2. Enlightenment (c. 1660-1790)
An intellectual movement in France and other parts of
Europe that emphasized the importance of reason, progress,
and liberty.
The Enlightenment, sometimes called the Age of Reason, is
primarily associated with nonfiction writing, such as essays
and philosophical treatises.
Major Enlightenment writers include Thomas Hobbes, John
Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and René Descartes.
3. Neoclassicism (c. 1660-1798)
A literary movement, inspired by the rediscovery of
classical works of ancient Greece and Rome, that
emphasized balance, restraint, and order. Neoclassicism
roughly coincided with the Enlightenment, which espoused
reason over passion. Notable neoclassical writers include
Edmund Burke, John Dryden, Samuel Johnson, Alexander
Pope and Jonathan Swift.
4. Sturm und Drang (1770s)
German for “storm and stress,” this brief German literary
movement advocated passionate individuality in the face of
Neoclassical rationalism and restraint. Goethe’s The
Sorrows of Young Werther is the most enduring work of
this movement, which greatly influenced the Romantic
Movement.
5. Romanticism (c. 1798-1832)
A literary and artistic movement that reacted against the
restraint and universalism of the Enlightenment. The
Romantics celebrated spontaneity, imagination,
subjectivity, and the purity of nature. Notable English
Romantic writers include Jane Austen, William Blake, Lord
Byron, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Percy Bysshe
Shelley and William Wordsworth. Prominent figures in the
American romantic movement include Nathaniel
Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Edgar Allen Poe, Williams
Cullen Bryant, and John Greenleaf Whittier.
6. Transcendentalism (c. 1835-1860 )
An American philosophical and spiritual movement, based
in New England, that focused on the primary of the
individual conscience and rejected materialism in favor of
closer communion with nature. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s
“Self-Reliance” and Henry David Thoreau’s Walden are
famous transcendentalist works.
7. Five Main Romantic Themes in
American Literature
Intuition (“the truth of the heart”) is more trustworthy than
reason.
To express deeply felt experience is more valuable than to
elaborate universal principles.
The individual is at the center of life and God is at the center
of the individual.
Nature is an array of physical symbols from which knowledge
of the supernatural can be intuited.
We should aspire to the ideal –to change what is to what
ought to be.
8. Pre-Raphaelites (c. 1848-1870)
The literary arm of an artistic movement that drew
inspiration from Italian artists working before Raphael
(1483-1520). The Pre-Raphaelites combined sensuousness
and religiosity through archaic poetic forms and medieval
settings. William Morris, Christina Rossetti, Dante Gabriel
Rossetti, and Charles Swinburne were leading poets in the
movement.
9. Romantic Characteristics
1. Emphasis upon subjective emotion and spontaneity
2. Love of one’s own national literature and literary forms
3. Wild, exuberant writing dealing with unexpected, exotic
and foreign topics
4. Objects contrasted with each other and arranged
asymmetrically
5. Love of the country and nature
10. Nationalism
One of Romanticism’s key ideas is the assertion of
nationalism, which became a central theme of Romantic art
and political philosophy. From the earliest parts of the
movement, with their focus on development of national
languages and folklore, and the importance of local customs
and traditions, to the movements which would redraw the
map of Europe and lead to calls for self-determination of
nationalities, nationalism was one of the key vehicles of
Romanticism, its role, expression and meaning.
11. Neoclassical Elements
Formal essay
History book
Rhyming couplet
Discipline
Law
Tradition
Aristocrats
Conservatives
Even-tempered
Reserved
Formal portraits
Romantic Elements
Mythical story
Ode
Supernatural tale
Democracy
Freedom
Revolution
Commoners
Liberals
Melancholic
Outspoken
Landscapes
12. True wit is Nature to advantage
drest,
What oft was thought, but ne’er so
well expressed;
Something whose truth convinced at
sight we find,
That gives us back the image of our
mind.
-Alexander Pope,
An Essay on Criticism, Part 2,
11. 297-300
13. …Then a wish,
My last and favourite aspiration,
mounts
With yearning tow’rds some philo-
sophic Song
Of Truth that cherishes our daily
life;
With meditations passionate, from
deep
Recesses in man’s heart, immortal
verse
Thoughtfully fitted to the Orphean
lyre…
-William Wordsworth,
The prelude
Book 1, 11. 227-233
21. Gothic Literature
It was an offshoot of Romantic Literature.
Gothic Literature was the predecessor of modern
horror movies in both theme and style.
Gothic Literature put a spin on the Romantic idea of
nature worship and nature imagery.
Along with nature having the power of healing, Gothic
writers gave nature the power of destruction.
Frankenstein is full of the harsh reality of nature. Many
storms arise in the novel, including storms the night the
Creature comes to life.
The most common feature of Gothic Literature is the
indication of mood through the weather.
22. The Byronic Hero
This idea is based on the personality of George Gordon,
Lord Byron who was a stormy, sensitive, fiercely proud
man.
The Byronic Hero is a mysterious, somewhat exotic
creature whose passionate intensity cuts him off from
others.
They suffer from profound yearnings that are beyond the
comprehension of lesser persons.
Aware of their superiority, these Byronic Heroes are
frequently aloof, sometimes sullen.
They show disdain for the petty regulations of society.
They are sometimes imprisoned or become voluntary
exiles, living examples of the restless spirit of the
Romantics.
