Scientific Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution

Scientific Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution refers to a time in history when developments in the sciences took off and
changed the view of society regarding the earth and nature. Some of the relevant topics of this time
were mathematics, astronomy, biology, physics and chemistry. Typically, the scientific revolution is
considered the time in Europe starting around the end of the Renaissance period and lasting through
the late 18th century. Between 1543 and 1700, Europe underwent many changes that forever
changed the thoughts and beliefs of society as a result of the scientific revolution. During this time,
the creation of many inventions came about and the studies of many people changed the culture of
society. Evidence was no longer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Harvey is given credit for being the first to accurately describe the entire circuit, including arteries
and veins, of where the blood starts in the circulation process and where it ends as a result of heart
contractions. In the publication submitted by Copernicus, he established a model of the universe that
depicted the Sun and not the Earth at the center of the universe. He described the Earth revolving
around the sun which was in contrast to earlier thinking that suggested the sun revolved around the
Earth (heliocentric theory). This revelation of thought started a change in the way the world was
viewed. Maybe the Earth was not the center of everything and maybe there was more out there that
could be learned in order to scientifically understand the world (Scientific revolution).
Johannes Kepler followed in the footsteps of Copernicus. He too believed that the sun was the
center of the universe. Kepler was a religious man and did not want to speak against his religious
beliefs. He therefore took a different approach. He studied the heavens in order to better understand
how God put the planets in motion around the sun. He is best known for his formulation of the Laws
of planetary Motion. The Laws of planetary Motion consisted of three parts. The first part was the
belief that the planets moved in elliptical orbits. The second part was the equal area law which
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Scientific Revolution
Kuhn used the "Chemical Revolution" as one of his primary examples of a scientific revolution and
based on what was read and discussed in class, I agree with Kuhn's analysis. Historical examples of
Kuhn's account of the chemical revolution in the Structure of Scientific Revolution are exemplified
in the Phlogiston theory, its period as a paradigm, point of normal science, and eventually the
theory's abandonment for Lavoisier's discovery of oxygen as a point of Scientific Revolution.
In Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolution, he presents that science is a cycle that has a paradigm,
which begins with a period of normal science, a crisis, revolution, then a paradigm change.
In regards to Kuhn's SSR, the phlogiston theory can be defined as ... Show more content on
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Lavoisier disavowed the phlogiston theory and paradigm through his memoir, insisting that the
phlogiston theory was unclear. Lavoisier describes the situation as he states in his Memoirs that "the
majority of metallic calces are not to be reduced, that is, returned to the metallic state, without the
immediate contact of a carbonaceous material or any substance whatsoever containing what we call
phlogiston" and "therefore the fact that this fluid is obtained as fied air gives us no right to conclude
that it existed in this form in the metallic calx before its combination with the carbon" (Lavoisier
164). Lavoisier declared that "in attacking here Stahl's doctrine my object is not to substitute a
rigorously demonstrated theory but solely a hypothesis which appears to me more probable, more
comfortable to the laws of nature, and which appears to me to contain fewer forced explanations and
fewer contradictions" (Lavoisier 173). He is declaring that his discovery of oxygen is more
legitimate than Stahl's (also the phlogiston paradigm) theory of phlogiston. Lavoisier grew support
when he released his remarks opposing the phlogiston theory (Perrin 47). Furthermore, other
experiments were conducted on the basis of the phlogiston theory, and complications arose from
this. Experimenters were seeing that the theory had some complications when they conducted
experiment, producing incompatible effects than the theory had suggested (Perrin). Also, the release
of the Method of Chemical Nomenclature, released in 1787 by Lavoisier, Guyton de Morveau,
Fourcroy & Berthollet, that allowed for Lavoisier's scientific theories to be accepted and utilized

Renaissance And Scientific Revolution
The Renaissance and Scientific Revolution paved way to the beginning of the Enlightenment.
Different philosophers began to think rationally and using the scientific method to discover the
world around them, rather than believe what the Church told them to do. Instead of thinking
religiously, they took a more rational perspective on not only the world, but on how to effectively
run society. They were able to spread their ideals through various translations to reach a broader
audience, and the printing press allowed them to spread their works and ideas throughout the lands.
Isaac Newton was a famous figure in the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment because of his
view of the world as a machine, also known as the "Newtonian World Machine."

The Scientific Revolution Summary
The Structure of the Scientific Revolution by Thomas Kuhn explains how most people in the science
community interpret accurately how they see science. The book begins with a chapter on how
scientist have to have a set of belief that is the basis for what they are doing. When new
phenomenon occur that have not been explained new theories are created on those events and tested
so that people can learn why the event occurred in the first place. Then Kuhn elaborates on the route
of normal science with how scientist do research on items that need to be explained or events and
items that have been figured out but experiments need to be done to prove that the results are correct
after which students learn about the research that has been done. These ... Show more content on
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However, sometimes the crisis is to large and scientist have to think of alternatives to the theory that
they created. This occurs when the intelligence received from the experiment is counterintuitive to
the data expected or the data is treated as a phenomenon. Also competition between scientist to
prove opposite reactions creates criticism of work because their goals are opposite of each other.
Revelation and changing world views is a major consequence of changing theories and new
theories. Most of these shifts in views are caused by scientist and how they present the data that they
found to the public this allows them to manipulate the results in their

The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was when modern science was essentially established, which came along
with the major scientific discoveries took place at the time. Some major scientists that contributed to
this major era include Nicholas Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton. The
scientific revolution took place following the Renaissance, from the mid–1500's until about 1700.
This revolution took place throughout Europe. This occurred because, following the Renaissance
and the reformation, people became very curious and wanted to understand how the Earth worked. It
was almost as if, being that this occurred after the reformation, that they wanted to either confirm or
refute the church's claims. The significance of the scientific revolution was one of great proportions,
it changed mankind's understanding the importance of science, and of how the Earth and solar
system function.
The Industrial Revolution was the beginning of mass production of goods and urbanization of
Britain and later the United States. It took place from the mid–1700's until about the mid–1800's.
The industrial revolution began in Britain but later spread to other countries, including the United
States. This revolution happened because with populations rising in areas, there was a higher
demand for not only manufactured goods, but also for jobs. So the industrial revolution really did
meet both of those demands at once. More factories with new methods of mass production helped
meet the

Scientific Revolution Research Paper
Have you ever thought when the humanity stepped into a new era of its history? It happened during
The Scientific Revolution when humans' views on nature and the world were drastically transformed
with the help of discoveries in the field of physics, science, mathematics chemistry, biology, and
astronomy. That period of the history was very important for humanity because of the collapse of the
ancient–medieval picture of the world, new scientific discoveries and the interaction between
science and other social institutions.
The biggest achievement in the Scientific Revolution was the collapse of the ancient–medieval
picture of the world. The new ideology was created, which helped to create the modern science. In
antiquity, the focus was on natural and cosmic life; during the Renaissance, there was a focus on
understanding the world through Humanism and the role of the person in the world. After all,
Descartes's philosophy, which was the foundations of the scientific method, did not deny the
creation of the world by God. However, it claimed that from that moment the world began to
develop with its internal laws. The next contributions to science were new scientific inventions.
Humans' views on nature were radically changed with the help of discoveries in the field of
mathematics, science, physics, and astronomy.The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the whole, the Scientific Revolution consisted of internal and external factors, which interacted
with each other. The interaction between science and other social institutions was among the
external factors. Furthermore, that interaction influenced on the reassessment of people's values and
ideals in culture. In addition, the changes in the social structures happened, which led a
fundamentally new people's needs appear. People started thinking deeper about values in economic,
religion, politics, spirit, and

Medieval Modernism And The Scientific Revolution
People began to question old, medieval traditional authorities and views and began to invent
machines to help assist voyages and the producing of books containing the spread new concepts and
research found by scientists. The world before the time when scientific reasoning had largely
influenced Europe was filled with the minds of people whose thoughts stuck and mainly believed in
the old judgements and ideas formed by old philosophers forming the medieval traditional view.
That view was spread all throughout Europe and the church supported these beliefs too further
accomplishing the influence the old view had on the people before the Scientific Revolution.
However, when people tried accomplishing new tasks such as exploring and wanted to know more
about the physical world and began questioning old statements, innovations to thinking and
technology were made also unlocking the possibility of the Scientific Revolution and the spread of
scientific learning to occur. These innovations made in thinking included the Neoplatonism and the
Hermetic Doctrine and innovations in technology included machines helping to creating books a
quicker, faster way and invent instruments to help sailors navigate the globe for their explorations.
One innovation made that helped make the spread of the Scientific learning and the Scientific
Revolution possible was a concept known as Neoplatonism. This was a change made in thinking
that differed with the old, medieval traditional views. Neoplatonism stressed the belief that one
should search beyond appearances for true knowledge. According to him, truth about nature and
God could be found making abstract judgments and reasonings but could best be described using the
skills of mathematics. The old traditional view which included Aristotle's concepts stated that the
Earth was the center of the universe. The concept of Neoplatonism undermined this way of thinking
by stating that one should search more to find the truth especially using mathematics to explain and
defend that claim. The idea of Neoplatonism interested and influenced many scientists who also
began to question old Aristotle theories due to them being inspired by this message of Greek
philosophy. Neoplatonism had assisted in

Scientific Revolution And Enlightenment
How was the use of coffee in society different from previous beverages?
Spirits were typically used for getting drunk, while coffee was not. Beer and wine were often used
for social, religious, or everyday events. Coffee was seen as a sophisticated beverage, meant for the
minds of scientists and thinkers.
How was the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment a sharp break from the past?
The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment were extremely different than what the past was. They
both encouraged a new type of thinking: what is rational, and what is not. They both also aspired to
have new ideas, and new ways of believing. In the Medieval Ages, rationality was never considered,
nor were new ideas. This is how the Scientific Revolution and ... Show more content on
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The tea trade started out in Assam, India. The English saw trade and production in India as a
mutualistic system; the Indians would be given jobs, while Britain would still be profiting from their
tea trade.
"Coca–Cola and the Rise of America" (Chapters 11 and 12):
What was the origin of Coca–Cola?
The original source of all carbonated drinks was Joseph Priestley. Aside from being an English
clergyman and scientist, his curiosity sparked from the gas that bubbled from fermentation vats.
Using this interest in gas, he created sparkling water in 1772. Basing his knowledge off of Priestley's
work, John Pemberton created a syrup that was originally made for medical purposes. He used this
syrup and sparkling water to create the tasty drink known as "Coca–Cola".
How was the beverage used medically? What were the additives?
Medically, Coca–Cola was mainly used to relieve stomach problems, but was also used as a
painkiller. The coca leaves of the Incas were used as an additive in Coca–Cola, which contained the
addictive drug cocaine (the cocaine was removed in the early 20th century). The second main
additive was the kola nut, responsible for the high amount of caffeine in

Scientific Revolution 1500s
The first event that occured in set one was The Scientific Revolution. In the 1500's changes took
place in science that directed towards a new way of looking at the universe versus only looking at it
from a religious standpoint. European scholars made new advances in chemistry, medicine, physics,
etc. These new teachings about the physical world led to the beginning of the Scientific Revolution.
Scientists looked for natural laws in the universe, which led to the Enlightenment philosophers
looking for natural laws that governed society and politics. After the Scientific Revolution, an era
known as The Enlightenment occurred in the 1700's. In the Enlightenment, philosophers developed
new ideas about basic human rights and the way government

The Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment Essay
The Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment In the 17th Century, there was much controversy
between religion and science. The church supported a single worldview that God's creation was the
center of the universe. The kings and rulers were set in their ways to set the people's minds to
believe this and to never question it. From these ideas, the Enlightenment was bred from the
Scientific Revolution. Nicholas Copernicus was the first to question the universal truths and
teachings of the church. He devised a theory that the earth along with the other planets revolved
around the sun. This theory disagreed with Aristotle and the old teachings that the universe revolved
around the earth, and that man was the center of the universe. ... Show more content on
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iii Galileo Galilei was also a supporter of the Copernican Theory. Galileo believed the earth, and
other planets, rotated on its axis around the unmoving sun. He used his new invention of the
telescope to prove Copernicus' theory. With the telescope, Galileo found sunspots on the earth's
moon, which gave proof to him that the heavens were not perfect and changeless but were more like
the changeable earth. iv He also discovered Jupiter and the four moons that revolved around it. He
only discovered one moon revolving around the earth. Galileo therefore stated if Jupiter were to
revolve around the earth, then the earth would have to have at least four moons, and it doesn't. v The
Church objected Galileo's theory because the Bible said the sun moved through the sky. Being
totally rejected by the church, Galileo was forced to take back what he had written and was also
prevented from any further teachings of his theory. Galileo was condemned by the Catholic Church
for his ideas. The Church succeeded in silencing Galileo but couldn't stop the advancements in
science. The goal of the Scientific Revolution was to glorify God by showing universality by which
nature operates. Traditional Christians felt the new scientific breakthroughs were contradictory to
God. They believed these theories took away from the belief that God's creation was the center of
the universe. From the Scientific

Scientific Revolution Dbq
Throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Europeans' world view was affected by several
scientific breakthroughs. This period of achievement is referred to as the Scientific Revolution. The
Scientific Revolution was not a single event, rather a series of events with contributions from many
people. Some of its main causes include individuals, the book written by Nicolaus Copernicus, and
the loss of power by the Catholic church. During this period, scholars made lasting contributions
that continue to affect the modern world. The Scientific Revolution had various effects, which
include the Enlightenment and advances in the sciences, especially in the fields of chemistry and
medicine.
The event that is most often cited as the start of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to the scientific revolution, there was a branch of science called alchemy. Alchemists believed
that it was possible to change substances into other substances. Many alchemists tried to no avail to
turn ordinary metals into gold. During the Scientific Revolution, advances were made in chemistry
that disproved many beliefs of alchemy, causing it to stop being practiced. However, some practices,
including the manipulation of metals and acids evolved to become part of modern chemistry. An
influential person at this time was the English chemist Robert Boyle. Boyle improved upon the
alchemists' view of chemicals by describing chemicals as basic building blocks. Also, he said that
tiny particles made up all matter and had predictable behavior. Boyle, learned of the difference
between singular elements and chemical compounds. He also described how gases are affected by
temperature and pressure. Boyle's studies laid the groundwork of modern chemical analysis of the
composition of matter. Among other scientific fields, there were many advances made in chemistry
during the Scientific

In the book " The Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction", Lawrence Principe discusses
the general occurring events of the scientific revolution, and overviews various in–depth details in
relation to those events. People at the time highly focused on the meanings and causes of their
surrounds, as their motive was to "control, improve and exploit" (Principe 2) the world. In his work,
Principe has successfully supported the notion that the Scientific Revolution stood as a period in
time where one's innovation would drive improvements towards change and continuity of future
innovations, along with changes of tradition. His statement is strongly backed by his detailed and
particular order of events throughout the book. Nevertheless, certain details that lead beyond the
necessary background are found, as they do not appertain to the general line of the book, but rather
for background knowledge.
The first chapter offers a general background understanding of the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance. Principe speaks of two prior Renaissances: Carolingian Renaissance and the
Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. The Carolingian Renaissance developed the early centers for
learning and refinement, while the second Renaissance consisted of warmer climates that go to the
constitution of the Medieval Warm Period. Increments in the output of agriculture lead to a series of
improvements, such as an increment in population and stability in political systems (6). Principe
then continues

The Scientific Revolution And Religion
The Scientific Revolution was not intended to be a war on religion and tradition even though it was
interpreted as such. The Scientific Revolution, which lasted roughly from 1543 to 1642, was
arguably the greatest development in the European intellectual history (Kreis, 2012). It was a
revolution in the way people perceived the world. During this era, scientific revolutionaries like
Nicholas Copernicus, the Polish astronomer (1473–1543); Descartes, the French philosopher (1596–
1650) and Isaac Newton the British mathematician (1642–1727) tried to better understand man and
the physical world thereby overturning the authorities of the Church and the scientists and
philosophers who preceded them, including Ptolemy, Galen and Aristotle. It was mainly the
Copernican theory that caused many to perceive the Scientific Revolution as a war on tradition. As
far as understanding the universe was concerned, the medieval world depended on the work of
Claudius Ptolemy (c. 90–168), the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Ptolemaic System, God, not fixed stars, was the outermost element. Driven by the fear of the
Copernican theory rendering God irrelevant, in 1616, the Church summoned to Rome Galileo, an
Italian mathematician who taught the Copernican theory, and ordered him to desist from teaching or
writing about Copernicus' heliocentric theory although he could think about it. A year earlier,
Cardinal Bellarmine, had authored his well–known Letter to Foscarini in which he conveyed his
displeasure with the heliocentric idea. Before his death in 1543, Copernicus had written his treatise
titled On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies. In it, he pleaded with mathematicians to teach his
theory. He believed it was only mathematicians who could appreciate his system's order and

The Scientific Revolution Essay
When comparing the views presented by both Aristotle and Copernicus, one must consider the
circumstances under which these men lived to understand the differences. The most obvious of these
is the time in history. Aristotle came almost 2000 years earlier in the astronomy field. While
Copernicus had set out to glorify the great religion of his time, Aristotle's views came 200 years
before Christ was even born! Although the book gives the impression nothing of significance in
astronomy happened in the time between Aristotle and Copernicus, professional astronomy was a
developing institution during that time. For nearly 2000 years astronomers had been tracking and
organizing and refining the prevailing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But Copernicus did not merely select one of two competing theories. He was showing signs ahead
of his time of the scientific theory. To question something that seemed to make so much sense, at a
time where it was unheard of to do so, was revolutionary, even if he did publish his work
immediately.
Another person who unknowingly contributed to the formation of the scientific theory was Tyco
Brahe. Perhaps the most fundamental principle of the scientific theory is that of observation before
conclusion. Tyco Brahe did not understand mathematics well enough to propose complicated
theorems of celestial movement, such as Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD. What he did possess was
the greatest observatory of his time and a keen ability to make detailed observations. Before his
unfortunate demise at the dinner table of the emperor ("Let's Go Europe, 2000"), he amassed a great
amount of data so that other astronomers wouldn't have to. Isaac Newton realized the importance of
work such as Brahe's when he said, "If I have seen farther [than those before me], it is because I
have stood on the shoulders of Giants" [text]. Brahe's observations led to great discoveries by those
who used his data and observation methods. One such person was his student, Johannes Kepler. The
text tells us that Kepler, who was trained for the Lutheran ministry, believed that the universe was
built on "mystical

The Scientific Revolution Essay
During the Scientific Revolution scientists such as Galileo, Copernicus, Descartes and Bacon
wrestled with questions about God, human aptitude, and the possibilities of understanding the world.
Eventually, the implications of the new scientific findings began to affect the way people thought
and behaved throughout Europe. Society began to question the authority of traditional knowledge
about the universe. This in turn, allowed them to question traditional views of the state and social
order. No longer was the world constructed as the somewhat simple Ptolemaic Model suggested.
The Earth for the first time became explicable and was no longer the center of the universe. Many
beliefs that had been held for hundreds of years now proved to be ... Show more content on
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The statement acts to justify his finding with the church and connect them to God. Copernicus
realized that the church would be quick to judge him, and possibly this is why he didn't publish his
theories until late in his life. His discoveries were not so much as important as were his methods of
observation and application of mathematics to explain the world. His methods of discovery helped
model the direction of science over the next hundred years.
Another important figure in the Scientific Revolution was Galileo Galilei. He was an Italian born
professor of mathematics who had a great interest in the workings of the universe. Galileo served as
a professor at the University of Padua, and it was during this time that he began to question the
accuracy of the Churches representation of the world. Galileo's approach towards knowledge was
much different then the afore mentioned Copernicus. Where as Copernicus presented his finding to
the mercy of the church, Galileo wrote his conclusions and left the Roman Catholic Church interpret
them as they chose. The very nature of his findings pitted him as an opponent of the church.
The Earth was not the center of the universe. Galileo had seen far into the heavens with the
telescope he had designed and created an even more accurate mold of the universe. He trumpeted
his views everywhere, and condemned anyone who

Essay on The Scientific Revolution
Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, radical and controversial ideas were created in
what would become a time period of great advances. The Scientific Revolution began with a spark
of inspiration that spread a wild fire of ideas through Europe and America. The new radical ideas
affected everything that had been established and proven through religious views. "The scientific
revolution was more radical and innovative than any of the political revolutions of the seventeenth
century."1 All of the advances that were made during this revolutionary time can be attributed to the
founders of the Scientific Revolution.
The revolution brought about many radical changes and ideas that helped to strengthen it and the
scientists that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nicholas Coperincus (1473–1543) was born in Poland where he studied mathematics and
astronomy. In 1504, Copernicus began writing his famous novel De Revolutionibus Orblum
Coelestium; however it was not published until after his death, due to the radical ideas that were
contained inside.4 Copernicus was a man of great intelligence and his ideas changed scientists'
minds about astrology. In his book, he discussed his ideas of the Earth not being the center of the
universe, but instead that the Earth revolves around the Sun. At the time of Copernicus' book being
published, little controversy was created. It was not until a half–century later; it became an
extremely controversial concept. It was seen as an influence that went against religious views.5
The most influential piece of Copernicus' ideas is the Copernican Revolution, " a revolution in ideas,
a transformation in man's conception of the universe and of his own relation to it."6 Copernicus
wanted to increase the accuracy of astronomical theory through describing the roles of the Sun and
Earth together, as well as their individual roles. A reform in the fundamental concepts of the two
essential planets was the first part of the Copernican Revolution. Copernicus' ideas of astrology led
to many other important people involved in the revolution to form new understandings of nature and
man's role in it.
One man who used the influence of past ideas was Tycho Brahe (1546– 1601).

Scientific Revolution Influence
Beginning in Europe during mid–sixteenth century and lasting until mid–eighteenth century, this
period of time saw advancements in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry which
would lead into modern science. These advancements, however, challenged the doctrine of the
Catholic Church and other previous beliefs. Scientific thinkers such as Copernicus, Newton, and
Descartes helped impact Europe through challenging long–held religious beliefs, changing
philosophical beliefs, and introducing new technology. Before the Scientific Revolution, popular
beliefs concerning the world and its functions all led back to the Holy Roman Catholic Church.
Perhaps one of the most known beliefs of the Church was its geocentric theory, where the Earth was
the center of the universe instead of the Sun. However this theory was refuted by men such as
Copernicus and Galileo. In 1543, Copernicus wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres,
where he discredited the Catholic Church's long held belief. He had argued that the Sun was in the
center of our solar system instead of the Earth, giving way to the heliocentric theory. Then in 1632,
Galileo had published his book Dialogue on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The scientific method of the Middle Ages had been based around Aristotle's inductive method of
reasoning, when a scientist gathers facts about individual cases and uses them to reach a conclusion
or theory. Similarly, Bacon's inductive method found answers by starting with many observations of
nature, with the goal of finding a few, powerful statements about how nature works, which would
then be turned into laws and theories. However, Descartes believed in the deductive method where
reasoning is found in accordance to multiple premises that are generally found to be true. In short,
deductive reasoning is a basic form of valid reasoning, while inductive makes broad generalizations
from specific

The Scientific Revolution and the new learning occurred between 1550 and 1750 and was the age of
the discovery of science. The new learning (a composite of scientific method and rational inquiry),
was primarily interpreted by European scientists who brought about knowledge, understanding and
transformations in the forms of observations, experimentation, mathematical verification and
inventions. As with earlier scientists who based their truths and beliefs on religion, scientists during
this period based their new learning on knowledge with focuses on empiricism (sense–experience),
perceptions, observations and rationalizations for example. Philosopher and scientist Francis Bacon
advanced empiricism and published "Novum Organum" (which means ... Show more content on
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Like Bacon, Locke expounded on empiricism (sense–experience) and theorized, as stated above that
"the human mind at birth is a tabula rasa ("blank state") (Fiero 119). In order to understand these
ideas, he wrote "Essay Concerning Human Understanding". He believed "that human beings are
born in total ignorance, and that even our theoretical ideas of identity, quantity, and substance are
derived from experience" (Cranston, 1957). He believed that in addition to normal ideas in our
mind, we have ideas when we feel, taste, smile, hear and see which are connected to sensation. He
observed two types of ideas, "those ideas which are simple, that the mind receives passively, and
which are perceived immediately through either external or internal senses (thought), and complex
ideas, which the mind produces by exercising its own powers" (Cranston, 1957). Examples of
simple ideas like are like whiteness or softness of an object while examples of complex ideas fall
within three classes: ideas of substance, ideas of mode and ideas of relationship. Locke confirmed
Bacon's writings that everything one knows begins from sensory experience. Locke believed that
human knowledge, if properly applied, would

The Scientific Revolution : The Ideas Of The Scientific...
The scientific revolution, like most revolutions in human history, was met with great resistance. The
most powerful of them all the church. For centuries human kind had submitted itself to the set ways
of the church. Followed biblical teachings blindly. In case where these teaching were questioned or
challenged, people would be tried for heresy and condemned to death. It was a slow long process.
Oftentimes stalled by fear and other times by general ignorance. Chance was unavoidable, quietly,
slowly, and surely it made its way forward until it was fully embraced. But it did not happen
spontaneously. It was the visionaries and thinkers of the time that in the face of ridicule, exile, and
death pushed their ideas forward. They looked outside the box, they challenged the status quo, they
experimented, they painted, they built, they wrote, they expressed themselves in ways that leave us
in awe even today. That introduced new ways of thinking, new way of looking at the world, new
ways of accepting the world. "As the sciences that we now have do not help us in finding out new
works, so neither does the logic which we now have help us in finding new sciences. "1 (Bacon, 11)
They recognized the need for change, and change is what they brought. It is because of these
visionaries that our world is shaped into what we know today. They made us aware of our potential
and changed the course of human thinking.
First, I will show how they paved the way for science and discuss the

During the Early Modern Era, Western Europe expands. The Roman Catholic Church went through
many challenges before the Protestant Reformation, which was the beginning of the many ideas that
will emerge in Europe, such as the Renaissance ending thus letting science escalate. The
Renaissance inspired a load of curiosity in many fields, such as science. Claims and ideas that had
been accepted by the world for many of years previous to this point in history were now being
challenged and questioned by Scholars, especially since religious leaders challenged and questioned
accepted ways of thinking with God and salvation in the church during the Reformation.
Collectedly, thus began Scientific Revolution in the 1600's. The Scientific Revolution was a major
part of World History in Europe. It made people question god, science and created new religions.
This time period also shaped European ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The proposition that the sun is in the center of the world and immovable from its place is absurd,
philosophically false, and formally heretical; because it is expressly contrary to Holy Scriptures,"
(Source 7). This proves my claim because someone is contextually proving that Copernicus' theories
are false, making him seem like an unimportant part, therefore, making a big chunk of the
Revolution weak. As well as "The proposition that the earth is not the center of the world, nor
immovable, but that it moves, and also with a diurnal action is also absurd, philosophically false,
and, theologically considered, at least erroneous in faith," (Source 7). Galileo does not support
religion because he is more focused on science. Galileo was going against the Holy Scripture and
religion in general. This supports the connecting of science to religion negatively. Many people
agree that science and religion were the same thing and if one idea parted from the other, it was
considered

Enlightenment And The Scientific Revolution
Thirty Years War and Scientific Revolution were two major causes that led to the developing of a
new intellectual and philosophical movement called Enlightenment, or the Age of Reason. Religion,
power of human reason, natural law, individualism, hope, progress and many other concepts were
combined into a worldview that contributed to new innovations and changed people's lives and
visions. This period marked the importance of science. By using the scientific method, people were
able to make progress toward a better society.
One of the main characteristics of Enlightenment was reason, which was considered by philosophers
the most significant human aptitude. All ideas and opinions are supported by a specific reason.
Logical arguments were successfully used in science, mathematics, biology, politics, arts. The use of
rationality influenced the appearance of different moral values responsible for a person's behavior or
principles of artistic taste, called ethics and aesthetics.
Isaac Newton had a great impact on eighteenth–century intellectuals such as Voltaire, Montesquieu,
Diderot, Smith and others. They believed that Isaac Newton's scientific methods could be used in
discovering natural laws, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ideas of Enlightenment shaped different political, cultural, religious attitudes and they are used all
around the world; for example the separation of power in three branches and the use of
encyclopedia. The appearance of newspapers and magazines was developed during the
Enlightenment. The use of reason and logic led to a change in people's way of thinking. People
started to view the world differently. It led to improvement of society and all of the discoveries led
to an incredible progress. The ideas of Enlightenment made our world a better place in which logic,
reason, scientific methods, natural law and individualism are the main

The Rise Of The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution made a greater impact on western history then the Enlightenment because
of two main reasons, the printing press and the scientific method. First off, the printing press
changed society in many ways, from the enlightenment to present day. The printing press spread
around the new beliefs and ideas of the enlightenment, for example, many books like "Dialogue
Concerning the Two Chief World Systems", "Starry Messenger", and "On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Bodies" became accessible due to the invention of the press. These ideas became known
to many, and people started to think for their own and create their own beliefs, with logic and doubt
to ancient ideas such as church teachings. To further prove the impact of

The Theory Of Scientific Revolutions
In my essay I plan to argue that Thomas Kuhn was incorrect when he presented his theory that no
paradigm is better than any other paradigm and how he believed that people who occupy different
paradigms are in different universes, in his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. I believe
that there is no valid deductive or inductive support for incommensurability, there are examples
against it throughout the history of science that do not exhibit the discontinuity and replacement of
paradigms, as Kuhn's incommensurability thesis predicts, but rather continuity and supplementation.
If this is correct, then there are no compelling epistemic reasons to believe that Kuhn's
incommensurability thesis is true or probable. The argument that the point of the same kind terms
changes or ceases from one theoretical context to another, it does not fundamentally mean that these
two abstract frameworks are taxonomically or methodologically incommensurable. Kuhn's theory
takes a relativist stance and uses it to make all theories and paradigms equal with none being better
than the other. This poses a major problem because the hope of scientific research is best said as
"For a realist conception of scientific progress also wishes to assert that, by and large, later science
improves on earlier science, in particular by approaching closer to the truth." This means that all
realist scientist hope that by advancing our scientific knowledge we will eventually come closer to
the truth about

The Scientific Revolution And The Enlightenment
Karen Cedillos
November 11, 2017
HIST 2312
Dr. Brunet
What were the major ideas behind the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment? Include three
major Enlightenment scientist and/or philosophers in your essay. How did the Enlightenment change
the world view of Western civilization?
The Scientific Revolution was an era where Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei. Nicolaus Copernicus,
and Johannes Kepler challenged the status quo, and where many discoveries that would change the
way people thought about everything including the universe were made. Before the Scientific
Revolution happened, many Europeans only believed in what the church said, but the revolution
unveil new answers based on science; totally the opposite of what the church had adopted in earlier
years. This period became the foundation of thinking in a different way, and the Enlightenment
relied on those new perspectives to expand other theories that would forever change life. During the
Middle Ages period people believed in the idea of a Geocentric universe, the Earth was the absolute
center of the universe, church had more power and authority than anybody else. People were
influenced and thought that everything they do had to be approved by God. Nicolaus Copernicus
challenged the theory that insisted that we lived in a Geocentric universe, and that is where our
universe literally changed. Church believes started to doubt the theories that church had adopted in
early years. The Scientific Revolution opened

Scientific Revolution Vs Industrial Revolution
Studying the Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, French Revolutions, Revolutions of 1830/1848,
and the Industrial Revolution has shown that these revolutions have similarities and differences.
While some revolutions have been more successful than others, each revolution is unique in its own
way. In addition, each revolution had various factors that caused the uprisings.
The causes of the Scientific Revolution consist of many things. The Scientific Revolution occurred
during the Renaissance period. This was a time of the rebirth of art and learning. This sparked
people to question the teachings of the Church and Aristotle. During the Renaissance period, people
began to use scientific methods which questioned an idea, tested the idea, and then came to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Similarly, during the Industrial Revolution, the working class formed unions that threatened to strike
if they didn't get the reforms they wanted. Workers came up with the Ten Hours Act that demanded
limiting the workday to 10 hours for children and women. Another act that changed conditions for
the working class was the Mines Act. This act prevented the women and children from working in
the mines. These reforms of the Industrial and French Revolutions helped better the lower classes
lives. The Scientific Revolution and the Industrial Revolution both had inventions and discoveries
that advanced the country and society. For example, during the Scientific Revolution, Zacharias
Janssen invented the microscope. This invention made it easier for scientists to make precise
observations and discoveries. Also, Torricelli invented the barometer to predict the weather. This
allowed people to plan accordingly to the weather. Another example of discoveries during the
Scientific Revolution included Edward Jenner's invention of the vaccine to prevent smallpox. This
kept the population safe and terminated

The Scientific Revolution And Enlightenment
The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, which spanned from the late 1500's to 1700's, shaped
today's modern world through disregarding past information and seeking answers on their own
through the scientific method and other techniques created during the Enlightenment. Newton's
'Philsophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica' and Diderot's Encyclopedia were both composed of
characteristics that developed this time period through the desire to understand all life, humans are
capable of understanding the Earth, and a sense of independence from not having to rely on the
nobles or church for knowledge. Newton's writings have had a profound effect on modern day
science, astronomy, physics, as well as scientific reason. His discoveries and laws set a foundation
of universal guidelines that enabled others to conduct experiments based on their own observations,
while he also explained how the natural world functioned. In his 'Principia' he listed his set of four
rules of scientific reasoning. The four rules include: 1) we are to admit no more causes of natural
things such as both true and sufficient to explain their experiences. 2) The same natural effects must
be assigned to the same causes. 3) Qualities of bodies are to be esteemed as universal. 4)
Propositions deduced from observation of phenomena contradict them (wolframresearch). This
method of reasoning set the framework for the quest of answers during the Enlightenment. Today
his four laws are known as the scientific

Scientific Revolution DBQ
The Scientific Revolution was a period of the development of the new and modern theories of
science and universe. This development took place from 16th century to 17th century. This concept
was widely accepted by the people of Europe. This period changed the beliefs which were not
accurate and changed the status of women in the society. Many scientists, such as Nicolas
Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Sir Issac Newton changed the European history with the help of
new discoveries and knowledge and disagreement with the Catholic Church.
Scientific Revolution was a turning point in the European history because it challenged the Catholic
Church and its authority. Scientists like Copernicus challenged the theories of the church about
universe that Earth centered the Solar System "Geocentric Theory" (Doc 6) and replaced it with the
accurate and true theories about universe that Sun centered the Solar System "Heliocentric Theory".
Scientists reshaped church's beliefs about Spiritual things in the universe (Doc 1). There were only
heavenly bodies in the universe like Sun, Moon, Plants and Stars. Scientific Revolution changed the
status of Women. Women were sharing their ideas and reason's for things and played a important
role in the Scientific Revolution. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kepler Discovered that all planets move around Sun in ellipses and they cover equal distance in
same interval of time (Doc 5). Kepler also discovered the structure of the Solar System and orbital
properties of planets with the help of Sir Issac Newton but church disagreed with Kepler because
church's beliefs state that every thing in the universe is motionless (Doc 2). Scientific Revolution
also changed the political and the social world by changing the beliefs and challenging the church's
authority. Church had no powers because parliament was the house of

Scientific Revolution Enlightenment
Is it possible for a revolution to occur overnight? No. A Revolution is the wish to overthrow a
government or social belief to achieve a new political or belief system in the course of several years.
These revolts or breakthroughs tend to occur when the essential needs of the common people are not
being met. Between 1500–1800 in Europe, literature also reflected historical events including
famous romantic novels such as Frankenstein and A Tale of Two Cities. For my Winter Trimester
Final in Revolutions in Thought, I chose to represent revolutions by creating a tree where each
revolution was benefited from pervious discoveries in the prior revolution. For example, how the
Scientific Revolution's discoveries would benefit the Enlightenment Period. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
During the Enlightenment Period, philosophers questioned what is truth along with how to break
free from tutelage, instructions or learning from others. When the poor people looked at the way
France was being run, they questioned why the upper class was not being taxed as heavily as
themselves. In these secret meetings, a group of men entitled the National Constituent Assembly
created the Declaration of Men which stated "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights"
(National Constituent Assembly). This was the first document of its kind where all people could be
created equal no matter what class. Rich and poor would pay equal taxes and be given the same
respect by the government. This document would later become the first step toward writing a new
constitution for France. Sixty years after the French Revolution was completed, Charles Dickens
wrote A Tale of Two Cities, which reflected the French Revolution with characters from both France
and England. Throughout the book, Dickens makes reference to the comparison of wine verses
blood and how this symbolized the revolution itself. This comparison is shown when Dickens states
"The time was to come, when that wine too would be spilled on the street–stones, and when the
stain of it would be red upon many there" (Dickens 22). In this quote, Dickens hints at the lethal
mistakes in the revolutionaries'

Few revolutions throughout history have surpassed the Scientific Revolution and the Neolithic
Revolution, in terms of importance and impact on humanity. The Scientific Revolution was,
arguably, started by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543, and was when thinkers in Europe stopped
allowing the Church to hinder their scientific ideas, and began using the scientific method (O.I.).
The Neolithic Revolution was when humans began to domesticate plants and animals, and began to
live together in villages and towns, as opposed to being hunter gatherers, which started about 12,500
years ago (O.I.). The Scientific Revolution was sparked by the surge of new ideas spread around
Europe, due to the printing press (doc 4). The Scientific Revolution also allowed

The Scientific Revolution: Lucy Glover
Time periods and major historical events greatly impact people's identities and how they see
themselves fitting into the world around them. For every generation, there are rough patches to
muddle through, but for some, this actually lasts their entire lives. For example, Lucy Glover, a
woman living in 17th century Scotland, struggled with being held "a slave" by her husband and
longed to be able to pursue her own dreams. During the Scientific Revolution, females were rarely
allowed to further advance their educations and were certainly not given the credit they deserve if
they were lucky enough to conduct research. However, Lucy's goal was to make sure all of her
children were able to follow their hearts in the future and put their needs far above her own.
Lucy Glover was born on July 5, 1639 in Glasgow, Scotland during the Scientific Revolution. This
was a period of European–wide intellectual change, especially in regards to the scientific
disciplines, and took place during the mid–16th and 17th centuries. There was a greater focus on
experiments, understanding how nature works, and development of instruments to make research
easier. However, most of the great scientific accomplishments were done by men, not women. Some
of the most famous discoveries include Nicolaus Copernicus' theory of how the sun is the center of
the universe as discussed in On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543, Galileo's ideas
about inertia, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They wondered if he would be able to stay sane and unfortunately, he committed suicide on October
8, 1915, not even surviving the first year. However, this was not uncommon for these soldiers and
many were not able to survive the pressure of the war. At first, William identified greatly with the
role of the soldier, but once he realized all it entailed, he struggled to be able to survive in this

The Scientific Revolution revolutionized the middle ages. The concepts of secularization, scientific
method, heliocentrism, as well as the creation of major fields of science. The Scientific Revolution
paved the way for modern science. Much of the work that created during the sixteenth and
seventeenth century is still considered to be the foundation of many major fields such as chemistry,
physics, astronomy and biology. During the revolution, science began to be excepted by both the
Protestant and the Catholic churches. Matter of fact, science was encouraged by the church.
However, the church had control over the scientist and would commonly censor individuals that
spoke out against the church. Scientific Method is the combination of experimental observation and
mathematical deduction. This concept was used to determine the laws of nature. The Scientific
Method was first developed in the seventeenth century and became the standard of truth seeking.
The old Christian doctrine that was established by the scientific teachings of ancient philosophers
such as Ptolemy and Aristotle. According to The Making of the West by Lynn Hunt, "Scientific
method of determining the laws of nature undermined traditional accounts of natural phenomena"
(Hunt 493). The traditional accounts of natural phenomena, which was established by the ancient
philosophers came under question. Many scientists such as Isaac Newton, except the scientific
method. The use of Scientific Method, led to ground

The Scientific Revolution and Its Impact
Throughout the Scientific Revolution, scientists and natural philosophers created a new scientific
world by questioning popular ideas and constructing original models. During the 1500s and 1600s,
the concept of individualism, the principle of being independent and self–reliant, began to be
applied to one's life. People began to have individual thoughts and started to disagree with
commonly believed ideas promoted by the Church. As this way of thinking expanded throughout
Europe, scientists looked to others for clarification and support on scientists' ideas. Scientists needed
the acceptance of others and the money of patrons to spread their ideas and discoveries. During this
era the work of scientists were positively impacted by the views of society, the influence the church
had over the general public and the power held by political leaders.
The acceptance of science throughout society aided in the expansion of scientific ideas. Once the
general public recognized science, it became easier for scientists to communicate and build off each
other's ideas. During the scientific revolution, people in society looked toward their community for
reinforcement. Henry Oldenburg was a scientist, a philosopher, and the secretary for the English
Royal Society, a learned group of scientists. Oldenburg believed that scientists and philosophers
should work together to help science achieve its highest potential (Document 5). Even other
members of the scientific society believed

Contributions Of The Scientific Revolution
Galileo Galilei once said, "Facts which at first seem improbable will, even on scant explanation,
drop the cloak which has hidden them and stand forth in naked and simple beauty." Sometimes facts
seem not realistic and true; however, scientists will prove those facts to be true and show people that
those facts were right all along. The Scientific Revolution lasted from roughly 1550–1700. It was in
Western Europe and started because of a lack of knowledge. Three important people during the
Scientific Revolution were Isaac Newton, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Francis Bacon.Some experts
believe that the Renaissance era was more important. The renaissance was from roughly 1300–1700.
The term Renaissance means "rebirth". It originated in Florence, Italy when florence started to
become wealthy. 3 important people during the Renaissance were Shakespeare, Johann Gutenberg,
and Leonardo Da Vinci. The Scientific Revolution was the most influential toward human progress
because of their contributions to art/literature, religion, and science.
Contributions to art and literature was just one of the reasons why the Scientific Revolution was the
most influential era toward human progress. Isaac Newton wrote famous books called Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy which are a collection of 3 books that explain his statements about
the laws of motion, the formation of the foundation of classical mechanics, his law of universal
gravitation, and much more. These laws, findings, and

Galilen's Impact On The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was crucial for the development of science. During the 16th and 17th
century, after the reformation, the scientific revolution had begun. The scientific methods and
thoughts had seen change, however the members of the church did not like this. From the
renaissance and the enlightenment, many individuals were interested in contributing to the world
with their ideas ands many individuals were able to formulate conclusions. There were three men
that were crucial in shaping the scientific revolution. Galileo was a crucial figure in shaping the
scientific revolution in various subjects including astronomy. Nicoloaus Copernicus was a key
figure and changed the way man viewed the universe. As well as, Isaac Newton is known as one of
the most influential figures due to his contributions in astronomy. The impact of the scientific
revolution was positive as seen through Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, and Nicoloaus Copernicus.
Galileo had a positive impact on the scientific revolution as he contributed to physics, astronomy,
mathematics and philosophy. He has constructed his own telescope in 1609 and the telescope helped
him see and be able to explain the rings of Saturn, the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus. He
was also able to witness innumerable stars that he had never seen before. As he stated, "The Milky
Way is nothing else but a mass of innumerable stars planted together in clusters." As well, from the
telescope, Galileo had proved that the moon

Scientific Revolution Religion
.
The Scientific Revolution means historical change in the minds and belief to change in social and
formal associations. This revolution began in Europe between 1500–1700. It started with Nicholas
Copernicus who stated a heliocentric (astronomical model) cosmos, and ended with Isaac Newton
who suggested universal law (principles and rules for governing human beings' conduct which are
most universal in their acceptability, their applicability, translation, and philosophical basis) and a
Mechanical Universe(theory that the universe is best understood as a system composed entirely of
matter in motion under a complete and regular system of laws). Some historians have a different
idea of when this revolution started and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the implementation of continuous mistreatment of the people, the designers created multiple
movements that would be used to explain some establishments. The trend of faithful impressions
overthrown finding by the truthfulness resumed to manage. However, the understanding was
increasingly gaining popularity. Some of the advanced formed some movement groups incorporated
in confidentiality such as the illuminati of Bavaria. The illuminati were a network of the most
knowledgeable associate of the population and often prosperity one who had some ownership of
secrets and techniques for construction .
The church blamed such groups of presumption the devilish approaches and selling their souls to the
devil while the one thing that they did was coming up with the most successful methods of
construction and using them in their daily life. Despite the offers to manage the scientific revolution
the sightless belief in the religion was guided to a termination by the scientific revolution.
Eventually the people began searching for reasonable interpretation to all the things that they were
evaluating. Suddenly, the impression that the gods were above all phenomenons began losing
companionship in the population. The mistreatment of the creators and scientist terminated and all
of a sudden, they were admired

The Scientific Revolution : The Evolution Of The...
In the beginning God created the heavens with the Earth along with man in his own image. For over
1500 years, Christian followers were heavy believers of the bible, seeing it as the primary source for
knowledge. Then came the scientific revolution in the 1500s, a movement which challenged the
Christian view of the universe. It was a time when people were looking for a new way of thinking
about the world. Since then and to this day, there has been several instances in which scientific
inquiry and religious belief have collided in their ideologies.
What is now called science, emerged around 4 centuries ago. The hard work of scientists brought
new ways of interpreting the world. They no longer relied on the deliberate word of God. The
scientific revolution put individual curiosity, inquiry, reason, and experiments above religion.
Throughout the Renaissance, the increased advancements in science forced the Catholic church to
execute "rebellious" researchers who opposed their religious views. When scientists were sentenced
to death they were charged by the church for denying the divinity of Jesus Christ and questioning
the church's authority. The 19th century, also known as the Age of Reason, had brought many new
great minds who challenged Christianity, forcing the church to step down. Great thinkers such as
Darwin removed the argument for God's main existence. All making science the biggest challenge
Christianity will ever have to face. If this ongoing revolution of science

The Pros And Cons Of The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was a time of discovery during the 16th and 17th centuries. Because of
the fact that both the Protestant Reformation and the Scientific Revolution occurred at roughly the
same time, there was a significant number of advocates and critics for these new discoveries.
Despite the overall growth in support of these new scientific findings, social, religious, and political
factors greatly restrained the potential of the Scientific Revolution.
The most challenging problem for the participants in the Scientific Revolution was trying to
convince the Church that these new revelations were beneficial. For Nicholas Copernicus, this was a
lot more difficult. The Church had already reevaluated their views in accordance to Aristotle's idea
of celestial spheres which established the Earth as the center of the universe (Text 522). Knowing
this information, Nicolaus Copernicus tried to gain the Church's trust by dedicating his book, On the
Revelation of the Heavenly Spheres, to Pope Paul III and waited to publish the book until his the
year of his death in order to avoid ridicule (Text 522). In his dedication, Copernicus reminded the
pope that he had a great love of science and he reassured him that "[his] labors contribute to the well
being of the Church" (Doc. 1). John Calvin took a more harsh approach in order to defend himself.
Because of the Reformation, Calvin had already experienced a ton of derision and censorship from
the Church. He stated, "This study

Scientific Revolution And The Enlightenment
An abstraction used by historians, the scientific revolution refers to the span of great emergence of
modern science during the early modern period, which lasted roughly from 1540 to 1690. A noted
historian has said that the scientific revolution was "the real origin both of the modern world and the
modern mentality." (McKay, Hill, Buckler, Crowston, Wiesner–Hanks, Perry, 2011). The scientific
revolution transpired in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through
the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment.
Nicolaus Copernicus' 1543 publication, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, translated as
meaning: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, is often quoted as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Superstitions and fairy tales were thrown into the past and thus light began to shed on the minds of
intellectuals, who, by testing their hypothesis' came to the realization that they hold the truths of the
mysteries of the Divine. Critical thinking was now being applied to scientific thinking and reasoning
like never before. Aristotelian teachings were widely accepted, thus laying the building blocks for
the establishment of the medieval university. Permanent universities with professors and substantial
student bodies trained to become lawyers, doctors, and church leaders that society required. By the
early fourteenth century philosophy had taken its place alongside law, medicine, and theology.
Mathematics, astronomy, and physics were also added to the teachings of leading universities. These
new areas of study were applied to describe the natural world, unlike before with Aristotle's view
being a commonsense explanation for what the eye saw and a link to the "Great Chain of Being",
but times were changing and thinkers of the time were eager to challenge or even prove Aristotle

Scientific Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution

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