRY
NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
NAVSARI – 396 450
Seminar on
NANOPARTICLES IN VEGETABLE CROPS
Speaker
Vaghela Kalpeshbhai Shivabhai
4th Semester, Ph. D. (Horticulture) Veg. Sci.
ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry
Reg. No. – 1020219019
Major Guide
Dr. V. K. Parmar
Professor and Head
Department of Fruit Science
ACHF, NAU, Navsari
Minor Guide
Dr. Y. N. Tandel
Associate Professor
Department of Horticulture
NMCA, NAU, Navsari
1

3. CONCLUSIONS
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICLES
ADVANTAGE AND LIMITATIONS
SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES
NANO SCALE APPROACH
WHAT & WHY NANOTECHNOLOGY?
SEMINAR OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION

4. • Agriculture has always been the backbone of most of the
developing countries.
• In recent decades the agricultural scenario has witnessed several
challenges like burgeoning population, shrinking farm land,
depletion of natural resources, resurgence of new pests and
diseases and global warming.
• With increasing population there is further pressure on this sector
to meet the growing food demand.
• To address all these challenges, there is a need for an alternate
technology such as nanotechnology that promotes productivity
while ensuring environmental safety.
3
INTRODUCTION

5. Depleting
natural
resources
Lack of
improved
seeds
Menace
of pest
and
diseases
Effective
plant
nutrients
Abiotic
stresses
Environ
mental
concerns
1951 2001 2050
90%
Declining Per capita Availability of land
Rapid Urbanization, Rise of industrial belts, Soil
Erosion, Climate change
There is need for sustainable technological interventions
to address concerns
In 2050 Indian population will rise to 1.7 billion while
Calorie demand to increase by 60%
4

6. • Attempts to apply nanotechnology in agriculture began with
the growing realization that conventional farming
technologies would neither be able to increase productivity
any further or restore ecosystems damaged by existing
technologies back to their pristine.
• Nanotechnology is emerging as the sixth revolutionary
technology in the current era.
• Nanotechnology interventions for vegetable production and
protection can assure improved productivity with low inputs,
enhanced input use efficiency, precision application through
quick diagnosis of the pest/pathogen attack and by curbing
non-target losses that may lead to environmental
contamination and hazards (Kalia & Sharma, 2019).
5

7.  Nanotechnology is the study and control of phenomena and materials at length
scale 1 to 100 nm
1 nm = 10-9 m or 1 billionth of a meter
 Nanotechnology is a field of research and innovation concerned with building
‘things’ – generally, materials and devices – on the scale of atoms and molecules
WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
• 1/50,00,000 the size of an ant
• 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair
• 1/90th size of HIV virus
• 1/10 diameter of hydrogen atom
Nanoparticles of various shapes and
forms
• Uniform/irregular shaped
• Dispersed particles/agglomerates
• Free/bound atoms
6

8.  Nanoparticles is defined as the small object that acts as a whole unit in
terms of transport and properties. (Natural or synthetic particle)
 Nanoparticles are characterized by unique physical and chemical
feature like., surface area, pore size, particle morphology and
reactivity.
 Another name of NPs is “magic bullet” due to their intensive
application in agricultural field.
 Nanoparticles can be used as nano-fertilizer, nano-pesticide and
herbicides which are useful to increase crop productivity, to control
excessive use of chemical fertilizer and also increase survivability
against biotic stress.
7

9.  According to Siegel (1994), nanostructured materials are classified as
zero dimensional, one dimensional (Nano tube, Nano wire), two
dimensional (Graphene nanosheet) and three dimensional (Graphite,
Diamond) nanostructures.
Size comparison from atom to higher forms
8

10. “There Plenty of Room at the Bottom”
-at American Physical
Society meeting at the California Institute
of Technology on Dec-29, 1959.
Nano-technology is processing, separation,
consolidation and deformation of materials by one
atom or by one molecules.”
• Coined the term “Nanotechnology”
Green Nanotechnology
- Father of Green Nanotechnology
• Producing nanomaterials (without harming the human health)
• Producing nano product (provide solution to environmental
problems)
Nano-technology in India
- Father of Indian Nanotechnology
- India’s first magazine on Nanotechnology
Father of Nanotechnology
Richard Feynman, physicist
Prof. Norio Taniguchi
Dr. Kattesh V Katti
Prof. C. N. R. Rao
9

11. WHY NANOTECHNOLOGY ?
 High surface area and high reactivity
 Effective catalyst of plant/microbial
metabolism
 Better penetration into the cell
 Increased both plant and microbial
activities resulted more nutrient use
efficiency
 Trigger the enzyme release
Nanomaterials can be either:
a) Natural: Materials having one or more dimensions in the nanoscale.
e.g., Soil colloids
b) Incidental: Materials formed as a result of man-made or natural
processes. e.g., Welding, milling, grinding or combustion
c) Engineered: Materials manufactured to have a specific or specific
composition. e.g., Fullerenes
4 cm
2 cm 2 cm
Surface area = (4 cm * 4 cm *
6 faces)
= 96 cm2
Volume = (4 cm * 4 cm* 4cm)
= 64 cm3
Surface area = (2 cm * 2 cm * 6
faces * 8 cubes)
= 192 cm2
Volume = (4 cm * 4 cm* 4cm)
= 64 cm3
10

12. Various Type of Nanomaterials
Carbon nanotubes Nanosensor Fullerene
Quantum dots
Nanofibres Nanocapsules Nanospring Dendrimer
Nanochip
11

13. Bulk Material
Micro particles
(Powder)
Nanoparticles
Clusters
Atoms
Top-down approach
Bottom-up approach
Physical
Method
Chemical
Method
Biological
Method
•Mechanical Grinding
•Milling
•Ion implantation
•Electron beam
lithography
•Chemical reduction
•Electrolysis
•Micro emulsion
•Irradiation
•Pyrolysis
•Using plant and their
extracts
•Using Microorganisms
•Using Algae
•Using enzymes and
biomolecules
NANO SCALE APPROACH
12

14. Top-down approach
• Methods refers to slicing or cutting of a
bulk material to get nano sized particles
• Milling, cutting, grinding
• The sizes of the nanostructures between 10
to 100 nm
• Introduces internal stress, in addition to
surface defects and contamination.
• High energy required.
• Bone replacement
Bottom-up approach
• Method refers to construction of a
structure atom by atom, molecule-by
molecule or cluster-by cluster (Building
block)
• The size of the nanostructures below nm
is possible.
• Obtain nano structures with less defect,
more homogenous chemical composition.
• More advantageous over top-down.
• Tooth filling
Nano Scale Approach
13

15. Properties of Nanoparticles
•Highly mobile in the free
state. (Small Highly
mobile)
•They have enormous
specific surface areas.
(Partition)
•They may exhibit what are
known as quantum atoms.
SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES
14

16. Particles size analysis of copper NP
synthesized using plant extract
15

17. Increase productivity
Seed technology- reduce
contamination
Improve soil quality
Minimal tillage
practices
Provide smart
monitoring
Nanofiltration- reduce
impurity
Plant protection- disease
scouting
Weed management-
slow release complex
ADVANTAGES OF NANOPARTICLES
16

18. LIMITATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES
• There are some negative effects of Nanomaterials on biological
systems and the environment caused by nanoparticles, like chemical
hazards on edible plants after treatment with high concentration of
Nano Silver.
• In some cases, nanomaterial generated free radicals in living tissue
leading in DNA damage, therefore nanotechnology should be
carefully evaluated before increasing the use of the Nanoparticles in
agriculture.
• Stability & utilization toxic chemicals subject concern.
• Energy consumption & production cost also to be considered.
17

19. APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICLES IN
AGRICULTURE
Nanotechnology
In
Agriculture
Crop
growth
Precision
farming
Seed
production
Post harvest
management
Stress
tolerance
Crop
protection
18

20. Precision Farming by Nano-fertilizer
• One third of crop productivity is attributed to fertilizers.
• Efficiency of conventional fertilizers is very low.
• In early 1970, only 27 kg NPK/ha was required to produce one tone of grain,
whereas in 2008 it raised to 109 kg of NPK/ha to achieve the same level of
production.
• Nanoformulations of nitrogenous fertilizers synchronize the release of fertilizer-N
with their uptake demand by crops.
• Slow release of nutrients as per crop need.
• Nanoformulations prevent undesirable losses of nutrient via direct internalization by
crops.
• Ammonium salts, urea, and nitrate or phosphate compounds in traditional fertilizer
are hazardous for microflora and soil health which can be solved by Nano fertilizers.
19

21. 20

22. Crop growth
• Nano SiO2, TiO2 and Zeolite application positively stimulate seed germination in
crop plants.
• Nanomaterials have the potential to penetrate the seed coat and enhance the
ability of absorption and utilization of water, which improves germination and
seedling growth.
• Nanomaterials, such as ZnO, TiO2, FeO, Zn, Fe, Cu-oxide and hydroxyfullerenes
are reported to increase crop growth and development with quality enhancement
in many crop species including, onion, spinach, tomato and potato.
• The growth and development is increased due to long term availability of
nutrients to the plant over the full crop period of cultivation is crucial for
promoting germination, growth, flowering and fruiting.
21

23. Abiotic Stress
22

24. Application
method
Type Crop
Type of
stress
Effects
Pre sowing SiO2 Pumpkin Salinity
Increased growth, water uptake and net assimilation
of CO2. Induced alterations in lipid, rigidity,
composition and permeability in the root plasma
membranes.
Pre sowing TiO2 Spinach
Excessiv
e light
Increased antioxidant enzymes activity, decreased
accumulation of reactive oxygen species.
Post-
transplanting
Nano-
Ca
Tomato Salinity
Enhanced plant growth, promoted expression of
jasmonic acid and enzyme.
Foliar
application
Nano-
Silicon
Peregrina Salinity
Enhanced vegetative parameters and chemical
constitutes, meanwhile decreased accumulation of
Na, Cl and total phenolics and flavonoids in leaves.
Foliar
application
Ag Cucumber
Oxidative
stress
Enhanced vegetative growth and chemical
constitutes, meanwhile decreased accumulation of
Na, Cl and total phenolics and flavonoids in leaves.
Application of nanoparticles in management of abiotic stress
Stress tolerance
23

25. Plant protection
• Among the applied pesticides, much amount lost in the environment or unable
to reach the target sites. This not only increases the expenses of crop
production, but also causes the depletion of environmental systems.
• Nano formulation of pesticide facilitate the persistence or controlled release of
active ingredients in root zones or inside plants without compromising
effectiveness.
• Conventional formulations having limited water solubility of pesticides, but
also injure other organisms, leading to increased resistance to target organisms.
• More importantly, the timely and controlled release of active ingredients
reduce the total amount of pesticides
24

26. A fruit-fly trap with a vial containing the methyl
eugenol nanogel.
Pheromone Trap
• Nano formulations of pesticides facilitate the widening of plant-based
systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against pests.
• Nanochitosan, Nanosilver, Nanosilica, Nanosulphur, Nanocopper also used.
25

27. Post harvest management
• Different nanomaterials showed important potential in post-harvest
technology management by controlling growth and development of
microorganisms.
• Several investigations support that Nano-packing material had quite
beneficial effects on physicochemical and physiological quality
compared with normal packing material.
• Therefore, the Nano-packing may provide an attractive alternative to
improve the preservation qualities of fruits, vegetables and other
valuable horticultural crops during extended storage.
26

29. Table 1: The effect of liquid nano-fertilizers on yield of cucumber under
greenhouse
Ekinci et al. (2014)
Turkey
Treatments
Fruit wt
(g)
Fruit
length
(cm)
Fruit
diameter
(cm)
Yield
(t/ha)
Dry matter
(%)
Ferbanat @ 2.0 l/ha 144.48a 16.70a 36.99a 144.36ab 1.99cd
Ferbanat @ 3.0 l/ha 147.99a 16.78a 37.15a 147.07a 2.09abcd
Ferbanat @ 4.0 l/ha 145.20a 16.61a 36.99a 149.17a 2.31a
Nanonat @ 2.0 l/ha 146.05a 16.83a 36.64a 138.03bc 2.16abc
Nanonat @ 3.0 l/ha 145.01a 16.71a 37.07a 137.75bc 2.23ab
Nanonat @ 4.0 l/ha 149.01a 16.87a 37.09a 135.91c 2.07bcd
Control 132.13b 15.86b 35.41b 126.66d 1.91d
Note: Ferbanat (organic materials) and nanonat (chemically induced) are liquid Nano fertilizers.
Common applied in each plot : 250:110:180 N:P:K kg/ha before planting.
Sprayed with each suspension of fertilizer until getting wet at ten days interval three time
during plant growth, beginning two week after transplanting.
27

30. Table 2: Effect of foliar spray of silicon dioxide nano fertilizer on growth
and yield of cucumber in salt stress condition
Yassen et al. (2017)
Egypt
Treatments
Plant
height (cm)
No. of
leaves
/plant
No. of
fruits/
plant
Fruit
length
(cm)
Fruit
wt (g)
Yield
(kg/plant)
SiO2 @ 15 mg/l 51.66 17.67 8.33 9.43 49.53 1.80
SiO2 @ 30 mg/l 56.33 21.33 10.44 10.36 54.30 2.50
SiO2 @ 60 mg/l 64.50 23.00 12.66 13.57 62.36 2.71
SiO2 @ 120 mg/l 58.11 21.66 12.11 11.32 54.47 2.37
Control 49.86 15.33 6.21 8.34 45.27 1.15
C.D. at 5% 7.57 7.24 2.35 3.08 5.11 0.81
Note: For irrigation, agriculture waste water and tap water used in a ratio of 2:1
Aagriculture waste water having pH-8.49, EC-3.78 dSm-1, Ca 10.3, Mg-4.66, etc.
28

31. Table 3: Effect of nano-fertilizers on plant growth, yield and quality of
cucumber under greenhouse
Merghany et al. (2019)
Egypt
Treatments
Plant height
(cm)
Yield/
plant (kg)
TSS (%)
Dry matter/
fruit (%)
Control NPK 132.20ab 2.57b 2.73ab 4.41bc
3 ml nano NPK 121.70ab 1.82bc 2.77ab 4.48abc
4.5 ml nano NPK 123.10ab 1.46c 2.73ab 4.72ab
6 ml nano NPK 143.30a 3.94a 2.69ab 4.48abc
9 ml nano NPK 126.70ab 3.72a 2.83a 4.77a
Untreated 116.70b 1.46bc 2.73ab 4.39c
C.D. at 5% 25.66 1.08 0.14 0.32
Note: 100:100:150 kg NPK/feddan used as mineral fertilizer in control, nanofertilizer
applied per plant. 3 spray : first 15 DATP, second 30 DATP, third 60 DATP
29

32. Table 4: Effect of NPK - nanofertilizers on reproductive and yield
parameters of cucumber under greenhouse condition
Treatments
Total no. of
pickings
No. of fruits
per vine
Marketable
yield (kg/plant)
100 % RDF (through WSF) 25.0 30.0 3.9
60 % RDF as Nano-fertilizer 22.8 27.2 3.5
50 % RDF as Nano-fertilizer 26.0 32.2 4.2
40 % RDF as Nano-fertilizer 27.5 32.1 4.3
30 % RDF as Nano-fertilizer 23.8 26.9 3.5
00: 00: 00 NPK kg/ha
(Absolute control)
19.5 16.6 2.1
C. D. at 5% 2.0 6.1 0.7
Note: 100 % RDF (90: 75: 75 NPK kg/ha) through water soluble fertilizer (WSF)
Chitosan based nanofertilizer were prepared by 2.5 % concentration for each
element (N, P and K) and source of NPK nutrient were Urea, SSP and MoP.
Application was done by fertigation method.
Modi et al. (2021)
NAU, Navsari 30

33. Treatment details
n SiO2=2g/l
n SiO4=4g/l
n SiO6=6g/l
n SiO8=8g/l
n SiO10=10g/l
n SiO12=12g/l
n SiO14=14g/l
Fig.1 : Effect of nano SiO2 on seedling growth of tomato
King Saud University, Saudi Arabia Siddiqui and Al-Whaibi (2014)
Silicon dioxide applied as a seed treatment, after dishes were sealed with
paraffin tape and placed in dark an incubator at 23 oC
31

34. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Germination
index
Treatments
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Vigour
index Treatments
King Saud University, Saudi Arabia Siddiqui and Al-Whaibi (2014)
Fig.2 : Effect of nano SiO2 on germination index and vigour index of tomato seedlings
Silicon dioxide applied as a seed treatment
32

35. Treatment
(ppm)
Germinati
on
(%)
Shoot
length
(cm)
Root
length
(cm)
Fresh
shoot
weight
(g)
Fresh
root
weight
(g)
Dry
shoot
weight
(g)
Dry
root
weight
(g)
Vigour
index
Control 80.00 10.31 5.323 0.527 0.064 0.069 0.032 625.133
ZnO (2 ppm) 85.00 11.31 5.1 0.422 0.06 0.049 0.031 697.483
ZnO (4 ppm) 81.66 9.1 5.41 0.733 0.069 0.073 0.037 592.567
ZnO (8 ppm) 88.33 12.317 6.717 0.861 0.116 0.089 0.047 840.667
ZnO (10 ppm) 90.00 16.127 6.81 1.022 0.128 0.103 0.048 1032.15
ZnO (14 ppm) 78.33 8.6 4.8 0.463 0.069 0.066 0.041 524.833
C.D. at 5% 8.210 0.206 0.166 0.02 0.002 0.002 0.003 67.192
C.V. % 5.441 0.992 1.584 1.652 1.078 1.316 3.726 5.073
Seeds were treated with different concentration of ZnO. Treated seed were sown in field.
BCKV, WB, India Das et al. (2015)
Table 5: Effect of nano ZnO on characteristics of tomato seedling
33

36. Treatment
(ppm)
Germination
(%)
Shoot
length
(cm)
Root
length
(cm)
Fresh
shoot
weight
(g)
Fresh
root
weight
(g)
Dry
shoot
weight
(g)
Dry
root
weight
(g)
Vigour
index
Control 80.00 10.31 5.323 0.527 0.064 0.069 0.032 625.133
P (10 ppm) 90.00 16.717 5.317 0.64 0.073 0.064 0.038 991.5
P (20 ppm) 85.00 18.0 6.1 1.161 0.111 0.117 0.048 1024.25
P (30 ppm) 90.00 19.013 6.123 1.173 0.083 0.126 0.035 1131.15
P (40 ppm) 90.00 14.6 5.9 0.551 0.08 0.069 0.037 922.5
P (50 ppm) 85.00 11.507 5.0 0.395 0.054 0.049 0.029 701.6
C.D. at 5% 5.192 0.207 0.149 0.068 0.002 0.007 0.002 40.554
C.V. % 3.331 0.746 1.437 4.967 1.152 4.715 3.441 2.447
Seeds were treated with different concentration of ZnO. Treated seed were sown in field.
Table 6: Effect of nano phosphorus on characteristics of tomato seedlings
BCKV, WB, India Das et al. (2015)
34

37. Treatments
Firmness
(kg/cm2)
pH
TA(%
citric
acid)
Lycopene
(µg/100 g)
Total
protein
(mg/g)
Flavanoids
(mg/100 g)
Cu NPs @ 500
mg/l
4.78a 4.37ab 0.51a 3.17a 8.66c 64.08e
Cu NPs @ 250
mg/l
5.13a 4.35ab 0.50a 3.51a 13.88b 84.71b
Cu NPs @ 125
mg/l
4.92a 4.41a 0.41b 3.01a 13.65b 80.77c
Cu NPs @ 50
mg/l
4.73a 4.43a 0.53a 3.96a 15.34a 99.67a
Control 3.98b 4.30b 0.49a 1.92b 7.68c 73.21d
CV % 12.83 1.81 8.43 25.30 9.17 3.70
Table 7: Effect of foliar application of copper nanoparticles on fruit quality
of tomato
Lopez-Vargas et al. (2018)
Mexico
Note: Cu NPs – copper nanoparticles, transplanted in 10 L capacity polythene bags.
Time of application : first at flowering and second at fruit setting stage.
35

38. Table 8: Effect of mineral and nano-fertilizer particles on reproduction of
Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato under greenhouse
El-Sherif et al. (2019)
Mansoura University, Egypt
Treatments
Galls/root
system
Egg
mass/root
system
Final
population
RPI
Mineral Zn (5 g) 38.0ed 35.3ed 155.3ed -0.84
Nano-Zn oxide (5mg) 27.0ef 23.3f 83.9f -0.92
Mineral Fe (5 g) 53.0bc 49.0c 173.0c -0.83
Nano Fe oxide (5 mg) 45.0cd 40.0d 127.0d -0.87
Mineral Fe -Zn (5 g) 63.0b 59.3b 212.3b -0.79
Nano Fe-Zn oxide (5 mg) 35.0cd 32.0e 139.6e -0.86
Oxamyl 19.0f 15.0g 70.6g -0.93
Nematode check 907.0a 667.0a 2275.0a 1.28
Note: All mineral and nano-fertilizer as well as the oxamyl were applied by
mixing them with the soil in pot. One week later, 1000 eggs of M. incognita
were added
36

39. Table 9: Effect of mineral and nano-fertilizers particles on growth parameters
under the stress of Meloidogyne incognita infection in tomato
El-Sherif et al. (2019)
Treatments
Shoot length
(cm)
Shoot fresh wt
(g)
Shoot dry wt
(g)
Mineral Zn (5 g) 58.3bc 50.6b 12.6b
Nano-Zn oxide (5 mg) 61.3ab 53.8ab 14.1a
Mineral Fe (5 g) 54.0cd 48.5b 12.9b
Nano Fe oxide (5 mg) 63.0ab 56.4a 14.5a
Mineral Fe -Zn (5 g) 49.0d 49.7b 11.9b
Nano Fe-Zn oxide (5 mg) 51.3d 49.8b 12.5b
Oxamyl 52.6d 48.6b 12.5b
Nematode check 37.6e 30.4c 8.7c
Plant without nematode 65.0a 58.6a 14.8a
Note: All mineral and nano-fertilizer as well as the oxamyl were applied by mixing them with the soil in
pot. One week later, 1000 eggs of M. incognita were added
Mansoura University, Egypt
37

40. Table 10: Effect of Silver Nano-Particles on gray mold of tomato fruits under
cold storage
Salem et al. (2019)
Egypt
Treatments
Storage
life
(Days)
Disease
severity (days
after storage
in %)
TSS
(oBrix)
Days after
storage
pH
Days after
storage
Firmness
Days after
storage
20 40 20 40 20 40 20 40
Control 10.0 1.0 41.0 4.0 2.8 2.4 1.4 495 420
Inoculated 0.0 14.0 73.0 3.7 2.2 1.9 1.2 380 310
Nano-silver 40.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 3.0 2.5 1.5 491 430
Nano silver +
Inoculated
20.0 0.0 18.0 4.0 2.9 2.1 1.3 420 380
C. D. at 5% 0.35 0.20 58.8
Nano-silver concentration – 100 ppm
After treatment tomato stored in plastic boxes under cold storage at 7 oC.
38

41. Figure 5: Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on seed germination and seed
vigour in chilli
Afrayeem and Chaurasia (2017)
Allahabad, India
T0: Control, T1: ZnO @ 0.25 g, T2: ZnO @ 0.5
g, T3: ZnO @ 0.75 g - Seeds were treated for 6
hrs then after dried some time and placed on
moistened blotter paper @ 100 seeds per plate.
39

42. Cairo, Egypt Ismail et al. (2016)
Fig. 6 : Effect of silver nanoparticles on the growth of Alternaria solani in
In vitro after 7 days in potato
40

43. Table 11: The effect of NPK nanoparticles on In vitro shoots, roots, plantlets
formation from sprouts in multiplication stage of potato cv. Seylon
Ashraf et al. (2017)
Egypt
Treatments
Plant
length
(cm)
No. of
nodes
No. of
leaves
No. of
roots
Length of
roots
Control 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.0
10 ml NPK 3.1 4.0 4.0 3.0 1.3
20 ml NPK 3.8 4.0 4.0 5.0 2.0
30 ml NPK 5.5 5.0 5.0 6.0 2.5
40 ml NPK 4.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.8
50 ml NPK 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.0 1.6
C. D. at 5% 2.71 1.34 1.34 2.68 1.20
Note: MS basal medium supplemented with different NPK ( 9:0:6 + 1 Silver )
Cultures were incubated under 16 hours photoperiod from cool white fluorescent
light.
41

44. Table 12: The effect of NPK nanoparticles on micro tuber in In vitro
production of potato cv. Seylon
Ashraf et al. (2017)
Egypt
Treatments
No. of micro-
tuber/plant
weight of
micro-tuber
(g)
Diameter of
micro-tuber
(mm)
Length of
micro-tuber
(mm)
Control 2 0.38 1.40 2.00
10 ml NPK 1 0.37 1.40 2.10
20 ml NPK 6 0.53 1.80 2.70
30 ml NPK 10 0.91 3.00 4.60
40 ml NPK 8 0.58 1.60 2.40
50 ml NPK 6 0.55 1.60 2.20
C.D. at 5% 1.34 0.05 0.43 0.44
Note: MS basal medium supplemented with different NPK ( 9:0:6 + 1 Silver )
Cultures were incubated under 16 hours photoperiod from cool white fluorescent light
42

45. Table 13: Effect of foliar application of nano-chitosan NPK fertilizer on
growth and yield parameters of potato plant
Elshamy et al. (2019)
Egypt
Treatments
Plant
length
(cm)
Dry matter
(%)
No. of
tubers per
plant
Av. tuber
wt (g)
Tuber yield
per plant
(g)
Control 83.11c 13.30c 4.33d 74.17d 392.00d
Bulk NPK 97.51b 19.04b 7.33c 91.07c 583.30c
10% Nano
CS-NPK
112.0a 23.87a 8.67a 117.2a 684.70a
50% Nano
CS-NPK
100.1b 21.77a 7.67ab 99.73b 627.30b
100% Nano
CS-NPK
96.41b 18.54b 6.43bc 88.17c 552.10c
Note: Experiment was laid out on pots. (50 cm diameter and 70 cm in depth)
Control: sprayed with distilled water, 19:19:19 was used as bulk NPK,
100 % Nano CS-NPK consist of 400 ppm N, 60 ppm P & 400 ppm K, CS- Chitosan
43

46. Figure 7: Effect of nano-chitosan NPK fertilizer on total soluble protein
(mg/g) of potato plant
Elshamy et al. (2019)
Egypt
Total
soluble
protein
(TSP)
(mg/g
FW)
44

47. Table 14: Effect of foliar spray and soil addition of chemical NPK and nano-
fertilizers on yield and quality of potato
Abd El-Azeim et al. (2020)
Minia University, Egypt
Treatments
Vegetative fresh
yield (t/ha)
Tuber yield (t/ha)
Tuber starch
(%)
Tuber nitrate
(g/kg)
T1 18.18b 21.15abc 76.42ab 3.05ab
T2 18.19b 20.41abc 78.19ab 3.41a
T3 18.03b 18.11c 75.61ab 1.35c
T4 15.57e 14.22d 74.15b 1.13c
T5 17.54bc 18.42bc 74.37b 3.12ab
T6 16.88cd 20.07abc 81.34a 2.34b
T7 16.23ed 23.59a 79.62ab 1.15c
T8 19.25a 21.86ab 77.33ab 0.96c
C.D. at 5% 0.80 3.57 6.03 0.85
RDF – 350: 85: 200 NPK kg/ha, Non-nano fertilizer as a chemical fertilizer and Nano
fertilizer as a nano-N, nano-K and nano-K containing 19 % of each nutrient NPK
45

48. Treatment details:
T1 100% NPK non-nano fertilizers, soil added at recommended level (control).
T2 100% NPK nanofertilizers, soil added equal to recommended level
T3 50% NPK nanofertilizers, soil added at half to recommended level
T4 25% NPK nanofertilizers, soil added at quarter recommended level
T5 100% NPK non-nano fertilizers, foliar added at recommended level (control).
T6 100% NPK nanofertilizers, foliar added equal to recommended level
T7 50% NPK nanofertilizers, foliar added at half to recommended level
T8 25% NPK nanofertilizers, foliar added at quarter recommended level
46

49. Treatment Shelf life (day)
Coat -150 ppm 5.17a ± 0.18
Coat-250 ppm 5.95a ± 0.18
Coat-500 ppm 11.18c ± 0.18
control 3.82b ± 0.21
Foggia, Italy Danza et al. (2015)
Table 15: Effect of silver nanoparticle on shelf life of fresh cut melon
• Melon pieces were first dipped into each active solution for 2 min, the excess
solution was allowed to drip off.
• After treatment packed in polypropylene based bag and stored at 5 oC.
47

50. Table 16: Influence of zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, flowering and
seed productivity of onion
Laware & Raskar (2014)
Pune
Treatments
Germination
(%)
Plant
height
(cm)
Days to
flowering
Seeded
fruits per
umbel
Seed wt
per umbel
(g)
1000
seed wt
(g)
Control 94.28 31.02 66.28 203.64 1.94 3.18
10 µg/ml 95.62 31.86 58.62 212.04 2.05 3.22
20 µg/ml 96.52 32.24 54.18 224.18 2.34 3.48
30 µg/ml 95.84 32.22 51.44 228.68 2.33 3.52
40 µg/ml 95.38 30.88 56.26 220.14 2.09 3.21
C.D. at 5% 1.26 1.16 2.26 4.28 0.14 0.12
Note: Six month rested onion bulbs of same size were planted in pots.
ZnO NPs were spray 3 times at 15 days interval.
48

51.  foregoing discussion it can be concluded that, the nanoparticles have started to
attract attention in vegetable with their significance in crop production and
protection.
 The foliar spray of Ferbanat @ 4 l ha-1, 40 % RDF as a nanofertilizer and
NPK @ 6 ml plant-1 were beneficial in terms of growth, yield and quality of
cucumber under protected condition and SiO2 @ 60 mg l-1 had maximum
growth and yield parameters of cucumber in salt stress condition.
 In tomato, the seed treatment of nano SiO2 @ 8 g l-1, ZnO @ 10 ppm and
phosphorus @ 30 ppm improved seed germination and seedling growth. Foliar
application of nano Cu @ 50 mg l-1 and dip treatment of Ag @ 100 ppm
improved quality and increased diseases resistance, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
49

52.  Soil application of ZnO @ 50 mg l-1 reduced the reproduction of Melodigyna
incognita in tomato.
 The seed treatment of ZnO @ 0.75 g increased seed germination and seed
vigour in chilli.
 Foliar application of 10 % nano chitosan NPK and 25 % NPK nano fertilizer
improved tuber yield and quality attributes in potato.
 Under In vitro condition, the application of NPK NPs @ 30 ml in MS medium
gave highest multiplication of plantlets and micro-tuber production, whereas
Ag NPs @ 25 ppm inhibited growth of Alternaria solani in potato.
 The coating of silver nanoparticles extended shelf life of fresh cut melon up to
11 days. The nano ZnO @ 30 µg ml-1 improved growth, flowering and seed
productivity of onion.
CONCLUSIONS
50

53. “THE NEXT
BIG THING IS VERY SMALL”
Thank You…