The Economic Impact Of The Introduction Of Eu Ets

The Economic Impact Of The Introduction Of Eu Ets
In the 21st century, carbon emission has been a hot issue around the global. Even though the
aviation industry accounts for around 2% of all human–induced CO2 emissions, aviation produced
705 million tonnes of CO2 in 2013 (ATAG, 2014). It is projected to maintain the increasing pattern
due to the rising demand of air travel and air–cargo shipments. In this paper, I will discuss the
economic impacts of the introduction of EU ETS (January 2012), focusing on international airlines.
To reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, the EU has launched the EU Emission Trading System
(ETS) on carbon dioxide emission also known as "cap and trade" program. This covers many
industries including aviation (European Commission, 2012a). From January 2012, all the flights
taking–off from or landing at EU airports are subject to the EU ETS.
However, the plan is not enforced by several airlines and aviation authorities. The EU ETS excludes
international flights while it is mainly for flights within the European Union (European
Commission, 2012a).
In the trading period between 2008 and 2012, the prices in the EU ETS varied from €7.96 to €28.73
(Jasper Faber et al, 2011). Price projections are uncertain, due to the banking system for allowances
which have not been renounced during recession. The range is estimated between €17 and €70 for
the trading in 2020 (Jasper Faber et al, 2011). Airlines which do not comply with the EU ETS will
face an excess emissions penalty of €100 per tonne of CO2. This is
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Support President Obama For Climate Change
Support President Obama for Climate Change In discussions of climate change, one of the
controversial issues has been supporting President Barack Obama. His video announcement in the
East Room of the White House, President Obama announces the "Clean Power Plan ––– our biggest
step yet in the fight against climate change" argues that, "Since the President took office, the
administration has made the largest investment in clean energy in American History." The United
States has cut more carbon pollution than any other nations since 2008, and solar power has grown
20 times while generating three times more electricity. Obama has created access to solar energy for
low and moderate–income households. On the other hand, Obama's administration ... Show more
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He asserts, "Over the past three decades, nationwide asthma rates have more than doubled, and
climate change puts those Americans at greater risk of landing in the hospital." I cannot argue that
the essence of Obama's argument is public health. In this case, that nationwide asthma has doubled
over the past three decades. Obama tells his own life story to his audience, off the record, to explain
what air pollution has done throughout the past three decades. He says that in his college years at
Oxy in Los Angeles in 1979, the first thing he did after arriving at college was to go for a run in the
city. I believe the President likes to run, and during his run he mentions it was hard to breathe
because the air quality in the 1970's was bad for the public health and bad for the climate. The whole
city of Los Angeles was full of smog. So anyone familiar with air pollution and smog in Los
Angeles back in the 1970's should agree that probably caused asthma rates to double throughout the
years. I admit that in the late 1970's arriving by train in the city of Los Angeles from Mexico I had
experienced for the first time a polluted city and the smell of the smog. In those days, I did not know
what pollution was and I have never seen a city covered with smog. In some days even more
pollutions than other days that the cities recommended not to go outside stay indoors because the air
quality was not good for public health.
Perhaps, critics of Obama will still probably argue that

Climate Change And Its Effect On The Environment
Climate change is an issue that has the potential to affect the environment, communities and the
world economy. Scientists advise climate change will cause increases to the likelihood of extreme
weather events. Rising sea levels are at significant risk to coastal areas and communities, while the
world's oceans could become acidic which would destroy and fail to support coral reefs and other
marine organisms (Climate Change Australia – Dept. Of The Environment 2014). The main cause of
climate change, which is also known as Global Warming, is widely spread. It is mostly caused by
the emission of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere in many ways;
including through the burning of fossil fuels and by deforestation ... Show more content on
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Australia's electricity emissions are high because we mostly rely (77%) on coal for electricity and
coal is the most greenhouse–intensive fuel (WWF). Australia has the highest per capita greenhouse
gas emissions. The per–capita carbon footprint in Australia was rated 12th in the world by PNAS in
2011, considerably large when taking into account the small population of the country. According to
the CSIRO and Garnaut Climate Change Review, climate change is expected to have multiple
effects on many species, regions, activities and infrastructure and areas of the economy and public
health in Australia. The Australian Climate Commission (closed as of 2013) had created reports to
highlight the likely impacts of climate change according to different regions. According to these
reports in 2012, heat waves, bush fires and flooding will only get worse and intensify each time
because of the climate change. This will worsen the impacts on people, property, communities and
the environment.
Australia's high fire risk increases the risks related to change in temperature and climate. Australia 's
population is highly condensed in coastal areas, and Australia's tourism industry depends on the
health of the Great Barrier Reef and other fragile ecosystems (Pittock, Barry 2007). Australia has
one of the worlds largest and diverse ecosystems, this poses an extreme threat because these
ecosystems are most fragile and are at risk of damage if exposed to climate change. The

Climate Warming And Its Effects On Climate Change Essay
For the last 10,000 years, the Earth's temperature has been fairly steady, fluctuating by only about
one degree Celsius. Since human existence the Earth's temperature has fallen within this narrow
range; however, for the first time in our history we have pushed above our historical temperature
range due to emittance of anthropogenic carbon emissions. Scientists are uncertain of how much
warming humanity can tolerate before experiencing the most destructive and dangerous effects of
climate change, but most believe that two degrees Celsius is a good starting point to aim for. Thus,
the stated goal of many international climate dialogs, such as the Paris Agreements, has been to stop
the planet from warming an additional two degrees Celsius in order to mobilize the action need to
get the whole world to work collaboratively to solve more extensive warming. In order to prevent
further warming countries must stick to and follow through on their agreed emission cuts and find
innovative solutions to make more significant cuts in the future. While there is some uncertainty
about how much of a problem two degrees of additional warming will be and how humanity will be
able to adapt to it, most scientists such as Michael Oppenheimer from Princeton University, believe
that we will be likely to see longer droughts and more intense heat waves, which will cause further
disruptions to the world's already limited food supply. Moreover, at two degrees' sea levels could
rise several feet,

Description Of Microsoft Energy Policy
Description of Microsoft Energy Policy
Microsoft in May 2012 made a commitment to go carbon neutral. The goal is to achieve zero
emissions for their data centres, software development labs, offices, and employee business air
travel in over 100 countries around the world. To achieve this goal, they have implemented an
internal carbon fee policy that places a price on carbon used by the business. This is to drive energy
efficiency, increase the use of renewable energy, thus meeting their goal of reducing their
environmental impact.
Reducing air travel
Key metric: They evaluate a target based on air travel miles per employee.
They are increasing their use of Microsoft collaboration technology as an alternative to travelling for
meetings. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Employees are encouraged to examine low–cost alternatives, such as using Lync.
For a richer and more lifelike virtual meeting experience, Microsoft has also invested in
Telepresence rooms in major business hubs such as Seattle, Reading, Beijing, and Hyderabad. These
rooms can provide the feel of a face–to–face meeting without the cost and time lost due to travel.
There is no cost to the business user to use Telepresence rooms.
Since 2007, increased use of their collaboration products and operational control measures has
helped reduce their carbon footprint from air travel by more than 30,000 metric tons.
Strategic Goal 2
Being green
Microsoft is committed to increasing their purchase of renewable energy and reducing waste and
water use.
Investing in renewable energy and offset projects
Emissions associated with electricity consumption represent a significant portion of their
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Their cloud services will reduce the net energy used as they
absorb computational workloads from less efficient sources. As Microsoft becomes an increasingly
more energy intensive company it is essential that they take measures to reduce the emissions
impact of this energy intensity. They recognise that they will need to look to industry expertise and
research to ensure that they are using the best technology and strategies available.
While the first step is to reduce their consumption through energy conservation and efficiency

The World Business Council For Sustainable Development Essay
Since the global financial crisis in 2008, the society's trust in organizations has suffered a great loss
due to the irresponsible actions of the organization. As the organizations are entrusted significant
power among the society, people are increasingly care about the behavior of the organization, in
other words, the society consider the organizations should take the responsibility to make an effort
to improve the society, environment and economic. For example, the World Business Council for
Sustainable Development (WBCSD) has outlined several environmental issues and has provided
suggestions to corporations in terms of not exhausting the natural resources. Due to the increasingly
consciousness of the whole world, this essay is focused on two main questions: Why some
corporations are not willing to take corporate social responsibility and why should they take the it?
Then, how can we measure an organization's performance in terms of social responsibility?
There are quite a lot theories related to corporate social responsibility, and enlightened self–interest
theory and managerial stakeholder theory are two major theories that prevent the corporation from
taking their social responsibility. Enlightened self–interest theory held the opinion that corporate
social responsibility will be taken and only will be taken when the corporation can be benefited by
the activity and shareholders' value can be increased, and this theory inevitably has a great impact
on most of the

Objectives Of Implementing The Vision
3 Strategy to implement the vision 3.1 Strategic Goals and Objectives to be achieved to implement
the vision Normally, for each concrete objective that help progress the organisation (or involved
organisations) towards the attainment of a goal, it would be expected to also specify how we shall
measure success that the expected benefit has been realised (e.g., using performance indicators), as
well as we would have to define critical success factors (those things that must go right during the
change or the outcome is in jeopardy). You do not need to create an exhaustive list for this
assignment, but you should give good examples for each! Goals: To gradually progress to a low or
zero carbon economy to mitigate the effects of drastic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Achieve worldwide emission target as agreed during the Paris agreement. How to measure that the
benefit has been realized? The measures will collected from the entities and audited by third parties
to minimize fraud and setup enforce disciplinary action. Work closely with the industries and
entities, provide guidance to enhance compliance and the desired outcome is achieved. 3.2
Principles underlying the planning, design and implementation of the vision This includes
management mandated– and regulatory / legal aspects. Policies and principles are guiding the
planning, design and implementation activities / projects, and are also expected to be used in the
governance of the change. You do not need to create an exhaustive list for this assignment, but you
should give good examples for each! Stakeholder relationship management policies and / or
principles When devising the short term action plan, the leaders should consult subject matter
experts and involve key stakeholders who have a deep involvement in the transition initiative.
Before preparing the project discuss with the stakeholders to identify directives to cater of the
problems with practical solutions that can be achieved within the timeframe and budget. Technology
policies and / or principles Acquire technology and expertise to build or implementing the
technology involved. Ensure that technology will be able to meet the specified goals and objectives,
by

Notes On Trading And Trading Essay
OBC World Nowadays many people are trying to make money out of Forex. They see a huge
potential in Forex and understand trading can really be a way to prosperous and beautiful life. At
least they see a way to make some additional income. But the sad truth is most people lose money
trying to figure out how to trade the proper way. Most newbie traders, when losing their capital, quit
trading and as a result lose their dream to a better life. Since, trading is like a real business you need
to have knowledge and enough practice. Most people who come to Forex trading do not have those
components. They want to start making money right away and unfortunately lose. But that's not all.
Like in real business, having knowledge and practice does not guarantee success. Because trading
requires some certain features of character from a trader. You need to be disciplined, dedicated,
motivated, etc. Therefore, if you want to get a skill to trade forex, you should understand this. Why
we are telling you all these things? We simply want you to know that becoming a good trader is not
a rocket science but you need to prepare yourself for this way of making money like you prepare
yourself for any other type of business. You should understand forex trading is a long journey where
you always learn and practice. Are you ready for this journey? Do you have time and willingness to
put a part of your life into this business? Actually not all people really want to spend much time and
probably money

1962 Topps Research Paper
The 1962 Topps Baseball card set outdid the size of all previous Topps releases with an enormous
offering of 598 cards. This sizable checklist, combined with a host of additional base card
variations, makes it a challenging set for collectors to complete. The cards measure the standard 2
1/2 by 3 1/2 inches with most of them being laid out in a vertical orientation. The set is easily
recognizable due to the distinct wood–grain styled background of the cards. The player image
appears on what is designed to look like a poster, as you can see from the curling of the lower right
corner of the player photo. The remaining portion of the background serves as an image border. The
player's name, team affiliation and position are detailed under the curled ... Show more content on
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The high–numbered cards can be very difficult to find, particularly those in the Rookie Parade
subset.
Loaded with future Hall of Fame players, a few of the key cards in the set are Sandy Koufax (card
#5), Roger Maris (#401), and Mickey Mantle (card #200). There is also a trifecta of noteworthy
rookie cards included in the set as well: Gaylord Perry (card #199), Boog Powell (card #99) and Lou
Brock (card #387).
The 1962 Topps Baseball contains several specialty subsets:
League Leaders: #51–60
Babe Ruth Tribute Series: #135–144
World Series Highlights: #232–237
In Action: #311–319
The Sporting News All–Stars: #466–475
Rookie Parade: #591–598
Wax packs of cards contained a unique insert in the form of a player stamp. Available in either a red
or yellow background, there are 200 stamps in the set. At the time, collectors could mail away for a
specially designed album in which to house the entire stamp collection. The cost for this value added
benefit in 1962 was just a

Employment and Line Management Essay
Conforming to productive working practices in the workplace Unit ref: – QCF642 1.1
Communication is a vital thing in the workshop, it is very important so that jobs are done
productively and correctly. If the communication in the workshop was poor mistakes would Begin
to take place and accidents could occur. 1.2 The different methods of communication to the line
management and colleagues are by talking to one another, team meetings, by telephone and even
letters. In busy circumstances its best to use the telephone as its time efficient instead of wondering
around searching for people. 1.3 The different methods of communication to my and colleagues are
by talking to one another, team meetings, by telephone, letters ... Show more content on
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3.2 I maintain my drawings and time sheets by keeping them in a locked draw. Time sheets are
required to be filled in and complete every week and has to be submitted on a Monday morning
before 8:00am. 3.3 If I do not ensure that my time sheets are not handed in on time, I will not get
paid at the end of the week. With my job sheets, if it's not complete within the given hours the
customer has to pay more as the labour cost raises. 4.1 I am very able to work productively to the
agreed specification and inline with the line management, colleagues and relevant people involved
by finding out if they are pleased with the work produced and the quality. 4.2 I find that everyone is
equal and that no one should be treated different. People tend to treat apprentices with less respect
than others as they are not qualified and think they are not capable. Apprentice or not, people should
not be treated different. 4.3 To maintain a good working relationship in my place of work I do the
work that is asked of me and in the required time and in a good quality. With individuals I get on
with them by being polite and cleaning after myself. 4.4 I think it's good to keep a good working
relation ship with the line management and colleagues as it doesn't make it a challenge to talk to
them or ask them for any information that is required. 4.5 Getting on with the line management and
other working colleagues is

Woolworths Ltd Doing the Right Thing
Doing the right thing | Sustainability Strategy 2007–2015
Doing the right thing. Contents 2 3 4 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 8 1 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 2 Foreword What
sustainability means to Woolworths Limited Our major commitments and targets Who is
Woolworths Limited? Our external engagement Engaging our people Our sustainability priorities
Climate change Water Sourcing Packaging Waste Green Stores Implementation and reporting
All of us, every day.
Foreword
Welcome to the Woolworths Limited Sustainability Strategy 007–015. Woolworths has been
around for over 80 years. We're proud of our history and reputation as a successful business. And we
know that the world is changing. We recognise that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In recent years, environmental sustainability has risen to become an everyday concern. The impact
of the current drought and extreme weather events such as Cyclone Larry on Australian fresh
produce supplies has brought into focus the effects that climate change will have on our business.
Paying attention to sustainability is about future–proofing our business.
It's about leadership.
We recognise that Woolworths can take a more prominent role in the debates around sustainability.
It is fair to say that Australian and New Zealand retailers have lagged behind companies in the
United Kingdom and Europe. So we are committed not just to contributing to the debate but to
taking specific, measurable actions to improve our performance. By virtue of our size, scale, and the
complexity of our business, Woolworths is a significant player in the Australian and New Zealand
economies. With that profile comes not only a responsibility to understand and manage our impacts,
but also a tremendous opportunity to achieve lasting and beneficial change that extends beyond our
own operations. We aim to move to a leadership position on sustainability.
It's about listening.
As our knowledge of the way in which human societies impact on the natural world develops,
society's expectations of corporate conduct have evolved. Quite rightly, our stakeholders expect us
to consider the broader, long–term implications of our operations as a part of our decision–making
processes.
It

An Integrated Energy And Environmental Management System...
The manager of an integrated energy and environmental management system is responsible for
allocating carbon–emission treatment amount to each carbon emitter within a multi–period horizon.
In a regional energy system, there are some limitations for total emission amounts set up by the
emission constraints in certain periods. If carbon emission is larger than the emission target, the
over–limit part should be treated by carbon mitigation facilities. In period k, carbon emission
amounts should be no more than the summation of carbon emission permit and the surplus credits
from previous period (k −1), in which surplus of emission credits are to be transferable to a
consecutive period (Li et al. 2012). Moreover, carbon emission inventory of different emitters may
vary from each period under the different operating condition, which can be expressed as a random
variable, the study system can be formulated through a MSP approach. Thus, in a MSP model for
carbon emission management system, the objective is to maximize system benefits while satisfying
the total carbon emission requirement. Specifically, the economic objective can be formulated as
follows: （1a） where are decision variables that are reflected in the objective function and
determined by the capacity of carbon capture measures.
During a certain period, there is a maximum limit for total carbon emission amount (1b) (1c)

The Crime Of White Collar Crime
Crime is such a general word, and describes a whole conundrum of activities that are seen as
unlawful. The oxford dictionary defines crime as an action of omission which constitutes an
offence and is punishable by law. There are many different types of crimes, and they are classified
based on the seriousness of the crime. Minor crimes/offences, for example a traffic offence, are
called misdemeanors. More serious crimes, like murder, are called felonies and are punishable by
more than a year in prison. When people hear the word crime, they most often associate it with a
dangerous, violent act. There are crimes that are not violent in nature, but are still considered
criminal acts because of their nature and their purpose. White–collar crime is one of those types of
crimes that are non–violent but have a great impact on its victims.
What is White–Collar Crime?
White–collar crime is generally identified as non–violent crimes that public officials and business
people commit predominantly for their own personal gain. Edwin Sutherland came up with the
term white–collar crime to explain the crimes that both middle class and upper class people
committed in the course of their business activities. White–collar crime is so often neglected as
crime, that many people don't even consider it as a crime until they are the victims. People don't
understand that the effects of white–collar crime are much higher than other crimes. If we look at it
from a monetary perspective, the costs

Insider Trading, Stock Market And Other Instruments
Introduction
When the global financial markets continue to expand, the derivatives, stock market and other
instruments continue to increase. In recent years, insider dealing as one form of trading that has
received considerable interest. The America was the first country to enact insider dealing regulation
and also continues to aim the regulation in the world. UK represent legal regime on insider trading
also takes the Directive of European Parliament into consideration. In this essay, first briefly point
out the basics concepts and the historical development about the laws of insider dealing in the USA
and the United Kingdom respectively and then evaluated the role of the criminal law in finance,
with reference to insider dealing rules ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus the regulation or law of Insider trading is strongly skewed towards US law.
In order to keep the fair behavior on the stock exchange market, the first regulation was adopted in
1934. It was a part of a New Deal era securities laws and was also an answer to the 1929 market
crash and subsequent depression. Meanwhile this Act were the protection of the investors engaged
and the maintenance of public confidence of the securities markets.
Most popular Rule 10b–5 promulgated by the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) pursuant
to the authority granted it by Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act, although insider trading
prohibition technically is grounded in the federal securities regulation statutes now. The SEC
adopted new rules which named 10b5–1 and 10b5–2 to resolve two insiders trading issues where the
courts have disagreed. Rule 10b5–1 provides that a person trades on the basis of material nonpublic
information if a trader is aware of the material non public information when making the purchase
or sale. Meanwhile, Rule 10b5–2 explains how the misappropriation theory applies where in rule
provides that a person receiving confidential information under circumstances specified in the rule
would owe a duty of trust or confidence and thus could be liable under this theory.
In 1961, the SEC applying a broad explanation of the provisions in the case of In re Cady Roberts
Co., held that these provisions could apply to any insider trading

The Price Of The Stock Market
These sentiments, as so dramatically expressed by an average American day trader, are endemic
among the men and women who endeavor to navigate the daily volatility that roils the markets. As
the demand for instantaneous results and better returns at less cost rises, investors' traditional
reliance on stockbrokers is waning, albeit slightly. The resulting stress from this shift in
responsibility from the broker to the individual is not always obvious, but almost certainly
inevitable. The stakes seem raised when any loss or gain comes as a direct result of the investor's
own actions. Instability in the markets often fuels a dizzying ride of ups and downs, and their
commensurate emotional highs and lows. Nevertheless, over the past decade, ... Show more content
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In 1971, the situation improved when America's first virtual stock exchange, or NASDAQ as it is
commonly known, was created. Although its potential was not immediately recognized by the
average American, NASDAQ's implementation created a whole new world of investing for the
small investor. Arguably the most notable of these historical financial changes occurred in 1975,
when Washington deregulated commission rates on brokerage accounts. The Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC) deemed standard commission rates to be illegal, and the result was
that discount brokers could offer reduced commission rates. Prior to the SEC's ruling, commission
rates were fixed at one percent. This shift in power opened a clear pathway for personal financing to
develop, as competitive rates offered investors more options. Since 1975 to the present, the
evolution of the markets has quickened and day trading has taken off, particularly in the last decade.
Day trading is now so popular that it has become a way of life for many Americans and often
consumes almost every aspect of daily life. Although this new found independence may be viewed
by many as a good thing, it is hardly recommended for the faint of heart. The SEC warns that, Day
trading is an extremely stressful and expensive full–time job. Day traders must watch the market
continuously during the day at their

Accounting Is The Preeminent And Complex Dialect Of Business
As an aftereffect of monetary, mechanized, and technological advancements, diverse concentrated
fields in accounting has developed, wherein accounting is the preeminent and complex dialect of
business. According to the Committee on Terminology of American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants (AICPA), Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a
significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are in part at least, of a
financial character, and interpreting the results thereof. To make it more simpler, accounting is the
act of recording, classifying, summarizing the monetary terms of the business in a substantial
manner in order to achieve the output that aids in decisions making process, creation of policies and
for the expansion of the entire organization. Currently, the accounting field of study has enhanced its
area from number crunching to the other relevant areas that influence the organizations in an
exceptionally remarkable manner. It is evident that the organizations are not just concerned in
finding the financial position of the business but as well the effect it exercises on the society all in
all. This has lead to the emergence of corporate social responsibility (Sustainability accounting)
wherein an organization is responsible not only for its financial outcomes but also how it deals with
the society, environment and the economy. Numerous studies have been performed keeping in mind
to develop certain

Carbon Pollution
As of mid–2017 it has been recorded that a concentration 407 parts per million of Carbon Dioxide
are present in the atmosphere. The current Carbon Dioxide concentration in our atmosphere is the
highest recorded in the past 20 million years and it is due to human activities; mainly fossil fuel
consumption and deforestation. This tremendous increase in malicious greenhouse gases in our
atmosphere has started to have a noticeable impact on our earth. These being increases, and
decreases in temperature throughout the planet and more constant and powerful natural disasters.
These effects have mobilized the efforts of governments throughout different continents to start
making significant change in the policies regarding climate change. carbon offsets, carbon trading
and cap and trade are concepts being implemented throughout countries with the intention of
limiting the amount of CO2 major industries are permitted of releasing. Although, these concepts
were created with upright intent, the industries that such concepts were created for have found ways
of corrupting these programs. This is because all three of the previous concepts have loopholes in
which a company can purchase the right to release as much carbon dioxide as they are willing to
spend for it. It is imperative to acknowledge that there are many defects with these concepts,
therefore people need to understand and require for improved guidelines against major companies
and their carbon dioxide footprints. Furthermore,

Insider Trading Is Unethical?
1. Insider trading is unethical. A person in entrusted to protect confidential information and is
expected to understand their responsibility to not divulge that information until such time as it is put
out in a public forum. If the information is not put out to the public, then it is that person's
responsibility and obligation to maintain the confidentiality of the information he is privy to. Insider
trading is also unfair because it gives someone an unfair advantage by having information ahead of
others. By disclosing information before it is the appropriate time, both the tipper and the tippee are
taking advantage of the business the information is about to further their own agenda and possibly
get a financial gain they would otherwise not be entitled to. Insider trading is stealing from a
company as mentioned in NPR's episode 671, An Insider Trader Tells All. It's taking something
that is not yours to have and doing so at the potential expense of others.
2. Possible stakeholders include the following:
a. The company(ies) whose shares are being traded with information that is not yet for public
consumption. The information getting out ahead of time is confidential and should not be disclosed
until the company wants it out there.
b. The individuals who may have otherwise purchased the shares of stock had the person not had
insider information to move sooner on the purchase or sale of the stock.
c. The holders of stock, who may have considered selling the shares

Advantages Of The Electronic Trading Platform Essay
Introduction
According to Zaloom (2003), Information technologies underpin traders' daily practices of
economic judgment by shaping the available informational resources Yet, the transition from
tradition face–to–face to electronic trading system continues at an extremely rapid rate. Accepting
the change is vital but what is more is that we deeply understand benefits and fully aware of
drawbacks of this shifts away. The first part of the essay highlights on the advantages of the
electronic trading platform, while the second focus potential disadvantages. The evaluation is based
primarily on four key premises: market accountability, price efficiency, information transparency
and users' experiences.
Advantages of ECNs
Traditionally, trading in any kind of exchanges involves traders continuously shouted out bids and
offers on the pit of a market. The task requires tremendous physical stamina and expertise that need
many years to practice. In this open–out–cry pit, traders who could attract the opposite side of the
deal have a great advantage over those who couldn't. Consequently, trading not only entangles one's
ability to make a decision, but also their ability to execute orders. The introduction of Electronic
Communication Networks or electronic trading systems that automatically match buy and sell at
specified price eliminates this discrepancy between traders ability to execute orders. Hence, more
accountable and fairer trading environment is created. Furthermore, ECNs

Insider Trading : The Illegal Practice Of Trading On The...
Introduction
Insider trading is defined as 'the illegal practice of trading on the stock exchange to one 's own
advantage through having access to confidential information'. Insider trading includes informing
others when you have any sort of information involving market trades that has not been made
available to the public, this is something that is unfair to other investors. It involves the deliberate
exploitation of sensitive price information, obtained through or by privileged relationships; which
gives someone the possession of confidential information because of some connection, allowing
them to use and information to make profit or avoid loss. This information would otherwise not be
obtained, and the financial gains would not have been met or losses would have incurred, had the
information not been illegally obtained to prevent such a situation from happening.
Legal Insider Trading
There is a legal way of insider trading that is acceptable by the United States Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC). This occurs when corporate insiders such as officers, directors, and
employees buy and sell stock in their own companies. When corporate insiders trade in their own
securities, they must report their trades to the SEC. In order to legally participate in this type of
insider trading, the insiders that wish to perform the trades must file Forms 3, 4, and 5 available
on the SEC website (Insider, 2013). Failure to follow this procedure could deem the

A Person 's Environment Is The Same Opportunity At The End...
Every person struggle is different. Some have worked sweat and tears for their achievements while
others have had things just handed to them and do not really know the struggle of hard work. Some
people work as hard as they can and at the end of the day, they still cannot seem to succeed, as they
would like to. They can work hard, live a good legal life, and yet still cannot make ends meet at the
end of the day. The film Trading places, and the Not everybody in America has the same
opportunity to be successful because one person's environment may be much rougher than another
person environment. A person's environment is a key factor in their success. A person born into
poverty is going to have a much harder time to get ahead than a person that is born into a wealthy
family or environment. It is as if they are already in a negative situation before they even have a
chance to begin life. A person born into poverty doesn't have that extra time to do homework at
home because they might have to be home taking care of other siblings while guardians are at work.
Sometimes they might not even be at home babysitting; they might have to get a job themselves
because the money situation is so tight at home. While a person born to a wealthier family has that
extra time to study, that person has the extra time to participate in extracurricular activities that
might be a key to success. They do not have to worry about little things, which allow them to
concentrate all of their time,

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Floor Trading
Floor trading is described as where traders or stockbrokers meet at a specific venue referred to as a
trading floor or pit to buy and sell financial instruments using open outcry method to communicate
with each other. These venues are typically stock or futures exchanges, where transactions are
executed by members of the latter financial products using specific language or hand signals. During
the 1980s and 1990s phone and electronic trading replaced physical floor trading in most exchanges
around the world. Technologies for recording, displaying, and memorizing price data opened up
ways of monitoring and analyzing market behavior which otherwise would not have been
possible. The accelerated expansion of computer technologies was preceded and encouraged by
regulatory involvement with data–recording, generally understood as the continuation of a longer
process of definitional transformations. This essay aims to analyze the advantages and disadvantages
of ECN platform compared with the traditional, face to face ... Show more content on
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By displaying only the price and size of an order, ECNs provide trader anonymity. Anonymity is
potentially important for informed institutional investors, because less informed traders may attempt
to copy their strategy. In addition, if other market participants can obtain prior or contemporaneous
knowledge of transactions, they may attempt to trade before the institutional investors can complete
their trades, a practice known as front running. In financial markets, any sort of front running or
information leakage is a serious concern. Other, however, argue that this is one of the principal
benefits of open outcry that traders can observe the behavior of other traders on the floor. For
example, by noting whether other traders have large buy or sell positions, a trader can infer the
future trading behavior of

The New Pokemon League Champion, Ash, And His Partner
No sooner did the new pokemon league champion, Ash, and his partner, Pikachu, get off off their
flight in Palot Town that they went to pay a visit to their old friend Professor Oak. It had been a long
time since they last spoke to each other. As they neared the house, Ash could see Oak 's lab in the
horizon. Whack! Ash was knocked forward by a sprinting figure with spiky hair who was also on his
way to Professor Oak's. The boy looked back and said, Later, Ash. It was Gary Oak, the
professor's grandson, and not one of Ash's favorite people. Ash never liked the way Gary bragged.
He seemed untrustworthy to Ash. Hey, Gary! Ash yelled as he started running after him. Ash
wanted Gary to stop and answer some questions. When they both arrived at the doorstep of
Professor Oak's lab, Gary rushed in saying he couldn't wait to tell his grandfather about meeting one
of the four elite members the Pokemon League from Kalos Region. Ash asked which member it
was. Gary said, I don't know, but his Pokemon were water types. It must have been Siebold, Ash
said in a perky voice and starting to feel excited for Gary. It's not everyday that someone has the
honor of meeting one of the elite. Ash said, I wondered where he went after I beat him. So, yeah, I
'm the new champion of the Kalos region. That's why I came to visit your grandfather, to tell him.
From across the room came the sound of the professor's voice. I heard there was a new champion in
Kalos, I just

The Effects Of Air Pollution On Hong Kong
Air pollution is a phenomenon that there are harmful materials in the earth's atmosphere. Worldwide
attention has been focused on air pollution in rapidly urbanizing cities since the Kyoto Protocol of
year in 1997. Hong Kong air pollution is one of the most serious over the world. Air pollution will
bring a lot of influence such as health and economic problem. There are more than 7 million
population in Hong Kong and this increase the requirement from different area such as
transportation which will worsen the air pollution. According to the statistic from Hong Kong
University of Science and Technology(2014), there are more than 6, 800, 000 family doctor visits
each year for respiratory problems which are caused by air pollution. The ... Show more content on
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It means they should improve their emissions equipment and it will increase the costs. On the other
hand, developing countries just need to take responsibility for the problem. It has increase the
inequality. That's why it is hard to solve it.
The first problem that is caused by the air pollution is about health problems. According to a text
from McGranachan (2012), there is a pollutant called particulate matter but also named black smoke
which is discharged by burning the fossil fuels. A classic example of the fuel is coal. It is used as
fuel for generate electricity in Hong Kong. This pollutant will affect our trachea or the respiratory
such as change in lung capacity or reactivity to Broncho– active challenges. According to the report
(Chan, 2009), there are 1,600 people died from pneumonia or lung diseases each year. Also, the
pollutants will pollute the crop and it will affect our health. More serious problems are lung cancer
and pulmonary hemorrhage. Furthermore, some of the pollutants will include the carcinogen which
will effect on cancer rates. There are the statistics that done by the HealthyHK, Department of
Health (2013) which are about the death rate due to the lung cancer. There are 3,867 people died
from lung cancer and it is accounting for 28.5% of all cancer deaths in 2013. These are the cases in
point to proof how serious of air pollution in Hong Kong.
Agriculture is not the main economy in Hong Kong but there are still some farmers in the

European Union ( Eu ) Action
2.2 European Union (EU) action
The EU was developing a particular system to mitigate CO2 and other GHG emissions. In 2005, the
EU establishes an effective system, which is EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) (European
Communities, 2013). The EU ETS considers as effective system to combat climate change and tool
to reduce CO2 and other GHG (European Communities, 2015).
The EU ETS has biggest and first main emissions trading in the world. This system includes 28
countries from the EU as well Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. This trading scheme puts price on
each ton of carbon emissions. As the CO2 emissions prices are high, thus encouraging to increase
investment with clean energy that reduce CO2 and GHG emissions. Beside, this system ... Show
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The EU ETS cap allowance gives the owner of company to emit one tone of CO2 (each allowance
can used only one time). Moreover, cap gives EU companies chance to buy or receive emissions
allowance if they want to trade. In addition, from 2013, the cap will be making change by reduce
emission about 1.74% every year from power plants and installations. That means GHG emission in
2020 will be reduce around 21% compared to 2005 (European Communities, 2013).
2.3 local responses
In light to local response for UK to mitigate CO2 emission and other GHG, it has established
Climate Change Act on 26 November 2008. These act aims to several legislation that helps to
manage and address climate change (GOV.UK, 2013 a). Therefore, the act works to achieve aims as
the following: First, make certain economic way to reduce emissions and reduce about 80% of GHG
by 2050 compared to 1990 (HM Government, 2011 GOV.UK, 2013 a). Second, providing clear
plan for industry to work effective in reduce emission by the act (GOV.UK, 2013 a).
Third, use EU ETS policy to provide large proportion to reducing emissions in the UK between the
2013 and 2020. Fourth, use 2050 Calculator by public and policy makers to choosing the
appropriate options to reduce emission and achieve the target of 2050 (GOV.UK, 2014). The 2050
Calculator is model that help policy–makers and public to choose the appropriate way for reducing
emissions

Insider Trading : Legal And Illegal Trading Essay
Insider trading can be defined in respect to both legal and illegal trading. The legal type is when
corporate insiders–officers, directors, and employees–buy and sell stock in their own
companies1.This type of investing is completely legal and usually encouraged by companies to have
their employees own their stock. The illegal side of insider trading refers generally to buying or
selling a security, in breach of a fiduciary duty or other relationship of trust and confidence, while in
possession of material, nonpublic information about the security.
Insider trading is something that comes up in the media every couple of years and can be confusing
to some who don't have a knack for finance related matters. However, for those who aren't familiar,
this type of trading has been happening for as long as companies have been traded publically.
Because there has to be a reason for something to be determined illegal in the United States from the
past, court rulings are usually made based on cases from the past which is referred to as stare
decisis2.With cases from the past like Strong v. Repide (1909) and Goodwin v. Agassiz (1933)
shaping our court decisions in the present, the legality of utilizing insider information for a profit is
still very unclear3. Even with monumental court decisions from the past as stated above, the
definition of an insider began to gain clarity in the 1930's. When the market fell in 1929, the
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was created shortly

Eco Fiscal Policies And Carbon Pricing Policies
In the second evening lecture, Elizabeth Beale spoke about eco–fiscal policies with a focus on
carbon pricing. According to Beale, increasing carbon emissions are not only harmful to the
environment but also create several negative externalities such as damaging crops and higher health
costs. For this reason, carbon pricing would help to shift these costs back to those who are
responsible. Beale proposes two options for carbon pricing,, a carbon tax or a cap–and–trade system.
A carbon tax is simpler as the government sets a price for greenhouse gas emissions. A cap–and–
trade system is more complex as allowable emissions are capped, and then the government
distributes emissions permits, which are tradable. Beale claimed that no one system is more superior
than the other, especially as the differences between the two get blurred as more jurisdictions are
adopting more blended systems. Beale concluded her lecture by looking at the current carbon
pricing policies implemented throughout Canada. In British Columbia, a carbon tax of $30/tonne
was implemented in 2008, which caused fuel use to drop by 16% from 2008 to 2013. In Quebec a
cap–and–trade system was implemented in 2012 that covered 85% of emissions with the goal to
reduce emissions to 25% below 1990 levels by 2020. However, despite the action on carbon pricing
in these provinces, the Atlantic Canadian provinces have yet to implement any type of policy. As a
neoliberalist, I would have to strongly disagree with Beale's

Global Warming And Terrorism : Terrorism
Global warming and terrorism are two transnational problems that states face in the 21st century.
Globalization has brought the attention of the entire world to come together to solve the issues of
collective goods for the betterment of mankind. The effects of man–made global warming and
terrorism – mainly suicide terrorism, are certainly challenges that call for solutions. When solving
terrorism, states must invest heavily in homeland security in order to send a powerful message
towards terrorist organizations. Cooperation and the ability to give up power and sovereignty from
every state government to use the tools at their disposal at the local, regional, and national level is
vital in solving such transnational problems. Education and ... Show more content on
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Australia is an example of how people can influence their leaders to make a difference – a
television, internet and radio campaign as well as over 250 people giving Al Gore's presentation all
across the country became the deciding factor for Australia's Prime Minister to change his position
on Kyoto. When states deal with international issues such as global warming – it's common for
accusations to be made rather than actions. For example, although the United States hasn't formally
accepted the Kyoto Protocols, they have been quick to judge China for its levels of pollution that
rank the worst globally. Needless to say, the U.S. has failed to make meaningful impact themselves
and rank second worst (Union of Concerned Scientists). States need to begin to work together and
come to the understanding that the environment is a collective good considering everyone uses it
and is responsible for taking care of it (Miller 2016, Module 13). States would benefit from a
cleaner environment regardless of the sacrifices made in the form of short term negative economic
effects caused by industrialization, new technologies and individual economies that depend on them,
overall we would see reduced greenhouse gas emissions (Goldstein and Pevhouse 2014, 312).
During his TED talk, Al Gore says we can mobilize resources and political will. But the political
will has to be mobilized in order to mobilize the resources (Al Gore Module 12). When
superpowers such as

The And Gas Exploration Corporation
Frankie Yankovich, who is a registered securities broker employed by Blanche Carte INC., made
statements to potential investors that he had inside information about GLUT. GLUT is an Oil Gas
Exploration Corporation whose stock was traded in the over–the–counter market. The statements
made by Yankovich include (1) that vast amounts of gold had been discovered in Yukatan and that
GLUT had options on thousands of acres in the gold–producing regions of Yukatan, (2) the
discovery was not publicly known, but would be subsequently announced, and (3) when this
information was made public, GLUT stock would increase to $10.00 to 415.00 within a short period
of time and might increase to $100.00 per share within a year.
When these potential ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A decentralized market, without a central physical location, where market participants trade with
one another through various communication modes such as the telephone, email and proprietary
electronic trading systems. In an OTC market, dealers act as market makers by quoting prices at
which they will buy and sell a security or currency. A trade can be executed between two
participants in an OTC market without others being aware of the price at which the transaction was
effected, making an OTC market much less transparent than exchanges. OTC markets are also
subject to fewer regulations. OTC markets are primarily used to trade bonds, currencies, derivatives
and structured products.
Over the counter markets are less transparent because of the nature of the sale. Securities are sold
quite literally over the counter, behind closed doors, with a negotiated price that are not on the listed
exchange. There are also less regulations and usually deal with smaller companies that do not fit the
normal regulations to be listed on the exchange.
Moving forward, the investors are are using Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act as their
main defense. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 was created to provide governance of securities
transactions on the secondary market and regulate the exchanges and broker–dealers in order to
protect the investing public. All companies that are listed on stock exchanges must follow these

Mark Cuban and Sec
Mark Cuban was offered that the Web search engine named Mamma.com was going to offer $16.6
million worth of new shares to private institution and other qualified investors. The information
about PIPEs is material since it's not yet publicly announced and that info could affect the
shareholders' behaviors. 1. Why didn't the SEC accuse Mark Cuban of traditional illegal insider
trading, considering he was the largest, individual shareholder of Mamma.com?
Even though the information about PIPEs was material inside information, Mark Cuban was not
accused as traditional insider information. To qualify as traditional insider trading, there must
involve true insiders buying or selling the company's stock based on material inside information. ...
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SEC alleged that Mark Cuban violated misappropriate insider trading. To be qualified as
misappropriate insider trading, an individual wrongfully obtains (misappropriates) inside
information and trades on it for her or his personal benefit. In this case, Cuban actually traded his
shares based on the material inside information he was told and saved him $750,000 in losses.
Wrongful misappropriation means violation of a fiduciary duty.
The Court found that Cuban had not misappropriated any material non–public information
because he had not violated a legal duty to refrain from trading. Cuban had not promised that he
would not trade after learning about a PIPE offering. The judge also said that the SEC failed to show
that Cuban undertook a legal duty to not use the information he learned from those two phone calls
with Mamma.com representatives. Mark Cuban did not have any fiduciary duty to not act upon the
information. The Mamma.com CEO asked Cuban to keep their conversation confidential. However,
that didn't prove that Cuban had a legal duty to Mamma.com that would prohibit him from selling
his shares based on what he was told. He just promised to not disclose the information to the others,
not promised to not act upon what someone told him.
Besides, there was no evidence that he actually agreed that day to keep anything confidential. He
never agreed on the phone that he would

Underlying Problems of the Kyoto Protocol
For the past years, global warming and climate change became important issues of science and the
environment. However, with the realization of the possible threats it poses to humankind in general,
global warming gained international significance. Climate change is a global problem that requires a
global response embracing the needs and interests of all countries (Boer, 2008). Countries around
the world, convinced by the threats of the global warming, choose to act hand–in–hand to face to the
issue. United Nations, the pioneering organization that resolves international conflicts, organized the
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in July 1992. The
conference, organized a series of talks to create a treaty whose goal is to stabilize greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference
with the climate system. It resulted in the creation of the United Nations Framework on Climate
Change Commission (UNFCCC), the first step of the international community in mitigating
greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The Convention enjoys near universal membership, participated
by 195 states. By considering global warming as a multilateral issue that knows no territorial
boundaries, the treaty asks the cooperation of the participating states in combating the issue. The
framework, although a very significant step in mitigating global warming, failed to accomplish its
targets because of its inadequate

Climate Change In Canada Essay
Introduction:
The Western existence of modernization, especially technological and industrial development,
economic growth, material prosperity, urbanization, and democracy, has been built upon a long line
of industrial capitalism, an economic system predicated on the accelerating extraction and
consumption of fossil fuels for energy (Clark York, 2005). A major unintended consequence of
the use of fossil fuels is an increase in the average temperature of the earth; known as global
warming or climate change. Recognizing and responding to climate change, arguably the most
challenging social problem of the modern era (Giddens, 2009), thus poses a fundamental critique of
continued modernization processes around the world (Freudenburg, 2003). Climate change is a
major issue that affects all life across the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The following paper will provide an overview of Canada's current climate change policy, under the
Trudeau administration. Then, an overview of the climate change policy for the Trump
administration will be introduced. Finally, Canada's options in the face of these circumstances will
be introduced, along with the decision that should be made for Canada's future policy on climate
change.
Climate Change in Canada:
Ontario has its own creative and effective strategies to combat climate change. One of Ontario's goal
is a low–carbon future. To accomplish this the province started making carbon reductions in 1990
and are on track to reduce carbon emissions by 15% in 2020, 37 per cent in 2030 and 80 per cent in
2050 (Climate Change Action Plan, 2017). Ontario's target of reducing emissions by 6% was met on
schedule in 2014 (Climate Change Action Plan, 2017). One of the reasons this has been made
possible is because of Ontario's investment in carbon reduction. For example, in 2015 Ontario
committed $325–million payment to Ontario's Green Investment Fund to support programs that help
households and businesses implement

Theu.s. S P 500
The signs are everywhere; America's trust in the market has been wavering for the last several years.
The SP 500 has dropped to the lightest trading volume over the last 15 years. This decade there
has been many notable financial events which have had crushing effects on the nations' trust in the
market. Just in case you forgot there was the 2000 dot.com bubble burst, 2001 September 11th
attack, 2007 Sub–prime housing bubble, 2008 collapse of Wall Street, and we are still in an active
war in Iraq. After reading several reviews the tragic events are not the ones that currently haunt the
investors and violate their trust. Even after all of the turmoil, several individual investors are still
more afraid of the complicated algorithms and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stock Exchange was formed trading equities auctions style. The market was in good health and
around 1930 the traditional way stocks was to research them using fundamental–analysis, which
analyzed a company's health by examining their historical metrics. This changed in 1951, Harry
Markowitz applied mathematical concepts to the market, which helped create algorithms that could
calculate several different stocks simultaneously. By the early 1970s the markets started moving
away from the traditional auctions to Electronic Communication Networks *. Algorithm trading
presents series of problems, a few for each side of the playing field, so individuals are not safe
playing with them or against them. The first couple of problem with using algorithms to trade is
program failure. Algorithms are tested using historical data, the reason this is a problem is because
the market is always changing. Just because your parameters work on the historical data, does not
guarantee success in the future. This is an extremely competitive field and this type of technology is
constantly changing. These complex equations are always being built to exploit in the competitor's
current model. Depending on the platform the algorithm could reside on the network sever or an
individual computer. If the equation resides on the computer, then it must constantly be connected to
the internet or else the algorithm will

A Summary On The Executive Summary
Executive summary Name Course Institution Tutor Date Introduction The executive summary has
the purpose of putting all the documents together while polishing the ideas to be discussed in the
document wholly. The executive summary from any document also gives a brief summary and
questions how specific numbers in the whole research document are derived. It also gives a brief
overview of the whole research in question while giving the histories of the research in question. It
is usually the first thing in a report after the content page is written in a report. In the executive
summary too, the recommendations and conclusions are usually given which enables the reader to
gain a full understanding of what the report is all about without having to skip all through the whole
thing. Background The climatic changes which are considered globally have catered a lot in
redefining policies. Most of the human activities usually produce a lot greenhouse gases, which
include the carbon (IV) oxide. These gases usually accumulate in the atmosphere, creating an ozone
layer which has a great impact on the climatic conditions of the earth. The size of those changes and
damages in the atmosphere has remained very uncertain, but the estimate of the problems which are
caused is very high. Re4ducing the green house effects is beneficial in the limitations on the degree
of the damages which are caused by those gases in the atmosphere. Although it has benefits, it has
costs which

Essay on 16 Day Coursebook BOWS
Bulls on Wall Street
16 Day Trading Bootcamp
Do Not Cite, Copy, or Distribute Without Permission
Copyright © 2012 Bulls on Wall St. – All Rights Reserved
Contents
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Chapter 2 – Technical Analysis
Value of Technical Analysis
Understanding the Dynamics of an Auction Market
How to Follow the Flow of Money
Chapter 3 – Charting Basics
Chart Setup
Price/Volume Relationship
Intraday vs. Daily Charts
Chapter 4 – Understanding Market Cycles
Accumulation
Run–up
Distribution
Run–down
Chapter 5– Define Your Trading Style
Daytrading
Swingtrading
Position Trading
Which type of trader are you?
Chapter 6 – Support and Resistance Trading
The dynamics of support and resistance
Types of support/resistance
Daily support/resistance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I believe that all people are meant to do something special and that everyone has a talent or a knack
for something where they can be extraordinary. The key is to find it and embrace it. Its a sad thing to
see so many people muddle through their lives just living to work, putting in their time and doing
just enough to get by and making just enough to survive. So many people go through life and never

find that one thing that moves them, that inspires them and gives meaning to their career. Other
times I see people that do have a passion for something but are just to afraid to go after it. They are
afraid to fail or that they won't be able to support themselves if they follow their dreams. That fear
hangs over them for a long time before they finally let their dream be extinguished and then just live
a life of regret. Most people never regret the risks they take in life, but they often regret the risks
they
DIDN'T take. I took that risk and it changed my life forever. I'm not only able to take care of my
family and spoil them rotten, but I am able to live my life on my own terms and under my own
rules. If you're like me and dream about the markets at night and on Sunday get goosebumps of
excitement from the mark opening in a few hours...if you sit at your cubicle hating your job and
your boss as the only thing you want to be doing is trading, then this class is going to be the tool that
gets you where

Essay about Kyoto Protocol
After ten days of tough negotiations, ministers and other high–level officials from 160 countries
reached an agreement this morning on a legally binding Protocol under which industrialized
countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2%. The agreement aims to
lower overall emissions from a group of six greenhouse gases by 2008–12, calculated as an average
over these five years. (UNFCCC, 2011)
In December of 1997, 160 countries gathered in Kyoto, Japan to agree upon a Protocol that will curb
emissions and hopefully restore emission levels to pre–industrial numbers. This Protocol is the
Kyoto Protocol established by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Control. It is
widely believed that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The atmospheres absorption of this energy helps keep our average global temperature at an ideal
level for life. Notably important is the temperature of our oceans. Our oceans are compared to a sink
for carbon dioxide, in that they hold much of the carbon dioxide that would otherwise be in the
atmosphere (Wikipedia, 2011). As the temperature of the oceans rise, they absorb less and less
carbon dioxide. Thus increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and increasing the
global mean temperature, creating a snowball like effect, that would be nearly impossible to reverse.
To prevent this catastrophe the Kyoto Protocol was established as a global legally binding
agreement (Wikipedia, 2011). The objective of this agreement was to provide financing for
developing countries. The financial aid would go towards new technologies to help these countries
develop in a more sustainable manner. The Protocol also hoped to install mechanisms that report,
verify, and review the carbon emissions of each country. Lastly, the countries that helped create the
Kyoto Protocol wanted it to be a legally binding agreement that had consequences for countries who
failed to meet their emission target. The Kyoto Protocol was established as a part of the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Control (UNFCCC). All parties that are

Framing Climate Change As An Issue Of Sustainable Development
Framing climate change as an issue of sustainable development also has positive impacts for the
governance of adaptation measures. It has been recognized that mitigation efforts have not sufficed
to stop or even minimize the damage of global warming, with experts agreeing that the INDCs will
not reach the intended reduction target of 2 degrees (International Energy Agency 2015). This has
been argued to be the result of a 'top–down' approach that centers on nation states making
international treaties concerning climate change (Harris 2012: 285). This is often unsuccessful
because, not only do states have competing interests, but this approach divorces the problem from
important economic issues (O'Brien 2006: 3) However, the discourse of sustainable development
recognizes that the causes and effects of climate change are integral to all aspects of global society.
This entails that climate change policy is not only environmental but is also concerned with
decisions concerning aid lending, energy markets, and such decisions, are not only made by states
but by corporate bodies, but also by civil society and the everyday person (Bulkely and Newell
2010: 106).
There has been a clear lack of leadership and direction within the global community prioritizing
climate change. Transnational corporations, especially those concerning the energy sector, are huge
contributors to the problems associated with climate change. Yet these corporations are extremely
politically powerful, such

Environmental Consequences Of The Green Economy
Environmental assets are subject to over–consumption and exploitation, resulting in environmental
damage because of the absence of an economic value associated with them (Wood, 2011). Since
these environmental assets or ecosystem services are not owned, or lack price tags, there is no
economic incentive to protect them. This brings forth an important dichotomy between the
environment and the economy. The economic and environmental challenges we face today are of
great concern for subsequent generations and unless urgent action is initiated, the consequences
could unfold with the daunting prospect of a long and deep recession – with increasing
unemployment rates and decreasing output – and an even greater ecological catastrophe (Wilson,
2013; Wood, 2011). The green economy poses a solution that tackles both these challenges together
by safeguarding environmental protection through the creation of markets for ecosystem services
which, in turn, can benefit the economy. This paper will discuss some of the benefits and problems
arising from the idea of a green economy and look at the example of the carbon market to assess
whether it achieves meaningful environmental protection or is just another ploy that fails to achieve
real solutions that protect the environment or reduce the effects of climate change. 2. What is the
Green Economy? Canada's future economy will be a green economy. But getting there will
require a transformation in various aspects of our economic lives that

United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change
From melting glaciers to devastating storms and stranded polar bears, the mascots of climate change
show how rapidly the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) are changing the planet. Such examples, in
addition with the rising price of energy, drive people to want to reduce consumption and lower their
personal shares of global emissions. In the 1990s, almost every member state of the United Nations
resolved to confront global warming and manage its consequences. Thus the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) international treaty recognized a unified
resolve to curb global warming. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol strengthened the convention. The
process of cutting the carbon is a complex business and not all hybrid design would be a success in
regard to uncertainties and political lobbying involved. The regulation of the government,
participation of the industry and other participants can make the system effective over a certain time
span.
Carbon trading, often called emissions trading (ET), is a market–based tool to limit GHG. The
carbon market trades emissions under cap–and–trade schemes (CTS) or with credits that pay for or
offset GHG reductions. The scheme 's governing body begins by setting a cap on allowable
emissions. It then distributes or auctions off emissions allowances that total the cap. Member firms
that do not have enough allowances to cover their emissions must either make reductions or buy
another firm 's spare credits. Members with extra

The Economic Impact Of The Introduction Of Eu Ets

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