Rare Species Drive Ban on Vehicles

Minesing Swamp Essay
The Minesing Swamp has a high diversification of plants. This diversification contains sensitive and
rare species. Due to the sensitive and rare species, Canada has started banning the use of motorized
vehicles in the Swamp to prevent the disturbance and harm that the vehicles could cause to the
plants. The diversification along with the size attributes to the reason why this wetland was chosen
for the Ramsar site. Many of the plant species is provincially rare such as water leaf, love grass,
valerian, Oswego tea, three sedges, spike rush, and ram's head lady slipper. In the Minesing Swamp
there are major vegetation complexes. These include The Boreal Wetland Complex, The Deciduous
Bottomland Complex, and The Glacial Lake Shoreline. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Deciduous Bottomland Complex is made up of bottomland containing silver maple and bur oak
that are resistant to heavy floods, river levee containing basswood and hackberry forests, bur aak,
and American elm, and marshes located in the Bottomland Complex that contain cattails and bur–
reed. The Glacial Lake Shoreline is made up of deciduous forest of the Nippissing Bluff containing
beech, white birch, and sugar maple, which is the most important, and gently sloping Lake Payette
Terrace containing cedar or balsam fir forests where scattered pools are present. These different
complexes all help with flooding and erosion. The roots of these plants stabilize the soil preventing
erosion. Also, the presence of the plants affects the hydrology of the water. This includes the water
level, water flow, and water chemistry. The velocity of the water flowing through the Swamp
determines how much erosion occurs for the water cutting into the soil, but with trees and other
different plants present the water is slowed reducing erosion. The chemistry of the water is
influenced by the plants by seeing how much nutrients is present, or what kind of elements appear in
the water due to the plant. The major prevention of flooding is due to the
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The Effect Of Algae Growth On Mud Snails
Salt Marsh Task
Gabrielle Ramage
Periods 5 and 6
Part One: Create a Field Experiment
Title: The Effect of Algae Growth on Mud Snails.
Introduction: I am going to do an experiment that will test whether algae effects mud snails. I want
to test this because I have learned about the effects of algae on certain ecosystems, and I want to
know how it will affect the salt marsh. I am interested in how algae growth will effect mud snails.
This project will help me learn the effects of algae on organisms living in the salt marsh.
Question: How does algae affect mud snails living in the salt marsh?
Hypothesis: High amounts of algae growing in the salt marsh will cause a large decrease in the mud
snail population.
Collection of Data: I am going to create three environments: one with no algae growing, one with
normal algae levels (as a control group), and one with high amounts of algae growing. Then I will
place a population of 100 mud snails in each. Finally, I will make a graph of how many mud snails
are alive at the different amounts of algae growth.
How I will analyze my data: I will organize my data into a graph. This will let me compare my
results easily because I will be able to see the mud snail population in comparison to the amount of
algae growth.
How I will record my data:
Part Three: Salt Marsh Readings
Link #1:
1. Name of Article: Decline in Salt Marshes in US Caused by Increased Nutrient Levels
2. Main idea of article: Small alterations to

Analysis Of The Article ' The Pelican Brief '
The Wetlands In Grisham's novel, The Pelican Brief, he presents a case where an organization
attempts to protect the coastal marshes of Louisiana against the selfish oil companies and citizens
that wish to destroy it for money. This is a tremendous concern that people deal with in America.
John Grisham wrote The Pelican Brief, in 1992 and it was one of his best selling books. Louisiana's
marshes are being destroyed and are suffering greatly because of humans. Grisham shows extensive
knowledge of the wetlands as well as the wildlife through discussing the endangered Brown Pelican
and how humans have brought it to the brink of extinction. Numberless amounts of waterfowl, birds,
and countless species that call Louisiana home are now being terrorized thanks to non–native
species, humans and a numerous amount of different causes. The Brown Pelican, Louisiana's state
bird, has been endangered until 1995, and about half of all the geese in North America spend the
winter in the coastal marshes (Elliott, Charles). Additionally, Louisiana is the leading state for the
number of wintering ducks (¨SGP¨). The marshes are extremely important to the fowl that live there
year round and for the ones that do not. The Bobwhite Quail, that live there year round, have
suffered huge losses to their population. From 1966 they have declined 75%, primarily due to
habitat degradation (¨SGP¨). One of the reasons populations of fowl have been going down is the
result of invasive species. The common

The April 2010 BP Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico
These two studies investigated the effects of the April 2010 BP Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of
Mexico, and the observable effects that it has had on coral reef and salt marsh ecosystems. The
study conducted by White investigated nine coral communities six months after the spill using
ROVs. In an area 11 km west of the spill site, the researchers studied scleractinian, gorgonian,
antipatharian corals and found many that were covered with floc, a brown flocculent material, that is
linked to coral tissue damage and mortality. The study conducted by Silliman et. al. investigated the
oil spill impacts on the salt marshes lining the Louisiana coast. Silliman and his team identify oil
spills as one of the most damaging forms of pollution due to their unpredictable nature and
associated lack of readily available tools and resources that would be needed to restrict their impact
on nearby ecosystems. The team studied salt marshes located in Barataria Bay, LA which was one
the regions that experienced some of the most extensive oiling from the spill. The team investigated
the current status and future impacts of the spill on the marshes. Past data revealed that negative
impacts on marshes could be corrected with plant re–growth and oil degradation that naturally
occurs with time, and at even faster rates in warmer climates, which provides a hopeful outlook for
the LA region. In addition to the direct effects of oiling, the team also analyzed the geomorphic
effects that may be a

Descriptive Essay On The Swamp
A threshold of life and death, the swamp holds a length of trees in its standing waters up to its
multi–layered canopy. Amid low–lying shrubs, pools coalesce atop seasoned earth. The saturated
land keeps an enraptured meadow. I admire the wildness of its primordial nature, I can easily
appreciate the outgrowth of its networks and wonder how far they stretch.
I remember years ago, while I was volunteering in New Orleans, I was with a crew of kids cleaning
up one of the bayous in the area shortly after Hurricane Katrina hit. Between alligators, we pulled
out debris from the water with thirty something foot long rakes.
Walking down a green thoroughfare I noticed a heron in the water. I froze. Instantly we made eyes.
The shape of the bird caught me. It was long, slender and rigid standing utterly still in the bayou. Its
birdness kept me in a trance. There it stood atop the low water, in blue and gray.
I was shocked. The sense of it standing there amid alligators in a freshly weather torn world gave me
an immense feeling. It was as if this bird reminded me of shame, shame for being separate, for being
human. Together we came face to face, and each sort of gave the other access. Shook, I tried to
continue my walk, but I felt like I shouldn't. The bird and the rest of the swamp, the rest of nature,
were all around me suddenly watching.
Just moments before, immersed in the other volunteers' dark visions of the potential fate of the area
and extended wetlands, I was all too human.

Okefenokee Swamp Analysis
In the Okefenokee Swamp, passage one's detached tone is intended to be utilized as a source for
scientific reference of the area while the second passage illustrates the swamp in an engaging and
poetic approach with the use of imagery and alliteration to alarm potential visitors of the dangers
present in the swamp. The author of passage one employs a detached and impartial style by listing
detailed facts about the swamp's physical features and wildlife. The author immediately commences
the passage by stating the location and dimensions of the swamp as "25 mi wide and 40 mi long",
followed by a matter–of–fact explanation of the effects of the surrounding landscapes and bodies of
water on the swamp's environmental characteristics. The technical terminology, concise sentence
structure, and lack of vivid figurative language displayed throughout the entire passage reveals an
unbiased and objective perspective whose sole purpose is to inform those who want to learn of what
the Okefenokee Swamp consists of. While passage two also serves to inform about the different
aspects that exists in the swamp, the author's engaging tone is apparent in their constant use of
listing descriptive adjectives to instill a sense of danger and awe of what an experience in the swamp
would be like if one were to witness it themselves. Unlike in ... Show more content on
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Passage one is purely for articulating and instructing factual material in a scientific and
straightforward manner, and would be found in an encyclopedia or science textbook. However,
passage two stirs a sense of excitement of the threats a visitor could face, causing the reader of the
passage to be entertained and alarmed at the emphasis and use of alliteration and imagery about the
variety of organisms and the environment features of the Okefenokee

Research Paper On Coastal Erosion
Coastal erosion is an ecological hazard that has been occurring for centuries however rising sea
levels and increasingly erratic weather patterns have the potential to advance the danger and
destruction to much greater levels. While the enormous wave action created by huge storms such as
hurricanes is the most contributive to coastal erosion, the normal but repetitive wave action against
the shoreline is just as destructive over the long term. Coastal erosion is the wearing away of land
and the removal of beach or dune sediments by wave action, tidal currents, wave currents, drainage
or high winds. The coastal land is made up of many and various types of wetlands. Wetland types
found in coastal watersheds include salt marshes, bottomland hardwood swamps, fresh marshes,
mangrove swamps, and shrubby depressions known in the southeast United States as pocosins.
Coastal wetlands cover about 40 million acres and make up 38 percent of the total wetland acreage
in the conterminous United States. 81 percent of coastal wetlands in the conterminous United States
are located in the southeast.
Coastal erosion is major problem in our world today. Water is the biggest factor that shapes the
earth. Tectonic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This chemical based erosion occurs only with certain types of rock such as chalk or limestone,
which are high in calcite. The acidity of the seawater causes a chemical reaction in the mineral,
eating away at it. Another form of erosion is abrasion. This occurs when the sediment suspended in
the water is thrown against the shore by waves. The sediments grind against the land, weakening the
structural integrity of the coastline. Attrition is also a form of erosion. It's the continued wave action
hurls stones and other material at the land, which smooths and breaks up the rocks on the coast,
dislodging them from one another. These in turn collide with other rocks on the

Describing the Okefenokee Swamp are two very different passages. Both passages contain
interesting ideas. However, one passage seems more statistical than the other. For example, passage
1 describes how big the entire place is. It basically gives you an overview of the entire place not just
the swamp itself. Passage 2 describes exactly what is in the swamp. For example sentence 1 says,
"Vast and primeval, unfathomable, unconquerable, bastion of cottonmouth, rattlesnake and leech,
mother of vegetation, father of mosquito, soul of silt, the Okefenokee is the swamp archetypal, the
swamp of legend, of racial memory, of Hollywood." Yet, while describing what's in the swamp area,
the author gives off a feeling of suspense and then later in in the

Saltmarsh Research Paper
1.0Introduction Saltmarsh, known as a coastal salt marsh or a tidal marsh, is a coastal ecosystem in
the upper coastal intertidal zone between land and open salt water or brackish water, and is widely
recognized as significant components in providing essential natural resources and ecosystem
services. For example, by reducing wave energy in front of tidal defences, saltmarsh provides
demonstrable flood and coastal risk management benefits. It is of immerse value to wildlife,
supporting habitats and species of national and international significance (The extent of saltmarsh in
England and Wales: 2006–09). Due to their ecosystem functions and effects on coastal stabilization,
marshes are crucial structures in tidal environments, both biologically ... Show more content on
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The whole estuary extends from north to the south for 15km (vertical distance, measured in GB1936
coordinate system), from west to east for approximately 10km. River Alde originates from Snape,
and then passes by Aldeburgh, Slaughden and ends in Orford. Initially, the source of it is a stream
near Laxfield, and when reaching Snape, it becomes tidal and widens considerably ("Wildlife Walks,
Havergate Island, Orford". www.visit–suffolkcoast.co.uk. Retrieved 2010–04–26). River Ore is the
finish part of the estuary, approaching Shingle Street, flowing by a shingle spit before emptying the
North Sea. As the chief tributary of the River Ore, River Burley is tidal from its confluence with the
Ore at Boyton as far inland as Butley Mills and the village of Butley. Besides, Havergate Island,
which is found at the confluence of the River Ore and the Butley River near the village of Orford, is
the only island in the county Suffolk and is an important elements for the Alde–Ore Estuary.
("Wildlife Walks, Havergate Island, Orford". www.visit–suffolkcoast.co.uk. Retrieved

Essay Mangrove Swamps
Introduction Mangrove swamps are a type of coastal wetland found on five out of seven continents
between the latitudes 30ºN and 30ºS. Mangrove swamps are rich communities of both vegetative
and animal species. The swamps are unique in the fact that they are a highly vegetated area found on
the edge of marine coasts. The major vegetation in this area has adapted to absorb its water from the
sea, and its oxygen from the air as opposed to the soil. This environment serves as home to many
animal species, and home and nursery to many aquatic species. Because this type of ecosystem
requires such a unique environment, it is often in danger of disappearing. These communities are not
only threatened by human development, but also by global ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The parent material for mangrove swamps is very similar to that of any coastal wetland. This is
because mangrove swamps occupy the terrestrial edge between estuary wetland and marine waters.
The soils are sandy with areas of heavy peat deposits created by copious amounts of plant litter.
Mangrove swamps cannot form along cliffs because the mangrove tree species only grow on low
gradient slopes ("Tour of mangrove," 2008). The red mangrove species produce the peat deposits
characteristic of the mangrove swamps. The peat is acidic and is capable of dissolving the limestone
found underneath ("Ecology," 2010).
Mangrove swamps are named after their dominant vegetation. The mangrove swamp is divided into
three zones: the proximal zone, the middle zone, and the distal zone. The proximal zone (also known
as the red mangroves) is closest to the waterfront. This area is subject to the effect of the tides. The
main plant species found in this zone include Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata.
These plants have adapted to the waters edge by forming long aerial prop roots that attach the plant
to an otherwise loose sediment bed ("Tour of mangrove," 2008). These waterfront plants are highly
adapted for absorbing seawater and securing nutrients from the peat. These mangrove tree species
force positively–charged magnesium ions into their roots which repels the positively–charged
sodium ions in the sea water, but the plant

The Degradation Of Coastal Wetlands
Introduction
There is rapid destruction of salt marshes and wetlands due to dredging operations and filling. In
Boston, almost eighty–one percent of the salt marshes have been lost. For the Canadian Maritimes,
almost sixty–four percent of the coastal wetlands have disappeared due to agricultural reclamation.
Approximately, ninety–three percent coastal marshes have been lost along the Pacific coast in the
United States. In addition, there is a degradation of coastal wetland due to invasive species, nutrient
enrichment, and storm water discharge. It is critical to preserve and restore coastal salt marshes so
that carbon can be sequestered, and fish and bird populations can be preserved (Roman et. al. 2012).
It is estimated that coastal wetlands are being lost at the rate of two times the rate at which they are
being restored. Salt marshes are found amid human developments and coastal areas and play an
important role in protecting these communities from the threats posed by being close to the coast.
Depending on the density of vegetation, production of biomass, and the size of the marsh, salt
marshes provide many critical ecosystem services, such as, stabilization of the shoreline, weakening
of the waves, and reduction of floodwater (Shepard et. al. 2011). Wetlands include boreal peatlands
and tropical mangroves. They provide critical ecosystem services by acting as reserves for carbon,
conserving biodiversity, purifying water, enhancing fish production, and

Wetland Research Paper
When most people think of wetlands the first thing that will pop into their mind will be visions of
swamps and flooded plains. These marshy lands would seem to have no purpose, while in reality
they are the most precious form of ecosystem that we have in America. Wetlands contribute to
biodiversity, clean water, flood control, and provide a habitat for millions of species of plants and
animals. Even with all this wetlands still face mass destruction, much like the rain forests they are
just as productive and face similar rates of devastation (Mitchell, J. (1992, October). "Our
Disappearing Wetlands" National Geographic, Pg 15).
 
 It really is hard to get someone passionate about a mosquito–infested piece of swamp that
seems just to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, appearances may be deceiving. The unique environment of vernal pools provides habitat
for numerous rare plants and animals that are able to survive these harsh conditions. Many of these
plants and animals spend the dry season as seeds, eggs, or cysts, and then grow and reproduce when
the ponds are flooded again. In addition, birds such as egrets, ducks, and hawks use vernal pools as a
seasonal source of food and water (Marshall, 1978).
 
 Prairie potholes are a very beneficial wetland that is home to dozens of migratory waterfowl.
They are found primarily in the Upper Midwest, especially North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin,
and Minnesota. This formerly glaciated landscape is covered with a vast number of potholes, which
fill with snowmelt and rain in the spring. Some prairie pothole marshes are temporary, while others
may be virtually permanent. Here, as in other marshes, submerged and floating aquatic plants take
over the deeper water; while bulrushes and cattails grow closer to shore, and wet marshes lie next to
the upland. These wetlands are a sort of cousin to vernal pools, sharing the same location, and
seasonal waters. (Marshall, 1978).
 
 Another infamous type of wetland is the bog. These wetlands have for centuries have been
shrouded with mystery. Bogs are known for their ability to produce peat, which is just as valuable as
coal. They also have the ability to preserve things, one such incident in 1987 where a

Summary : ' The Swamp '
Sunrise came early for those in the swamp, though the hovering gloom made the difference hardly
worth noting. Gall roused the sleeping men, and they rolled awake, ate what little food they had,
cold and uncooked. A damp chill hung in the air, but within an hour, everyone had mounted their
horse. Gall rode over to the gate and raised the portcullis. Slowly the column wound out into the
marsh. Some cast furtive glances into the mist, but all followed Gall as he rode toward their
destination – Knife Edge Pass.
After about an hour of slogging through the mist and marsh reeds, they reached a steep slope, etched
by a narrow winding trail, full of cut–backs that climbed precipitously. Proceeding slowly, they
picked their way, navigating through loose rocks and outstretched branches of gnarled trees
tenuously gripping the slope. After several hours, they reached the summit, a broad, thinly forested
plain. Minutes passed as they moved across to a line of large boulders on the southern edge of the
plateau.
Gall ordered a halt and dismounted. With Brecc, Dathon, and Piers, they scrambled to a gap in the
rocks and from within the shadows cast by the large boulders, peered down into a green valley. To
their left lay the pass, which snaked through the narrow gorges of the Black Shadow Mountains into
plains of Drachnor. Stretching across the entrance of the pass lay a crumbling stone fortification, the
remnant of a barrier used in the age of the High–King to thwart barbarians from the

In the Okefenokee Swamp Essay, first passage uses pleasant imagery with detailed information to
illustrate the swamp as a pleasant resort–like place while the second passage uses the vivid
accumulation of the swamp's features to emphasize a disgusting and dangerous atmosphere which
portrays the writer's daily experiences at the swamp. The first passage uses pleasant imagery with
detailed information to illustrate the swamp as a pleasant resort–like place. The author strategically
lists focused details on the pleasant qualities of the swamp while naming little to no information
about the downsides of the Okefenokee Swamp which fits the writings of a brochure or a pamphlet.
The passage makes the Okefenokee Swamp seem like a good place to go

Wetlands In Louisiana
Over the last few decades, the loss of Louisiana's coastal wetlands has become a point of concern
because of the vital roles the wetlands play in the environment. They have been destroyed over time
because of natural causes such as hurricanes and weather as well as from the construction of man–
made flood–control levees. Wetlands serve many purposes within the environment. Not only do the
wetlands effect the residents of southern Louisiana, but they effect the animals that call the wetlands
home as well as the industries that thrive off the wetlands. Since the wetlands have begun to
disappear, steps have been taken in order to prevent Louisiana's wetlands from disappearing.
Restoration acts have been put in to place by the government to help ... Show more content on
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The annual budget for CWPPRA has differed throughout the years from $30 million to $80 million
per year. This money funds the projects to be able to provide for long–term conservation of the
wetlands and their inhabitants. In these funded projects, a variety of techniques are used including
marsh creation and restoration, shoreline protection, hydraulic restoration, beneficial use of dredged
material, terracing, sediment trapping, vegetative planting, barrier island restoration, and bank
stabilization. Every restoration project can use one or more of the techniques to help repair the
wetlands depending on how (About CWPPRA, 2016). CWPPRA has been very successful with the
help of the United States Environmental Protection Agency in helping restore and protect
Louisiana's coastal

Metaphors In Crossing The Swamp
Life is an endless adventure. In Crossing the Swamp, the poet describes a speaker crossing a swamp
and the difficulties that come along and reflects life upon the swamp. The poet uses metaphors,
imagery, and structure to develop a bittersweet relationship between the speaker and the swamp; the
speaker has a hard time crossing the swamp but realizes the beauty of nature that sprouts from the
swamp and thus describes how life works. The poet uses the entire poem or the swamp specifically
as a big metaphor to life and by doing so portrays life as a constant struggle and pain that turns out
to be beautiful once one finds the meaning of life. The poet starts the poem with "the endless/ wet
thick/ cosmos, the center/ of everything," which represents

The Fifth Avenue Art Gallery
Art is all around us, and allows people to express their emotions in a sharable form. The Fifth
Avenue Art Gallery is a premiere gallery located in Brevard Country in the Eau Gallie Arts District.
I visited this gallery on September 16th and liked that this gallery is open to the public and has free
admission. The Fifth Avenue Art Gallery contains wonderful art that are all originals. These visual
arts come in a variety of forms like painting, sculptures, crafts, and jewelry. The Fifth Avenue Art
Gallery has a wide variety of art too from different artists and a beautiful collection of different
pieces. I selected the Fifth Avenue Art Gallery because I was curious to see how other people
viewed Florida through their art. Two artists in particular caught my attention, Bill McCoy and
Nancy Hamlin–Vogler. Bill McCoy is a traditional oil painter that creates paintings that reflect
Florida's lifestyle and nature. His paintings are semi–realistic and capture the beauty of Florida. Bill
McCoy's medium is oil on canvas, and uses Florida as inspiration. Nancy Hamlin–Vogler is an artist
of many talents and creates art in various different mediums like acrylic, charcoal, and mixed media.
Her artwork is sporadic and spontaneous that ignites deep thought and emotion. The gallery is
arranged by collections and artists, so an artist's collection is all together and not all around the
gallery. I walked around the whole gallery and look at all the different art, some art was truly

Essay On Baldwin Swamp
Baldwin swamp is an urban wetland, located in the heart of Bundaberg, providing a habitat to a
range of organisms. The environment is rich in biodiversity; with more than 150 species of birds,
variety of vegetation/plants as wells as creatures and mammals ranging from tiny aquatic wrigglers
to bats, which have recently inhabited the area. Wetlands can be swamps, boys and or areas next to
creeks. The Baldwin swamp can be best described as a network of ponds/swamps that channels into
landscapes of grassland. This area has a significant ecological impact as the relationships among the
organisms in relation to their food webs is vital to their survival. Abiotic factors such as humidity,
soil, pollution, Ph levels, temperature, dissolved oxygen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore there was a recorded 8 birds, 1 dove, 5 magpie goose and 2 pacific black duck, 3 weeks
after the floods. By 2017 the total of 8 birds, 3 species have now increased to a total of 25 birds, 6
species in 4 years. Though this being said many of the birds are 'new' to the area such as the 15
Cotton pygmy Geese and 4 recorded Dusky Moorhen. 6 bird species were seen/recorded in 2017,
these being the 2 Black cormorant, 1 pacific black duck, Cotton pygmy, Dusky moorhen, little egret
and willie wagtail. Other bird species such as the magpie goose which had a number of 41 recorded
in 2009, 5 in 2013 and now 0. This indicates that the diversity of birds and population has decreased
as a result of their habitat loss and or an a adequate supply of food.
The macroinvertebrates graph (figure 2) represents the diversity of species inhabiting the Baldwin
Swamp. In 2009 the Baldwin swamp was flourishing with a large diversity of species. A total of 33
macroinvertebrates, 8 species were recorded. At this time the baldwin swamp was healthy, abundant
in life and the ecosystem and food webs were unaffected by the floods. Whereas 3 weeks after the
floods swept through there were little to no range of species of macroinvertebrates. There were a
recorded amount of 2 Damselfly Nymph and 1 waterboat man. A theory to why these two

Restoring Tidal Wetlands : Restoration Of Natural Habitats
Restoring Tidal Wetlands Ivan Torrenegra
Tropical Landscapes Professor. Juan Bueno April 9, 2015 Restoring Tidal Wetlands
The proper process in restoring wetlands is fundamental to recover some of the lost habitats and
biodiversity from our lifestyle. Ensuring this recovery could change our lives. Meanwhile, it is the
mentality and innocence about the importance of this topic what doesn't lead to more restoration of
natural habitats. However, changing out the mentality towards nature through education will ensure
quality of life for us and the generations yet to come. Throughout this paper we will discover the
importance of the tidal wetlands, restorations processes, functions and results from these
restorations.
The Tidal marsh is one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the hydrology of the tidal swamp form intertidal and supratidal cays shores and rivers, as well as
sites along coastlines with low–energy waves. also tidal flood and ebb of brackish water. there is
very slow percolation even at low water table in which tidal import nutrients upland runoff nutrients.
The most significant part of the tidal marsh is its ecology which posses a dense uniform grass, rush,
sedge prairies, smooth cordgrasses at deep sites and black rush
at shallow sites. This community has an extremely high biological productivity it is the habitat for
numerous fish, shellfish and birds. The tidal marsh is in charge of the stabilization and protection of
shore and the soil formation. Unfortunately there has been a lot of human impact not only in this
community but in the overall picture. In the case of the tidal marsh apparently secure from natural
community in Florida and on earth may be rare in some regions, the offshore pollution, inland
pollutant runoff, dredging and filling erosion of unvegetated marsh are still affecting this
community.
However, there has been a large number of interventions trying to restore the natural habitats.
projects like the Bandon marsh national refuge located near the mouth of the Coquille River, in
Oregon has become an oasis for migrating birds and many other species, this project was the largest
tidal marsh restoration ever constructed in
Oregon, according to Stan Van De Wetering, fisheries biologist

The Biodiversity At Lido Beach
Abstract This study investigated the biodiversity at Lido Beach in Long Island. The objective was to
investigate how biodiversity changed for areas away from human habitat. Salt marshes and wetland
are under severe threat due to irresponsible actions on the part of humans. There needs to be an
awareness and understanding in the general public as to the importance of these natural habitats and
their significance to the general ecosystem. There is enough evidence to suggest the degradation has
already happened, and how critical it is to protect salt marshes and wetlands. The results were
encouraging as they pointed in the general direction that diversity was not impacted close to the
pathway that was subjected to human traffic. However, the data collected did not point to any
specific conclusions. Nonetheless, it provided valuable information on the subject of the study. The
results for the entire class data indicated that for richness, there was a positive correlation between
the family richness of the samples and the distance from the path. Specific results for one group for
each sample point indicated that for richness, there was more richness observed near the path than
away from it. For evenness, the results indicated that as the distance from the path increased, the
evenness did not have a clear pattern, even though there was a general increase in evenness away
from the path, especially, as shown by the 30m and 50m sampling points. For proportional

Analysis Of Sister Sister
Sister Sister is an "American Southern Gothic thriller" film that was produced in 1987 by Walter
Coblenz. Bill Condon was the director and co–writer. Condon's fellow writers of this film were Joel
Cohen and Ginny Cerrella. Sister Sister involves lies, betrayal, and a murder that is told throughout
the movie in flashbacks, causing the characters to face their deadly secrets from the past. This film
takes place near a mossy swampy area in Louisiana in a mansion on a plantation owned by two
sisters, Charlotte and Lucy Bonnard. Their parents died, so the sisters decided to turn their family
owned mansion into a guest home. Charlotte, who's in her 30's is in love with the local town sheriff,
Mr. Cleve Doucet, but refuses his hand in marriage because she claims she has to take care of Lucy.
Lucy is in her 20's, struggles with a mental illness and has spent a few years of her life in an
institution, and claims to see ghosts of the people who've died in the bayou near their mansion.
Charlotte reminds Lucy daily to take her pills so she's able to cope with this situation. Nearby, their
mansion along the bayou is a shack, where a man named Etienne lives, he's sort of the sister's
"maintenance man", he helps fix things around the mansion for the sisters and has intimate feelings
towards Lucy but Lucy doesn't reciprocate those feelings. One evening, a mysterious man named
Matt Rutledge arrives at the mansion with a reservation to stay awhile. The next morning Mrs.
Beetlehelm, her

Salt Marshes And Salt Marshes
Apparently, marshes are often imagined incorrectly. To some people, they might confuse a marsh to
a swamp or to a wetland. Although relative, marshes are only a kind of wetland, which is land where
the water level is close to the soil surface or covers the surface for at least part of the year. Marshes,
specifically salt marshes, are lush, intertidal grasslands renowned for their productivity (Silliman
2014). Simply, a salt marsh is a coastal ecosystem of grasses characterized by poorly drained
mineral soils due to regular flooding of salt water brought in by ocean tides. Since salt marshes
serve as estuaries between the land and ocean, people do not realize an important role they play in
protection; these coastal marshes are presumed to protect human communities from coastal hazards,
such as storms and hurricanes, by providing important ecosystem services. One very important
ecosystem service is their role as a buffer in protecting coastlines (Shepard et al. 2011). As humans
fail to appreciate and protect these marshes, their continuous impacts on coastal infrastructure would
not only negatively impact humans but to the life on the salt marshes as well. Salt marshes are found
in the temporal zone on protected shorelines throughout the world and are stressful environments
due to their intertidal behaviors. As a result, plants and animals living in salt marshes must have
adaptations to deal with the harsh physical stressors, ranging from high salt concentrations, intense
heat, and low oxygen in waterlogged soils (Sulliman 2014). Nevertheless, there is a positive trade–
off: although plants and animals have to overcome these physical obstacles, they get access to
abundant resources, protection from predators, and a high potential for both them and their offspring
in return. An example of this trade–off is investigated with a fish, a mummichog Fundulus
heteroclitus, a resident of intertidal salt marshes on the east coast of North America. The study
suggests that mummichogs have the ability to alter their habitat use accordingly to environmental
factors, such as heat stress and oxygen depletion, to create a predation refuge habitat, which would
then allow high growth rates (Halpin 2000). Due to the stressful

The Fifth Avenue Art Gallery
The Fifth Avenue Art Gallery is a premiere gallery located in Brevard Country and has operated
since 1974. I visited this gallery on September 16th and liked that this gallery is open to the public
and has free admission. The Fifth Avenue Art Gallery contains wonderful art that are all originals.
These visual arts come in a variety of forms like painting, sculptures, crafts, and jewelry. The Fifth
Avenue Art Gallery has a wide variety of art too from many different artists and a beautiful
collection of many different pieces. I selected the Fifth Avenue Art Gallery because I was curious to
see how other people viewed Florida through their art. Two artists in particular caught my attention,
Bill McCoy and Nancy Hamlin–Vogler. Bill McCoy is a traditional oil painter that creates paintings
that reflect Florida's lifestyle and nature. His paintings are semi–realistic and capture the beauty of
Florida. Bill McCoy was the president of The Artists Guild of Brevard and The Strawbridge Art
League (website). Nancy Hamlin–Vogler is an artist of many talents and creates art of many
different mediums like acrylic, charcoal, and mixed media. Her artwork is sporadic and spontaneous
that ignites deep thought and emotion. She is an award winning artist and is a member of the St.
Augustine Art Association (website). I walked around the whole gallery and look at all the different
art, some art was really cool and others weren't so much. I focused my attention on these two artists
because they

Analysis Of Okefenokee Swamp
Okefenokee Swamp is a wildlife preserve on the Florida–Georgia border, 50 miles from the Atlantic
coast. The Okefenokee Swamp was designated a wilderness park in 1974 to protect the vast
quantities and diversity of species in this unique park. To explain the environment of the swamp the
author uses pathos and logos. In the first passage, to covay logos, the author used specific numbers
like "25 mi wide and 40 mi long" The uses of specific number like this gives a scale for the sizes of
the swamp. Also using specific values like " 175 species of birds and at least 40 species of
mammals..." this gives the reader a scale on the diversity of the swamp helping the reader
understand the environment. In the second passage the author used specific numbers

Saltwater Effects On The Wetlands
Saltwater Effects on the Wetlands In John Grisham's The Pelican Brief, He brings up oil and gas
companies drilling in the wetlands, which is destroying them, and I decided to investigate further
about how these companies have been damaging the environment. The main way that the wetlands
are being killed is from the salt water that is intruding into the marshes from the canals, that gas and
oil companies use, are the way that most salt water gets so deep inside the wetlands (Barnowski).
Oil and gas companies are always trying to build more canals to invade different areas of the
wetlands when they find different reserves of oil and gas just like Victor Mattiece was in the Pelican
Brief. When they build more canals, The wetlands soil starts ... Show more content on
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"The state's many salt water lakes were once extensions of the sea that become cut off by ridges of
sand or deposits of silt" (Colten). This basically means that there are salt marshes that were already
in the wetlands and that weren't hurting anything. They are just there because the Mississippi pulled
silt or sand down to the ocean and it built up to create salt water marshes and then plants that could
handle the salt water grew and salt water creatures also started to inhabit the area. The marshes that
were just extensions of the ocean are harmless to the wetlands but when canals bring in salt water
they damage the other marshes that aren't supposed to have salt in them. When salt water invades
the freshwater marshes, the plants start dying off because the plants can't live in the salty conditions.
"The fewer plants that are in the wetlands the more unstable the soil is because the plants' root
systems hold much of the land together" (Barnowski). "The loose soil is then more easily eroded,
which connects the vicious circle of erosion and plant loss" (Barnowski). The higher amount of
plants that die off by the salt water will cause Louisiana to lose larger portions of its wetlands. We
are already losing about 35 square miles of the coastal land due to erosion annually (Colten). The
salt water doesn't only kill the plant life in the marshes, it starves the animals living in those marshes
as well. The

Swamp Creative Writing
It was a hot Sunday afternoon by the swamp, the smells were overwhelming, the smell of dirty
water and excretion of all the animals that the swamp was a home to. I hear the buzz of the little
flies that fly around my face as I try my best to swat them away. The air tastes of sewage with a
small hint of blood. The dry grass pressed up against my legs, making a crunch every time I moved.
The scorching Australian sun beaming down onto my pale English skin, I try to find a place that can
act was a protections from the ball of fire in the sky. A tall Maleleuca comes to my rescue. As I am
calm resting in this cool shade, I feel a larger shadow cross over mine and I am immediately woken
from my conscious sleep. Alan Mannering. The one and only. He never really liked me, I am not too
sure why, I'd never done anything to upset him. His tall and lanky figure standing over me, I get
curious at why he was here. He then pulled down his shorts and whipped his dick out, pissing
around me in a circle. I dare not to move and disturb his trail of piss, so I lay there as still as a
lioness waiting to prance at an elephant. He then pulled his shorts back up and motioned me to come
over to the make shift boat. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But I wanted to show him that I was superior, that I was done playing his stupid games. I got on top
of the boat and paddled my way to the middle of the swamp. Alan pushed me, but a soft push, so as
I regained my balance I yelled "You're a little shit, I hope you realise", those words flowing out of
my mouth before I even realised. I had never really called anyone a shit before, but it did feel

Swamp Rat Distribution
Distribution and abundance of two small mammals, the bush rat (Rattus fuscipes) and the swamp rat
(Rattus lutreolus): the roles of multiple variables and their interaction with fires
Introduction
Investigation on species distribution and abundance (SDA) is one of the major topics in ecology. It
is well–recognized that SDA is affected by abiotic and biotic variables; and interaction between each
variable. Abiotic variables such temperature and rainfall play important roles to filter species
distribution (Catling and Burt 1995a; Catling et al. 1998). Human intervention through land–use
changes and urban development can also affect species distribution (Holland and Bennett 2007).
Those broad–scale variables interact with localized variables such ... Show more content on
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2013) as a consequence of different habitat requirements (Holland and Bennett 2007). Life–history
traits of each species, such as reproductive capacity, dietary, and nesting site, largely determine the
relative influence of each driving factors to species distribution and abundance (Kelly et al. 2013).
Bush rat and swamp rat have high reproductive potential. Bush rat, in general, can breed in all
seasons with a peak normally in November to January and have four to five young on average
(Seebeck 1996a). In contrast, Swamp rat is a more seasonal breeder with the seasons extends from
September–October to January–February; with 5 young on average (Seebeck 1996b). The Bush rat
is a generalist omnivore; they eat a wide variety of food such as plant tissue, seeds, fungi, and
arthropod (Seebeck 1996a). Unlike the Bush rat, the Swamp rat has a narrower diet; eat mostly
stems of grasses and sedges (Seebeck 1996b). Therefore, once a favorable condition is available,
they are predicted to recover to a prior fire

The Impact Of Centennial Parklands On The World 's Most...
Centennial Parklands is one of the world's most visited public parklands, with more than 20 million
visits made to the Parklands' annually. The Park is 2.2 square kilometres in area, originally
swampland, known as Lachlan Swamps and is located adjacent to another two large public spaces,
Moore Park and Queens Park. The Parklands are administered by The Centennial Park and Moore
Park Trust, a NSW Government agency whose responsibilities cover low–lying wetlands,
ornamental lakes, pine and native forests, expanses of grass, to playing fields, a golf course, tennis
and netball courts and the Entertainment Quarter at nearby Moore Park. Centennial Park is one of
Australia 's most famous parks and is listed on the Register of the National Estate. [3]
Centennial Parklands is known as the 'green lungs of Sydney ' – a 360 hectare public space that
provides critical ecological and environmental functions for the city and its inhabitants. [4] Animals:
[5] Bats Blue–tongued Lizards Common Bushtail Possum Frogs Invertebrates Long–finned Eel
Turtles Birds: [6] Australian Kestrel Australian Wood Duck Black Swan Black–fronted Dotterel
Black–winged Stilt Channel–billed Cuckoo Crested Pigeon Great Egret Hardhead Duck Latham 's
Snipe Musk Duck Nankeen Night Heron New Holland Honeyeater Trees and shrubs: [7] African
Tulip Tree Algerian Oak Angel 's Trumpet Australian Teak Blueberry Ash Broad–leaved Paperbark
Coastal Wattle Coast Tea–tree Dragons Blood Tree

Melting Glaciers are Devastating for Wetlands Essay
Melting Glaciers: Great News for Titanic, Devastating for Wetlands Overview This essay is
dedicated to the importance of wetlands and the impending danger of rising sea levels due to global
warming. Historically we humans have taken for granted the numerous vital roles played by
wetlands in our ecosystem and viewed them only as unpleasant and undesirable. So we have
destroyed much of our wetlands, and now that we finally see how important they are we are going to
lose what little wetlands remain to rising sea levels. What are wetlands? Wetlands are, quite simply
wet lands. The word "wetlands" is the collective term for marshes, swamps, bogs, and similar areas.
Here in Florida, wetlands are quite abundant. They can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, continued use of navigation channels, canals, and flood control levees continue to convert
significant amounts of wetlands to open water by blocking the ability of the wetlands to keep up
with rising sea levels. Back to Contents Why are wetlands important? Wetlands play a vital role in
our intricate Earth system, having a strong effect on all of the different components, especially the
hydrosphere and biosphere. Often, runoff water from uplands is intercepted by wetlands where
pollutants are removed or transformed before reaching the water resources. Wetlands are also
important reservoirs for the watershed, which is the region or area drained by a river, stream, etc.
Wetlands are also useful as a natural protection from flooding, from shore line and stream bank
erosion, and storm damage. The wetlands hold the soil in place with their roots, reduce the velocity
of streams and river currents, and absorb wave energy thus buffering the shorelines against strong
waves from heavy, even tropical storms. More strongly felt, however, is the importance of . Many
diverse species of plants and animals, particularly amphibians, fish and birds depend on wetlands for
food and/or habitat. More than one–third of the United States' threatened and endangered species
depend solely on wetlands for habitat, while another twenty percent use or inhabit them at

Salt Marshes : Natural Environments
Salt marshes are vegetated mudflats commonly found in high intertidal zones on many low–lying
coasts in a wide range of temperate environments (Thomas and Goudie, 2000). They vary
considerably throughout the world both in ecology and geomorphology. This coastal ecosystem is of
great importance. It has specialized salt–tolerant vegetation (halophytes) which traps silt particles
and consolidates the environment through processes of vegetation succession (Holden, J. 2012).
Hence, salt marshes are biodiverse and highly productive. They are a vital home for marine life and
act as a natural barrier for the shoreline against coastal storms and erosion, by absorbing wave
power. However, salt marshes are rapidly decreasing, blurring the concept of them being considered
'natural' environments. Due to artificial ditches, sedimentation fields, defenses against erosion and
often land use, salt marshes can be classified as semi–natural (Jan, P. Bakker 2014).
The key reasons behind the notion that salt marshes are 'natural' environments are debated. On the
one hand, "For a salt marsh to be classified as 'natural' it must feature undisturbed geomorphological
conditions and have no history of direct management", states Jan P. Bakker (2014). They must have
a natural drainage system and no human disturbances. Alternatively, grazing can be due to natural
grazers such as geese, hares and pygmy rats. According to Jan P. Bakker (2014) 'natural' salt
marshes are very rare as a result of

The Okefenokee Swamp
In the first passage, the Okefenokee Swamp is described with a wide variety of diction. Its features
are mentioned with a neutral tone and simply describe what the place looks like. In the second
passage, Okefenokee Swamp is portrayed as an unpleasant setting with many disturbing features.
Each passage describes the area with a different purpose and a different view. The first passage from
the Encyclopedia Britannica has an objective tone, while the second passage has a detestable tone
and is subjective. The first passage is unbiased, as the author presents Okefenokee Swamp with
straightforward information. The passage is from an encyclopedia, which implies that this passage is
purely informative and does not include ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any humane reader would see this as unwanted and repulsive. Boyle also focuses on the blood
sucking creatures of the swamp, parasites: ". . . ticks, mites, hookworms, and paramecia that exist
only to compound the misery of life" (251). The idea of being surrounded by parasites causes the
reader to have a sense of revulsion towards the swamp. Near the end of the passage Boyle adds
some humor to portray how revolting the swamp animals truly are: "they scratch and stink and sniff
at themselves"(251). To finally sum up his passage Boyle describes Okefenokee Swamp in two
words a "hellish zoo". This ultimately reveals the author's feelings of the swamp and the subjective
aspect of the second passage, as well as the abominable tone. Both passages contain information of
the swamp but each conveys a different tone with the use of its descriptive words and imagery.
Boyle leans towards using words that create a sense of disgust in the reader, which simultaneously
reveals his own opinion. Meanwhile the first passage from the Encyclopedia Britannica focuses on
the use of descriptive words with neutral connotations in order to inform the reader of the swamp
and allow him/her to view it as it truly

Essay On Swamp Thing
DC Comics launches a new limited six–part series for the iconic Swamp Thing. The first 20–page
chapter in the new tale sees a return to the horror and mystery roots of the character. Co–creator Len
Wein pens the chilling yarn with Artist Kelley Jones channeling the great Bernie Wrightson to give
the issue a classic touch while maintaining his own style. In issue #1, Swamp Thing receives an
ominous warning. He finds himself under attack from the forces of dark magic. These are more than
just your average monsters–and there's something much worse looming on the horizon for Alec
Holland! All the supernatural and occult elements we love about the original Wrightson / Wein
Swamp Thing stories of the 1970s fills the pages of issue #1. Not to overuse a dangerous term
thrown around these days, but I would almost call this a reboot of the series. It takes a few pages to
give us the background on how the heroic creature was formed and then jumps into a new yarn spun
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are classic monster movie moments which visually come to life on the page. The moments
aren't gory, but slimy and startling. The only real complaint I have about Swamp Thing #1 is how
decomposed the antagonist of the book becomes in a short amount of time. I know that in a
supernatural tale, there can be many explanations as to why a dead person would take on the form of
a long–dead zombie so quickly. However, for some reason it just doesn't sit well with me and seems
a bit too convenient. I will say that the design of the monster isn't part of the problem and is well–
executed, though. Swamp Thing #1 is rated T for Teen. The book contains violence and gore,
profanity, and frightening and intense scenes. Bloody body parts are seen strewn throughout a lab in
a couple of panels. A few other spots show Swamp Thing getting torn in two and characters having
their necks

Crossing The Swamp Poem
In the poem crossing the swamp the relationship between the speaker and the swamp is that the
swamp is what the author puts in as her problem. She's trying to compare the swamp to her problem,
"here is the endless wet think cosmos" both of the speaker and the swamp share fear "I feel not wet
as much as paintable and glittered."
The author puts out the list of words pathless, peerless that gives an elaborate tone for the swamp
and author's relationship the feeling the author has for the swamp is fearfulness she's scared that life
is going to suck her up.
Her problem with the swamp is that she's abound in with life and could have the possibility of being
refreshed into a new life she feels frustrated because she's struggling in the peerless

Analysis Of The Okefenokee Swamp
The Okefenokee Swamp is a complex environment that is home to an abundance of wildlife as well
as an abundance of vegetation. Two passages provide information about the swamp, and although
they feature the same subject, both works articulate two directly contrasting viewpoints about the
ecosystem. Through the use of disparate tones, purposes, and styles of writing, the authors of both
excerpts establish two dissimilar perspectives of the swamp. For instance, a significant factor
contributing to the evident contrast between the two works is each passage's tone. The author of the
first passage uses a factual and informative tone, unlike the author of the second passage. Relying
mainly on logic and facts, the author of the first excerpt produces

Shoreline Front Wetlands Research Paper
In southern California, there are various challenges facing the recovery of shoreline front wetlands
and salt swamps. For a few times people have ignored the contrary points of view, that would
achieve the environment some mischief in perspective of urbanization.
What is the verifiable setting of wetlands? Wetlands are areas where water covers the earth, near the
surface of the soil all through the whole year or in the midst of drawn out extends of time. Wetlands
are secured by plants, running from lowland grasses to trees. These plants must have the ability to
live in soil without oxygen in the midst of parts of the creating season. A couple of wetlands are far
from immeasurable water. These are molded where water accumulates or where groundwater raises
to the surface. Wetlands can be depicted as swamps, tidal lowlands, shoreline wetlands, and
estuaries. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some are undermined or endangered species make their home in wetlands and half, use wetlands in
the midst of a couple areas of their lives. Various sorts of fish like bungle and sea trout depend on
upon wetlands for sustenance, safe house and duplicating zones. Shell edge also depend on upon a
wetland regular environment; various flying animals use shoreline front inland wetlands. These
flying animals use wetlands as resting, supporting, raising, and settling grounds in the midst of
particular times of the year. The wetlands in Malibu Lagoon is the place the Malibu Creek meets the
Pacific Ocean.
Malibu Lagoon State Beach is the prime spot for surfers in Southern California. The land highlights
incorporate 42 sections of land of wetlands, neighborhood plants, and sandy shoreline. Travelers
value searching for the 200 bird species among the saltwater marsh. Pelicans, gulls, and sandpiper
and many organisms; that these species would look for. The Adamson House is a prominent piece of
Spanish Revival that was built in the mid 1900's on the

Analysis Of Tidal Wetlands
In the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's 130 year assessment of Status and Trends of Wetlands in the
Long Island Sound Area, the results indicated that there was a 48% loss of Tidal Wetlands from the
1880s to 2000s in New York. Even after protective legislation was passed in the 1970s, wetland
decline increased by 19% decrease in New York from 1970 to present day. (Basso, 6)
This decline in wetlands should be of concern to ____ as wetlands provide a variety of ecosystem
services to the general populace. They provide provisioning services by the providing habitats to
different marine organisms such as shellfish, finfish, and waterfowl, some of which provide humans
eat They provide supporting services, such as nutrient cycling (Teal 1986, ... Show more content on
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However, too much nitrogen is leading to the wetland's demise. While the main concern for the loss
of wetlands up until the 1970s was draining and filling, and while the laws created then focused on
reducing wetland destruction through urbanization, wetlands are still being deteriorated. Today, the
main concern is wetland loss created by increased amounts of open water on the marsh surface. The
literature suggests that on average, healthy New England marshes have 9% permanent open water
on their surface. However, an open water assessment indicates an average of 47% permanent open
water on the marshes studied (Kirwan 2013).
In Long Island, the marshes are wetter and vegetated areas are shifting from high marsh to low
marsh or to mud flat, which are far less productive and give fewer services than the salt marshes and
other high marshes that are supposed to be there. (Kirwan 2013
Warren and Niering 1993, Muschacke 2007, Tiner 2006, Field 2014, Rozsa 1995, Watson et al.
2014, Smith 2009, USFWS 2011)
While there are plenty of human–created stressors that are creating this conversion, such as invasive
species, sediment deprivation, hydraulic modification, pollution and climate change (Smith 2009,
Gedan 2009, Wigand 2014, Watson 2014, Silliman 2009, Kirwan 2013). (Silliman 2009, Lotze
2006), one major stressor is that of urban runoff, specifically, the high nutrient levels of fertilizer
runoff. In a nine–year study, researcher Linda Deegan added

Analysis Of John Grisham 's The Pelican Brief
In John Grisham's The Pelican Brief, He brings up oil and gas companies drilling in the wetlands,
which is destroying them, and I decided to investigate further about how these companies have been
hurting the environment. The main way that the wetlands are being killed is from the salt water that
is intruding into the marshes from the canals, that gas and oil companies use, are the way that most
salt water gets so deep inside the wetlands (Barnowski). Oil and gas companies are always trying to
build more canals to invade different areas of the wetlands when they find different reserves of oil
and gas just like Victor Mattiece was in the Pelican Brief. When they build more canals, The
wetlands soil starts to break up and that destroys the small amount of land that is left in the
wetlands. There are several different types of marshes with different salinities which are measured
using ppt which is the amount of salt in a thousand units. The types of marshes include freshwater,
intermediate, brackish, and salt marshes. Freshwater marshes have no salinity and are 100%
freshwater as the name would suggest. Intermediate marshes have a salinity from 0–5 ppt
("Louisiana's Oil."). Brackish marshes have a salinity from 5–15 ppt and lastly salt water marshes
have a salinity higher than 15 ppt ("Louisiana's Oil."). Salt water marshes are the ones that are right
by canals or are hit by ocean waves every day and are the easiest eroded because they have a lot less
plants than the other

E. Alabamae Case Study
Discussion Mayden (1993) used E. zonatum for comparisons in describing the new species E.
alabamae. Comparing Cypress Creek to sampled E. zonatum populations in the 1993 Mayden paper
show that males in Cypress Creek fell into accepted ranges for known populations but looking at the
means for body measurements on average males from Cypress Creek were smaller than those
measured by Mayden. Female measurements from Cypress Creek paralleled those seen in Mayden's
comparison. However, females from Bayou de Chien were larger on average than females sampled
by Mayden while males were similar in measurements. Walsh and Burr (1984) noted that the
maximum length of E. zonatum is usually reported as 32–38mm but lacks definition as to whether
those numbers refer to standard or total length. Some variation in size for such a wide–ranging
species can be caused by more southern individuals growing larger due to earlier spawning periods
and longer growing seasons (Walsh and Burr, 1984). Overall, it appears that individuals found above
the fall line in Cypress Creek are of similar measurements to other sampled populations of E.
zonatum. While some groupings were observed in the body measurement PCA analysis, no distinct
separation of drainages were observed. Only comparisons of females resemble anything close ...
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Biodiversity loss threatens to disrupt the function of ecosystems, with the potential of consequences
for humans as well. Often this loss is measured by species extinction rates, but considerations
should be made to include population diversity with measures including changes in size, number,
distribution and genetic composition of population and potential implications those changes may
have (Luck et al., 2003). Avise (2004) goes as far as to say biodiversity is genetic

Restoring The Physical Integrity Of The Tidal Wetland...
Across all projects, the first step in tidal wetland restoration is almost always to create a "restoration
site template" that will form the basis of the entire project. Experts believe that "restoring the
physical integrity of the tidal wetland offers the best opportunity of restoring ecologic integrity"
(Faber "Design" 17). How the template is formed will ultimately dictate what the final wetland will
look like. Construction of the wetland base may require either excavation or fill depending on the
site conditions. Some sites, like the Ballona Wetlands, have been filled with a massive layer of dirt,
and in these cases, the site will need to be excavated back down to the bottom of the root zone so
that natural sedimentation processes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the consideration of which method is appropriate, one must also evaluate the site's natural
sedimentation load and its effect on the site's own capacity for self–restoration. For example, at the
Sears Point Wetlands, no additional fill was placed on the project site even though the land had
significantly subsided because of the "high local suspended sediment concentrations in the San
Pablo Bay promoting rapid natural sedimentation" (Wetlands and Water 65). Another element to the
template design of a restoration site is the decision to excavate tidal channels and a drainage system.
Oftentimes, project managers can choose to "rejuvenate pre–existing tidal drainage system by
redirecting tidal flows into the area." If the natural drainage system has become too shallow over
time, one may choose to excavate channels that follow the original drainage network of the wetland.
This decision can contribute significantly to the success of the wetland because the natural processes
will be restored much more quickly than if the wetland was allowed to re–develop those channels on
its own (Faber "Design" 47). Because the drainage systems function as valuable wildlife habitat, the
Sears Point project took special care to establish the "antecedent channel configuration" by

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