Science 7 Scientists Labaratory Tools Scientific Method Investigatory Parts Solution Concentrations of Solutions

1. SCIENCE REVIEWER
Scientists
Foreign
 Louis Pasteur- invented pasteurization for milk and wine.
 Galileo Galilei- invented telescope.
 Isaac Newton- discovered the Universal Gravitation.
 Albert Einstein- discovered the Quantum Theory.
 Aristotle- defined and classified knowledge as physics, rhetoric and logic.
 Charles Goodyear- invented rubber.
 William Lear- invented car radio.
 Willem J. Kolff- invented artificial organs (kidney and heart).
 Willem Einthoven- invented the electrocardiogram (ECG)
 William Harvey- discovered blood circulation.
 Wilhelm Roentgen- discovered x- ray.
 Chester Carlson- invented xerography.
 Thomas Alva Edison- invented the light bulb.
 Alexander Fleming- invented Penicillin.
 Anton Van Leuwenhoek- first to observe bacteria and protozoa.
Filipino
 Angel Alcala- invented the artificial coral reef.
 Rolando De La Cruz- invented an anti- skin cancer cream.
 Daniel Dingel- invented water fuelled car.
 Fe Del Mundo- invented the incubator.
 Julian Banzon- invented fuel from sugarcane and coconut.
 Luz Oliveres Belardo- discovered 33 essential oils and studied papaya extract.
 Eduardo San Juan- invented the moon rover or buggy.
 Germiniano T. De Ocampo- established the first eye bank.
 Gregorio Y. Zara- invented the first microscope with collapsible stage.
 Diosdado Banatao- invented the Ethernet.
 Rodolfo Aquino- introduced the magic rice.
 Agapito Flores- invented the fluorescent light.

2. LABORATORY TOOLS/ APPARATUS
MEASURING TOOLS
 Volumetric Flask- used to measure one’s specific volume.
 Graduated Cylinder- used to measure the volume of liquids.
 Burette/Buret- used to measure the volume of an acid or base in *titration.
 Thermometer- used to take/measure the temperatures.
 Erlenmeyer Flask- used to measure, heat, mix and store liquids.
 Beaker- used to measure, hold, mix and heat liquids.
*Titration- the process of determining the accentration of a dissolved substance in a solution.
HEATING TOOLS
 Alcohol Lamp- used as a source of heat.
 Wire Gauze- used to regulate the heat.
 Evaporating Dish- used to heat and evaporate liquids.
 Florence Flask- used for heating substances that needed to be heated eventually.
 Test Tube- used for storing and heating small amount of liquids.
 Crucibles- used to heat small amounts of liquid in a very high temperature.
Note: Beaker and Erlenmeyer flask are also included in this category.
SUPPORTING/HOLDING
 Iron Clamp- used to hold the test tube when heating.
 Iron Ring- used to support beaker or funnel in place.
 Iron Stand- used to support the iron ring.
 Tripod- used to support containers when it is being heated.
 Test Tube Rack- used to support the test tube when it is not in use.
 Test Tube Holder- used to hold the test tube while being heated.
 Tongs- used to hold many different things when they are hot.
 Clay Triangle- used to hold crucibles when they are being heated.
COVERING
 Stopper- used to seal test tubes and flasks.
 Watch Glass- used as a cover for beaker.

3. TRANSFERRING
 Funnel- used to transfer liquids into another container.
 Aspirator- it is used together with a pipette to transfer/suck liquid.
 Spatula- used for transferring small amount of solids from one container to another.
 Pipette- used for moving small amounts of liquid.
STORING/DISPLAYING
 Reagent Bottle- used for storage, mixing and displaying.
 Petri Dish- used for storing and heating substances.
 Test Tube
 Erlenmeyer Flask
 Beaker
 Test Tube
MIXING
 Stirring Rod- used to stir solutions.
 Reagent Bottle
 Beaker
 Erlenmeyer Flask
 Test Tube
OTHERS
 Magnifying Glass-used to magnify objects.
 Mortar and Pestle- used to crash solids.
 Test Tube Brush- used to clean the test tubes.

4. Scientific Method
Is an orderly process of investigation that is focused on solving the problem.
OBSERVE
FORMULATE A
QUESTION
COLLECT DATA
FORM A
HYPOTHESIS
TEST THE
HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVE AND
RECORD DATA
ANALYZE DATA
DRAW
CONCLUSION

5. TERMS
HYPOTHESIS- is a simple statement that presents the possible conclusion to the problem.
EXPERIMENT- is a set of manipulation or specific observation of nature and is considered the most
important part of the scientific method.
PREDICTION- is a forecast of future events based on past observations.
VARIABLE- is a characteristics; number or quantity that increases or decreases over time or takes
different values in different situation.
- It is anything that you can change or control in an experiment.
FAIR TEST- is where you test the influence of one’s variable on the other variable without other variables
interfering the investigation.
Variables
Independent Variable- It is one variable that is purposely change in the experiment.
- The variable being manipulated
Constant Variable- All the variables that are kept constant during the experiment.
- All things that are kept the same throughout the experiment.
Dependant Variable- Being measured to determine the effect of the independent variable.
Investigatory Parts
Title- It should be concise, simple catchy, descriptive and direct.
Abstract- It is a 250 word summary of the investigation.
Background of the Study- states the rationale of the study and explains why you chose the topic.
Statement of the Problem- It is the question to the observation of the topic.
Formulation of the Hypothesis- presents the possible answer to the investigation.
Significance of the Study- It explains the importance of the study to the society.
Scope and Limitations- It defines the extent and boundaries of the study.
Definition of Terms- It presents the meanings of the unfamiliar words in the study.
Methodology- It includes the procedures and the pictures of the study.
Review of Related Literature- It is a compilation of information related to the topic.
Results and Discussion- It presents the collected data, observations and findings of the study.
Recommendations- It is a list of suggestions for future development of the study.
Conclusion- It is the statement that will reject or accept the hypothesis.

6. Solution
Characteristics
1.) The solute cannot be separated from the solvent through filtration.
2.) A solution is often clear and transparent.
Types of Solution in Terms of Solubility
Solubility= the maximum the solvent can dissolve at a certain temperature.
 Unsaturated- the solution contains less solute than the maximum amount the solvent can
dissolve at a certain temperature.
 Saturated- the solution contains the maximum amount of solute that the solvent can dissolve
at a certain temperature.
 Supersaturated- the solution contains more solute than the solvent can hold at a certain
temperature.
Types of Solution in Terms of Phase
Type Solute Solvent Example
Gaseous Gas Gas Air
Liquid Gas Liquid Carbonated Drink
Liquid Liquid Alcohol in Water
Solution Liquid Coffee in Water
Solid Gas Solid Hydrogen in Palladium
Liquid Solid Amalgam (Mercury + Silver)
Solid Solid Brass (Copper + Zinc)
Factors Affecting Solubility
1. Nature of solute and solvent
 Miscible- substances that mix in any proportion.
 Immiscible- substances that do not mix at all.
2. Temperature- a change in temperature may decrease or increase solubility.
3. Size of Particle- smaller particles dissolve faster.

7. Concentrations of Solutions
Concentration= describes the relative amounts of solute and solvent in a given solution.
2 Types of Concentration
1. Concentrated- there is a large amount of solute dissolved in a solution
2. Dilute- there is a little amount of solute dissolved in a solution.
Ways to express the concentration of solutions:
Percentage by Mass
- The amount of solute in a given mass of solvent expressed as grams solute per 100g. Of
solution.
Formula:
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
100𝑔. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
× 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = % 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Percentage by Volume/ Weight
- The amount of solute in a given volume of solution expressed as grams solute per 100ml.
of solution.
Formula:
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
100𝑚𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
× 100 = % 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒/𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Percentage by Volume
- The amount of solute in a given volume of solution expressed as millilitres solute per 100
ml of solution.
FORMULA: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ×
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
100 𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= % 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Properties of Acids and Bases
Acids
- They taste sour.
- They react with metals.
- In aqueous solutions, they change blue litmus paper to red.
Bases
- They taste bitter.
- They react with grease/oil.
- They change red litmus paper to blue.
Level of pH (pour of Hydrogen)
O------------------ 7 ----------------14
Acidic Basic