Indian Broadcasting

1. INDIAN BROADCASTING
J. JANARDHAN

2. RADIO BROADCASTING
 Radio broadcasting was developed for the military requirements during
WW-II.
 The earliest radio transmission were established in universities in 1915.
 The first radio station was set up in Pittsburg, New York & Chicago in
1920.
 To broadcast election news, sporting events and operas
 By mid 1923, over 450 stations were started in USA
 Later, all these station were form the National Broadcasting Company
(NBC) in 1926

3. RADIO BROADCASTING
 Independent station clubbed together to formed Columbia
Broadcasting System (CBS)
 The Public Service Radio Network, National Public Radio was
established in USA
 In Britain and Europe, Radio broadcasting was felt to be much too
important
 Public service broadcasting supported by taxes or license fee

4. RADIO BROADCASTING
 NBC, CBS were established as private commercial stations
 British govt. took initiative to establish BBC in 1920
 Britain and France opened broadcasting stations (BBC, Radio
France) in Asia and Africa
 The united states government established the ‘Voice of America’

5. INDIAN BROADCASTING
 Amateur radio club were introduced in Calcutta, Bombay, Madras
and Lahore
 Times of India records that a broadcast was transmitted from the
roof of its building on 20th August, 1921.
 First license granted for transmitting a broadcast on 23rd Feb,
1922
 The radio club of Calcutta was perhaps the first amateur radio
club to start functioning in Nov, 1923
 Madras residency club was formed 16th May, 1924.

6. INDIAN BROADCASTING
 But its broadcasting was began on 31st July 1924.
 All the clubs to come together to form the Indian Broadcasting
Company Ltd (IBC) in 1927
 Lionel Fielden, was appointed as India’s first controller of Indian
broadcasting
 The govt. run broadcasting set up was called Indian State
Broadcasting Service (ISBS)
 Fielden brought the name All India Radio in 1936

7. RADIO IN WAR YEARS
 The firs news bulletin was introduced in 1936
 But, WW-II necessitated the growth of a national network
and external service
 Installation of high power transmitters to expand
coverage
 Nazi propaganda was coming through loud & clear
 It needed to be counted
 During the was year, over 27 bulletins were broadcast
each day
 External Services as also a monitoring Service was set up

8. RADIO IN WAR YEARS

 Radio broadcasting was part of Military Intelligence Wing
 After end of the WW-II, it was delinked from the military
 AIR was transferred to the Dept, of I&B in 1946
 It remained until September, 1997
 When Prasara Bharati, an autonomous statutory body, was
constituted under the Prasara Bharati Act-1990

9. CONGRESS RADIO
 ‘Quit India’ movement had no access to either radio or press
 AIR was British imperialism’s propaganda machine
 The newspapers were heavily censored
 The only alternative was the establishment of underground radio
 A group of Congress leaders, Usha Mehta, Vithaldas Khakar,
Jhaveri launched shortlived Congress Radio on 3rd Sep, 1942
from Bombay
 It was continued till 11th November, 1942.
 Later British police got wind of the underground station

10. AIR AT INDEPEDENCE
 During the freedom movement AIR had yet to have truly national
network
 With six stations at Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Lucknow
and Tiruchirapalli
 Four stations in the princely states of Mysore, Travancore,
Hyderabad & Aurangabad, 18 transmitters, receiver sets 2,50, 000
& population exceeding 325 million
 Later, 25 stations had started functioning in cities and towns
 In Oct, 1957, Commercials, Vividh Bharati started

11. AIR AT INDEPEDENCE
 It increased the interest and popularity of Radio as mass
medium
 1967, Commercials become integral part of Vividh Bharati
 Yuvavani or the Voice of Youth went on the air on 23rd July,
1969 in New Delhi
 In 1976, DD was de-linked from AIR & take off the
development of AIR in India
 FM services were introduced from Madras, Jalandhar &
other cities
 In 30th Oct, 1984s, Local station (Nagercoil station) &
hourly news bulletins were introduced

12. AIR AT INDEPEDENCE
 In early 1990s, Phone in Programmes were introduced in Delhi,
Pune & other cities
 The launch of the sky Radio Channel on 1st April 1994
 It enabled subscribers to receive 20 radio channels via satellite on
their FM receivers
 By the end of 2K, mobile revolution put paid to all such business
ventures

13. AIR in EARLY YEARS OF 2000
 By 2008, AIR comprised 219 centers including 32 Vividh Bharati
Centers
 73 Local radio stations and 114 regional stations
 It was emerged as one of the largest radio news organization in
the world
 AIR broadcast 300 news bulletins every day on its national,
regional and external services
 AIR home service programmes beamed from 242 transmitters
over 90% geography and reaching to 97% population

14. AIR SERVICES
 It followed three tier-system in broadcasting
 National Services-Centrally planned news services were
broadcast from Delhi
 The News Service Division plans and presents the News,
Newsreels, Spotlight & Current affairs
 But National Programmes of Music, Plays, features and Talks are
planned by Director General
 Produced at regional centres

15. AIR SERVICES
 The Regional Services- it broadcast different programmes on
Farmers, Workers, Children, Women & Youth
 The National Service Programmes are broadcast over short wave
transmitters
 It makes to possible for regional centers to relay their
programmes
 While MP-11, UP-10, AP, Rajasthan, Karnataka, MH had eight
regional stations
 North-Eastern states were served four stations

16. AIR SERVICES
 The Local Services- The Varghese Committee (1978)
recommended a franchise system
 For promoting local radio for education & development
 Seventh Plan was proposed more than 500 local broadcast stations
in 73 districts by 1992.
 Each local station have reach of 100 Km
 Programmes were to be on indigenous folk formats
 Several NGOs use Local radio to further development
 UNESCO actively supports such endeavors in India

17. VIVIDH BHARATI SERVICE (1957)
 It was started on 2nd Oct, 1957 as a service of light entertainment
to compete Radio Ceylon
 Earlier, AIR had banned film songs on its programmes
 Dr. B.V. Keskar, Minister of I& B, held that film music is cheap
& vulgar.
 Commercials were introduced on this service in 1967 &
Sponsored programmes were in May 1970
 Initially, a daily five hours programme was put out and 60% of
the time was devoted to film music.

18. VIVIDH BHARATI SERVICE (1957)
 Rest of the time given to music, short plays, short stories and
poetry and so on
 End of 1990s, the service on the air for 12.45 hrs every day
 The proportion of film music on Vividh Bharati remains 60%
 While classic & light classical music, folk and regional music
constitute around 20%
 AIR also carries news bulletins and Spoken-Word programmes
 Services are Medium wave in Cities & Urban areas & Short wave
in countryside

19. VIVIDH BHARATI SERVICE (1957)
 The Verghese Committee found that the programme-content was
interesting
 But, it has ceased to be a ‘Variety Programm’& become
repetitive film disc programm
 It suggested that to develop genuine radio oriented light-
entertainment programm

20. RADIO FORMATES & GENRES
 Radio programmes may be classified into two broad groups
1.Spoken Word- News Bulletins, Talks, Discussions,
Interview, Educational Programmes, Specific
Audience programmes (Rural, Urban,
Women, Children, listeners) Drama, Radio , features
& Documentaries.
2. Music Programmes- Disc Jokey Programmes, Countdown, Shows,
Musical performances, Magazine
programmes
Good number of programmes like Drama, features & Documentaries need
both Spoken word & music

21. RADIO FORMATES & GENRES
 News Bulletins
 AIR airs news bulletins every hour of the day
 Majority bulletins are of 15 minutes, while others are of 5 minutes
 Presents summary of news stories, National & International
happenings
 Regional & local news will also having the suitable share
 Human interest stories & Sports news generally round off the
major bulletins
 AIR news bulletins are too formal in language

22. RADIO FORMATES & GENRES
 Newsreels
 Newsreels generally of 15 minutes duration
 Present Spot report, comments, interviews & extracts from
speeches
 It’s a complex & expensive format than the news bulletins
 It calls for Skilled tape editing and well-written link narrations

23. RADIO FORMATES & GENRES
 Documentaries/Radio Features
 These are all factual, informational & educational programmes
 Documentaries made with the combination of talks and drama
 It helps to tell the story of events, Past, Present or likely to be
happen in future.
 They make sketch the biography of great leaders
 Interpretation of world around us, teach us about peoples and
cultures unfamiliar to us
 Inquire into social, political economic or cultural problems

24. RADIO FORMATES & GENRES
 Radio Plays
 Radio drama is a story told though sound alone.
 Radio Plays includes dialogue & Voices of people, background or
mood effects, musical effects, atmospheric effects and so on.
 The voices of characters must be sufficiently distinguishable
 The shorter the drama & the fewer should be the characters.
 Fielden-introduced the present norm of the 30 minutes radio play
on AIR

25. RADIO FORMATES & GENRES
 Radio Talks
 They are not public speeches
 It gives impression to a listener
 Speaker addressing listener in informal
 Radio talks need to be kept simple and familiar
 Care should be taken to keep close to rhythm of ordinary speech
 Radio talks have no definite structure
 Listener expects that talks should be interesting and informative

26. RADIO FORMATES & GENRES
 Music Programmes
 They are enjoy much greater popularity than talk shows
 We enjoy music for its rhythms, melodies & harmonies
 Music programmes too must have unity & form
 It should not be mixed with Classical or Light classical music
 Variety is the key note to any music

27. RADIO FORMATES & GENRES
 Movie trailers
 It’s a sponsored programmes
 It has usually of 15-30 minutes duration
 The narrator links the elements with dramatic appeals and
announcements
 Quizzes
 Largely studio based and inexpensive to produce
 Quiz programmes for the family
 Quiz makes the involvement and Participation
 That makes the programme very enjoyable

28. RADIO FORMATES & GENRES
 Music takes the lion’s share of time -39.73%
 Spoken word claiming 37.78%
 News & Current Affairs-22.49%
Music Percentage
Classical Music
Folk Music
Light Music
Devotional Music
Film Music
Western Music
30.15
11.56
21.65
12.86
19.73
4.05
Total 100 (39.73)

29. RADIO FORMATES & GENRES
 Talks/Discussions etc 26.58
 Drama 06.97
 Religious 00.49
 Educational
 Women 03.67
 Rural 13.59
 Industrial 02.15
 School/University 08.15
 Children 02.46
 Youth 10.33
 Tribal 02.76
 Armed Forces 03.17
 Publicity 06.59
 Others 13.09

30. BROADCASTING CODE
 Current broadcasting policy is based on the AIR Code of 1970
 AIR will not permit
Criticism of friendly countries
attack on religion or communities
Anything obscene or defamatory
Incitement to violence or against to law & order
anything amounting to contempt of court
anything against the integrity of the President, Governors &
Judiciary
Attack on a political party by name
hostile criticism of any state of the Centre
Anything showing disrespect to the Constitution

31. FM BROADCASTING
 Later at Jalandhar in 1992
 On 15th Aug, 1993, FM channel was launched in Bombay
 FM broadcasting was introduced in Madras in 1997
 With nine hours of Radio Time leased to Times FM, Radio Star &
Radio Midday.
 At the same time, Music video Channels like –V, MTV were
launched
 FM broadcast ensured reception free from atmospheric noise
 The AIR stations of Delhi, Bombay, Panaji, Bangalore, Madras &
Calcutta sold FM slots to private

32. FM BROADCASTING
 AIR charged a fee of Rs. 3000/- per hour
 But, Private companies charged advertisers Rs. 250-300 for ten
seconds commercials.
 Urban English-speaking youth were the targeted listeners
 Western pop-music dominated
 FM programmes includes Chat shows, Contests and Quizzes
 Phone-ins, Page-ins and Write-ins were the strategies used to involve
listeners

33. FM BROADCASTING
 It became new mass medium for urban India
 FM technology facilitates localization of broadcasting
New York-82 stations
London- 42 stations
Manila-35
Jakarta-29
India-5
 Until 2000, Private broadcaster (TOI, Midday) to hold on their
monopoly
 Transmission bands for FM radio -80-108 Mhz

34. FM AIRWAVES
 AIR has extended FM broadcasting to many India cities
 In 1995, the S.C. pronounced that ‘the airwaves are public property’
 It couldn’t be monopoly of either government or business
 The government privatize the airwaves
 the monopoly of AIR ended in 1999 with private commercial FM
radio channels
 In 2001, 108 FM radio licenses were sanctioned for 40 cities
 ToI group was the largest winner of 10 years license
 In 2005, FM industry witnessed accumulated losses of Rs. 250 cr.

35. FM AIRWAVES
 In early 2006 as many as 338 licenses for FM stations in 91 cities
were auctioned off
 All the private companies were allowed to get up to 20% FDIs
 The second phase (2007) saw the auction of 97 stations to 27
companies
 It led the establishing of FM stations in small cities like Bikaner,
Trichy, Udaipur, Agartala, Gangtok & Warangal
 This phase ushered in the revenue share model
 ToI, Living Media, Hindustan Times, Dainik bhaskar, Jagran
Prakashan, Midday, Zee TV, Staar, Sun & Ennadu have gained

36. FM AIRWAVES
 By the end of 2007, FM radio industry was worth over Rs. 310 cr.
 BIG FM, Survan, Radio Mirchi, Radio City and AIR’s FM( Rainbow
FM & FM gold) were the main players
Jagaran Prakashan Radio Mantra
Midday Radio One
Hindustan Times Radio Fever
ToI Radio Mirchi
India Today Radio Today/ Meow
Dainik Bhaskar My FM
Dinakaran Suryan FM/ ‘S’ FM
Malayala Manorama Manorama Radio/Mango
Anand Bazar Patrika Friends FM
Pudhari Publications Tamato FM
Prabhat Khabbar Radio Dhoom

37. FM AIRWAVES
 Music, Chat, News, Current affairs and live sports commentaries
were allowed
 Since 2007, FM receivers were raised to 78 million
 The composition of typical radio hours
Music 67%
Advt 14%
Jock talk 09%
Promotions 05%
Fillers 04%
Others 01

38. GROWTH OF RADIO INDUSTRY
 Radio has the widest reach & coverage
 With 132 million radio sets & reach to almost entire population
 The coverage of AIR’s FM stations about 31%
 Private FM stations a bare 9 %
 NGOs & small communities have succeeded in Community Radio
 Community Radio releates to non-state & non profit narrow casting
 50% programmes were made by local communities
 In early 2006, Raghav ( Bihar) ran community radio station
 He forced him to shut the station
 He had no training & spent Rs. 50/- to put his station

39. GROWTH OF RADIO INDUSTRY
 The BBC called Raghav’s FM was amazing
 Some of the Community Radio stations Radio Ujjas (Gujarat)
DDS- in Pastapur (AP), Namma Dhawani in Karnataka, Radio Alakal in
Trivandrum etc,
 Some social activities in Bangalore in 1996 to started ‘Bangalore
Declaration’
 In 2002, Govt. opened up FM radio to Community groups and to
universities
 More than 17 campus radios are functioning
 It includes Jamia Milia Islamia, IGNOU, Annamalai, Pune, FTII, IIMC,
HCU and so on.

40. GROWTH OF RADIO INDUSTRY
 By end of 2007, barely 26 community radio stations were on the air
 2006, Union Cabinet announced a new policy on Community Radio
 Opened up FM licensing to Civil Societies , NGOs, Autonomous,
Registered societies
 But, for individuals, Political parties, profit making institutions were
prohibited
 No license fee was required for community radio

41. DIGITAL AUDIO BROADCASTING
 Mid 1990s, Several broadcaster including AIR started DAB
 DAB was arose by European project called Eureka-147
 It was launched by BBC in 1995 in London
 It transmits sound as computer code rather than as analogue waves
 Analogue waves having Compact disc (CD) technology
 It provides interference-free sound
 DAB can also carry multimedia services such as Text, Data files,
Graphics, pictures and moving videos
 DAB listeners can enjoy programmes accompanied by information
and pictures on the computers

42. SATELLITE RADIO
 World space is the only private satellite radio platform working in
India
 It has the headquarters in Washington D.C.
 It was launched in 2000 with free to air
 Later, it became a pay service,
 Offering over 40 radio channels in several Indian languages
 It has variety of genres, Jazz, Classical, Old Hindi film music & Rock
 It remains just another technology
 It is unaffordable business plan, requires special radio receivers

43. VISUAL RADIO
 It is convergent technology
 Combination of FM radio with Mobile phones
 Radio built into mobile devices
 Visual radio shows you what is playing on the phone screen
 Listeners pay only for the data service carried via General Packet
Radio Service
 India is the third country in the world to offer Visual Radio
 It provides rich textual and visual information
 www.myspace.com, www.secondlife.com, www.flickr.com were part of
this services

44. INTERNET RADIO
 Several public & Commercial radio stations transmit their music and
talk shows on the Internet
 Most Indian FM channels have an active presence
 Hindi film music dominates on these desi-radio sites

45. BROADCASTING ETHICS
 Ethics of broadcasting is very similar to those for the print media
 Those are accuracy, fairness, respect for privacy/ religious beliefs
 Respect the practices of different communities
 Need for caution in reporting violence/ communal disturbances
 Need to follow the caution in Criticizing Judicial acts
 Respect for the confidentiality of sources
 Need to avoid obscenity and vulgarity

46. THANK YOU