A New Evolutionary Technique Big Bang Big Crunch Optimization

A New Evolutionary Technique Big Bang Big Crunch Optimization
In previous chapters, the advantages and disadvantages of several modulation methods for
multilevel converter have been summarized. In this chapter Fourier series and harmonic elimination
theory is discussed briefly to derive the transcendental equations for the fundamental frequency
switching method for multilevel inverter. In the second part of this chapter a new evolutionary
technique Big Bang–Big Crunch optimization is used for solving the transcendental equations for
the fundamental frequency switching method for multilevel inverters.
There are numerous methods which are as follows like (SPWM) First Sinusoidal Pulse Width
Modulation, (MCPWM)Second, Multi–Carrier Pulse Width Modulation and (SHE–PWM) and
Selective Harmonic Elimination Pulse Width Modulation which are implemented for harmonic
elimination specially in multilevel inverter. (MCPWM)Multi–Carrier Pulse Width Modulation
strategies are widely used, because they can be easily implemented to low voltage modules.
Normally MCPWM can be classified and categorized as Level Shifted PWM (LS–PWM) and Phase
Shifted PWM (PS–PWM) methods. (LS–PWM) Level Shifted PWM are characterized into three
which are Firstly ,Phase Disposition Technique (PD), secondly ,Phase Opposition Disposition
Technique (POD) thirdly Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition Technique (APOD) [45] [46]
[47].
For the systems where high switching efficiency is needed, it is required and desirable to keep
switching frequency much lower. In this state,
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Pendulum Lab
UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Point Lisas Campus, Esperanza Road, Brechin
Castle, Couva, Trinidad, W.I.
Program: National Engineering Technician Diploma Course code: ENSC 110D Class: Petroleum
Lab Title: Pendulum with a yielding support Instructor: Mrs. Sharon Mohammed Full time Name:
Kirn Johnson Student ID: 58605 Date: 28/10/2012 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This could be prevented if the person who is counting the oscillations also times them themselves.
Objectives 1. To conduct a lab experiment for the oscillations of a pendulum with a yielding support
2. investigate the simple pendulum 3. To prove that the distance (m) is directly proportional to
period.
Theory
Theory states that T and d are related by the equation: T2 = kd3+ (4π2 l)/g where g is the
acceleration of free fall and k is a constant.
Apparatus and Material:
1. Stop clock
2. Hacksaw blade
3. String
4. Pendulum
5. Clamps holding blade
6. Table
Procedure/Method 1. The length of the string holding the bob was recorded
2. The time taken for the pendulum to complete 20 oscillations was found and recorded. 3. The
position of the plate was adjusted and the previous step was repeated 3 times for 6 different
distances. 4. An average was found based on these 3 values. 5. Values for T2 and d3 were calculated.
Results/data
Analysis/ Discussion
The average was taken to increase accuracy = (31.50+31.47+31.44)3 = 94.413 = 31.47s

The time for one oscillation was found by dividing the amount of oscillations (20) done by the time
taken for them= 31.4720 = 1.57s
The taking 2 points from the graph, (11.8 x 10–3, 2.45), (7 x 10–3, 2.36)
Gradient= y2– y1x2– x1

The City Harmonic Essay
The City Harmonic: The band uniting the Church through music
By Jessica Morris
The City Harmonic is not your average church worship band. For one, the four members based in
Hamilton, Ontario attend different churches. This then, is why their commitment to expressing unity
and crossing denominational boundaries is so prominent on their album WE ARE.
"We've always felt like we're a little bit different than the typical model of a worship band and have
always sensed that our roots in a cross–denominational movement of church unity has shaped us in
very profound ways." Shares bass player Eric Fusilier.
As the churches in their hometown came together, they witnessed the birth of TrueCity, a movement
uniting churches in the region as they met, prayed and helped non–profits in their ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finding common ground with each other, the finished product is a sound that encompasses the styles
and worship of varying churches and denominations.
"We've together sought a sense of "common tradition" and have had to look at what we do together
as a way of bridging Christian expressions of worship throughout the ages in an indigenous way,"
explains Dummer. "If we're going to recognize that we belong to a body that has stretched across
time and space in Jesus, we have to then also recognize that we stand on the shoulders of giants and
are tasked with speaking and translating the expressions of our brothers and sisters in the language
of the

Investigating The Investigation Minerals Show Raman Bands...
3. Results The investigated minerals show Raman bands between 375 and 50 cm–1 (Figs. 1–4, Table
1), where the cut–off value of the employed Raman notch and edge filters determine the low–energy
limit. The Raman bands in the boulangerite spectra occur in the vibrational region between 375 and
50 cm–1 (Fig. 1, Table 1), with no additional bands in higher or lower wavenumber regions.
Boulangerite spectra are characterized by a very strong band at 335 cm–1 and reveal thirteen strong,
medium, weak to very weak bands (Fig. 1). For jamesonite spectra (Figs. 2, Table 1), the bands
occur in the spectral region between 375 and 50 cm–1 with no additional bands at higher
wavenumber regions. Jamesonite Raman spectra are characterized by a very intense band at 326
cm–1 and strong bands at 277, 236 and 173 cm–1 (Fig. 2). Band fitting of the jamesonite spectra
reveals eighteen very strong to very weak bands and shoulders (Fig. 2). In robinsonite, the bands
occur between 350 and 50 cm–1 with no additional bands in lower or higher vibrational regions
(Figs. 3, Table 1). The robinsonite spectra are characterized by a very strong band at 209 cm–1. Two
wavenumber regions can be easily distinguished in the robinsonite spectra. In the first region (350 –
275 cm–1), five sharp distinct strong to weak bands are readily observed (Fig. 3). In the region
below 275 cm–1, eleven very strong to weak bands occur (Fig. 3). A band fitting reveals all together
16 bands (Table 1). Figure 4 shows the Raman

Device that Can Process the Output of a Guitar Pickup and...
The objective of this project is to design and created a device that can process the output of a guitar
pickup and automatically tune the guitar to the desired overall tuning. The core principles of the
projects would be a device that is built exclusively for tuning a guitar. The device developed from
the current project should be both gentle and durable. When the user strums all six strings together,
the vibrations are detected by a piezoelectric sensor which utilizes an algorithm to determine each
strings fundamental frequency. The tuning peg is then turned by a servo, which is controlled by a
microcontroller, to adjust the tension until the desert are detected by a piezoelectric sensor which
utilizes an algorithm to determine each strings fundamental frequency.
Since our turning device developed from this project should be compatible with all types of electric
guitar, my specific contributions to the project deals with system design, experimental analysis and
problem solving. I come up with the hardware design. Like we said before, there are other devices
out there such as Tropical Tune's Self Tuning system, so the signal processing part of our design has
proven durable. The problem we encounter the most is the one deals with actual hardware, in this
case the displacement of six tuning pegs of the different kind of guitars. The copper wire design that
allows for multiple–string tuning and is lightweight, which makes this a convenient, easy to carry
tuning device. The

Frequency Response Characteristics of a System
In a research article [9], the frequency response characteristics of the system can be altered when the
harmonic distortion levels are not within the acceptable limits through changing sizes or locations of
the capacitor, by changing source characteristics, or by design a harmonic filter. Filters are the most
common solution as it can provide reactive power support at the fundamental frequency and a low
impedance path for one or more harmonic current components to flow. The filter elements must be
specifically designed to withstand the harmonic components along with the fundamental frequency
voltages and currents. Common method for filter design is by utilizing one single–tuned shunt filter
first, designed for the lowest generated harmonic (typically 5th) and it is advisable to use capacitors
with a higher voltage rating than the system. Determine the voltage distortion level at the bus. The
commonly applied limit of 5% (total harmonic distortion – THD) was presented in IEEE Standard
519–1981. If required, determine if the harmonic current levels meet IEEE Standard 519–1992. If
not, there may be a need for multiple filters (i.e., 5th and 7th). Vary the filter elements according to
the specified tolerances and check its effectiveness. Lastly, by checking the frequency response
characteristic to verify that the newly created parallel resonance is not close to a generated harmonic
frequency (i.e., the 7th harmonic filter may create a new 5th harmonic resonance). The article

Different Methods For Harmonic Distortion
INTRODUCTION
Different detection methods for harmonic distortion already exist, but the following shortage make
them did not reflect fully the influence of harmonic on distribution system [4]: Don't consider the
progressive effect of harmonic current on the energy dissipation in distribution system. Don't
distinguish the direction of harmonic distortion. Does the customer with nonlinear Loads pollutes
the distribution system or the utility background harmonic pollutes the customer with linear loads?
Harmonics represents a financial lamb to customers who do not generate them, so the harmonic
distortion penalty should be inclusive in a utility's rate structure.
In the present, the tariff of the electrical energy is based on the traditional concepts of active,
reactive, and apparent power, and related power factor. These concepts are well defined for
sinusoidal conditions. Unfortunately, in non sinusoidal conditions, these traditional definitions of
power component are not reliable anymore.
The paper concerns with this matter, and aims towards the development of an adequate method
dealing with the possibility of determining the responsibility of the harmonic distortion through
billing quantities . The authors have presented some research that established the idea of this paper,
as follows: The definitions of power components under non sinusoidal conditions in Ref. [2], which
include some parameters for the correct attribution of responsibility between customers and

Harmonic Optimization Of Multilevel Converters Using Big...
Harmonic Optimization of Multilevel Converters Using Big Bang–Big Crunch Optimization
Method
Dr.H.R.Kamath Mr.Pawan Pandey
Dept. of electrical engineer Dept.of electrical engineering
Manipal University Malwa Institute of Technology
Karnataka, India Indore,India
Iti Mahashabde
Dept. of electrical engineer
Malwa Institute of Technology
Indore, India
Abstract–This paper proposes a method for optimization of the harmonic performance of CHB
inverter under Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM modulation (SHEPWM) control. The
proposed optimization techniques are used to solve the set of non–linear transcendental
trigonometrical equations. SHE were implemented to reduce the THD value. The set of non–linear
transcendental equation is minimized by proposed Big Bang–Big Crunch optimization technique.
The proposed topology is suitable for any number of levels. In this paper third, fifth, seventh and
ninth level harmonics have been eliminated. Simulation work is done in MATLAB software and
experimental results have been presented to validate the theory.
Keywords–Cascaded Multilevel Inverter, selective harmonic elimination, Big Bang–Big Crunch
Optimization Technique. Introduction
Multilevel inverters have ability to generate low switching frequency high quality output waveforms
with several high voltages and high power applications. The general structure of the multilevel
converter to synthesize a

Harmonic Analysis : Harmonic Suppression Techniques
Overview of Harmonic Suppression Techniques in an Inverter Induced Harmonics
Abstract– This paper provides an explanation of the various harmonic mitigation techniques
available to solve harmonic problems due to inverter operation in three phase power systems. As
number of harmonic mitigation techniques are now available including active and passive methods,
and the selection of the best–suited technique for a particular case can be a complicated decision–
making process. A classification of the various available harmonic mitigation techniques is
presented in this paper aimed at presenting a review of harmonic mitigation methods to researchers,
designers, and engineers dealing with power distribution systems.
Keywords– Reactors for inverter; High power factor converter; Power factor improving capacitor;
Transformer multi–phase operation; AC filter; Active filter
I. INTRODUCTION
A harmonic source can be any type of equipment where a distorted–wave current flows through an
application with a sine–wave commercial–power–supply voltage. The converter circuit (rectifying
circuit) of an inverter is no exception. These do not usually upset the end–user electronic equipment
as much as they overload neutral conductors and transformers and, in general, cause additional
losses and reduced power factor [1–5]. Large industrial converters and variable speed drives on the
other hand are capable of generating significant levels of distortion at the point of common coupling
(PCC),

A Study On Hybrid System
CHAPTER 2
LITREATURE REVIEW
2. 1 Literature Overview
The following literature survey for the current report consists of various papers on hybrid system
published in the IEEE conferences and the journals. The conclusions and explanation is also
described
2.2 Early Developments
2.2.1 Comparison of simulation results of three level & five level H–bridge multilevel inverter by
mamta N. kokate
The conventional two levels Inverter have many limitations for high voltage and high power
application. Multilevel inverter becomes very popular for high voltage and high power application.
The multilevel inverter is started with the three level converters. The elementary concept of a
multilevel converter to achieve higher power to use a series of power semiconductor switches with
several lower voltage dc source to perform the power conversion by synthesizing a staircase voltage
waveform. However, the output voltage is smoother with a three level converter, in which the output
voltage has three possible values. This results in smaller harmonics, but on the other hand it has
more components and is more complex to control. In this paper, study of different three level
inverter topologies and SPWM technique is explain and SPWM technique has been applied to
formulate the switching pattern for three level and five level H–Bridge inverter that minimize the
harmonic distortion at the inverter output. This paper deals with comparison of simulation results of
three levels and five

Vibration Test of Composite Materials on the Basis of...
Vibration test of composite materials on the basis of measurement of dynamic properti
INTRODUCTION
On the basis of measurement of viscoelastic and dynamic properties, there are four important
parameter such as damping, relaxation, creep, and strain rate, which describes evidence of
viscoelastic behavior and can be calculated with the help of an experiment, but this paper describes
the method of test for the measurement of damping. In addition, the notation of complex modulus
describes conventionally for damping and dynamic stiffness of linear viscoelastic materials, where
the methods of vibration test are considered for measurement of complex moduli of composites.
With the help of this test of plates and beams to find dynamic elastic moduli also get evaluated.
In vibration test, notation for complex modulus is suitable for portrayal of dynamic behavior of
linear viscoelastic composites. The damping and stiffness which are the constituent part of the
complex modulus are belongs to the dynamic mechanical properties, which may be measured with
the help of experiments with vibration and wave propagation experiments ,and the measurement of
the same is considered for dynamic mechanical analysis.
However, there are many traps with respect to the different kind of techniques which must get
avoided. In example, there was a development of commercial dynamic mechanical analyzers for the
testing of small specimen of unreinforced low modulus polymers, and stiffness is generally

Hooke 's Law And Simple Harmonic Oscillations
College physics II Laboratory
Experiment 2
"Hooke 's law and simple harmonic oscillations" by Mohamed Omer
Lab Partners
Youssef Farlos
Roman Martinaz
Jhon Fanque
Date performed January 18, 2015
Introduction/ Abstract:
Simple harmonic motion is the study of oscillation. An object undergoes oscillation when it
experiences a restoring force which restores this object to equilibrium positon. The Simple harmonic
oscillation occurs when the net force on an object along the direction of motion is proportional to
the object's displacement and in the opposite direction by this equation F = –kx. In addition, an
object whose position–time graph makes a sine or cosine function is in simple harmonic motion.
This type of relation is called Hooke's law. The purpose of this experiment is to prove Hooke's law
and study Simple harmonic motion and to show that this equation T = 2 is valid during Simple
harmonic motion.
Theory:
The relevant theoretical concepts and equations used in this experiment are:
T = 2
| E1 − E2 |
E1 + E2
2

K=
Percent difference =
Experimental Procedure:
The Computer and sensor calibration along with equipment such as DIN plug, force sensor, rod,
clamp, spring, sensor's hook, and hanger were all set up already in the laboratory before we started
doing the experiment.
Hooke's law
a) We used a meter stick to measure the position of the

IVoltage source inverters (VSI’s) are widely used in...
IVoltage source inverters (VSI's) are widely used in electric drive applications. Generally inverters
contain certain amount of harmonics in the output. Inverters quality is expressed with the help of
parameters of performance. Parameters like lower order harmonics (LOH), total harmonic distortion
(THD) Distortion Factor basically plays a vital role on the performance of an inverter. Harmonics
give undesirable effects the following undesirable effects [1]–[2. Ill effects of harmonics are A. Poor
Quality Supply As all power electronic converters generate harmonic currents, which will be
injected into the utility, causing distortion of the supply waveform.
B. Malfunctioning of Relays Due to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So harmonics directly effect the system performance. For performance improvement of an inverter it
is desirable to eliminate harmonics. IEEE 519 Standard gives maximum allowable limits for voltage
and current distortions [3].
VSI gives less qualitative outputs with conventional voltage control techniques Output voltage of an
inverter can also be varied by controlling on–off periods of its switches. This is the most popular
and efficient method for controlling inverter output voltage.
2.4 Pulse Width Modulation in VSI's
Output Voltage of the Inverter can be modified or controlled by controlling or modifying switching
current, or in case of Power Switches, by controlling or modifying Gate current. This control is
achieved by PWM control. In one of the methods of controlling inverter output voltage, a fixed DC
voltage is given to the inverter and by varying the ON and OFF time of power switches we get a
controlled or modified AC output voltage. This method is popularly called as Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) method. The features of PWM inverter can be summarized as follows
Filter size can be smaller compared to the filter used with square wave inverter
The inverter has constant dc link voltage and it uses PWM principles for voltage control.
The output voltage waveform improves with respect to harmonic content
Frequency limit is 150 Hz using thyristorised

Analyzing The Consumers Generating Inter Harmonic Frequencies
Alexander B. Nassif and Jing Yong [7] have proposed a method to identify the consumers
generating inter harmonic frequencies. The inter–harmonics can be measured by means of
Impedance based approach applied at the metering point. The main idea is that, the inter–harmonic
impedance of the system is much smaller than that of an inter–harmonic generating load. This
method can identify the source of each inter–harmonic component without having to rely solely on
the active power measurement and requires only an approximate value for the inter–harmonic
impedance measured at the metering point. As per references [2], [6], [7], [9] any device with
nonlinear characteristics which derive their input power from a sinusoidal electrical system may be
responsible for injecting harmonic currents & voltages into the electrical system [2, 6, 7, 9 ].
Francisco C. De la rossa [2] have described ,all possible nonlinear loads . Among them few are
Power converters such as Variable frequency drives, DC motor controllers, Cycloconverter, Cranes,
Elevators ,Steel mills, Power supplies, UPS,Battery chargers, Inverters & ARC devices such as
Fluorescent lighting, ARC furnaces, Welding machines. According to authors [2] ,[7] Even linear
loads like power transformers can act nonlinear under saturation conditions. This occurs beyond the
so–called saturation knee of the magnetizing curve of the transformer. [2],[7]. According to author
Joseph S. Subjak [9], Communication interference

Harmonic Load Flow Analysis
Contents 1. INTRODUCTION – HARMONIC LAOD FLOW ANALYSIS SOFTWARE 3 2.
POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS 4 2.1 Concept of Power System Harmonics 4 2.1.1Fourier Series
and Harmonics 4 2.1.2 Distortion Indices 6 2.1.3 Characteristics of Harmonics in Power Systems 7
2.2 HARMONIC SOURCES 8 2.3 EFFECT OF HARMONICS 9 2.3.1 Thermal losses in harmonic
environment 10 2.3.2 Effects on power system equipment 10 2.3.3 Capacitor banks 10 2.3.4
Transformers 11 2.3.5 Rotating machines 11 3. HARMONIC LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS 12 3.1
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS 12 3.1.1 Load flow problem formulation 12 3.1.2 Backward forward
sweep method 14 3.2 THREE PHASE HARMONIC ANALYSIS 17 3.2.1 Components model 18
3.2.2 Algorithm 18 4. INTERNAL FUNCTIONING OF HARMONIC LOAD ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Fourier series for a periodic function f(t) with fundamental frequency ω can be presented as: ft=
C0+ n=1∞Cncos(nωt+θn) Equation 1 Fourier series for a periodic function The coefficients Cn and
phase angles n for n–th harmonic are given by: Cn= An2+ Bn2 Equation 2 θn= tan–1–BnAn
Equation 3 where T=2π/ω and C0 is the dc component of the function. The rms value of ft is defined
as: An= 2T0Tf(t)cos(nωt)dt Equation 4 Bn= 2T0Tf(t)sin(nωt)dt Equation 5 C0= 1T0Tf(t)dt
Equation 6 RMS= C02+ n=1∞Cn22 Equation 7 RMS value In general, one can think of devices that
produce distortion as exhibiting a nonlinear relationship between voltage and current. Such
nonlinear relationships can lead to several forms of distortion as summarized below: * A periodic
steady state exists and the distorted waveform can be expressed as a Fourier series with a
fundamental frequency equal to the power frequency. * A periodic steady state exists and the
distorted waveform can be expressed as a Fourier series with fundamental frequency that is a sub
multiple of power frequency. * The waveform is aperiodic but perhaps almost periodic. A
trigonometric series expansion may still exist (as an exact representation or as an approximation).
The first case is commonly encountered in harmonic studies. There are several advantages to
decomposing

Analyzing The Conservation Of Mechanical Energy Of A...
Section I: Worksheet
2. Discussion
The purpose of this experiment was to analyze the conservation of mechanical energy of a harmonic
oscillating spring–system. In addition, this observation involved analyzing to what affect some of
the mechanical energy was lost or dissipated into other forms of energy, despite the experiment 's
attempt to minimize the dissipation of the energy as much as possible.
The first part of the experiment involved calculating the spring force constant (k) of the harmonic
oscillator. This was achieved by utilizing Hooke 's Law for a harmonic oscillator:
F=–kx
The force (F) was obtained by using five different weights that hung over a pulley system like
shown in Figure 1, and the tension of the string acted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The photogate comb consisted of 61 teeth that were each (2.00 ±0.03) mm wide, with gaps in
between each tooth of the same dimensions as shown in Figure 2 below.
As shown in the figure above, it is necessary to measure the displacement of the comb, and thus
wise to establish an equilibrium position. In the example above, the 27th tooth is being used as the
equilibrium position; however, for this experiment, the 31st tooth was used as the equilibrium
position, or rather the position with zero displacement. In addition, the photogate sensor was placed
just to the right of the 31st tooth, as to begin in the unblocked position. Therefore to start the
experiment, the comb was to be pulled to the right, just beyond the photogate sensor, and the motion
would be directed to the left.
When the photogate comb was released, the times were recorded at the intervals when the comb
teeth blocked the photogate sensor. For example, the time that corresponds to the 31st tooth would
represent the position x=0 m, while the time corresponding to when the first tooth blocked the
sensor represented a position of x=–0.12 m. Therefore, 61 times were recorded, and the times
stopped just before the comb was to reverse its motion, or in other words, a half oscillation of the
harmonic oscillator.
As stated in the paragraph above, the time stamps allowed for

The Measurement Of Pendulum 's Harmonic Motion Lab Essay
Name: Kaleen
Name of Lab Partners: Matt and Yesh
Institution
Course
Instructor
Date of Submission
The Measurement of Pendulum's Harmonic Motion Lab #2
Abstract
The specific purpose of this experiment was to verify three physical concepts based on Newton's
Laws. These concepts are vector addition, force as a vector, and the law of equilibrium. The
densities of two different objects were compared by measuring their masses and volumes. In this
experiment, two different sets of methods of volume measurement were compared to the density
computation of an object bearing a standard shape. In addition, the density computation was used to
determine the buoyant force acting on different objects. At this point, it was observed that an object
maintains a constant velocity if all the external forces cancel out one another (no net force results
from the unbalanced forces acting on an object). In this case, a force table was used to study
Newton's First Law of Motion. These forces were represented as F1, F2, and F3. Analysis of results
obtained from the experiment proved that the value of F3 determined through calculations was less
than the measured value of F3. In Trial#1, for example, the calculated value of F3 was 211.59g @
2430 while the measured value of F3 was 215g @2430, translating to a % difference of 0.5g @20.
Although the primary objectives of the lab were achieved, errors (in particular, static friction)
occurred during the experiment. These errors were observed

Essay about Acoustic Theory and Synthesis
Acoustic Theory and Synthesis
Frequency:
Frequency means the number of cycles per second and depending on the amount of cycles per
second determines how high or low pitched the sound is and the time that it takes to complete one
cycle is called the period. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz). And An average human is able to
hear sounds between 20Hz and 20,000Hz.
As the cycles per second increases, the smaller the wavelengths become, therefore there is a higher
frequency which will cause the pitch of the sound to increase or get higher.
If there is frequency of say 20KHz then it is going to be a much higher pitch than a 20Hz because
there is a lot more cycles per second.
Fundamentals:
A fundamental is the lowest frequency ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sustain: This is how long the volume is sustained for during the main event of the sound. Release:
The is how long it take for the sound to fade out. An Example of a slow and fast release can be
found on track 7 and 8 of my logic session which is with my assessment. Filters: Filters can either
emphasize or reduce some frequencies from a signal. There are different types of filters that can be
used. There are different types of filters that can be used. There are also filters that can reject
frequencies within a certain frequency band e.g. band bass or band reject.
High Pass Filter: A High Pass filter lets through all the frequencies above the cutoff and eliminates
the ones below the cutoff frequency. An example of a HPF can be found on track 10 of my logic
session. !
Low Pass Filter: A Low Pass filter lets through the frequencies below the cutoff frequency and
eliminates the ones above it. An Example of a low pass filter can be found on track 9 of my logic
session which is with my assessment.
!
ESM

The ESM synthesizer is a very basic synth to create simple bass and lead sounds that can emulate
the Roland – TB 303 synth because it is a monophonic synth and you cant play chords . With the
ESM you can only choose between a saw tooth and square wave and it only

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Resonance
Advantages:
Harmonic reduction is possible.
Undesirable harmonics are absent.
Reactive power compensation is possible.
Disadvantages:
Resonance with line impedance occurs.
Tuning frequency is less accurate and requires a lot of calculations.
It cannot be used when harmonic components vary randomly.
Heavy and bulky.
3.1.2 Active Filters: It inject equal and opposite harmonics onto the power system to cancel those
generated by other equipment. Remarkable advances in the field of power electronics had sparked
interest in APF for harmonic distortion mitigation. The basic technology of APF is to use power
electronics technologies to produce the harmonic current components such that the source will
supply only the fundamental part of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(4) Fast acting.
(5) Good filtering action for large range of frequencies.
APF is basically of two types. They are (i) Shunt APF (ii) Series APF
(i) Shunt APF
This type of configuration is widely used in active filtering applications. A shunt APF has a
controllable voltage or current source. Fig. 3.4 demonstrates principal configuration of a voltage
source inverter based APF which the most common type of shunt APF today. It is based on the
principle of injection of harmonic current equivalent to the distorted current waveform, thus
eliminating the original distorted current. This is connected in shunt with the distribution line
through an interfacing inductor. Fig. 3.4: Basic configuration of Shunt APF
(ii) Series APF
Basic principle of this type of configuration is isolation of harmonics in between nonlinear load and
source. The basic configuration is similar with shunt APF, except that interfacing inductor is
replaced by an interfacing transformer, where the injection of harmonic voltage occurs. It is
otherwise known as a harmonic isolator, which offers zero impedance to the fundamental and
infinite impedance to the harmonic frequency components. Fig. 3.5 demonstrates the basic
configuration of a series APF. Series APF is suitable for improving the quality of the distribution
source

Harmonic Compensation by PV-STATCOM
For emolument of current harmonics (if any), the instantaneous resoluteness of different active and
reactive powers is utilized – the active and reactive powers are computed utilizing p–q theory. No
restrictions are imposed on the voltage or current wave forms, and it can be applied to three–phase
systems with or without a neutral wire for three–phase generic voltage and current wave forms.
Thus, it is valid not only in steady state, but withal in transient states. The p–q Theory first
transforms voltages and currents from the a–b–c to α–β–o coordinates, and then defines
instantaneous power on these coordinates. Hence, this theory always considers the three–phase
system as a unit, not a superposition or sum of three single–phase circuits. The p–q Theory utilizes
the α–β–o transformation, additionally kenned as the Clarke transformation, which consists of an
authentic matrix that transforms three–phase voltages and currents into the α–β–o stationary
reference frames, given by: [█(V_0@V_α@V_β )]=√3/2 [■(1/√2&1/√2&1/√2@1&–1/√2&–1/
√3@0&√3/2&–√3/2)][█(V_a@V_b@V_c )] [█(i_L0@i_Lα@i_Lβ )]=√3/2 [■(1/√2&1/√2&1/
√2@1&–1/√2&–1/√3@0&√3/2&–√3/2)][█(i_La@i_Lb@i_Lc )] By utilizing the α–β–o
transformation the zero–sequence component can be disunited from the a–b–c phase components.
The α and β axes make no contribution to zero–sequence components. If the three–phase system has
three wires (no neutral conductor), no zero–sequence current components are present and i0 can be
eliminated

A Short Story : A Little Lost Girl
This is a story about a little lost girl who wanted to find herself. One bright and sunny afternoon in
2008, the little girl's mom told her three children, "We are going to Philadelphia for vacation at your
grandma's house." The so–called vacation was an excuse to cover the horrible divorce of her
parents. When the little girl got to Philadelphia, her mother told her, "You are the mother when I am
not home. You have to take care of your siblings, cook and clean. Thank you and sorry." The little
girl did not like the role of the mother: she thought it was unfair. She would always think to herself,
"Why always me and not my brother or sister? Why do I need to do all that work?" Then one night,
she saw her mother crying alone in a room, and she decided she would sacrifice her playtime to take
care of her siblings and be the mother of the house. Several years passed, and the little girl was a lost
highschooler. Her mother said, "I do not care about the results. As long as you are happy and you do
not regret, then everything is fine. As long as you have tried, then I will not be mad." The little girl
had to wake up at 5:30 every morning to go to school. Many times she wanted to give up because
she felt really exhausted and sick: sick of doing so much work, sick of waking up, sick of taking
care of her siblings, sick of social life, sick of taking classes––sick of everything. But the little girl
did not give up because of the words her mother said. She thought about how much her

Voltage Limits and Currents on Power Systems Essay example
The various nonlinear loads like Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD's), bulk rectifiers, furnaces,
computer supplies, etc. draw non sinusoidal currents containing harmonics from the supply which in
turn causes voltage harmonics. Current harmonic causes increased power system losses, excessive
heating in rotating machinery, interference with nearby communication circuits and control circuits,
etc. It has become a vital importance to maintain the sinusoidal nature of voltage and currents in the
power system. Various international agencies like IEEE and IEC have issued standards, which put
limits on various current and voltage harmonics. The limits for various current and voltage
harmonics specified by IEEE–519 for various frequencies are given ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For reverse voltage blocking a diode is used in series with the self–commutating device (IGBT) .
However, GTO–based configurations have restricted frequency of switching they do not need the
series diode. They are considered sufficiently reliable, but have higher losses and require higher
values of parallel ac power capacitors. Moreover, they cannot be used in multilevel or multistep
versions to improve performance in higher ratings. The other converter used is a voltage–fed type
Active filter structure, as shown in Fig 2.2. It is having a self–supporting dc voltage bus with a large
dc capacitor. It has become very much dominant, since it is lighter, cheaper, and expandable to
multilevel and multistep modes, with lower switching frequencies to improve the performance . It is
more popular in UPS–based applications, because in the presence of mains, the same Inverter bridge
can be used as an Active Filter to eliminate harmonics of critical nonlinear loads. 2.2.2 Topology
based Classification Based on the topology used the AF's can be classified as series or shunt filters,
and use a combination of both called unified power quality conditioners. Combinations of active
series and passive shunt filtering are known as hybrid filters. Fig 2.3 is an example of an shunt –type
AF, which is most widely used to eliminate current harmonics, reactive power compensation (also
known as STATCON), and balancing unbalanced currents. It is mainly used at the load end, because

Support Of Foucault's Pendulum
Kassandra Whiteford
Dr. Ruzhitskaya
Foucault Pendulum Experiment
1–30–18
Support of Foucault's Pendulum
The Foucault's Pendulum was named after French Physicist Leon Foucault (Sommeria). He created
the experiment to prove that the Earth is in a constant state of rotation. The experiment was simple,
a Pendulum was created with a weight on the end of a wire which was attached to a fixed point on
the ceiling, once set in motion it continued to move and slowly rotated its position. The use of the
Foucault Pendulum was successful and ended several millennial of argument over whether or not
the Earth was actually in the rotation, with a simple repeatable experiment. Thus, the Foucault
Pendulum experiment that proved the Earth rotates on an axis in an understandable way. The
Foucault Pendulum successfully proved that the Earth is rotating and is still used and accepted as
proof even today. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once set in motion the Pendulum stays in motion because of the force of gravity acting upon it. The
experiment was set up with multiple wooden pegs attaching the two–hundred–pound Pendulum to
the ceiling by both ends. The wire holding it was then burned at one end to release it into motion
there were multiple pegs on the ground that were knocked over when the Pendulum rotated position
(Foucault Pendulum). The way the Pendulum was released would not cause an experimental error
by adding direction in the way it would if a person released it. Pendulums are known to swing in
straight planes so the rotation must be caused by the Earth beneath it. The experiment was also
repeated multiple times by various scientists to prove the credibly. With multiple testings' and
repeated experimental trials the Pendulum always behaved the same way. The Pendulum stayed in
motion and continues to swing rotating around the room. The Pendulum mimics the way our Earth
rotates proving that it is in constant

ADC Lab Analysis
The INL shown in figure 3.4 describes the overall shape of an ADC transfer characteristic from the
straight line drawn between end points after both the offset error and the gain error are nullified. The
INL is mathematically given [36] as ; ........................................(3.5)
3.1.1.4 Resolution
The resolution is defined as the number of output bits of an ADC. The resolution of n–bit ADC
defines how many parts the maximum signal can be divided into. The resolution is calculated by the
formula 2n. The flash ADC is used for low resolution applications.
3.1.1.5 Conversion speed
The amount of analog input converted by an ADC in one second is known as the conversion speed.
3.1.1.6 Quantization error
After sampling of the signal the conversion of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Effective number of bits (ENOB)
[4]. Total harmonic distortion (THD)
[5]. Spurious–free dynamic range (SFDR)
3.1.2.1 Signal–to–noise Ratio (SNR)
The ratio of signal power to noise power is known as the signal–to–noise ratio (SNR). It is also
known as signal to quantization ratio (SQNR). The signal–to–noise ratio determines how much
noise in an ADC. Mathematically the SNR is given [34] as ;
Mean square value of quantization error = ∆2/12
If the input signal is (A. Sinωt), then signal power = A2/2
Full scale range for an n–bit ADC = 2n∆
Amax = 2n–1 ∆
Maximum signal power = ((2n–1 ∆)2) / 2
Noise Power = ∆2/12
Peak SNR = (((2n–1 ∆)2) / (2* ∆2/12)) = 3. 22n–1
SNR = 20 log10 (ARMS,signal / ARMS,noise)
SNR in decible = 10 log10(3. 22n–1)
= (6.02n + 1.76) dB .............................................................(3.7)
Where, ARMS,signal = Root mean square (RMS) amplitude for the signal. ARMS,noise = Root
mean square (RMS) amplitude for the noise.
3.1.2.2 Signal–to–noise and Distortion ratio (SINAD)
The signal–to–noise and distortion ratio (SINAD) [40] is defined as the ratio of the signal power and
to noise power including the significant harmonics. Since the signal–to–noise ratio (SNR) does not

include the significant harmonics, the SNR is usually larger than the SINAD. SINAD is
mathematically given as ;
SINAD = 20 . log10 ( ARMS,signal / ARMS,noise + harmonics ) dB ..................(3.8)
3.1.2.3 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
The ratio of noise power ( only the

Effect Of Power Quality On A Smooth Industrial Process
Abstract As industries expand, utilities become more interconnected and the use of electricity rises,
power quality becomes essential to insure a smooth industrial process. The main problem that
severely affects the power's quality is the presence of the harmonics, which affects the performance
of the system. Some of the problem caused by the harmonics are metal parts' overheating, increasing
noises in motors, decreasing the efficiency of the motors, etc. some corrective methods can be used
to reduce its effect. Contents Introduction 3 What is Power Quality? 4 Harmonics–Basic Concepts 5
The Affects 6 Solution 7 Line Reactors 7 Harmonic Filters 7 12 Pulse Rectifiers 7 Benefits 8
Conclusion 8 References 8 Introduction For the last 25 years there has been a great increase in the
usage of the solid state electronics technology. This new technology has provided us with the
opportunity to have a product with a high quality with an increased productivity due to its high
efficiency. Today, we can produce products with high quality at less cost than in the last years, but
this new technology has given rise to a new problem, which is the need for a clear electric power.
This new technology has replaced many of the old ones, bringing many advantages to the user, for
example DC & AC drives, soft stators, UPS, etc. Since this new technology is rapidly gaining in the
modern industries, power systems are expected to provide an ideal sinusoidal waveforms for
currents and voltages,

Examples Of Harmonizing A Harmonic Melody
How to Harmonize a Tonal Melody
Ultimately, harmonizing a melody is a matter of personal taste. Nevertheless, although you have
some leeway in the selection of chords, a certain standard of musical communication, known as
style, prevents you from exercising complete freedom.
Harmonizing a Chorale Phrase
The following general principles will guide our choice of chords for a Chorale harmonizations as
much like those of Bach as possible:
1. You must use half (I–V, IV–V, or ii–V) or authentic (V–I) cadences for the final two notes of each
phrase.
2. You should use circle progressions throughout in each phrase. Circle progressions are more often
longer and more abundant near the cadence than at the beginning of the phrase.
3. Harmonize each melody note with one chord. It is possible to repeat chords occasionally, but
adjacent repeated chords are usually in different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A typical melody will have no more than one or two structural tones per measure. (The other notes
are connecting or embellishing notes.) The chord you apply to a structural tone should include the
structural tone as one of the three notes of the basic triad.
Now comes the work of fitting chords to these structural tones. We could apply one of three chords
that include the structural tone in the triad. As we continue on in this fashion, we can come up with
any number of interesting chord progressions. Once you've assigned the chords to the structural
tones, return the melody to its expanded state. Note that when using the structural tone method,
there is no right or wrong way to decide which chords to apply Other Tips for Harmonizing a
Melody: There are other points you need to consider when fitting chords to a melody
– Try some common chord changes first. You'd be surprised how many melodies fit with the I–IV–V

The First Movement of Beethoven's Sonata Op.31 No.1...
This sonata was composed around 1802, a point at which Beethoven experienced the crisis of
encroaching deafness. From then on, the composer started to introduce innovative and bold ideas
within classical framework in his musical composition to expand the expressiveness of his music.
His novel approach was evident in his formal and harmonic arrangement in the first movement of
Sonata Op.31 No.1. Distinctive harmonic departure from the classical sonata form convention fills
the movement with drama. In classical sonata form convention, tonality is to be established in the
first theme with no ambiguity so as to make contrast with the second theme, which is normally set in
the dominant. In the first movement of Beethoven's sonata Op.31 ... Show more content on
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He preserved the harmonic integrity by finally returning to the home key–G major (Fig. G) in the
closing section of the second theme (mm.265–275).
Fig. F
Fig. G The return to the home key can be seen as a relief from the "dissonance" produced by the
passages of second themes in E major and b minor. Yet, the tonality on G major is not distinctive
enough to induce a home–returning emotion in the listeners. Therefore, the composer restated the
opening of the first theme in G major and continues with arpeggiando passages (Fig. H) (mm.288–
295) establishing the dominant of the home key. The coda (mm.295–324) consists only simple
harmonies (Fig. I) of the tonic and dominant seventh, reassuring the listeners the sense of finally
returning home.
Fig .H Fig .I Employing remote keys and tonicisation seem not sufficient for the composer to
display his ability to expand the expressiveness of his music. Thus, Beethoven employed the
technique modal mixture through out the second theme in both exposition and recapitulation. For
instance, the second theme in the exposition starts with B major harmony (mm.65–69) (Fig. C).
With a descending scale, the second theme swiftly changes to b minor (mm.72–79) (Fig. J). It
creates abrupt change in the mood from a sweet dance–like major passage to a stormy minor one.
From measure 72, b minor persists throughout the second theme except

The Rockwell Collins Satellite Transportable Terminal
The Rockwell Collins Satellite Transportable Terminal (STT) is an important satellite for the signal
branch that is used to make communications virtually anywhere. A suspension system needs to be
put into the STT so that it will not be damaged while being loaded and transported. There are three
shock systems available with different spring constants and damping coefficients. The three shock
systems are called Air Coasters, Cloud Riders, and Extreme Shocks. A HMMWV was being tested
when it began bouncing up and down, so the soldiers operating the vehicle shut it down for fear of it
breaking down. Some engineers re–fired the gun so they could take measurements of its
displacement from the ground in order to understand what was happening, but they only took
measurements for 60 seconds before they shut it down.
Free Dampened System – Loading the Trailer The suspension system can be modeled using the
following equation: m (d^2 x)/(dt^2 )+β dx/dt+kx=f(t) x(t) is the displacement from its rest position
in meters, m is the mass of the object in kilograms, β is the damping constant in kg/second, k is the
spring constant in kg/sec2, and f(t) is the external force in Newtons (N). The mass of the satellite is
1800 kg and the satellite is at equilibrium when the trailer is loaded. Before the trailer is loaded, the
displacement of the shocks is 0.05 meters, so the starting displacement is 0.05. The critically–
damped value of each shock is calculated in Appendix A. The Air Coasters

Essay about The Purchase of Harmonic Hearing Co.
Harmonic Hearing Co. Case
Recommendation
Under the two circumstances presented, I recommend that Harriet Burns and Richard Irvine should
finance the purchase of Harmonic Hearing Co. through the deal proposed by the private equity firm,
Comet Capital. This proposal best aligns with Burns and Irvine's goal to select an option that offers
the "best combination of cost, expected return of their ownership interest and financial flexibility."
To evaluate the two alternatives, a comparison based on IRR was assessed. Harrison Price's
proposal, which relies almost entirely on debt financing, offers an IRR of 215.5% (Appendix A). On
the other hand, Joe Fowler's proposal, which consists of equity financing, offers an IRR of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If R&D were to grow 15% annually instead of staying constant at $600,000 after year one, the
terminal value would drop drastically to $14.5 million from the original prediction of $45.3 million
(a drop of 68%). In addition, Burns and Irvine would yield a measly IRR of 22.6% in comparison to
the 215.5% originally projected (Appendix D). The global industry in hearing aids is dominated by
six multinational giants and many small companies like Harmonic are still allowed to operate
successfully in the industry. In order to flush out these smaller companies, the six giant companies
may decide in the future to cut costs and offer cheaper alternatives which may result in decreased
sales for Harmonic. If existing sales were to then fall by 10% annually, Burns and Irvine would be in
a lot of trouble. The cash flow would become negative at year five and Burns and Irvine would
either be unable to purchase their equipment or would not be able to make sufficient payments on
their loans (Appendix E). In order to fulfill obligatory payments, they would be forced to postpone
purchasing equipment, cut costs in other areas, take a reduction in salary, etc. None of these options
would be advantageous to their profitability or happiness. Another scenario that could occur is that
the delay of the launch of the new hearing aid

Compare Jitter, Shimmer and Harmonics to Noise Ratio in...
Compare jitter, shimmer and harmonics to noise ratio in terms of the types of information each
provides?
Jitter and shimmer are measures of the cycle–to–cycle variations of fundamental frequency and
amplitude, respectively, which have been largely used for the description of pathological voice
quality. Jitter is also known as frequency perturbation and refers to the minute involuntary variations
in the timing variability between cycles of vibration. In essence, it is a measure of frequency
variability in comparison to the client's fundamental frequency. Research shows that jitter values in
normal voices range from 0.2 to 1 percent. (Ferrand, 2007) Jitter values above this level indicate that
the vocal folds are vibrating in a way that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The vocal note produced by the vibrations of the vocal folds is complex and made up of periodic
(regular and repetitive) and aperiodic (irregular and non–repetitive) sound waves. The aperiodic
waves are random noise introduced into the vocal signal owing to irregular or asymmetric adduction
(closing) of the vocal folds. Noise impairs the clarity of the vocal note and too much noise is
perceived as hoarseness. The Harmonics–to–Noise (HNR) ratio is a measure of the proportion of
harmonic sound to noise in the voice measured in decibels. (Ferrand, 2007). HNR quantifies the
relative amount of additive noise (Awen & Frankel, 1994) The lower the HNR, the more noise in the
voice. Laryngeal pathology may lead to poor adduction of the vocal folds and, therefore, increase
the amount of random noise in the vocal note. If a person has some kind of problem in vibrating the
vocal folds, due to a growth, paralysis of one or both vocal folds, or other kind of laryngeal problem,
a larger amount of air escapes during vibration, creating turbulent noise. (Pabon & Plomp, 1988)
The greater the proportion of noise, the greater the perceived hoarseness, breathiness or roughness
and the lower the HNR figure will be, i.e. a low HNR indicates a high level of hoarseness, and a
high HNR indicates a low level of hoarseness. There is a strong relationship between how we
perceive voice quality and the harmonic to noise ratio (Ferrand, 2007).

Summary Of Prokofiev 's Harmonic And Key Relations
Prokofiev's Harmonic Idiosyncrasies and Key Relations in the Classical Symphony Prokofiev's
Classical Symphony is, oddly enough, one of his few pieces to garner much theoretical and
musicological interest. However, much of it seems to be misguided at best and more likely missing
the point altogether. This is not to say that everyone is wrong, to the contrary, most folks are not, the
problem is that the theorist and musicologist cannot seem to get on the same page. The enduring
question is not, as most would see it, whether or not the Classical Symphony is in fact "classical" (or
for that matter, if it is a symphony at all–some have stated that it is more of a divertimento) but
rather why it is so infectiously hip and so absolutely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Richard Bass, however, does seem to understand Prokofiev's language, even though he does not
write about the first movement of the Classical Symphony. He describes Prokofiev 's language as
chromatic displacement. I describe it the way a jazz musician might, which is sidestepping, but it is
really the same thing. Malcom Brown rails against Prokofiev for his shoe–horned return to the tonic
in the second half of the primary theme, yet that is what makes the whole phrase work. That is what
made it Prokofiev's and no one elses. This detour, by half step or whole step is the underlying modus
operandi for much of Prokofiev 's melodic ideas. We hear it in Peter and the Wolf, in the 5th
symphony Scherzo, in Mercutio, from Romeo and Juliet, and we hear it in the first twenty seconds
of the Classical Symphony. So with that in mind, I will be analysing Prokofiev 's Classical
Symphony through the lense of harmonic variance, and occasionally rhythmic variance, since
harmonic weight and hypermeter are so often entwined. I will discuss, along with the basic formal
structure of each movement, Prokofiev's unique harmonic language as sussed out in the classical
style. The opening bars of the first movement is a Mannheim Rocket, straight out of the classical
world of Haydn. This leads immediately into the first theme, in the key of D major. All is well and
good until the first theme repeats, but this time down a whole step to C major. I–bVII is

Mathematics and its Relation with Music and its Harmonics
Ever since c. 17th century, musical compositions have manipulated the standard aspects of music,
which include rhythm and melody. More importantly, many musical compositions have incorporated
complex math within, for examples again, melodies and rhythms that create a uniqueness that has
yet to be perfectly matched by other composers. One other key aspect of music in general, harmony,
is where a fairly complex mathematical formula is involved: the harmonic mean. Because harmony
is a major component of music, it is no surprise that this harmonic mean can be applied to nearly all
types of music. Basically, a harmonic mean–as it applies to music–~is any possible division between
an original note and the octave of that note that produces a different note. With that, there is a
sequence in the divisions between a note and its octave that is not very consistent in distance from
the original note. One instrument in particular that can demonstrate this type of mean is the vioiin
because of the harmonic tones produced whenever a finger is pressed on a string. At certain points
on a string. different notes are produced by the harmonics of the upper and iower naives of the
string, which would be examples of harmonic means.
The diagram above is of a D–string on a violin from the beginning of the neck where the string first
crosses the neck to where the string touches the bridge. The halfway notation marks the most
prominent harmonic mean on a violin: the octave. Its harmonic mean is 1/2

Lascia Ch'Io Pianga Analysis Essay
The analysis of the aria "Lascia ch'io pianga" by Haendel according to the thorough bass method,
shows us how the composer refer in this piece to the typical compositional procedures of baroque
music. The aria starts with a pedal (frame, according to Joel Lester's terminology) followed by a
cadence harmonized according the regle de l'octave both in ascending and descending motion (MM.
5–8). The second episode starting at M. 8 consists of a sequence, precisely a modified sequence, in
which the subsequent is slightly modified at the end introducing a new harmony on the second beat
of M. 12 that leads to a final cadence with a modulation to the original key. The regle is always
working also in the sequence, it is just applied ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In "Lascia ch'io pianga" is possible to understand all the harmonies as fifths and sevenths but the
bass–line motion not always moves naturally by fifths and fourths. In many cases, through the use of
the double–emploi, is has been possible to correct some irregular motions into fifth motion, but still
for some of them it hasn't been possible. Probably the most evident example is the motion by second
occurring between MM. 6 and 7, and between MM. 11 and 12. The fundamental–bass analysis bring
into play notes that are supposed, that are not in the score but affect the music as the roots of a tree
feed the last leaf on the highest branch. In this case, we can see how the sense of motion that we
perceive listening to this aria is perfectly explained and justified by the succession of seventh chord
and fifth chord, as the epitome of the arsi–tesi feeling in music.
Even in the first two measures, that look really simple in the thorough bass analysis, we can still
discover something that makes this beginning not so obvious. In the first measure the F is
transformed into D with a seventh chord on top, and the accumulation of this seventh with the next
one in the second measure create a sense of instability and a need to resolve. In the next measures
this tension will be released through a succession of 5–chord with two final combinations 7–5 to
close the

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Recommender System
Recommender Systems are based on well–structured and incremental algorithms that have different
strengths and weaknesses cite{ricci2011introduction}. In general, the main existing RSs are
concerned with improving accuracy with the premise of being useful to users. In this context, there
is an increasing number of custom techniques that analyze the profile of the target user in order to
better satisfy them cite{bobadilla2013recommender}. In this sense, we conducted a broad study of
the several metrics used in the literature to evaluate RSs. By organizational purposes, we divided
these metrics into three groups: {it Effectiveness–based}, {it Complementary Dimensions of
Quality} and {it Domain Profiling}.looseness=–1 subsection{Effectiveness–based metrics} The
main evaluation metrics are related to the accuracy, precision, and recall concepts
cite{herlocker2004evaluating}. Precision and recall are concepts that aim to quantify information ...
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We calculate serendipity by the complement of the cosine similarity between the items in the user's
history and the items in a recommendation list cite{zhang2012auralist}. Lower values indicate that
recommendations deviate from a user's traditional behavior, and therefore bring greater
surprise.looseness=–1 begin{equation} label{seren} ser = 1 – sum_{u in S} frac{1}{|S||H_u|}
sum_{h in H_u} sum_{i in R_{u,20}} frac{CosSim(i,h)}{20} end{equation} item
textbf{Catalog Coverage:} Catalog Coverage represents the fraction of relevant items that are
recommended at least once, taking into consideration all the users. Larger catalog coverage indicate
that the recommender balances the popularity bias by covering a large part of the set of items
cite{puthiya2016coverage}.looseness=–1 begin{equation} label{catalogo} CC = frac{|
bigcup_{u in U}^{} R^{+}|}{|U|}

Production Mitigation : Line Harmonics Can Have Costly And...
Harmonics Mitigation
Line harmonics can have costly and disruptive effects on electrical distribution system.
At present there are several reduction or mitigation methods in use to reduce the distortion of the
voltage and current from non–linear distribution loads such as variable frequency drives (VFDs).
Description of each method with relative advantages and disadvantages are as follows.
No method used
The adjustable frequency drive requirements for IEEE 519 1992 guidelines may not be met without
a line reactor or additional impedance because many AFDs require a minimum of 1% to 3% input
impedance. IEEE 519 1992 guidelines may not be met even if the total connected AFD or VFD
loads are less than 10%. It is assumed that the AFD has a six–diode input bridge and no line reactor,
filter or DC choke applied. Advantages:
No additional cost
The VFDs are easy to package
The AFDs are easy to sell and apply.
Disadvantages:
There may be a possibility of high levels of harmonic voltage and current distortion.
Line transients can cause damage to the VFDs.
AFD impedance requirement may not be met.
DC Choke
On the front end of the adjustable frequency drive, a series inductance on the DC side of the
semiconductor bridge circuit is called a DC choke. An equivalent AC–side line reactor is
comparable to the DC choke, except that the THD of DC choke is less than that of the AC
counterpart. A greater reduction of the 5th and 7th harmonics, primarily, is provided by the DC

Reaction Paper On Hooke's Law
"Take a simple idea and take it seriously"
– Charlie Munger, Vice–Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway
This quote taken from Charlie Munger, best describes the invention of the retractable pen. The
mechanism behind the retraction and the extension of a pen may appear straightforward but the
impact it has made in people's lives is larger. As a student, I have to use a pen in my everyday work
and without it I cannot get any of my assignments done. In the process of using it, I always wonder
how a simple spring within a pen, plays a major role in the functioning of the pen. This led to my
interest in finding out that the concept of Hooke's Law is responsible for this. The force created
when the end of a pen is pushed leads to the extension of the spring ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This shows that which is inline with the definition of simple harmonic motion.
, where is a constant.
refers to angular frequency that is defined as and equates to .
The periodic time for simple harmonic motion is . Therefore the period of a mass–spring system is
given by . In order to obtain a linear graph and determine the spring constant from the gradient, the
equation is squared. Hence,
The value in the above equation needs to take into account the mass of the spring as well. This mass
would be taken be the effective load of the spring. However, this value does not consider the whole
spring mass but instead a smaller part of it. This is because the entire spring does not vibrate with
the same amplitude as the load. Hence, .
From this equation, the graph of against would be plotted. The gradient, , will be used to determine
the spring constant and the y–intercept, to determine the .
Experimental Design
Determining Displacement of

Why Do Instruments Have Its Own Unique Sound
Part B
Explain the difference between music and noise. Make specific reference to the musical scale.
As the hearing is one of the most important ability a person can have it has a great deal of benefits.
This allows an individual to hear sounds from a mechanical wave which is then transferred to
stimulate the hearing organs inside the body. The mechanical wave is only able to transfer energy
through a medium, the two types of waves that associate with the mechanical is both the
longitudinal and the transverse wave.
Music is a significant element in most lives it takes a role in most cultures people believe in. Music
contains a variety of elements within different genres such as the pitch, rhythm, dynamics, timbre
and the texture. Different voices and different kinds of instruments produce a variety of frequent ...
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The group of specific notes are form by the fundamental frequency. Different scales form different
pitches which all ascend and descend on the musical scale. The musical scale represents the
equivalence between an octave, where the higher and lower octaves present the ascending and
descending frequencies of the musical scale. The octave contains either half or a full frequency
where the octave performs a series of notes.
The wave formula is v = f λ
Why do instruments have its own unique sound?
Each instrument produce a different harmonic sound. Any sound that is produced by any musical
instrument can be very complex where they contain infinite amount of sine waves of different
frequency levels, one of the most common genres is the pitch called for the fundamental frequency.
There is 3 types of complex waves associated with sound the triangle wave, sawtooth wave and the
square wave which are all made from the different harmonic sounds which show the difference
between each individual harmonic as explained

Methods to Determine Cable Size under Harmonic Condition
In many methods, skin and proximity effects are very important. Another important parameter is
alternative current (a.c.) resistance, rac. This parameter is frequency dependence. It can be shown
that rac increased with the increased of frequency (Du, & Burnett, (2000), (Demoulias, Labridis,
Dokopoulos & Gouramanis, 2007), (Desmet, Vanalme, Belmans, & Van Dommelen, 2008). Some
research papers used value from published graph such as by The Okonite Company and Anixter Inc.
(The Okonite Company, 2001), (Anixter Inc., n.d.). However upon inspection, it was found that the
graph is produced on the basis of fundamental frequency of 60 Hz and using imperial unit. Some
other sources, although on 50 Hz as fundamental basis, give limited data such as (Moore, 1997),
(Coates, n.d). As an alternative, formula from IEC 287–1–1 was used to calculate the rac (IEC,
1994).
Skin and proximity effects are part of formula to calculate cable ampacity known as Neher–
McGrath (NM) method in 1957 (Blackledge, O'Connell, Barrett& Sung, 2012, 2012). However this
method, according to the authors, could not handle a range of harmonic frequencies. In 1991, Ajit
Hiranandani (AH) introduced a way to calculate temperature and ampacity of a cable using
generalised finite difference model (Hiranandani, 1991). Hiranandani (1995) produced a paper
which tackles the problem of size selection for cable under harmonic condition. In this paper, he
introduced term such as harmonic signature (HS), with reference to

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