The document discusses the state of open access in Indonesia, detailing historical context, government policies, infrastructure challenges, and the impact on academic culture. It highlights the ambivalence in performance metrics favoring 'closed systems' like Scopus and Web of Science, leading to a dichotomy in open access journal quality and accessibility. Additionally, it proposes solutions for enhancing open access practices through infrastructure development and alternative funding models to support local researchers and institutions.

1. OPEN ACCESS IN INDONESIA
Dr. Juneman Abraham - about.me/juneman
Bina Nusantara University & Indonesian Open Science Team
Presented @ KU Leuven, 2 December 2019

2. A bit history

3. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-
platforms/goap/access-by-region/asia-and-the-pacific/indonesia/

4. Indonesia Policy until 2019
• Open Journal System (OJS) is endorsed as one of
the right open source applications and in
accordance with national journal accreditation
requirements.
• OJS has complete facilities to manage digital library
materials in this case in the form of texts or
articles, including facilities in implementing DOI
(focus on dissemination, visibility, citation &
Impact Factor improvement).
• Cloud server and OJS application are set up by the
Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI). The Ministry
of Research and Technology provide consultation
and training budget.

6. The H.E. Ministry’s “verbal” Policy Statement
- 29 April 2019

7. Open Review is interpreted as
“publishing a work without going through a process of good editing and review
only submitting it to the public (as reviewers) without knowing the track record of
publication reputation of them,
to switch the scientific to popular (“unscientific”) types of publications."
“Open Data depends on the wisdom of each researcher and institution policy
because it involves a variety of applicable ethics.”
The H.E. Ministry’s “verbal” Policy Statement
- 29 April 2019

8. The inner things in
facing the challenges
•Open Access (OA) in
Indonesia has been
linked to
•knowledge
democratization
•open mindset fighting
for open systems

9. https://mhs.blog.ui.ac.id/juneman/2019/02/28/democratizing-
knowledge-for-our-dream/

10. The Story
• Once upon a time, Indonesia was not connected/integrated with the
international scientific world.
• When it was not, open access became a normal culture;
Indonesian academics loves if his/her writing in any media was
quoted, cited.
• Then comes the tenure regulation that presents policies that are
“ambivalent” - oriented to “closed system”. For example, using of Scopus
and Web of Science as a gold measure of research performance.
• However, there are fundamental and structural issues that are not taken
care of seriously, comprehensively:
• research budget.
• APC for open access burden.
• resources (money, time) - complicated with lots of administrative
things in the lecturer’s side.
• Academic freedom, esp. for academics who are also civil servants
(https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/menpan-rb-asn-dilarang-
kritik-pemerintah-1s3ned4qbLy) – compared with academics in Latin
America
• Everything depends on the government. The government depends on
‘supposed international norm’.
• All these makes scientists not concerned with policies that do not support
open access. There are not many critical scientists who want to change the
situation systematically, institutionally and socially, even though there are
some who have been doing it individually.
• In terms of quantity, Indonesia dominates open access journals; but the
quality is still questionable.

11. • In presentations for Indonesian OpenCon
2018 Jakarta & OpenCon 2019 Indonesia,
I showed that Indonesian open access
development can be linked to open
mindset fighting for open systems.

13. Prove vs. Improve Mindset
https://www.slideshare.net/juneman/
Behavioural aspect
(E Norris, 2019)
https://psyarxiv.com/tch4w/
Fixed vs. Growth Mindset

14. Policies of some
elements of the
Indonesia
Government that may
contradict with the
OA stream
• Fighting for closed, instead
of open system:
• Scopus and Web of Science,
the commercial databases,
are made as the highest
performance measurement
of scientific publications in
the Indonesian Science and
Technology Index (
http://sintadev.ristekdikti.go
.id )
• difficulties to accept pre-
print papers as ‘non-
publication’ (‘publicly
available manuscripts’)

16. • H.E. govt rhetoric regarding internationalization:
• "This study proposes specific models, indicators, and
metrics, and provides the results of the
implementation of these metrics on a portal database.
The results will be useful for countries where many
journals are not indexed in international citation
databases, such as Scopus or the Web of Science. “
https://www.escienceediting.org/journal/view.php?d
oi=10.6087/kcse.138
• The reality:
• "Journals' performance was measured by taking data
from Indonesian journals indexed in Scopus, the
Indonesia national journal accreditation system, and
citation frequency in Google Scholar. Based on these
evaluation items, the S-score was proposed. “
https://www.escienceediting.org/journal/view.php?d
oi=10.6087/kcse.138
• “Monodisciplinary” - SINTA is built by natural sciences
team ➔ Problem: how to compare S-Score (?) –
complex research performance, equitably.

19. Policies of some
elements of the
Indonesia
Government that may
contradict with the
OA stream
•Knowledge
democratization:
• Lack of coordination
between Governmental
bodies to promote
Indonesian as an
international scientific
language
• Dependence on Western
similarity check software.

20. Discourses regarding Presidential Regulation No. 63 of
2019 concerning the Use of Indonesian Language in
scientific world

21. Some OA
issues in
Indonesia
Fear of idea
theft
Fear of data
abuse
APC of journal
articles
National policy
importance
Accountability
Benefits for
Indonesia
development

22. The First Indonesian
Paper on OpenScience
(2017)

23. OA at Individual level
• self-archiving / pre-print
server
• https://inarxiv.id ( ->
https://osf.io/preprints/i
narxiv )

26. Cost problem faced by INARxiv
The OSF (Open
Science Framework)
team has calculated
the cost of USD 25,000
per year.
INArxiv would stop
operating:
The name INArxiv will no longer be a
server but a movement (Option 1)
INArxiv is part of RIN (Repositori Ilmiah
Nasional or National Scientific
Repository). RIN for data, INArxiv for
paper. Server merges with RIN (Option 2).

27. Option 3 (Brainstorming –
What if?): Another
Funding Model
Establish sites like archive.org,
sparcopen.org for indonesia ...
Funds can come from CSR funding
of startup technology companies
like Gojek, Grab, Bukalapak, etc.
It could also be from “technology
BUMN” (State-owned enterprises
of Indonesia) like Telkomsel etc.
The committee should be
chosen from Indonesian
scientists who are aware
of the political economy
of science and
technology.

28. OA at
Institutional
level
OA Indonesia-Discovery
System (
https://onesearch.id/ )
Universities' theses
repositories (eg EPrint, DSPace)
aggregated in
http://rama.ristekdikti.go.id
Open Journal Systems
(aggregated in
http://garuda.ristekdikti.go.id/
journal ; most of them are
DIAMOND OA)

34. We (The Indonesian Open Science Team) educate each higher education
institution to create their repositories as many as possible so that they
can be used directly by the academic community
Indonesia has 134 institutional
repositories in Indonesia,
according to OpenDOAR (2
December, 2019), spread over at
least five main islands (Java,
Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi,
Papua).
The number of repositories might not
reflect the total number (in West Java
alone there are more than 60 campus
repositories). However, the number of
repositories is still very small when
compared to the number of universities
in Indonesia (only includes: universities,
institutes, and colleges) which are 3366
institutions.

36. OA at Country
level
Indonesian Scientific Repository
(https://rin.lipi.go.id)
Indonesia Open Data
(https://data.go.id/)
National Sci&Tech Information
System
(http://siin.ristekdikti.go.id)

40. Legal Foundation of Indonesia One Data:
• Law Number 14 of 2008 concerning Openness of Public
Information;
• Law Number 25 of 2009 concerning Public Services;
• Law Number 43 of 2009 concerning Archiving;
• Information Commission Regulation Number 1 of 2010 concerning
Public Information Service Standards;
• Information Commission Regulation Number 2 of 2010 concerning
Procedures for Settling Public Information Disputes.
Not to disclose to public, information that:
• Obstructs law enforcement processes;
• Disturbs the interests of protecting intellectual property rights and
protection from unfair business competition;
• Endangers national defense and security;
• Reveals Indonesia's natural wealth;
• Damages national economic resilience;
• Harms the interests of foreign relations;
• Discloses the contents of authentic deeds that are personal and or
someone's last will;
• Reveals someone's personal secret;
• are Memorandums or letters between Public Agencies or intra
Public Agencies which by their nature are kept confidential, except
upon the decision of the Information Commission or the court;
• are Public information that must not be disclosed under the Act.
https://data.go.id/toolkit

42. The things being
asked at this time
•Input ->
Process ->
Output
(could be
analyzed)
https://awan.ristekdikti.go.id/index.php/s/BMAMelMjwav5yxq

44. International
level
• DOAJ registration ( https://doaj.org/csv ).
• There are 1,557 Indonesian journals
indexed in DOAJ (2 Dec 2019)
• Most of them are managed by not-for-
profit institutions.
• Nature reported that Indonesia is
among Top OA Countries.

46. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
CMSimple
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Interna Publishing
IPTEK Journals
JOS
MBI & UNS Solo
moraref
OJS
OJS, Hostinger
Open Journal System
Open Journal System/OJS
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
(blank)
Count of Platform, host or aggregator
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
ARK DOI DOI, Doc Yes (blank)
Count of Permanent article identifiers
Good familiarity with Open
Source software in journal
management
Good familiarity with DOI as
permanent identifier, so the
metadata (Crossref standardized)
can be easily analyzed.

47. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
False
True
Count of Author holds copyright without restrictions0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
CC BY
CC BY-NC
CC BY-NC-ND
CC BY-NC-SA
CC BY-ND
CC BY-SA
Publisher's own license
Yes
Count of Journal license
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
False
True
Count of Author holds publishing rights without
restrictions
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/CC_License_Requirements.png/512px-
CC_License_Requirements.png

48. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
No No Information Yes
Count of Journal article processing charges
(APCs)
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
APC amount (in IDR)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
APC amount (in USD)
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000 1400000 1600000
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
Submission fee amount (N = 18, in IDR)

49. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Frequency
Full text language
Full text language

51. Recent Development
• Indonesia has just had The 2019 Law of National
System of Science and Technology ("SinasIptek
Law") containing accessibility principle, ie:
• “There is a mandatory activity for R&D
institutions to store accessible primary data
and research outputs - oriented to the creation
and improvement of public services".
• Indonesia also has Open Science communities
(OpenAccess Indonesia, CreativeCommons
Indonesia, SainsTerbuka Indonesia) advocating the
FAIR principles.

52. Plan-S Participation?
Plan-S is a policy published in September
2018 by an association of 24 research
funders at various levels called Coalition-
S. This policy consists of 10 principles.
This policy requires publicly funded
research to be freely accessed by the
public.
The mechanism is three:
through an open access journal (gold OA journals),
open access repository (green OA), and
other open access platforms.

53. Inside perspective – Problem 1
• Indonesia and other Southern countries
have a tendency to imitate any policies
issued by Western nations.
• If Indonesia imitates, more national
funds will flow to foreign publishers,
because Indonesian researchers are
still under the pressure, namely the
performance measurement policy
which still relies entirely on
conventional metrics.

54. Outside
perspective
– Problem 2
Plan S’ statement “publicly funded research
should be available freely to the public” is not
innocuous. One of the statement's implication
is publication would still require a fee.
We think that this is just an extension of
European/Western knowledge
colonialism/imperialism. What we see is
European/Western governments (EU) trying to
protect the interest of European corporations.
We in indonesia do not want to get into the
convoluted logic of maintaining current
“publication capitalism”.

55. Outside perspective – Problem 3
• Although Plan S recommends three OA routes, many of the policy
critics highlight the role of commercial publishers, especially with the
pressure for academics to publish their research in prestigious media
(i.e. Journals with high Impact Factor).
• To reduce this potential, among the 10 Plan S policies, there is an
advice that funders or other stakeholders (especially those in
Coalition S) not to use mainstream metrics to measure the
performance of researchers. However, it seems that the appeal has
not been done much; and even if done, it might be rarely exposed.

56. Proposed
solution – 1
• Indonesia needs to pay attention to open
access infrastructure (not to its media
publications) - as did AmeliCA and GLOALL
(Global Alliance of Open Access Scholarly
Communication Platforms), oriented to the
national or regional autonomy.
• The recommended structure: “But New
Naratif is published by a company limited by
guarantee. The company has no owner,
cannot be bought or sold, and can never
pay out profits to investors. We do this so
that we will never be affected by the profit
motive, nor can anyone enact a hostile
takeover of the company, like what
happened to the Chinese newspapers in
Singapore or Utusan Melayu in Malaysia.” –
or Community-owned and operated
scientific ecosystem.
• Academic journals should be not the only
media for publishing research results.

57. Proposed
Solution - 2
• Either the Plan S’ rhetoric must
change, or the reality must
change.
• We think that given
European/Western history of
colonialism and imperialism, if
European wish to feel really good
about themselves, they should
establish a fund to pay researchers
from post-colonial countries to
publish in their corporate
publications, if they want us to still
participate in the “charade of
publication capitalism”.

60. Proposed Solution - 3
• Indonesian Science and Technology Index (SINTA) could become a
new system if it implements open citation and based not only on
competition.
• However, even though citation access may be free for SINTA
(Science and Technology Index), it goes into the heart whether
govts, such as EU, deem publishing corporations such as Elsevier
defensible, but it’s a “gateway drug” to research exploitation
(status quo)

61. https://corpus.ulaval.ca/jspui/bitstream/20.500.11794/16178/
1/Postcolonial%20Open%20Access%20-%20Piron.pdf

63. Another alternative: Open Science Monitor
https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/
open_science_monitor_methodological_note_april_2019.pdf

64. Thing that we
agree
Talking about big regional OA platforms,
currently each one is going in a different
direction, preventing a strategic regional
coalition to be possible. Such is the case of
Scielo, which opted to look towards Clarivate
Analytics in order to create a journal citation
index inside Web of Science (out of the core
collection), a strategy to achieve the inclusion of
journals in the mainstream science.
On the contrary, Redalyc seeks to
strengthen publishers inside universities
by empowering editors, with technology
and training, and providing a set of
metrics that show different aspects of
the research performance rather than
impact based on citations.
https://books.openedition.org/oep/9003

65. Values of Indonesian Open Science
Call for Values!