Life Cycle Analysis ( Lca )

Life Cycle Analysis ( Lca )
Introduction to Life Cycle Analysis Life cycle analysis (LCA) provides a systematic evaluation of a system/industry to improve through implementing
more efficient and ecological design and developmental techniques, ecological and social positive development, eliminating wastes, decreasing
deleterious inputs and outputs, and pollution prevention as well as reevaluating ethical and social impacts afflicted through practices.
Taking a "less harm" approach is often the first step in evaluating the impact of a product 's life cycle on the environment beginning from the abstraction
of raw materials, manufacturing, production, consumption, and ending with dematerialization. Although, "no one tool is adequate to the task of
measuring ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through the farming process, natural occurrences such as competition for food resources, predation, diseases, climate change, and reproduction are
manipulated. The farming environment is controlled and regulated using various techniques dependent on the species, either fish, crustaceans, aquatic
plants, and mollusks. Aquaculture involves the propagation, cultivation, and marketing of these aquatic stocks (Swann 1992) and can also include
ownership, individual or corporate, of production stocks (Goldburg et al. 2001). Within the aquaculture industry there are several categories of
aquaculture facilities including but not limited to concrete ponds, trays and longlines (Goldburg et al. 2001), tank systems, Earthen ponds, net pens,
cages, raceways, and recirculating systems (RamГrez–GodГnez et al. 2013). The production systems of these facilities range from traditional,
low–intensity sustenance to highly intensive production in man–made earthen pools, freshwater, brackish, and marine environments (Pelletier and
Tyedmers 2008).
The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) categorizes fauna aquaculture establishments as follows:
Finfish farming and fish hatcheries (NAICS code 112511), which finfish production (catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss),
goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus), tropical
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Lake Granby
Lake Granby
Lake Granby is located in the mountains of Colorado, near the town of Granby. The third largest body of water in Colorado, it is at an elevation of
8,284 feet. In 1950 the Granby Dam was completed, and is a part of the Colorado –Big Thompson Project (CBT). The CBT provides a large water
resource for the Front Range. Along with being used to supply the Front Range with water, it is also the headwaters of the Colorado River. Water
levels in the lake are extremely important to both the Front Range and the downstream users of the watershed. This is a unique situation for water
because the water that is used in the CBT has to cross the continental divide. There must also be enough water that travels downstream due to water
rights in, and outside the watershed. Proper water management of the system at a lake wide scale is the most important sustainability issue for the area.
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Boats are very common on the lake, both for fishing and recreation. The lake is a popular to anglers looking for kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Other fish like rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) are also abundant in the
lake. Mysis shrimp were introduced into the lake many years ago. They have had an impact on the kokanee salmon and will be analyzed in the final
paper. The fishing industry provides income for the area, as well as jobs. As of recent, the populations of kokanee salmon and lake trout have been in
a decline. The interaction of human management on these fish populations is needed in order to help increase these fish abundance in the lake. This
issue is also linked to the management of water in the lake because water levels impact the way that fish species

Bull Trout Research Paper
Introduction: The Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the family Salmonidae and are a char native to Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Montana
and western Canada. Compared to other salmonids, bull trout have more specific habitat requirements that appear to influence their distribution and
abundance (USFWS, 2015). Bull trout were historically regarded as pests due to their voracious predatory behavior. It was thought that bull trout
depleted populations of "more desirable" game fish by feeding on them when they were very small thus supposedly depleting the numbers. In fact at
one point there was a bounty placed on bull trout tails in Canada to encourage fisherman to rid the waters of this "Bully," which effectively eliminated
them from certain watersheds (Donald, D. B., and D. J. Alger. 1993). At one time in the early 1900's the Bull Trout thrived in the waterways of the
Northwest. The Upper Snake Recovery Unit for the Bull trout occurs within central Idaho, northern Nevada, and eastern Oregon. Major drainages
include: the Salmon River, Malheur River, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Suckley in 1859 as Salmo confluentus, and later Linnaeus gave the Char the genus name Salvelinus. The bull trout's species name (confluentus), which
translates roughly from Latin to mean "flowing together," presumably refers to the larger rivers and streams which they inhabit (Moyle, 2002). Bull
trout are considered char and are native to the Pacific Northwest and western Canada. The historical range of bull trout includes major river basins in
the Pacific Northwest at about 41 to 60 degrees North latitude, from the southern limits in the McCloud River in northern California and the Jarbidge
River in Nevada to the headwaters of the Yukon River in the Northwest Territories, Canada (Watson, G. and T. Hillman. 1997) More westward the bull
trout's current range includes Puget Sound, various coastal rivers of British Columbia, Canada, and southeast Alaska (Behnke, R. J.

Great Plains Ecosystem Essay
Aquatic habitats in the Great Plains region were historically dominated by rivers and streams with associated wetlands and few natural lakes. Native
fishes are typically riverine species that are in many cases adapted to strong current, turbid water, and a wide range of water temperatures. However,
many species that require clear water and cool temperatures are found as relict populations in springs and headwater streams. The native and introduced
fish fauna are an important link in food chains for many species and are significant economic resources for many communities.
The native fish fauna of the Great Plains includes representatives of twenty–eight families and more than 100 species. Several other families and many
species have been introduced. The minnow family (Cyprinidae) is the most diverse with more than forty species native to the region. Other ... Show
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The north–central region (Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming) had ninety–three native species from twenty–two families while the northern Plains
states' (North Dakota, Montana) native fishes numbered seventy–six species from nineteen families. The Canadian (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta)
and southern (Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico) portions of the Great Plains were the least diverse with fifty–eight and sixty–two species respectively.
Both regions had seventeen native families, but the southern region included representatives of two families (Characidae, Cyprinodontidae) and eight
species found native nowhere else in the Plains. The northern states and Canadian regions contribute two families (Salmonidae, Cottidae) and four
species to the native fauna. The Great Plains fish fauna shows a strong influence of its connection to the Mississippi drainage. However, representatives
of northern and southwestern faunas are also in

Pink Salmon Case Study
The local alignment results indicate that the species from the sample is from is pink salmon. According to BLAST, the top hit (and therefore the
highest scoring sequence via local alignment) belonged to the COI gene of pink salmon (figure 4), and therefore it can be strongly implied that the
pink salmon one can buy at the store is, in fact, pink salmon. The electropherogram (figure 3) helped confirm the sequencing results, and the
electrophoresis results confirmed the validity of the PCR products obtained which showed relevant bands according to their corresponding ladder.
There is no limit to the amount of research that should be conducted in the concept of testing the validity of the claims of grocery store claims about
their products using ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just as COI can be analyzed in salmon, the same gene can also be analyzed and sequenced in other species. According to a study by Liu et al.
(2018), a species of fly that is a common carrier of pathogenic organisms in Asia was analyzed based on both morphology and phylogenetics7. After
analyzing the species with morphological understandings, Liu et al. analyzed the genomes of pathogenic vectors residing within these flies for a
comparison of where these pathogens were concentrated most strongly according to their population and localization7. It should be noted that
definitions of species have their downfalls, however where one definition fails another can be used alongside to fill in the gaps. Several
bioinformatics analysis methods exist for this such purpose, and it can be inferred for future research into DNA barcoding to take advantage of these
techniques, as seen in the phylogenetic tree created by Liu et al7. Of course DNA barcoding involves the process of sequencing DNA, however the
proteins expressed from said genes should enter the discussion of DNA barcoding due to their effects on species differentiation. Bioinformaticians have
recently been able to combine the complex topic of protein structure with phylogenetic analysis in order to further analyze species differentiation, as
evident in Pittman et al. (2016)8. In this study the genes themselves coding for the calcium

The Conservation Assessment Of Common Trout And Colorado...
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this conservation assessment is to provide land managers and the general public with an overview of the distribution and status of
common trout (brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis; brown trout Salmo trutta; and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) on the Grand Mesa,
Uncompahgre, and Gunnison National Forests (hereafter, GMUG). Common trout species are part of a suite of Management Indicator Species (MIS)
"...which are monitored during forest plan implementation in order to assess the effects of management activities on their populations and the
populations of other species with similar habitat needs which they may represent (Forest Service Manual 2620.5)." MIS assessments are revised every
five years and each is a synthesis of the most recent field–based observations and peer–reviewed science pertaining to the species.
Common trout and Colorado River cutthroat trout (O. clarkii stomias) are MIS representing aquatic habitats on the GMUG. A variety of land
management activities can affect lake and stream habitats, including traditional forestry practices, road construction and maintenance, fire and fuels
management, and water development. The presence of MIS species in a watershed is not an obstacle to active forest management. On the contrary,
MIS species are used by Forest personnel to gauge the response of the entire forest ecosystem to land management projects we implement. In particular,
common trout were selected to assess effects of

Climate Change And Trout Ecosystems
Increasing temperatures are an immediate threat to the earth and its many diverse ecosystems. Our group chose to take an in depth look at the effects
of climate change on freshwater fish species, specifically on the rising air and freshwater temperatures and how they affect a cold water dwelling fish
species such as the trout. We will explore how the distribution of trout has changed over time with rising temperatures, how fires due toclimate change
affect trout populations, and lastly what the economic impacts of increased water temperatures will be on fisheries. Trout distribution is incredibly
susceptible to climate change. According to a report issued by PNAS, various trout species, including the cutthroat, rainbow, and brown trout... Show
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The only way to save these trout is to ultimately improve human's effect on the environment in order to help save these fish. The rising temperatures
are the main reason these fish have had a declining rate, and one way we as humans can help is by limiting our carbon emissions and the burning of
fossil fuels. It will be a tough task, but possibly putting a cap and trade, basically a tariff on emissions, is one way in which we could help stop the
emissions and eventually help global temperatures fall. The higher global temperatures rise, the more species we will eventually lose, and trout are just
one example of

The Importance Of Chemical Communication
Chemical communication is the detection and recognition of chemical signals released by other organisms. The chemicals that are released are known
as info–chemicals and can be directed towards organisms of the same or different species. Info–chemicals can be detected by more than one species
and the detection of info–chemicals is through olfactory and gustatory organs. The utilization of chemical communication is vital to the survival of
aquatic organisms due to the nature of the medium which they are surrounded by; water. Over the past century, the rise in large scale industrial activity
such as mining and metal processing has lead to an explosion in human productivity. However, the repercussion of this expansion is the disruption of
global habitats, resulting in the contamination of freshwater environments by heavy metal pollutants. The level of pollution by heavy metals is further
escalated by factors such as acid rain which increase the erosion rate of metals thus leading to the introduction of more heavy metal pollutants
(Tchouwou et al. 2012). Heavy metals are classified as metals that are significantly denser than water. Within this group of heavy metals, arsenic,
cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury are among the most critical for their toxicity to a wide variety of organisms at low concentrations. However
heavy metals such as copper which are widely used in technological appliances can also affect aquatic organisms. Furthermore, there are numerous
studies evidencing

A Look At The Biological Changes And Adaptations...
Anadromy in salmonids: a look at the biological changes and adaptations conferring the ability to transition between freshwater and seawater
Sarah Davis
27600105
Applied Biology 418
Dr. Ackerman
October 2, 2014
Introduction
Diadromous fish are those that undergo regular migrations between two distinctly different biomes: freshwater and saltwater (McDowall 1997). These
migrations are physiologically mediated, occur at anticipated times within a fish's life history, and involve two reciprocal migrations (i.e. the fish
migrates away from its natal biome, then later returns to spawn). Anadromy is a specific subcategory of diadromy, wherein fish spawn in freshwater,
migrate to sea, grow to their final size, and then return to freshwater to spawn (Quinn 2011). Anadromy is considered to be a defining life history
pattern for members of the Salmonidae family (comprised of salmons, trouts, and charrs) (Quinn and Myers 2004). All Pacific salmon species
(belonging to the Genus Oncorhynchus) are considered to be anadromous (Quinn 2011); nonetheless, there are examples of anadromous salmonids
outside this Genus, such as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (McDowall 2001). It is worth noting that anadromy is expressed to different degrees
interspecifically and intraspecifically (Quinn and Myers 2004). Pink (O. gorbuscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon have no natural non–anadromous
populations, suggesting that they are the most "strongly" anadromous species of salmonids.

Research Paper On Fishing Salmon
In the past, the American River provided more that 150 miles of spawning habitat for anadromous fish like Chinook (king) salmon and steelhead trout.
With the creation of the Folsom and Nimbus dam for flood control in 1970, came the decline of native salmon and steelhead populations because
upstream spawning habitats were cut off or destroyed. The Nimbus Salmon and Steelhead Hatchery was created because salmon and steelhead were
threatened to become extinct and people believed the population could be replaced by hatchery fish. The relationship between salmon and humans is
much more than just humans fishing salmon for food. I think the relationship is more of a positive one because the dam builders try to mitigate
population loss. By creation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They show the desire humans have to coexist with the salmon while providing a viewing sight for humans to see the salmon. I think that although
hatcheries seem to be effective in maintaining the population of fish, we should work on creating a new population of salmon in a new location. Then
salmon won't need human intervention to maintain their populations. Also that way we do not have to worry about how hatchery salmon will react
differently to than the wild salmon in the wild. I really enjoyed my trip to the Nimbus and American river fish hatcheries and it was amazing seeing and
learning about the salmon and

The Merced River Is The Southernmost Watercourse Of The...
METHODS
Study sites
The Merced River is the southernmost watercourse of the California Central Valley presently inhabited by Chinook salmon whose abundance has
decreased by 75% since 1950 (Yoshiyama et al., 2000). From its headwaters located in Yosemite National Park, Sierra Nevada, the MercedRiver flows
west to join the San JoaquГn River (river km 190) and drains a watershed approximately 3,297 km2 in size. Meanwhile, the elevation declines from
3,048 m to about 18.3 m. Only the first 82 river km are reachable by anadromous fish with access terminating at Crocker–Huffman Dam. We estimated
the percent contribution of terrestrial organic carbon sources for juvenile Chinook salmon across four longitudinally–positioned sites: Merced River ...
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Restoration planning identified the rehabilitation of the floodplain functions that foster recruitment of riparian vegetation and the quality of riparian
habitat. Fall–run Chinook salmon is an important management species in the Merced River, and numerous state and federal resource programs include
increasing its abundance in their goals. The vision has been to enhance channel, floodplain and riparian ecosystem processes and critical habitats for
juvenile and adult salmonids, in coordination with local communities and stakeholders, to promote the recovery of healthy and diverse Chinook salmon
and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations in the Merced River, while helping to meet the abundance goals of the Anadromous Fish
Restoration Program.
Robinson's restoration reach is approximately 2.4 km long and is located 16 km downstream of Crocker–Huffman Dam. The project included a very
complex suite of actions to restore Robinson's reach which was degraded as a result of mining activities and recent flood impacts. Channel
reconfiguration and the creation of a large floodplain with native vegetation increased the river channel's ability to transport and deposit sediments
under the river's current flow regime; hence improving channel dynamics and salmon passage concerns. These actions within the channel produced
improvements for salmon spawning and rearing through the creation of

Trout Unlimited Case Study
The Salmonidae family is a variety of coldwater fish species that are primarily found in bodies of water where cold temperatures are maintained. Like
all other species in the Salmonidae family, the trout is one species that require special care and parameters to secure its level of fitness and survival.
Trout Unlimited is an organization that works cooperatively with Pennsylvania's Fish and Boat Commission to protect and manage the streams, in
which the trout occupy. The three utmost imperative aspects of the streams that are maintained include the stream's physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics. Although it possesses aspects that aren't excellent, the Cacoosing Creek is a satisfying location to support a healthy trout population....
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The average temperature was approximately 9.67 C. The temperature of the water is significantly impacted by the amount of cool wind the area
receives, the amount of sunlight, and the time of year in which the temperature was measured. These factors allow for the water to maintain
significantly cooler throughout the year. Also affected by wind are the velocity and rate of flow of the stream. The average velocity is 0.29 meters
per second (m/s) and the rate of flow is 41.30 meters3 per second (m3/s). The velocity and rate of flow in the area are higher because it was closer to
the dam and also contained areas that were more elevated than some. Sunlight, on the other hand, also affected the turbidity and the photic zone. The
turbidity of the stream was 26.50 centimeters (0.265 meters), while the photic zone was 0.42 meters. The photic zone is the depth of the water that
receives the greatest amount of sunlight that is then used to carry out photosynthesis. Turbidity is an indicator of how much algae or sediments is
present in a lake because it affects the visibility of the water. The cloudiness of the water is caused by the dissolved particles scattering light molecules
within the water. The average depth of the water is 9.50 meters and the average width of the water is 14.99 meters. The measurements of the width and
depth are not affected by anything. According to Trout

Mercury and Commercial Salmon
Commercial salmon is an important source of nutrition for humans in both urban populations and aboriginal peoples. However, mercury contamination
in salmonids has been a rising concern not only for the health of humans but for the health of wildlife and ecosystems that are affected by it. Mercury is
distributed widely through the environment through natural processes, but anthropogenic processes have been increasing mercury concentrations in
the environment to dangerous levels through direct deposition in soil and through atmospheric deposition. In this essay, I will review the processes in
which mercury circulated through the ecosystems, how salmon is affected by it, and how the consumption of salmon affects human health.
About Salmonids Salmonids is a group of species classified under the family Salmonidae. Salmonidae consists of 5 genera and 14 species primarily
residing in the arctic. The family of salmonidae includes salmons, trouts, and chars. A few species of salmonidae discussed in this essay include the
sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerca), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brown trout (Salmo trutta), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki),
Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (Farrell and Steffensen, 2005).
Overview of the Circulation of Mercury Inorganic mercury becomes deposited into the atmosphere and soil by both natural processes and
anthropogenic processes. Natural processes include volcanic events, breakdown of

Analysis Of Silver Creek Wetland Complex
Silver Creek Wetland Complex is a rare coastal wetland found along the eastern side of the Nottawasaga Bay Shoreline. It falls within the town
boundary of the Town of Collingwood, which was formally a part of the Town of Blue Mountains. Because the area is a part of the greater Silver
Creek Watershed, the marshy land is classified as a Schedule B Category 1 land under Environmental Protection as per the Official Plan of the Town of
Collingwood. Blue Mountain Trust Watershed Practice monitors the watershed and the significant wetland is protected and maintained by
Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Authority. The 2700 Ha watershed flows through the "Lake of Clouds" by Castle Glen, down the Niagara
Escarpment, where the 160 Ha complex at the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By the end of this report you should have a better perception on the geological landscape of Silver Creek Wetland Complex, and further in–depth
knowledge on what stewardship responsibilities fall on you and your relationship with the land you use.
1.2 Public Land Management – Conservation Qualifications
In 1985, the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) evaluated the Silver Creek Wetland, and qualified it for environmental protection. A re
–evaluation
was done in 1995, and a decision was made to combine three areas into one complex. The provincially significant wetland is listed as "unimpaired"
and protection was recommended in 2000 by Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Authority's watershed health monitoring summary. As the area provides
vital biological, social, and hydro geological functions, protection is crucial. Not only does the area act as flood control, water purification, and
sediment containment, it is a prime fishing location for locals as it provides a cold–water habitat and spawning grounds for several varieties of game
fish such as brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Numerous
species of birds, such as the Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia), the great egret (Ardea alba), the black–crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax),
and other waterfowl also favour the staging and feeding grounds that the

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