The document discusses telecommunication systems for high-rise buildings. It describes various types of telecommunication systems including optical, radio, full-duplex, and half-duplex systems. It also discusses considerations for telecommunication installations in high-rise buildings such as distribution cables, vertical ducts, sizing of shafts, and sharing of risers with other services. The document uses Petronas Twin Towers as a case study to illustrate the telecommunication system installed, including use of optical fiber cables, composite and hybrid cables, and private circuits.

1. SCHOOL OF ARCHTICTERUL, BUILDING AND DESIGN
BUILDING SERVICES (BLD60403)
Title :Telecommunication for High Rise Building
Group Member : Chiam Jia Ern (0318524)
Hii Pai Ling (0320598)
Jenny Hoo Yee Tyng (0321841)
Khor Ka Nee (0321789)
Liew Chia Niu (0313338)
Tay Sy Min (0320813）

3. • “Tele” is derived from the Greek meaning for “at a distance”
• it describes the long distance of transmit information without
any changes of the content
• All telecommunications systems consist sender, channel and
receiver.
• Another term for telecommunications
is telecom.
• The data are transmitted in the form
of carrier waves, which are analog
or digital signals for transferring the
information.

5. Optical Telecommunications Optical telecommunication is the simplest type of telecommunication.
Although the fiber optic communication and optical telecommunication
are falling into the same category, but it still has different in the every
form of optical telecommunication in the roles of converting data.
These may be carried over fiber optic cables.
Radio Telecommunication System Radio technology allows for wireless communication over a large
distance. Nowsaday, radio remains one of the communication in the
world today. While television also is a form of radio communication.
Full-Duplex Systems Today's most telephones, cell phones and internet access are full-duplex
systems. It’s meant we can communicate with each other at the same
time.
Half-Duplex Systems Radio communication is a good example of half-duplex communication
systems means only have one party can send a message at a time. In half-
duplex system, the recipient need wait for the message before sending
out a new one.
There have different types of telecommunication
system as the diagram below:

6. Telecommunication Installation System For High
Rise Buildings
• Distribution cables of suitable sizes are taken from a Main Distribution Frame
(MDF) in the basement to the various floors.
• Provide one or more vertical ducts which rise from the basement to the top of the
building.
• Each vertical duct should be located centrally with respect to the distribution area.
• A limit to the number of cables which can be taken from any one horizontal duct
from a riser to the telephone instruments.
• Number of risers and their siting should be such that no telephone outlet needs
more than 328m of cable to connect it to a riser.

7. Main Distribution Frame (MDF)

8. Central Office Connections

9. Physical Characteristics

10. Size Of Shafts
•The minimum internal dimensions of the vertical ducts or risers
should be 150mm.
• For Large buildings the dimensions will have to be increased to
600 mm x 225 mm, because of the larger cables.
• An aperture of 150mm x 75mm is required to take the cables
through a horizontal duct in the structural floor.

11. Sharing of risers with other services
• The telephone cables may be installed in a riser used
for other services
• The cables are segregated from the electrical mains.
• Partitions giving full separation are preferred to
separating by distance only.
• Access to each riser will be necessary on each floor and
should be available from a corridor or other common
space.

12. Internal Telephones
Divided into two types:
1). The push-button type
• Running a rather large cable to all telephones, but does not require an
exchange.
• Communication between telephone instruments is effected by lifting
the receiver and pushing a button.
• Does not give secrecy as conversations may be overheard from other
telephones.
2). The dial type
• Dial telephones employ a Private Automatic Exchange (PAX) system,
separate from the post office system.

13. Private Circuit
• When a business has two or more locations there will
be a lot conversation, fax and data transmitted between
them.
• British Telecom can install a private network to transmit
this information to save time and costs.
• Fixed annual rent is charged for this service.

14. Telecommunication installation system of
Petronas Twin Towers
• The network infrastructure was being incorporated into the
building by the time they were being constructed.
• Built up by four main control networks:
1). A building security system.
2). Fire alarm system.
3). A building control for air conditioning, lights and elevators.
4). A building information system that will monitor the other
three main control networks.

15. Continue
• Demands optical fiber as fiber is protocol independent
and accommodates high transmission rates over long
distance.
• With nearly 2,000 miles of fiber cable were installed
and with fiber running to each of the workstation in the
buildings.

16. Continue
• A series of composite and hybrid cables were designed
for the horizontal and backbone wiring.
• The backbone segment of the network consists of two
types of composite fiber cables:
1).one with 24 multimode and 6 single-mode fibers.
2). the other with 12 multimode and 6 single-mode
fibers.

17. Continue
• 17,000 workstations in the towers.
• Installers had to keep the demanding installation schedule while
avoiding confusion that could arise with so many cables going to each
desk.
• The solution was a custom-designed hybrid cable of three four-pair
UTP cables and two corning fiber simplex cables within a PVC jacket.
• Hybrid cables eliminate the need to run two or three separate cables to
each individual workstation.
- Avoids confusion.
- reduces installation time.

18. Continue
Advantages of using hybrid and composite cables:
1). Reduced the number of drops required.
2). Saving on labor costs.
3). Improving cable administration and maintenance.
4). The small size of the fiber allowed for tight construction
of the cables, saving significant riser and conduit space.

19. UTP Cables and Corning Fiber Cables
UTP Cables Corning Fiber Cables

20. PVC Jacket

21. Application
• Application of a telecommunication services in a high rise building have to be very well planned.
• Cabling system that were used for telephone communications have many other applications which
include:
- Fire alarms
- Security/intruder alarms
- Computer networking
- Teleprinters
• The voltage and current are very low and are not directly connected to the main electricity in a
building.
• Telecommunications and mains cabling should be separated in independent conduits and trunking:
- For safety purposes
- To prevent interference

22. General specifications
Telecom rooms must be kept away from any
sources of the following:
• Heat
• Moisture
• High voltages
• Corrosive atmospheric or environmental conditions
• Radio frequency interference (RFI)
• Electromagnetic interference (EMI)

23. Safety Purposes
All telecom rooms must comply with municipality and national
authority standards and regulations, such as:
• All telecom spaces should be fitted with smoke detectors and emergency lighting.
• All containment openings to telecom spaces must be sealed with a regulation fire
retardant material.
• All doors to the telecom rooms must be made of materials with fire resistance.
• All doors to telecom rooms must be outward opening with an automatic door closer
system fitted on the hinged edge.
• All doors to telecom rooms must be labelled.
• The room must be free from contaminants and pollutants.
• All telecom rooms should have basic firefighting provision of handheld CO2 cylinder
type extinguishers.

24. Other Considerations
• Prevent rodents such as rats from entering telecom
spaces and pathways as they often gnaw the cables
which may cause damage to those cables or disruption
of the telecommunication services.
• Paint and treated the walls, floor and also ceiling with
anti-dust coating as well as antistatic coating to avoid
spreading of dust and to minimize static electricity.

25. A good telecommunication system?
- be able to reduce toll charges
- enhance the productivity and efficiency
- able to move and remote the phone connections and
locations
- able to mobile employees
- provides a greater and faster exchange of data between
individuals within the building
- flexible, scalable, and customizable

26. Considerations for Telecommunication System?
- determine the building's work load
- accessibility of telecommunication system
- cost

27. How the PABX system works?
- a telephone system within an enterprise that switches
calls between enterprise users on local lines
- allowing all users to share a certain number of external
phone lines.

28. Inculding:
- telephone trunk lines
- a computer with memory
- the network of lines within the PABX
Purposes:
- save the cost of requiring a line for each user to the
telephone company's central office

29. Component for Telecommunication System?
Telecommunication Spaces and Pathways
- telecommunications spaces keep telecommunications
equipment and terminations of telecommunications
cables
- telecommunications pathways transport the cables
- use to link the telecommunication system

30. Telecommunication Equipment Room &
Telecommunication Room
- one telecommunication equipment room on the first
floor is required for multi-story buildings
- at least one smaller telecommunications room is
required on each floor above
- TRs are smaller than TERs
- TR is around 1000 square metres
- dedicated to the telecommunications function

31. Telecommunication Equipment Room &
Telecommunication Room
- telecommunication rooms should be vertically aligned
or stacked and they must be accessible
- the pathway carries telecommunications cables from
the TR to the vicinity of the area served.
- horizontal pathways usually supports a zone-
distribution system

32. Telecommunication Equipment Room &
Telecommunication Room
- equipment room is the central point for
telecommunications within the building
- the only electrical equipment in the Equipment room is
the telecommunications equipment
- the Equipment rooms are usually located in the
basement

33. Fiber Optics
• Fiber optics stated as a bundle of optics using the transmission of light technique
through glass or plastic fiber.
• Fiber optics is finding use in almost every application involving the transmission of
information.
• Computers can now be linked together with
fiber-optic cables capable of transferring data several
orders of magnitude faster than copper circuits.
• In the medical industry, fiber-optic technology is being
used to monitor and perform complex surgical operations.
• Throughout the world, telephone companies are laying
thousands of miles of fiber underground, below oceanic floors
and rivers, through manholes and existing conduit facilities.
• Thousands of simultaneous voice conversations are now being transmitted over these
tiny strands of fiber.

34. ADVANTAGES OF FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMS
• BANDWIDTH
 Bandwidth is directly related to the amount of information that can be transmitted per unit
time.
• NOISE IMMUNITY AND SAFETY
 It is not affected by electromagnetic interference (EMI) or electrostatic interference.
 Likewise since fiber-optic cables transmit light instead of current and they do not produce
electrical noise.
• LESS WEIGHT AND VOLUME
 Fiber-optic cables are substantially lighter in weight and occupy much less volume than
copper cables with the same information capacity.
 A standard telephone cable consisting of 900 twisted pair wires can be replaced with a single
fiber strand 0.005 in. in diameter and retain the same information-carrying capacity.

35. ADVANTAGES OF FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMS
• SECURITY
 Fiber-optic cables cannot be detected by metal detectors unless they are
manufactured with steel reinforcement for strength.
• FLEXIBILITY
 The surface of glass fiber is much more refined than ordinary glass and coupled with
its small diameter which allows it to be flexible enough to wrap around a pencil.
• ECONIMICS
 Transmission losses are considerably less than for coaxial cable and expensive
repeaters can be spaced farther apart.
 Fewer repeaters mean a reduction in overall system costs and enhanced reliability.

36. DISADVANTAGES OF FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMS
• INTERFACING COSTS
 Fiber-optic transmitters, receivers, couplers and connectors, for example, must be employed
as part of the communication system.
 Test and repair equipment is costly. If the fiber-optic cable breaks, splicing can be a costly
and tedious task.
• STRENGTH
 Fiber has a tensile strength of approximately 1 lb as compared to coaxial cable at 180 lb.
 Installations requiring greater tensile strengths can be achieved with steel reinforcement.
• SPECIAL TEST EQUIPMENT IS OFTEN REQUIRED
 Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) is required for testing the incorruption of fiber-
optic cables.
 In addition, costly specialized optical test equipment is essential at most fiber endpoints and
connection nexuses to thoroughly certify the performance of new fiber optics links.

37. Case Study
Petronas Twin Towers (KLCC)

38. Introduction
• A proposed multi storey building of 88 storeys, 1,483 feet high
• The tallest twin buildings in the world and 9th tallest building in the world
• Designed by: Argentinean-American architect Cesar Pelli
• Construction: Tower 1: Hazama Corporation
Tower 2: Samsung Engineering & Construction
• First major tenants of this building: Malaysia‘s national oil company, Petroliam Nasional Berhad
(PETRONAS)
• Feature：There have the skybridge between the tower 1 and tower which is located at levels 41 and
levels 42.
• A MSC status builing
• A green building : They powered by solar energy and using the first solar photovoltaic (PV) system on
Suria KLCC’s roof-top

39. Telecommunication Services
• The connectivity of KLCC is provided from main subscriber distribution frame
to the end-user workstations, minimizing re-cabling and cable-removal.
• Via optical fibre loop
• Cable plant infrastructure( vertical and horizontal) : using patch panels for
both optical fibre and unshielded twisted pair (category-5) wiring.
• Telecommunications infrastructure : local loop communication system within
the boundaries of the KLCC site.
• Central Telecommunications Office (CTO) : control the connection of the
building to the outside world within the building

40. Power Distribution
• The main 11kV switchboard is located at level 6.
• Vertical distribution is made in fire-rated cable risers with the 11kV cables enclosed in fire-proof trunking
• 30MVA 33kV XLPE cables are laid in different routes into the building： reduce simultaneous cable failures
• Emergency power supply requirement
– a SCADA (Schematic Control and Data Acquisition)
– two 2*1500kW 11kV life-safety generators have been provided for each tower separately.
A system operating with
coded signals over
communication channels
so as to provide control of
remote equipment

41. Fire Alarm System
• Management of the fire detection system is centralized
at the Central Fire Command Centre (CFCC)
• Using the latest technology located at street level
• Directly linked to BOMBA (Fire and Rescue Department,
Malaysia)
• The risers serving the building sprinkler will be
separated from those serving the wet rising main
system.

42. Building Security System
• Designed to operate via a LAN which is the engineering
building monitoring and controls system in local area.
• The high level software running on the integrated
security network captures all data to ensure fully
automated coordination among BSS sub-system.

43. What is ???
• Multimedia Super Corridor
• A program that fully support by Malaysia government
• It was announced by 4th Malaysian Prime
Minister Mahathir Mohamad on 1 August 1996.
• MSC program is a special economy zone in Malaysia
especially in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya.
• Aims to transform Malaysia into a modern state and
achieve Vision 2020

44. Benefit of MSC
• In pioneer status - no ITA (Investment Tax Allowance) or income tax for up to 10 years.
• The importation of multimedia equipment - no duty.
• Mostly will be eligible for R&D grants.
• No internet censorship censored by the government.
• Can be ensured freedom of ownership from local ownership requirements.
• Have the freedom to source capital and borrow funds globally.
• Physical and IT information infrastructure support will be given by Malaysian government
• The companies using MSC as their regional hub that are led by tender key MSC Malaysia
infrastructure contracts.
• Local and foreign knowledge workers can be allowed unrestricted employment.
• Can become a regional leader in intellectual property protection and cyberlaws compare to the
other companies.
• Competitive telecommunications tariffs will be provided

45. Qualification criteria
• A heavy user or provider of IT, multimedia products and services.
• Many knowledge workers need to be employed
• Achieve the environmental guidelines
• The building or companies are needed in an MSC Malaysia-
designated Cybercities
• Separate legal entity should be created for MSC Malaysia qualifying
business and activities.
• Provide the strong value and technology transfer
for developing MSC Malaysia

46. Recommendation for future improvement

47. PABX system
• A telephone switching that serves an office.
• Used by calling centres and large organisations.
• Allow an office to have a single access numbers to offer
multiple lines to the outside callers.
• Saving costs and time.

48. Advantages of pabx system
• Administrative control
• Feature rich
• One-time cost
• Upgradeable

49. Disadvantages of PABX system
• Companies are ill-equipped for disasters related to
communication
• Costly upgrade
• Requires additional employees to maintain and manage
the system
• Unrelated business activity are difficult to manage

50. Example of PABX system

51. Example of PABX system

52. Example of PABX system

53. Back up battery

54. Installation of PABX system

55. Key telephone system (KTS)
• Has capacity for multiple lines and multiple telephones
• Small, cheap, less flexible.
• A KTS is equipped with several buttons that allow a caller to directly select outgoing lines or
incoming calls, and use intercom and conference facilities.
• KTS are user-installable and allow handling of multiple lines without paying a surcharge to
the telephone company.

56. Example of KTS system

57. Example of KTS system

58. Different of KTS and PBX system

59. Conclusion
• Telecommunication is not only about telephone systems but
it’s cable systems can also be used in security alarms, fire
alarm, computer networking and fax machine as well as lift
control.
• It is vital for a high rise building to provide a high quality of
telecommunication systems to become a highly grade and
intelligent building especially for business cooperation
companies.
• Telecommunication room (TR) should be keep in the range
18ºC to 24ºC to prevent over heat that will cause fire.