This document discusses the nature of science and provides examples of famous scientists from different countries and their contributions. It defines science as acquiring knowledge through thorough investigation and experimentation. Some key points made include:
- Science seeks to understand the world through observation and experimentation.
- Famous scientists discussed include Louis Pasteur, Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton, Galileo Galilei, Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, and Charles Darwin.
- The document also mentions several famous Filipino scientists and their contributions, such as Fe Del Mundo, Eduardo Quisumbing, and Luz Oliveros-Belardo.
- It discusses the scientific method and inquiry process, including developing questions, hypotheses, experiments,
The Scientific MethodSteps in the Scientific MethodThere is a .docxssusera34210
The Scientific Method
Steps in the Scientific Method
There is a great deal of variation in the specific techniques scientists use explore the natural world. However, the following steps characterize the majority of scientific investigations:
Step 1: Make observations
Step 2: Propose a hypothesis to explain observations
Step 3: Test the hypothesis with further observations or experiments
Step 4: Analyze data
Step 5: State conclusions about hypothesis based on data analysis
Each of these steps is explained briefly below, and in more detail later in this section.
Step 1: Make observations
A scientific inquiry typically starts with observations. Often, simple observations will trigger a question in the researcher's mind.
Example: A biologist frequently sees monarch caterpillars feeding on milkweed plants, but rarely sees them feeding on other types of plants. She wonders if it is because the caterpillars prefer milkweed over other food choices.
Step 2: Propose a hypothesis
The researcher develops a hypothesis (singular) or hypotheses (plural) to explain these observations. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of a phenomenon or observation(s) that can be supported or falsified by further observations or experimentation.
Example: The researcher hypothesizes that monarch caterpillars prefer to feed on milkweed compared to other common plants. (Notice how the hypothesis is a statement, not a question as in step 1.)
Step 3: Test the hypothesis
The researcher makes further observations and/or may design an experimentto test the hypothesis. An experiment is a controlled situation created by a researcher to test the validity of a hypothesis. Whether further observations or an experiment is used to test the hypothesis will depend on the nature of the question and the practicality of manipulating the factors involved.
Example: The researcher sets up an experiment in the lab in which a number of monarch caterpillars are given a choice between milkweed and a number of other common plants to feed on.
Step 4: Analyze data
The researchersummarizes and analyzes the information, or data, generated by these further observations or experiments.
Example: In her experiment, milkweed was chosen by caterpillars 9 times out of 10 over all other plant selections.
Step 5: State conclusions
The researcher interprets the results of experiments or observations and forms conclusions about the meaning of these results. These conclusions are generally expressed as probability statements about their hypothesis.
Example: She concludes that when given a choice, 90 percent of monarch caterpillars prefer to feed on milkweed over other common plants.
Often, the results of one scientific study will raise questions that may be addressed in subsequent research. For example, the above study might lead the researcher to wonder why monarchs seem to prefer to feed on milkweed, and she may plan additional experiments to explore this question. For example, perhaps the milkweed has higher ...
The Scientific MethodSteps in the Scientific MethodThere is a .docxssusera34210
The Scientific Method
Steps in the Scientific Method
There is a great deal of variation in the specific techniques scientists use explore the natural world. However, the following steps characterize the majority of scientific investigations:
Step 1: Make observations
Step 2: Propose a hypothesis to explain observations
Step 3: Test the hypothesis with further observations or experiments
Step 4: Analyze data
Step 5: State conclusions about hypothesis based on data analysis
Each of these steps is explained briefly below, and in more detail later in this section.
Step 1: Make observations
A scientific inquiry typically starts with observations. Often, simple observations will trigger a question in the researcher's mind.
Example: A biologist frequently sees monarch caterpillars feeding on milkweed plants, but rarely sees them feeding on other types of plants. She wonders if it is because the caterpillars prefer milkweed over other food choices.
Step 2: Propose a hypothesis
The researcher develops a hypothesis (singular) or hypotheses (plural) to explain these observations. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of a phenomenon or observation(s) that can be supported or falsified by further observations or experimentation.
Example: The researcher hypothesizes that monarch caterpillars prefer to feed on milkweed compared to other common plants. (Notice how the hypothesis is a statement, not a question as in step 1.)
Step 3: Test the hypothesis
The researcher makes further observations and/or may design an experimentto test the hypothesis. An experiment is a controlled situation created by a researcher to test the validity of a hypothesis. Whether further observations or an experiment is used to test the hypothesis will depend on the nature of the question and the practicality of manipulating the factors involved.
Example: The researcher sets up an experiment in the lab in which a number of monarch caterpillars are given a choice between milkweed and a number of other common plants to feed on.
Step 4: Analyze data
The researchersummarizes and analyzes the information, or data, generated by these further observations or experiments.
Example: In her experiment, milkweed was chosen by caterpillars 9 times out of 10 over all other plant selections.
Step 5: State conclusions
The researcher interprets the results of experiments or observations and forms conclusions about the meaning of these results. These conclusions are generally expressed as probability statements about their hypothesis.
Example: She concludes that when given a choice, 90 percent of monarch caterpillars prefer to feed on milkweed over other common plants.
Often, the results of one scientific study will raise questions that may be addressed in subsequent research. For example, the above study might lead the researcher to wonder why monarchs seem to prefer to feed on milkweed, and she may plan additional experiments to explore this question. For example, perhaps the milkweed has higher ...
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3. THE NATURE OF SCIENCE
The word “science” came from the Latin
word “scientia” which means
“having knowledge”
This means that all scientific knowledge have
undergone a through investigation and are
concluded based on gathered data from
experimentation.
4. Louis Pasteur
During pasteurization, farm and
brewery products such as milk, wine
and beer are heated briefly to a
temperature between 60 and 100 °C,
killing microorganisms that can cause
them to go bad.
Robert Hooke
He used the term “cells” to describe
the compartment of cork cell.
Some Famous Foreign Scientists
5. Sir Isaac Newtion
He formulate the three laws
of motion.
Galileo Galilei
He created one of the first
modern telescope. He also
successfully depend the
Heliocentric Theory which
states that the earth and the
other planets revolved
around the sun and not the
other way around.
6. Marie Curie
She won the Nobel Prize in both Physics
and Chemistry. She discovered the
and helped to apply in the field of X-ray.
Albert Einstein
He developed the general theory of
relativity which one of the pillars of modern
physics alongside quantum mechanics. He
best known for his equation in energy.
Charles Darwin
He is best known for his contributions to
the science of evolution. His proposition
that all species of life have descended over
time from common ancestors is now widely
accepted, and considered a foundational
concept in science.
7. Some Famous Filipino Scientist
Dr. Fe Del Mundo
The first Filipina given the title of National
Scientist and the first Filipina to be enrolled in
Harvard University Medical School. She
contributed for the invention of improvised
incubator.
Eduardo Quisumbing
He is known for his expertise in medical plants of
the Philippines. He contributed more than 129
scientific articles, mostly on orchids. The plant
“saccolabiumquisumbing” is named to honor
Pedro Escuro
He is known for his contributions in plant
breeding and genetics.
8. Arturo Alcaraz
He is a volcanologist, him and his team powered an
light bulb using steam-powered electricity.
Gregorio Zara
He invented the two-way television telephone or
videophone in 1995 which was patented as a “photo
phone signal separator network”.
Luz Oliveros-Belardo
She is a Filipino scientist and pharmacist. In 1987, she was
awarded National Scientist of the Philippines for her
extensive research on herbal medicine and essential oils.
9. Effects of Science andTechnology
The accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere like carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbonds (CFCs), has caused global
warming.
The smoke of cars produce intensifies the greenhouse effect thus, causing global
warming.
The continuous cutting of trees due to the technological development in
constructing houses and buildings which requires a great number of woods for
strong foundations affects the structures of our mountains causing flashfloods
and soil erosion.
10. Effects in our Health
Overuse or dependence on technology may have adverse psychological
effects, including:
Psychological Effect
Isolation
Depression and anxiety
Physical Health Effects
Eyestrain
Poor posture
Sleep problems
Reduced physical activity
11. Effects in Children
Children who overuse technology may be more likely to experience issues,
including:
low academic performance
lack of attention
low creativity
delays in language development
delays in social and emotional development
physical inactivity and obesity
poor sleep quality
social issues, such as social incompatibility and anxiety
aggressive behaviors
addiction to these technologies
higher BMI
12. Advantage of Science and Technology
Life is become easy and comfortable through science and technology.
Travelling has become easy and fast in minutes.
Communication is become easy, fast and cheaper.
Standard of living have increased with the increase in technology.
Man have become advanced by using various new technology.
Due to the development in the science and technology impossible have
become possible.
Difficult thing and work have become easy and comfort to man due to science
and technology.
Life has become easy and stable.
14. Knowledge can help in solving problems. It can be acquired in
variety of ways. Some of which as follows:
Learning from experience
Seeking advice from authority
Believing in intuition
Observing tradition
Following the scientific method
15. What is ScientificInquiry?
Science is all about learning and understanding
something new. Inquiry means to ask for
information or investigate something to find out
more. So, scientific inquiry is using evidence from
observations and investigations to create logical
explanations and answer questions.
Scientific inquiry is for people who want to be
challenged and use creative and critical thinking to
answer questions related to science.
16. Inquiry vs Method
There are some major differences between the scientific method and scientific inquiry. First, the
scientific method seeks to answer one question, whereas scientific inquiry does not. After
investigations, explanations, and evidence, the scientist often thinks of more questions that need
answering.
Second, the scientific method is linear, meaning the step-by-step process is done in the same order
each time. It usually consists of six steps: question, observation or investigation, hypothesis,
experiment, analysis of data (reviewing what happened during the experiment), and conclusion.
Scientific inquiry, on the other hand, is non-linear, which means it does not follow a consistent step-
by-step process. It can be any order of asking questions, conducting investigations, collecting
evidence, developing explanations from the evidence, and communicating and defending conclusions.
Finally, the last step in the scientific method is communicating the results at the end of an experiment.
For instance, after an experiment on the effects of mixing chocolate syrup with orange juice, you might
write a paper and defend your findings at the school science fair. With scientific inquiry, however,
constant communication is necessary throughout the entire process, from start to finish, not just to tell
and defend your results.
17. Attitudes of a scientist
Curiosity – Being inquisitive shows a person’s desire to learn and explore. A person who is curious always has a
question in mind.
Open-mindedness – This is the ability of a person to accept mistakes and ideas from other people to improve one’s
investigations.
Perseverance – A person with perseverance shows a strong determination to pursue his/her work in spite of
challenges and problems during the investigations.
Humility – this is a person’s quality of being respectful. There is the absence of pride in a humble person.
Intellectual honesty – A person does not pirate or steal other person’s work and claim it as his property.
Patience – This is the ability of a person to wait without being upset. This helps a scientist persevere in his/her study.
Resourceful – This refers to a person’s ability to find alterative solutions to problems, especially in difficult situations.
Skepticism – refers to the ability to question the authenticity of something considered factual.
Objectivity – This is the ability to distinguish true observations from hearsay. An objective person is free from
personal prejudice or biases.
18.
19. Qualitative & Quantitative Observations
Qualitative observation an observation based on your senses.
Example of qualitative observation are color, texture, taste
and shape.
Quantitative observation an observation that utilizes scientific
instruments developed by technology to measure something.
Example of quantitative observation are mass, volume,
length.
20. Variables that are used in an experiment
Controlled variable – a condition that remains the same throughout the
experiment.
Manipulated variable (independent variable) – a condition that is
changed during the experiment.
Responding variable (dependent variable) – a condition that is observed
or measured during the experiment.
21. Example and Explanation of the Steps of
Scientific Method
Scientific Question – How does salt affect the rate of freezing water?
Developing Hypothesis – Salt slows down the rate of freezing of water?
Doing an Experiment – An experiment has to be done in which the amount of water is to be kept
constant while the amount of salt is to be changed.
The amount of water is the controlled variable (constant)
The amount of salt is the manipulated variable ( to be changed)
The time to freeze the water is the responding variable (to be observed or measured)
Interpreting data – observed and measured data obtained from the experiment are analyzed and
interpreted based on the hypothesis
Conclusion – is a statement summarizes how the results of the experiment support or contradict
the hypothesis.
22. The result in an experiment are based on the two set-ups:
Control set-up is one in which the controlled variable is included while the
manipulative variable is excluded.
Experimental set-up is one in which both the controlled and the manipulated
variable are present.
Example: We may make use of 4 identical containers, each filled with 250
milliliters of water. Distinguish the container using labels such as A,B,C, and D. in
containers B, C, and D, we may dissolved 10 grams, 15 grams, and 20 grams of
salt, respectively. Then record the time it takes the water in each container to
into solid in a freezer. Container A is the control set-up since it does not contain
salt. On the other hand, containers B, C, and D are the experimental set-ups
they contain salt.
23. Please answer
your Quiz No. 1
It should be done today.
●For Grade 7 - Bayabas until 6:00 PM
●For Grade 7 - Mangga until 8:00 PM.
Code: l2nz3qz
https://classroom.google.com/w/MTIy
Nzc0NzcxMTM3/tc/MTI2MzQwMTIzO
TY4
24. GOOGLE CLASSROOM
Instructions:
1. Click the link
https://classroom.google.com/c/MTIyNzc0NzcxMTM3?cjc=l2n
z3qz
2. Answer the “Quiz No 1 in Science and Technology/ Scientific
Investigation”, then submit.
3. Click “View Score” to check the score.
4. Click “Open Assignment” in private message write your score
and the name of quiz (Ex. Score: 10 Science and Technology)
5. Click “Mark done”
6. See the picture below for your reference.