Thesis On Domestication And Foreignization

Thesis On Domestication And Foreignization
After finding out significant differences between the two translators in applying Newmark's
translation strategies, and in order to answer the second and the third questions, the thesis will study
the application of domestication and foreignization in translating metaphors in Orwell's 1984
translation into Arabic to find out the tendency of the two translators in using the two approaches.
Domestication and foreignization came out to answer the question of how to bridge the gulf that had
grown between the writer of the source–text which is written in a language that is very culture–
bound and the target–text writer (Munday,2001). According to Venuti, domestication refers to "an
ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target–language cultural values, bring the author back
home", while foreignization refers to "an ethnodeviant pressure on those (cultural) values to register
the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad." (Venuti 1995:
20) Generally speaking, domestication designates the type of translation in which a transparent,
fluent style is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers,
while foreignization means a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by
retaining something of the foreignness of the original (Shuttleworth & Cowie 1997:59).
– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– Data Analysis
Below, the analysis of sample adapted from George Orwell's 1984 novel and the respective two
versions of translations listed comparatively in a table with mentioning the translation strategy
applied as
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay Beowulf Translations In Time
Beowulf Translations In Time Beowulf. The oldest and, arguably, the greatest epic in English
literature's vast history. Beowulf is an epic poem, originally written in Old English, that details the
heroic exploits of the warrior, Beowulf, throughout his life. It represents the heroic ideal and the role
of fate's importance to the Old English people, while also addressing politics, war, old–age,
kinsmanship, and fantasy.
The depth of the poem, in both its poetry and narration, is incredible, and in the original Old English
the integration and weaving of meaning throughout the text is virtually unparalleled. Though
Beowulf is an obvious masterpiece of English literature, its true importance in history is often
understated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wiht unhaelo, grim ond graedig, gearo sona waes, reoc ond repe, ond on raeste genam pritig pegna;
panon eft gewat hude hremig to ham faran, mid paere waelfylle wica neosan. (115–125)
This passage, Grendel's approach and attack on the Dane's hall, was chosen because it is
representative of the poetic and narrative structures that are operating throughout the poem; the
recurring diction, narrative movement, internal reference and contrast, and envelope structure that
are present in this short passage are echoed in all of Beowulf. Also, this passage is an important and
entertaining portion of the story, providing a good reference point for the analysis of the translations.
The translations I have selected are varied; from literal word– by–word translations, to more
"narrative" modern verse translations, to transcriptions of the original text with glossings, and even
one of my own translations. The chosen translations range fairly evenly from the years 1892 to
2001, and are all from academic sources (except for, possibly, the two Penquin translations, which I
have included for added depth in analysis, giving translations that are directed at a more broad
audience). This varied range of translations over time provides a good foundation to examine the
content of this very important passage in translation. By examining Grendel's approach to the hall,
the

Haiku Poetry : The Concepts Of Haiku Poetry
Haiku poems are mystical and beautiful. The essence of a haiku poem is the sense of cutting,
juxtaposing two ideas against each other with a kind of sharp verbal punctuation, and then reuniting
the two thoughts in the final line. I subscribe to the concept, less is more, and so is the same with
Haiku. It forces the writer to stretch their imagination and then compress it back down to size again
in order to create within its limitations. Haiku is very brief in nature, and these constraints bring
about new ideas which imply both power and subtlety in the same seventeen syllables. Matsuo
Basho, a 17th century haiku master, had a style of writing that was simple but contained complex
meanings. The meanings of his poems come from the readers personal experiences, so they can
mean different things for different people. Translations of haiku form Japanese into English to not
have the perfect 5–7–5 form. Most attempt to remain faithful to the original poetry. However, one
person's translation may rely on rhyme and another free verse. Basho's well known famous frog
poem reads in Japanese, as show below and has been translational in a number of ways. Below the
Japanese version are two English translations.
"Old Pond"
Furuike ya / kawazu tobikomu / mizu no oto the old pond / a from jumps in / the sound of the water
into an old pond / a frog took a sudden plunge / then is heard a splash
By Matsuo Basho
Translated poems can differ, such as peoples'

Localization Of Japanese Games And Its Impact On The World
Beginning mainly in Japan itself, the now vast games industry has flourished across the world. Since
the 1970's most games have been developed in Japan and America and continue to expand.
Naturally, with this expansion comes the need for translation and such. This is what is known as
localization – the systematic process by which a game is translated into other languages for use
around the world. Games localization encompasses a wide scope of alterations beyond linguistic and
cultural factors, such as the appropriateness of game difficulty in light of the target audience, design
aspects and even the coding (O'Hagan, M., 2009). Because of these various elements such as the
imperative language barrier, localization of Japanese games ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This task also involves what is called audiovisual translation, the translation through the context of
what is happening in the game visibly and audibly. Moreover, the process through which games are
localized even differs greatly from how software is created; for example, while software mainly uses
a source language with predominant American–English references, video games would have
predominant Japanese references embedded in the source code, thus altering the methods by which
translation is possible. (O 'Hagan, M., & Mangiron, C., 2013) Evidently, translation is a vital piece
to the localization process under several circumstances, one of which being a cultural context.
Unsurprisingly, many games are based on Japanese culture itself, which accordingly involves the
abundant usage of Japanese terms without regard to foreigners who may not be well acquainted with
such expressions. Translations either emphasize game content, drawing connections between
linguistically constructed story elements and more understandable language (Voorhees, G. A., Call,
J., & Whitlock, K. (Eds.)., 2012), or simply maintain the separation between the two cultures and
avoid oversimplification through extensive translation. This process intrinsically requires not simple
good translators, but also cultural experts (Honeywood, R., 2007). In a similar sense, names used for
essential key terminology are normally the result of considerable

What Are the Difficulties of Translating Humour from...
WHAT ARE THE DIFFICULTIES OF TRANSLATING HUMOUR FROM ENGLISH INTO
SPANISH USING THE SUBTITLED BRITISH COMEDY SKETCH SHOW LITTLE BRITAIN
AS A CASE STUDY?
Charles Harrison
BA (Honours) Applied Languages
University of Portsmouth
School of Languages and Area Studies
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences March 2012
Table of Contents
Abstract..............................................................................1
Introduction........................................................................2
Chapter 1: Humour and Subtitling.............................................4
1.1 What is Humour?................................................................................4
1.2 Overview of Theories of Humour..........................................4
1.2.1 Humour of Little Britain .............................................5
1.2.1.1 The Schema ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Concluding, the dissertation is set to confirm the high degree of difficulty the translator faces when
dealing with translating the humour that is seen in this particular comedy sketch show.
INTRODUCTION
Humour is apparent in every culture and its function and meaning are difficult to define due to its
vastness and sense of humour will differ from person to person. It can be produced through the use
of language, sounds, visual aids and body gestures. Humour is found in many means of
communication and those that contain the most humorous content are in a comedy sketch show,
comedy programmes and comedy stand–up acts. With the introduction of the Digital Versatile Disk,
(DVD), the ability to watch a comedy programme with subtitles is possible, whether it is in the same
language in which it is originally produced or a translation into another language.

A challenge which every translator aims to overcome is when they are faced with cultural aspects of
the TL (target language). Each culture contains its unique form of humour. Therefore, understanding
the humour within a culture and all its cultural elements, is essential to produce a good translation.
In recent years, more attention has been focused on the translability of humour as the complexity
can make it unequivocally untranslatable.
Little Britain is a TV programme that has achieved huge success in Britain and as it

Advantages Of Tourism English Translation
The hotel introduction will introduce the hotel public area and its equipment in detail in order to
attract tourists. Hotel public area include: lobby, restaurant, lounge, concierge, fitness center, spa,
club etc.. Basically, the name of club, spa, fitness center and restaurant, we use the original English
name, and it is much more convenient for guest to find. While translate the spa center production
information or new conception, use the official name as much as possible. If there is no official
name, take the liberal translation method to translate, and if it is too long or complicated, just use the
English name.
EX:
Natural mineral clay chamber, an aroma grotto, a Himalayan salt wall sauna
天然矿物质溶洞、香薰石窟、喜马拉雅盐墙桑拿
50–minute Elemental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This method is commonly used when the meaning of English can be directly expressed in Chinese.
The advantage of this translation method is that it is completely faithful to the original and is easily
accepted by the reader. To some extent, English description is more suitable for literal translation
than Chinese, because there is no classical Chinese or poem, and we can translate the meaning
directly and explain it. During the hotel translation, we often use literal translation method while
translate the restaurant menu, sign and

Translation Shift from English to Bahasa Indonesia in...
Translation Shift from English to Bahasa Indonesia in Westlife Song Lyrics
Hairul
chairul.capcus@yahoo.com
A. PREFACE
Translation shift is common occurrence that we can find in translation. This thing happens because
whole languages in the world have different grammatical structure. According to Peter Newmark
"'shift' (Catford's term) or 'transposition' (Vinay and Darbelnet) is a translation procedure involving a
change in the grammar from SL to TL". (Newmark, 1988:85). A translator has to has skill to
translate from Source Text (ST) and Target Text (TT). If they did mistake in translation, it will be a
wrong assumption for the reader. The message from the ST can not be understand by the readers or
other people. Because between ST and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Plural becomes singular
Some of plural noun in English add morpheme –s or –es at the end of word although there are others
additional for some words. Look at this sentence at below.
Places you never knew it could be (Flying without wings)
Tempat yang tak pernah kau duga The word "places" in English is a plural noun that added with
morpheme –s at the end of word "places". Plural is Bahasa Indonesia can be sighted with repeating
the noun. At the sentence above word "places" is translated in Bahasa Indonesia as "tempat" that is
singular noun. Translation shift like this type is right in certain situation. But, if the translator
translated plural noun to singular noun is wrong in this situation. They have different meaning and
sense from St to TT. The word "places" means many places meanwhile "tempat" means just one
place. From the analysis the writer assumes that the translator makes mistake in translation. The
translator does the wrong translation because between plural noun becomes singular noun have
different meaning from ST to TT. The word "places" in English is translated as "tempat" can not be
accepted by TT.
* Adjective becomes verb
Adjectives are words that modify a noun; they either name an inherent attribute of a thing.
(Verspoor, 2000: 92). Adjective in English usually is located before noun to modify it. In translation
world, adjective in ST becomes verb in TT is a normal phenomenon.

A Quantitative Style Analysis About Different English...
Qiuying Jiang
11/03/2017
Programming for Cultural Data Analysis – Proposal
A Quantitative Style Analysis about Different English Translations of the
Captain's Daughter by Alexander Pushkin
Data Set
The data set includes three English translations of The Captain's Daughter (Alexander Pushkin,
1836) from Ekaterina Telfer, T. Keane and Milne Home respectively. The translation of Milne
Home is downloaded from Gutenberg which is an open access project that offers free eBooks to
public. The other translations are from Wikisource which serves as an online digital library of free
content textual sources on a wiki. The format of the data set is txt files containing the license, source
information and the literature itself.
Audience and Essential ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, as the first Russian literature that was translated in Chinese, the Captain's Daughter has
been affecting Chinese readers and novelists from generation to generation. Besides Chinese
translations, English translations of those literature also made great influence in the world. To make
Pushkin's literature enjoyed by more people, some excellent translators such as Milne Home have
made great contributions.
Over years, translators and translation scholars have been engaged in heated debates over salient
features of the translations, strategies employed by the translators, the possible effects of the
different translations and so on (Liu et al, 1997).
With the involvement of statistics and natural language processing methods in literature style
analysis, more and more literature scholars leverage quantitative methods to conduct their
researches. According to Holmes, an analyst searches for features particularly to a given writer,
features of which the writer is probably unaware and which can be measured quantitatively in order
to have a basis for comparison with other writers (Holmes et al, 1985). In the case of understanding
essential writing style of a writer, quantitative methods such as building and fitting of models to
linguistic data and in the testing of hypotheses will definitely be good ways.
In accordance with Defeng Li et al, statistical

The Concept Of Intertextuality
Introduction
Research Background
Derived from the Latin intertexto, intertextuality is the complex relationship between texts, which
accounts for a separate field or location in which the text can act. The term "intertextuality"was
acknowledged as Julia Kristeva's coinage in the late 1960s in the context of structuralist and post–
structuralist thoughts going at it hammer and tongs. Translation Studies, an interdisciplinary field,
centers on creating a comprehensive solution for complex problems encountered in translating
process. From the moment that the theory of intertextuality was integrated into the field of
Translation Studies in the late 1970s, the concept of translation activity has undergone a radical
evolution. Since the intertextual network has weakened the major and minor relationships between
the source text and the target ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Relevant literature review are offered in Chapter 1, exploring where a contribution to knowledge
may be situated. Chapter 2 begins by considering the origin of intertextuality theory from a number
of linguistic, literary and philosophical key figures to outline clearly its development process.
Thereafter, it is explained how intertextuality is related to translation. An explanation then follows
of how translating activity can be analyzed in terms of reading and translating when the
intertextuality is taken as an effective approach and principle. This chapter also includes considering
intertextuality as applicable to the analysis of the case adopted in this study, explaining why it is
feasible to use the framework to analyze the material. The main analyses are presented in Chapters 3
with intertextual approach to the co–translation. Fairclough's classification of manifest and
constitutive intertextuality is used to construct the structure of this part and source and target texts
are then analyzed to explore intertextual effects on translating

English Language And Translation From Saudi Arabia
I obtained a bachelor's degree in English Language and Translation from the University of Al
Qassim in Saudi Arabia. The notion of completing my studies in the United States is an objective of
mine since I was in middle school. It is not my first time leaving home to study abroad. In the
summer of 2007 before I started college, I studied English in Great Britain for 6 months; combined I
have studied in ESL schools for the past two and a half years. During that time, learning the
language was not my only objective. Next in importance is learning how instructors instruct and
what are the methods that work best for students, which I believe gives me an advantage over other
applicants. In addition, I had a great deal of responsibility to my family whom decided to move to
the United States in order to find a better life for my mentally psychotic brother. It is these
obligations that help shape me to be the person I am today. I have coached myself not to run away or
complain about responsibilities. Therefore, when my entire family, parents and five siblings came to
the U.S. I had to grow up and tend to their needs. The decision to follow me to the State's came out
of the blue and it was especially nerve racking to me since no one in my family speaks English well.
Consequently, I became the channel through which my family communicated with the outside
world. It was not an easy transition to suddenly be responsible for a whole family. while I was in
school I had to leave classes

My Experience For A Student Leader For The Languages And...
Coming from a small town in the Appalachia Mountains of the Pennsylvania coal region, the only
escape from the white homogeneity was my language classes. When I came to Bucknell University,
I was immediately intrigued with the multitude of foreign languages taught. Coming from a blue
collar family and being a first generation college student I felt an obligation to my parents, though,
to choose a major that would offer financial ease and stability. However, during my second semester
I took classes in translation and linguistics, and I realized I wanted to create my own academic path.
I began college–level Spanish in my first semester, and French in my fourth. I have taken classes on
translation, linguistics, and literature as well. With ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Living in Tours, a less urban town, will enhance my language acquisition because I expect fewer
English speakers. I plan to take a personal language pledge to avoid speaking English, unless it is
unavoidable.
I will stay with a host family, which will add to my language and cultural immersion. Because the
program asked, I indicated a preference for a host family with a sibling my age who attends the
Université François Rabelais, where I will be studying along with the Institute de Touraine. The
sibling might introduce me to other students there. I will eat morning and evening meals daily with
my host family. My goal is to integrate myself thoughtfully with my host family to learn about
family life and different social patterns.
I also chose France for its astonishingly deep and rich culture throughout the country. The "Bucknell
en France" program explores a variety of regions through regular excursions on alternating
weekends with the in–residence faculty to local sites of interest, including cathedrals, abbeys and the
famous Loire châteaux. The excursions also include visits to different ateliers, or workshops, such as
an oil mill, a chocolaterie, or a vannerie. Longer excursions to national sites are also organized,
including Paris, the Normandy Beaches, and the Perigord region. On weekends without excursions,
I plan to independently travel, perhaps with a friend, to various cultural events, such as an opera or
La Foire Gastronomique in

Adaptation In The Tempest
The Tempest is believed to be the final play written by English playwright William Shakespeare
(Arnold 2009: 1). This allegorical play takes place on an exotic island and describes the master–
slave relationship between Prospero the virtuous ruler and Caliban the ugly evil. Approximately
three and a half centuries later, French poet and author Aimé Césaire, who objected to colonialism
and was concerned about post–colonial issues, published A Tempest ('Une Tempête'), a post–
colonial adaptation of Shakespeare's work.
While the two plays share the same characters and provokes similar ideal dichotomies of master and
slave; colonizer and colonized; natural and supernatural (Chan 2008: 1), there are differences, for
instance, Caliban becomes a Black slave and the ending is changed in Césaire's version. Based on
these alterations, some consider A Tempest not a translation of The Tempest but rather an adaptation
that stands on its own, independent of the original. In response to this view, this paper attempts to
examine the relationship between the two versions and analyze in what ways A Tempest can and
cannot be regarded a translation of The Tempest. The reason to view Césaire's work not as a
translation of Shakespeare's but as an adaptation only will first be presented. How the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Translation can now be seen as a form of response that 'recognizes, preserves, and even multiplies
the ambiguities of the original text' (Beals 2014: 288) and offers contemporary outlook or even
solutions. The radical departures of Césaire's translation from lexical and content equivalence can
therefore be seen as a form of dialogue with Shakespeare's original (ibid: 293). Indeed, traces of
ambiguities being attended to and modern viewpoints regarding colonialism being inserted can be
detected within A

Manipulation Translation Essay
1. Introduction
The rewriting theory is belong to manipulation theory. The concept of "manipulation translation"
was firstly used by the contemporary translation theorists Herman, he said that, "From the
perspective of the target literature view, all translation implies a manipulation of the source text for a
certain purpose." Later, this view of translation has been developed, and discussed systematically by
the famous American writer –– a American comparative literature and translation theorist –– Andre
Lefebvre. He put forward the rewriting theory and this theory has had a wide and profound
influence in the field of translation. In the book "Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of
Literary Fame " , Lefevere explained the rewriting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recently, poetic is the focus of studies in translation. No matter in Chinese or in the western
countries, the meaning of poetic has experienced change.
The source of poetic can be dated back to the work Poetic by Aristotle. This book consists of two
volumes of which only the first volume is handed down. The first volume discusses a series of
theoretical problems such as the human nature, art imitation, the function of tragedy, the association
of plots, the similarities and differences between tragedy and epic. The name of Aristotle's Poetic is
"Poietike Techne". This book focuses on studying literature creation, especially on tragedy which is
at its peak in the classical Greek literature(吴涛2011:103–108). As time goes by,the connotation of
poetic has changed. It not only involves the poetry and tragedy ,but also deals with other forms of
literature. So poetical connotation gets enriched when applied to the field of translation．
3.2.3 Patronage and

The Translator 's Dilemma Of A Translator Essay
Ages ago, Cicero summed up the translator's dilemma in the following words:
"If I render word for word, the result will sound uncouth and if compelled by necessity I alter
anything in the order or wording, I shall seem to have departed from the function of a translator"
(qtd. in Bassnett 43). Translation in the first place, is transference of meaning from the Source
Language (SL) to the Target Language (TL). But what matters is not a translation of words from SL
to TL, for exact equivalence of words of the former is hard to get in the latter. Translation is both
linguistic and cultural activity and it is concerned with communication of meaning. It is not merely
lexical equivalent of words of one language to that of another, but much more. Since each word is
charged with memory, associations and literary echoes, it is difficult to find full equivalence of a SL
word in another word in TL. That is why, total or full translation is a myth.
The translator has to make a balance between maintaining close fidelity to the original and utter
freedom it. Sri Aurobindo is in favour of taking liberty with the original. He states that "a translator
is not necessarily bound to the original he chooses; he can make his own poem out of it, if he likes,
and that is what is generally done"(2). Translation is neither "transliteration" nor "transcreation" and
it has to and it has to guard against the danger of word for word literal translation as well as taking
too much liberty. In the name

An Article On English Translation Module
Introduction This commentary is made upon the target text of a past timed–text of the Specialised
Portuguese – English Translation module. The source text consists of a report published in Lisbon in
October of 2009, in the Portuguese newspaper Correio da Manhã. The language is Portuguese; the
sublanguage Portuguese from Portugal; and as stated in the specification sheet given along with the
source text, no author or journalist signed the extract. The text is part of the journalism genre and,
following Halliday's categories of Register , it can be said that the text's "field" is the description of
an incident occurred with the Portuguese airlines TAP; the "tenor" is the part of Portugal's
population who are readers from the newspaper Correio da Manhã; and the "mode" is written text –
the specification sheet doesn't state if it's a piece of online news or from a printed newspaper. The
language used is accessible and does not make use of specific terminologies or vocabulary that are
unfamiliar to the national readership; the newspaper is a read general publication and the text seems
to be aimed at a broad and national audience. Although the text would be categorised on what Reiss
called an "informative text" , while its primary function is the "plain communication of facts" its
focus also presents features of an "expressive text" if considered that the form that it was written
plays a rather important role on presenting the subject in an accessible way. The

Advantages Of Learning Foreign Languages
Computers nowadays can translate all kinds of languages. However, I still do believe that children
need to learn foreign languages. To start off, learning foreign languages is an advantage to the
children's future career path. Being able to speak in foreign languages will definitely be a handy
skill for children when they grow up. The worlds does not only consist of English speakers, we
often need to communicate with people who do not speak the same languages as we do. Companies,
especially international enterprises, will more likely employ candidates who speak many languages
fluently. It will be an advantage for children if they start learning foreign languages at their
childhood. It is also unrealistic for people to use their laptops or smartphones ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This suggests that learning foreign languages can really bring positive impact on students' general
studies, not just on language subjects. Even though children will have to spend a long time to learn a
language and some may think that it is not feasible nor practical to do so, I believe it is still worth it.
Once you have mastered a language, the skill belongs to you. No one can figuratively, nor literally
"take" it away from you.Meanwhile, I would also like to point out the disadvantage of the current‐
day translating systems. Although it is true that computers nowadays can translate almost all sorts of
languages, the translation result are however, often found to be only literal and are grammatically
incorrect. Taking the English language as an example, there are numerous English norms on how
different vocabularies should be used on different situations, grammar rules and idioms; Yet,
computers do not take these into account when translating. As a result, the translation result is often
incorrect or it does not convey the full meaning. The translation results from computers are only for
reference and should not be relied on. If we rely on

English Translation Date
Translation Date He's with his new girlfriend at her place in Frelighsburg. They're drinking an
expensive bottle of wine in front of the blazing wood stove. The conversation is full, slightly sexy.
She's put on Beau Dommage and sunk herself into the billowy sofa, feet propped up with a pillow.
The couch is flanked with cat–shaped pillows, and her long legs are tucked into a pine–green throw.
Her sweatshirt is bleach stained and full of little rips and tears, frayed and dotted with tiny wood
chips from hauling in logs. He's noticing little slivers of dried skin on her lower lip and wondering if
they would come off if they kissed. She leans forward to pick up her glass, sips and smiles, adjusts
the pillow so she's upright. She speaks, first in English, and then in French. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There's a clutching and then a slamming sensation, and the warmth from the fire and ease of the
rocker become distant, historical. He's following her. He understands, really he does. He knows
those words she's speaking, but now, he's on the clock, with the appearance of the first two tiny
words: "un peu." He's punched in and, now, half of him is outside the conversation, hard at work,
eyebrows squeezing, tracking, studying, resisting the urge to interrupt her and ask for a translation.
He shifts in the rocker and pulls it closer to the wood stove. The blood has drained from his toes,
and he props his feet up on a dusty ottoman to get them closer to the fire. He listens diligently,
disciplined in his nodding and "uh–huh"ing. He notices the room is now full of ancestors. He's no
longer on a date, but at a Québecois family reunion. A stout woman is a slicing a tourtière, and a girl
with a ponytail and a beaded necklace offers him a piece of sucre à la crème. What's the word for
shy again? Timide. But, that's not quite it. How can he translate his internal experience into French
when he can't translate it into English

Disadvantages Of Simple Marathi Sentences To English As...
Abstract: With globalization English has become the official language of the world. With about 71
million Marathi speaking people and varied works in Marathi literature and novels calls for
translation. A system is proposed that translates simple Marathi sentences to English using Rule
based approach. The system makes use of an online POS (parts–of–speech) tagger maintained by
TDIL. Using rule based approach the system is feasible up to certain extent.
Keywords: Natural Language Processing, Rule–based Machine Translation, Marathi, English,
Grammar
1. Introduction
About 71 million of the earth's 7 billion people speak Marathi as their native tongue. [3] Marathi is
one of the top 22 official languages of India. Research and documents ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Word to Word Translator converts the Source Language words into Target Language using the
Bilingual Lexicon. Re–arrangement Algorithm then rearranges these Target Language words into the
correct Target Language sentence structure. The Target Language Generator takes this output and
displays the sentence into the Target Language.
5. Scope of Use
5.1. Advantages
India is a country with a large population well versed with vernacular languages but not fluent in
English. A Marathi to English translation system will be helpful to the Marathi speaking population
who need to converse in English. Lot of documents, scripts and scriptures in Marathi also need to be
translated to English and this process is manual. Marathi to English translation system will help to
automate this process and help reduce manual work related to translation.
5.2. Limitations
Considering the number of rules [2] to be included in the system, it is not possible to achieve perfect
translations for each and every sentence. There might be some disambiguation present in some
sentence translations. It is also language specific and cannot be used for translation of any other
language pair. It is also limited to sentences in the domain of the project and cannot be used for
generalized

The Importance Of Cultural Diversity In Education
One population that is vulnerable in the setting of the public school is those who are Hispanic and
have language barrier with the staff at the school. The parents who have the language barrier can
only communicate through either the staff member who knows Spanish who often is not available to
translate or through a tablet that is not perfect translations and is hard to use. For the children, I have
seen how hard it is to get dropped off at school because they are afraid of the environment with all
the people around them that are speaking to them in a different language that they do not
understand. The cultural diversity of this population makes it hard for them to communicate and feel
welcomed into the area. At the school, it is the expectation for the students to learn English as they
grow within the classrooms. There is a woman who works with them individually to work on
English throughout the week to help assist the transition. As stated in Social Justice in Nursing,
"Social justice asserts that vulnerable persons should be protected from harm and promoted to
achieve full status in society" (Boutain, 2012, p. 49). For these students to succeed and achieve full
status in society they must learn English. This, although seemingly harsh, is the reality of our
society. It is unfortunate that we do not have more resources in our school to help these students
learn a new language in a more simplistic way than just being fully engulfed with it being used
around you. Although

New Living Translation Vs English Translation Essay
I chose to look at the New King James, New International, New Living Translation and Revised
Standard Version, in addition to my original translation choice of English Standard Version. I choose
the New King James, New Living Translation, and English Standard Version to compare because I
feel they provide the most distinct differences between translations. I found that the textual
variations did not change the textual meaning but the emphasis of some parts of the text. We can
find in verse one, the NKJ version mentions "they, and certain other women with them" Both the
ESV and NLT put all of the women in the same category under the pronoun "they". This variation of
text adds more emphasis on women in the resurrection account. In verse four, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The EVS version has a period. The exclamation point at the end of this phrase not only emphasizes
this miracle, but also shows expression of joy, awe, and excitement about the news of Jesus being
the Messiah that came to save. The next text variation that I found was in verse seven. This is a
small variation of wording. In the NLT, it uses the word betrayed while the NKJ and ESV are using
the word delivered when describing Jesus' arrest and crucifixion. The use of betrayed makes the
verse seem more personal because betrayed in the English language has a negative and hurtful
connotation. When someone is betrayed, they are abandoned, hurt, and in pain. The usage of this
word, I feel, adds emphasis on Jesus' feelings and makes it more personal for the readers who have
been betrayed in the past. Next, I found that in verse nine the use and placement of rushed adds
emphasis that when the women remembered what Jesus had said, they had to tell the disciples, and
others, about the fantastic news they had just heard. Returning in the ESV and NKJ versions is
adequate too, but one can read it as they went back without haste or at a normal speed to tell what
they had witnessed. The term rushed makes the women at the tomb seem more excited and awe
struck that they had to share with

Ap English Translation Essay
inspiration for the composition of the piece, as it was written in French to make use of the
language's sound and enhance its decadence.
Thus, the English translations were insufficient because nuances in French meaning help develop
the play's excess in many of its most central scenes. Ambiguities and connotations, which
sometimes go beyond what was possible in English, allow for simultaneous decadence in simplicity
– much significance found on occasion in only one term – and decadence in meaning. In the original
text, many words become integral to the play due to their second and entirely separate meanings
which add a whole other reading that is largely inaccessible for non–French readers. These
secondary meanings lend themselves thematically to the play's profligacy; and ... Show more
Most often, Wilde's technique for expressing these elements is found in direct comparisons of
imagery in the text. As though the very notion of a woman's lust–worthy beauty being displayed on
the London stage were not problematic enough for the English, when Salomé is discussed in the
play, she is most often likened to an exquisite, desirable object. Discovering exactly what object she
is being compared to is the tricky part and where the beauty of French meaning really shines. The
original version states that, 'elle ressemble à une fleur d'argent' (13). In his choice of translation,
Lord Alfred Douglas' version reads, 'she is like a silver flower' (19). The interesting part of this
translation is that the term 'argent', according to The Oxford–Hachette French Dictionary (OHFD),
is a noun meaning not only 'silver' but 'money' as well. This brief image becomes the subject of
comparison to beauty, and therefore gathers more

Epic of Beowulf Essay
Foreign and English Translations and Versions of Beowulf
From 1805 until the present there have been introduced an abundance of paraphrases, translations,
adaptations, summaries, versions and illustrations of Beowulf in modern English and in foreign
languages due mostly to two reasons: the desire to make the poem accessible, and the desire to read
the exotic (Osborn 341). It is the purpose of this essay to present a brief history of this development
of the popularity of the poem and then compare some of the translations with respect to some more
difficult passages in the poem Beowulf.
In 1805 Sharon Turner included some passages from Beowulf in his The History of the Anglo–
Saxons; he increased the text in later ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now let's make a comparison between translations for some passages which translators might show
disagreement about because of the lack of clarity or missing fragments of text or abundance of
synonyms or ambiguous referents.
After the Danish coast–guard meets and talks to Beowulf, the guard then begins his next speech
with a brief maxim or aphorism:
Aeghwaepres sceal
scearp scyldwiga gescad witan,
worda ond worca, se pe wel penced. (287–289)
T.A. Shippey comments in "The World of the Poem" that :
Translating this ought not to be difficult.... The problem here is caused by the fact

No Translation Summary
The No Translation, Translation Dilemma: What to do When Items Don't Translate
Science and math have an advantage when it comes to translation. Most of the signs, symbols, and
lexeme associated with these fields are relatively universal. Other fields, especially the arts, are not
nearly so fortunate. Translation becomes increasingly difficult if literary elements such as meter,
verse, or rhyming are included in the source text, or if there are specific sounds associated with a
culture.
When Sounds are Not Sounds
Many people are not aware that the sounds they hear and make every day do not translate from
language to language or culture to culture. For example, in English a cat says, "meow", a dog says,
"woof, woof", a donkey says, "hee haw", and a duck says, "quack, quack". These simple sounds are
found in countless examples of children's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order for interjections to be used properly, a translator must have a clear understanding of the
original intent in the source language and how to effectively represent this expression with its
intended meaning in the target language.
A Change in Character
There are times, most often in children's literature, that even characters do not translate. Take, for
instance, the famed English Dr. Seuss character Sam I Am from the book "Green Eggs and Ham".
One of the great thrills of reading Seuss is the magical rhythm and rhyme found in his verse. When
translated, these elements are gone. Consider the Spanish: green eggs and ham becomes huevos
verdes con jamón and "Sam I am" becomes "yo soy, Sam". Therefore:
"Do you like green eggs and ham? I do not like them, Sam–I–am. I do not like green eggs and ham,"
becomes " ¿ Te gustan los huevos verdes y jamón ? No me gustan ellos, yo so Sam . No me gustan
los huevos verdes con jamón." The magic is

Mexican English Translation
Thesis: Ever since my grandpa has gotten the sombrero, it has become a big representation of my
family's passion, culture, and love for music and each other.
Sombrero of Passion
Close your eyes and imagine, a dark velvet sombrero as dark as midnight with a shimmery silver
roped rim that looks like tinsel wrapped around a Christmas Tree. There are six hand stitched
triangle like shapes around it. These triangles are made of thin, delicate thread connected to
sequences which are red, green and white. Not just any red, but a bright red; like maracas being
rattled at a Mariachi music festival. A vibrant green like a spicy jalapeno pepper or the New
Mexican Green Chiles before they've been roasted. A crystal white like the sugar skulls on Dia De
Los Muertos before they've been decorated. There are also petal like patches that are embellished
with colorful sequence. The patterns are intricate and have what looks like a horseshoe pattern with
the colorful sequences formed in a shape similar to flowers. It feels very festive and gives off the
"life of the party" kind of vibe. This is the feeling of family connections, love, and rich hispanic
culture.
Spanish Lyrics
Alla en el rancho grande, alla donde vivia
English Translation
There on the big ranch, there where I used to live
Habia una rancherita, que allegre me decia
There was a little rancher–girl who happily used to say to me
Que allegre me decia
Who happily used to say to me
These are just some of the lyrics of

Caminante No Hay Camino Analysis
There is only one path in life. Forward. So why do people live in a way that does not reflect this?
Antonio Machado is not an English poet. He is Spanish and writes almost exclusively in his native
language of Spanish. Every poem he writes is translated into many, slightly altered versions across
the English speaking world, and then across the entire world in more languages. The majority of
published poems are translated to reach a larger audience, but poems not written in English are
particularly targeted for translations. This becomes an issue when the original poem has an
incredible use of imagery or of rhythm and is watered down to make it easier for an English reader
to understand. Entire words might be added or taken from the original to make it easier. In Antonio
Machado's, "Caminante No Hay Camino", the imagery is used to tell the reader to live their own
life, but is watered down from the translations from the original Spanish to English. In Machado's
"Caminante No Hay Camino" he uses the meaning "road" to mean something akin to the path of
life. Like Machado, many authors use "road" to symbolize the path of life or something to do with
life. It is very easy to picture. Close to everyone has seen at least one road or path in their life. They
believe, like as one does in a road trip, there is a set destination with sporadic stops along the way.
Most road trips are strictly planned out, but many stops can randomly happen at anytime. Also like a
road, one cannot go

Language in Beowulf Essay
So many languages, so many cultures. So many people, so many minds. One of the hardest things
for humans to interpret is language, especially if the language they are interpreting is one they are
not primarily familiar to the language they are interpreting. A result of this is a myriad of
interpretations, each with their own individual 'twist' depending on the translator. This applies
immensely when it comes to the ancient but timeles epic poem Beowulf. Beowulf was written in
Old English by an unknown author between the centuries of 800 AD and 1000 AD. Year after year, a
new translation is made by an author. Each translation is completely different, yet still the same
poem. It is tedious for authors to make their translation literal to the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Heaney gives Grendel a personality while still following the plot lines of the original epic. Heaney
even gives Hrothgar, the King of Danes, character flaws. In truth, Bewoulf is awfully egotistical and
focuses on himself most of the time. One of the main reasons why he defeats Grendel is for his
reputation. Beowulf is also a hero in some ways, and is loyal to his kings and nobles. Grendel is a
monstrosity and a killer, but has fair traits and only wants to be accepted.
Heaney also is true to the original epic; He uses modern grammar to make the syntax correct in
English, as opposed to other translations, where they add unnecessary grammar to enhance their
version of it. Personally , I would like to read the epic as it truly is; not a fabricated version of the
text. "'For the sight I see to the Sovran Ruler be speedy thanks!" (929–930 Gumerre).Gumerre uses
unnecessary vocabulary and twists words into completely different words. Looking at the same
excerpt from both translations, I see that Gumerre's translation tries too greatly to glorify almost
every line of the poem. "'First and foremost, let the Almighty Father be thanked for this sight."
(927–928, Heaney) Heaney uses realistic vocabulary and literal meaning to the same excerpt. Also,
Heaney's syntax is understandable and not confusing, as opposed to Gummere's. Syntax plays a very
important role in the translation of this poem, it is imperative that it is correct so it is readable and

Collolocations In The Picture Of Dorian Gray
1.1. Introduction Collocations are a fascinating and a difficult linguistic phenomenon in language
and in translation. They are repeated combinations of words whose co–occurrence is higher than
chance. Collocations represent a key constituent of the lexicon of natural language. They are a very
interesting and important phenomenon in language, whose importance is perhaps farther–reaching
than previously thought. Recent studies on translation have demonstrated that collocations are very
important lexical constituents of texts and thus in translation. Collocation is a lexical relation
between words that are possible to combine usually with certain other words to form a semantic
unit. This combination does not depend on rules but to certain constrains that determine the way
they can be combined to convey meaning. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first is the picture painted by Basil Hollward and the literary "picture" that Wilde creates here.
Both of these indicate the so called "real world" that we cannot see in the world, the truth of
Dorian's soul. The painting is at the center of the novel, while Dorian's physical beauty remains
untouched, then he suddenly changes horribly to reflect the corruption of his soul. The Picture of
Dorian Gray is one of Oscar Wilde's masterpieces. In essence the author had dared to display the
decay and all the artificiality of the system by strongly condemning all the immorality that has
ruined English society. The novel tries to represent the inner world of the main character, Dorian
Gray, who is under the destructive influence of Lord Henry which characterize all the interest, envy,
corruption and immorality that cares for physical beauty and not happiness. This novel reflects the
depravity of English aristocratic society and the spiritual emptiness of this society. The proficient at
which this novel is written is

Benefits Of A Global Economy
More Languages, More Exposure, More Sales
The benefits of a global economy coupled with an ever–expanding number of translation language
pairs have created exciting opportunities for those ready and able to take advantage of them. The
caveat, in order to truly reap the rewards of an international business market, you must be able to
speak your customer 's language and not just in the figurative sense. Your material actually needs to
be written and presented in their local language.
Studies have consistently shown that information presented in a consumer 's native language yields
greater sales. Further, more than half of global consumers would pay higher prices for information
presented in the local language.
In 2014, CSA Research, an independent market research company specializing in "best practices for
translation, localization, interpreting, globalization, and internationalization", studied a group of 10
non–English speaking countries in Asia, South America, and Europe. They found that 75 percent of
consumers "prefer to buy products in their native language", 60 percent "rarely or never buy" when
information is only in English, and 30 percent simply do not buy when English is the only language
presented.
Even in Europe, where most citizens have at least a base–level exposure to English and many speak
it as a second language, English is tolerated with tourists, but when it comes to business there is an
expectation that information will be presented in the consumer 's

Theme Of The Sight Of Father's Back
The Sight of Father's Back, as we all know, is one of the masterpieces of Zhu Ziqing who is
regarded as one of the intellectuals of May Fourth New Cultural Movement. As an outstanding prose
writer, Zhang Peiji has produced tremendous literary works, and many of his proses are highly
appreciated by both domestic and overseas readers. Zhu Ziqing's works, mainly about narrative and
lyrical sketch, can be classified into the following three themes: the first type describes the social
life to attack the dark reality, the second one portrays the natural scenery and the third one is related
to family life in order to depict the emotions between father and son, wife and husband, and among
the friends. The Sight of Father's Back belongs to the third theme. Zhu Ziqing's father writes a letter
to him, contending that: "I'm all right except for a severe pain in my arm. I even have trouble using
chopsticks or writing brushes. Perhaps it won't be long now before I depart this life." The letter
touches his thoughts deeply and reminds him of bygones eight years ago when his father sends him
to Peking University. This is the reason why Zhu Ziqing writes The Sight of Father's Back, in which
he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A Contrastive Study of Lexical Cohesion in the Chinese and English Version of The Sight of
Father's Back, published by Zhang Xiaocui, has put forward that lexical cohesion not only helps to
keep loyal to the original text, but retains the cohesion in the version's discourse.[5] Moreover, A
Comparative Analysis of Stylistic Language in the Chinese and English Version of The Sight of
Father's Back provided by Du Hua indicates that through careful selection of words, meticulous
choose of sentences and overall comprehension of discourse style, Mr. Zhang Peiji's version has
surpassed the bondage of surface structure of the original text and achieved similarity in

Puun Essay
1. 1. Introduction
Pun is a popular literary device that is widely used in English. It involves a play on words by using a
word that suggests two or more meanings or by exploiting similar sound words that have different
meanings. Pun brings an amusing and yet an ambiguous curve to the text. Understanding a pun
differs from one person to another; Time, culture, recipient's sex and background influence the way
a pun is interpreted.
Pun is part of the human nature; it is used for humor or irony when communicating with other
people (Balci, 2005:8).The Oxford English dictionary defines pun as "an amusing use of a word that
can have two meanings or of different words that sound the same." Koestler also explains: "The pun
is the bisociation of a single phonetic form with two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More specifically, the study will compare and contrast the meaning and effect of the source
language pun with its meaning and effect in the target language version. The comparing and
contrasting will serve the aim of deciding what changes in the type and the composition of the
original puns that take place when translated into another language and the effects transmitted in
each case, i.e. whether the humor or irony intended in the SLT is still felt in TLT (i.e., Arabic in our
case). Then, the study will try to identify the translation strategies that are employed by the
translators in translating puns. The comparative–contrastive analysis will highlight some ways of
translating puns in the selected

The Difference Between The North American And Mexican...
Nowadays, we are living in the community that we are interacting with people who have different
cultural background. When we interact with others who do not share the same values as us,
numerous intercultural issues are going to emerge, such as language difference, nonverbal
misinterpretation, preconceptions and stereotypes, and etc. Spanglish by James L. Brooks explores
the difference between the North American and Mexican American culture by describing how Flor
is an illegal immigrant from Mexico who does not speak any English and tries to integrate to an
American family. Although cross–cultural can be a challenge or an obstacle to interact with others,
we just need to put more effort by fostering more respect and acceptance against their culture. This
is because it is a great opportunity for us to learn from others in order to enrich our knowledge and
widen our vision toward the world.
Stereotypes happen when we have a certain judgment for a particular group of people beyond their
behaviors in the society. Miladinovic declares, "In an intercultural setting, their use increases our
sense of security and is psychologically necessary to the degree that we cannot tolerate ambiguity or
the sense of helplessness when we cannot understand or deal with other people and situations"
("Overcoming Obstacles Intercultural Communication"). In "An Introduction to Intercultural
Communication", Jandt states, "Psychologists have attempted to explain stereotyping as mistakes
our brains make

Umrao Jan Ada Analysis
ABSTRACT: TRANSLATIONAL ISSUES IN UMRAO JAN ADA
Mirza Hadi Mohammad Ruswa, one of the best Urdu prose writers of all time wrote Umrao Jan Ada
reflecting 'the social milieu of the Muslim society in Northern India in the nineteenth century'. The
original Urdu text exudes chaste and elegant Urdu of the 19th century Lucknowi society and
captures a life–like picture of the socio–cultural ambience of the time. In order to forge the
theoretical foundation, this paper attempts a definition of translation vis a vis traces the history of
translation along with changing status of translation and translator today. Issues in translation in
general are also discussed and such issues are applied to the text under study. The objective of the
paper is to shed light on the issues that surface in the translation of Khushwant Singh's Umrao Jan
Ada. Translation issues such as verbal equivalents, culture, language, decoding and recoding,
fidelity and untranslatability are discussed and analysed in this paper for a proper understanding of
Khushwant Singh's translation of Umrao Jan Ada. This paper adopted the method of close textual
analysis of both the Source Text (ST) and Target Text (TT) along with application of various
translation theories. The translational issues emanating from the texts are discussed and analysed in
the light of various theories.
KEY WORDS:
Translation, Verbal

English Translation Of The United States
Originally, First Nations had Fared Well; however, since the European invasion they have been the
victims of the Well Fare system. First Nations are gradually losing their traditional ways of living.
We no longer gather roots and hunt for our sustenance. We have inevitably picked up the European
ways; we have become victims of the Well Fare system. The Secwepemc people have existed in
their current territory for 10,000 years and thrived through their own work and trading with other
tribes. The Secwepemc were affluent enough to share with those that were in need and in turn
received help when the Secwepemc were in need. We took only what was needed. As time goes on
the Secwepemc people continue to become prosperous in European terms, collecting and hoarding
more and more. The Secwepemc take part in the local economy in various ways. As a First Nations
people we need to find our way back to our traditional roots and only then will we find ourselves in
a Faring Well community.
The word Kamloops is the English translation of the Shuswap word Tk'emlúps, meaning 'where the
rivers meet,' and for centuries has been the home of the Tk'emlupsemc, 'people of the confluence'
(Our Land, 2016). The Secwepemc people are a nation of 17 bands that occupy the south–central
part of the Province of British Columbia. European contact with the colonial government divided
the Secwepemc into 17 distinctive groups in 1811, with specific parcels of land selected for each.
The Secwepemc people fall

The Analysis On The Field Of Translation
According to Mona Baker, translation is a profession, like other industries. It is not just because you
have a gift so that you can be a translator but also because you have to put a lot of effort to make
you become a good translator. They have purposes for their work, which is to produce the best work
as possible as they could, like other professionals. Skopos theory is a concept that focuses on
purpose in the field of translation studies. It was introduced by Hans Vermeer, a German linguist, in
the 1970s. Skopos is a Greek technical term for the purpose, aim, goal or objective of the action of
translating. Vermeer sees language is a part of a culture and believes that both source text and target
text are important in order to produce a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That is why Baker says translators do a lot extra work to prove to themselves as to others that they
are in control of what they do. Translating brand names is an example. Translators have the right to
decide how and what methods to use to translate a brand name. The aim of translating a good brand
name is to attach a desirable meaning and that corresponds to the sound of the original brand name
at the same time. For instance, Coca–Cola, one of the most famous soft drinks in the world, in
Chinese, it is translated as '可口可樂' (tastes good and makes you happy), which is pronounced as
'ho hau ho lok' in Cantonese and 'ke kou ke le' in Mandarin. Both sound translation and meaning
translation are used. This translation is not only able to give a meaning to attach people to buy and
drink the product, but also keeps the sound of the original brand name. This is a very good
translation indeed.
Language is a part of a culture. As Vermeer stated, 'culture consists of everything one needs to know,
master and feel, in order to assess where members of a society are behaving acceptably or deviantly
in their various roles (translated in Snell–Hornby 2006: 55). This can be applied in subtitling. Here
is an example taken from the British TV drama Downton Abbey:
English dialogues Chinese subtitles Back translations
'What is it?' 'A white feather, of course. Coward.' '這是什麼?' '當然是白羽毛。懦夫。'

Mass Media in General and Newspapers
PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale Mass media in general and newspapers in particular
nowadays play a very important role in our lives. Many people even say that living in the world
without newspapers is like living in an isolated island. Newspapers help us become informed
citizens and make better decision by providing a lot of facts. Hard news stories, vital statistics,
weather, sports stories and scores and even calendars are examples of items that help inform readers.
Some newspaper articles help interpret or explain the meaning of news to readers. Besides,
newspapers provide services to readers that is providing information help readers solve business,
home, recreation and daily living problems. Moreover, some items in newspapers are ... Show more
The third part (Part C) is the conclusion which presents the results of the study with suggestions for
translators and for further researches. PART B: DEVELOPMENT Chapter I: Theoretical
Background 1. Newspaper headlines 1.1. What is newspaper headline? Conventionally, it is believed
that newspapers have more readers than any other kind of written text. According to Van Dijk
(1986), "for most citizens, news is perhaps the type of written discourse with which they are
confronted most frequently" (p. 156). In the newspaper it is the headline that has the highest
readership. It summarizes the content of a story, and entices an audience into reading the article.
According to Ungerer (2000), "a headline describes the essence of a complicated news story in a
few words. It informs quickly and accurately and arouses the reader's curiosity" (p. 48). Newspaper
headlines are particularly important for the way readers comprehend a news text, they are markers
that monitor attention, perception and the reading process (Van Dijk, 1988). According to Danuta R.
(1998), headline is a unique type of text. It has a range of functions that specifically dictate its
shape, content, and structure and it operates within a range of restrictions that limited the freedom of
the writer. In other words, headline should

Linguistic Features and Translation of Financial English
金融英语的语言特征及其翻译
专业：英语学号：07121115 姓名：阮超指导教师姓名：白敬萱申请学位级别：学士论文
提交日期：2011年5月学位授予单位：天津科技大学
Linguistic Features and Translation of Financial English
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Arts
by
Ruan Chao
Under the Supervision of
Bai Jingxuan
School of Foreign Languages
Tianjin University of Science and Technology
May 2011
ABSTRACT
With increasingly closer communications on business domestically and internationally, financial
English has been playing a more and more prominent role in the economic activities in recent years.
It is of vital concern to grasp the linguistic features of financial English and the skills of its ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The better people master the financial English, the more comprehensive they can understand the
operations of economy. Financial English is a kind of ESP (English for Special Purpose) which
enjoys a style of its own. However, the research on translation of financial English is till in its
starting phase. Although there are abundant books and works concerning financial English, most of
them have been designed to meet the needs of finance learners. A further exploration is needed to
learn more about the features and translation of financial English. Firstly, the thesis reviews the
current situation of financial English studies and its significance. And then, linguistic features of
financial English are discussed from three facets of lexis, syntax and text. It includes the use of

technical terms, initialism, "hot words", common words, complex sentences, declarative sentences
and passive sentences. Furthermore, the financial English is characterized by formal style, logical
style and precise style. Thirdly, the study on the translation of financial English is involved. It is
divided into two parts: words and phrases & sentences. The last part is conclusion which highlights
the significance of this research again.
2. Situation Review: Significance and Study Results
2.1 Significance of Financial English
Since China has entered WTO and carried out the

The Legal And Un Language
Translation is a particular formula which is deemed to be a unique Process whose function is to
unify the different kinds of culture possessed by the world countries. Translation has a variety of
domains, and each and every domain has its own special style of writings, such as: political,
economic, literal, UN, legal ... etc. Documentary language, such as the legal and UN languages, is
characterized by restricted pattern of writing of numerous levels, including: linguistic level (lexical,
syntactic and textual), cultural level and speech acts. Both Arabic and English have their distinctive
approaches in regarding the technicalities used with such documentary translation, necessitating the
importance of mastering such techniques while translating from Arabic to English or vice versa. In
this regard, translators of such legal and UN language find themselves restrained or somehow not
completely free to use their own experience to render a legal or UN text. Rather, each and every
translator is up to follow the agreed techniques maintained by speech communities. Henceforward,
the problems arisen within these sorts of rendering are to be avoided by keeping such agreed
techniques in consideration. This paper shall tackle a variety of different and diversified features on
the level of linguistics, culture and speech acts with reference to UN instruments, highlighting the
problems arisen within the aforesaid features. EL FARHATY(2015) To start with lexical

Skopos Theory And Peircean Semiotics In Translation Analysis
Part Three: The Operation of the Combination of Skopos Theory and Peircean Semiotics in
Translation
In order to make a clearer statement of the operation of the combination of the skopos theory and
peircean semiotics in translation, the author would use the translations of Sonnet 18 as an example.
Some great translators and litterateurs have had several excellent translations for the Sonnet 18, so,
the author would not compare the different translations but only analyse the process of translating
the word "summer" of the first sentence in the quatrain I in this famous poetry.
QuatrainⅠ：
A：Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
B：Thouart more lovely and more temperate.
A：Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
B：And summer's lease hath all too short a date.(Shakespeare, 1996)
Some translators interpret "summer" as "夏天," whereas some critics criticize that this summer
should be the "spring 春天". Some critics think that the "summer's day"here should be interpreted as
"spring," or "the summer's day"in Britain actually corresponds to the spring of China," and the
Chinese interpret it as "summer" is "an interesting problem."
Middle English does not have words to specifically refer to 'spring' and 'fall' terms, so the term
summer (usually spelled sumer or somer) refers to both spring and summer, and the word winter
usually refers to autumn and winter. Accordingly, some translators and critics believe that the term
summer is also "must" interpreted as "spring" in Shakespeare's Sonnets.
In Shakespeare's sonnets, spring has occurred six times (see 1: 10,53: 9,63: 8,98: 1,102: 5,104: 4);
summer appears 20 times (see 13 poems including the 18th); autumn appears 2 times (see 97: 6,104:
5) and winter appears 10 times (see 2, 5, , 13, 56, 97, 98 and 104, etc.), and more poems have the
seasons alternation or seasons change description.(Lowers, 1998) Some examples as follow:
And yet this time remov'd was summer's time,
The teeming autumn, big with rich increase,
Bearing the wanton burden of the prime,
Like widowed wombs after their lords' decease: (97:5–8)(Shakespeare, 1996)
Our love was new and then but in the spring
When I was wont to greet it with my lays,
As Philomel in summer's front doth sing
And stops her

The Days By Taha Hussein
E301B: The Art of English (II)
TMA: Semester 1, 2015 – 2016
I. The Selected Text:
The selected text is a part of the opening essay of the novel, "The Days", written by Taha Hussein, in
1954. In this essay, Taha Hussein explains about the context of writing his novel, and his motives for
writing it.
‫بعد‬ ‫قراءته‬ ‫أعيد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أريد‬ ‫أكن‬ ‫لم‬ ‫ولعلي‬ ،‫الناس‬ ‫يقرؤه‬ ‫كتاب‬ ‫في‬ ‫يصدر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أريد‬ ‫أكن‬ ‫لم‬ ‫الفراغ‬ ‫أوقات‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫في‬ ‫أمليته‬ ‫الحديث‬ ‫هذا‬
‫وحين‬ ‫حين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫تعتري‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ًا‬‫كثير‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المحزنة‬ ‫والخواطر‬ ‫الثقال‬ ‫الهموم‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫من‬ ‫بإمالئه‬ ‫ألتخلص‬ ‫أمليته‬ ‫وإنما‬ ‫إمالئه‬.
‫عنها‬ ‫يتسلى‬ ‫من‬ ‫ومنهم‬ ،‫بالقراءة‬ ‫عنها‬ ‫يتسلى‬ ‫من‬ ‫فمنهم‬ ،‫األحزان‬ ‫من‬ ‫والتخلص‬ ‫الهموم‬ ‫من‬ ‫التخفف‬ ‫في‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ‫مذاهبهم‬ ‫وللناس‬
‫نفسه‬ ‫لينسى‬ ‫كلها‬ ‫المذاهب‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫غير‬ ‫يذهب‬ ‫من‬ ‫ومنهم‬ ،‫والغناء‬ ‫للموسيقى‬ ‫باالستماع‬ ‫عنها‬ ‫يتسلى‬ ‫من‬ ‫ومنهم‬ ،‫بالرياضة‬ ... Show
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The creative strategies I applied in rendering the text into English:
In rendering this literary text in Arabic into English, I used a range of creative strategies, so as to
retain the literary nature of the text, while shifting it from the original language to the target
language.
The first strategy I used is to focus on meaning of the full sentences, rather than the meaning of
individual words. As explained by Alexander Pope (2002), the most important task of translation is
about realization of the meaning and finding the suitable way for conveying the meaning from one
language to another.
The second strategy I used is to keep faithful to the source text, by keeping the same meanings the
author of the original text meant to convey, which is known as "fidelity". Also, I tried to use
equivalent vocabulary and grammatical patterns to those used in the source text, which is called
"equivalence".
The third strategy I used is to solve "semantic complexity" of some Arabic concepts, by focusing on
their meanings, and by converting them to the nearest meanings in the target language.
The fourth strategy I used is to consider the differences in form and structure of sentences between
the Arabic and English languages. I did that by reviewing the structure of the English text and
proofreading it for making sure the structure of sentences is grammatically

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