Tense Present Democracy, English, And The Wars Over Usage

Tense Present Democracy, English, And The Wars Over Usage
Summary of "Tense Present Democracy, English, and the Wars over Usage" Published in April of
2001 by Harper's Magazine, David Foster Wallace's essay is both a review of A Dictionary of
Modern Usage by Bryan A. Garner and an interjection into the present day "Usage Wars." Wallace's
thesis for his essay is stated after a list of grammatical errors that are overlooked on a daily basis and
a few paragraphs defining SNOOT. His thesis states, "Issues of tradition vs. egalitarianism in U.S.
English are at root political issues and can be effectively addressed only in what this article hereby
terms a "Democratic Spirit." A Democratic Spirit is an attitude a person can have only by being
fervent in his/her beliefs while also recognizing and respecting the beliefs of another. After sorting
out what constitutes a Democratic Spirit and how to maintain such an attitude the author questions
who has the authority to write a dictionary and, thus, determine which words go into the book and
which words are left on the wayside. Wallace praises Garner for his "full discloser" statement, which
acknowledges Garner's principles and gives background information to his text. Next, in his essay,
Wallace notes Garner's use of Ethical Appeal. The use of ethos, Wallace says, is refreshing because
it is hardly ever used in dictionary. Most dictionaries are political battle ground in a war that is
fought between the Prescriptivists (linguistic conservatives) and the Descriptivists (linguistic
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Do You Speak American Dialect Analysis
In the second episode of "Do You Speak American," the major dialects that were discussed were:
Eastern New England, Pennsylvania, Midland, Southern and Western. During the time they spent in
the South, we learned that there are a few different misconceptions about the Southern dialect. One
of those misconceptions are that southern people are stupid because of the way they talk. Jeff
Foxworthy points out some words that southerners tend to say that make people think they are
"stupid." For example, the word mayonnaise is used like "Mayonnaise a lot of people here tonight."
He also uses the word "innuendo," and some Southerners may say "Hey dude. I saw a bird fly
innurendo." Since these are not correct statements, this is probably why people think

Dialect Is The Method Of Human Communication
Dialect is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of
words in a structured and conventional way. The importance of languages to a culture is that when a
language dies or disappears it removes the wealth of knowledge about history, culture, the natural
environment and the human brain says Tom Colls from The Death of Languages. Languages are like
the root of every culture. For a language to become nonexistence for a culture begins that culture to
a hard rock. Also according to Mr. Colls Did you know about every fourteen days a language
becomes extinction. So that brings me to an important question why do languages die? No one
knows the real true answer, all we can go on is what we have heard and gather from other people.
Languages can also be a human identity. Without identify you are unknown same thing goes for a
language. If you don't know one single language to speak, how will you communicate with others?
So what happens when a language is loss will their identify leave with it. As indicated by"
www.ethnologue.com "which is a website that gives important information on languages, Dialect
danger is a genuine worry to which etymologists and dialect organizers have turned their
consideration in the most recent a very long while. For an assortment of reasons, speakers of
numerous littler, less prevailing dialects quit utilizing their legacy dialect and start utilizing another.
It is trusted that 90% of the around 7,000 dialects

The Role Social Class Plays on the British English Language
Social class is a hierarchal structure, whereby people within society are grouped and then classified,
depending on their economic, social or educational status. British English is a type of English
language, which is used in Great Britain. Within modern contemporary British English, it could be
argued that social class plays a major part with how the language is today.
Firstly, within Britain, there is a variety of different accents that differ from each other, whereby
words are pronounced in a style that is due to a certain geographical location. It could be said that,
regional dialects are commonly associated with class, as some regions have a social stigma attached
to them, which then perceives them as having lower 'prestige' within society. Author Jason Jones
believes that '... most people tend to evaluate a speakers social position on the basis of their accent
and dialect. So, in Britain, a speaker with the accent associated with Merseyside or West Midlands
might be judged as being working class, while those with accents linked with 'Home Counties' or
Edinburgh might be placed on a higher position on the social scale' (1999:135). One accent that
tends to have negative connotations attached to it, is the 'Brummie' accent. The 'Brummie' accent is
the regional dialect for the city Birmingham that derives from the colloquial term, 'Brum'. The most
common features of the accent is: words that use the vowel 'i', are pronounced like 'oy', therefore
'bite' would be pronounced

Revolting Dialect In Popular Music
All through the current years, the kind of the dialect utilized as a part of music have been
enormously moved and it is still ceaselessly evolving. As of this day, the utilization of revolting
dialect in popular music is more mainstream than any other time in recent memory. Practically every
craftsman who created popular music utilizes profane dialect in their music. The utilization of some
revolting expressions, for example, "fuck" have turned out to be famous in popular music and
accordingly, the crowd have turned out to be uncaring to the utilization of those sort of expressions
utilized as a part of their most loved craftsman music. This have contrarily influenced the way that a
great deal of people including kids,teens, and grown–ups convey

Destroying African American Language Summary
MacNeil argues in USA Today that dialects and local accents are not destroying the English
language to an audience of middle–class, educated (those with at least a high school diploma or
more) people through the use of appeal to expert opinions, anecdotes, and illustrations effectively to
an extent as they can understand it and relate to MacNeil, but can also discredit him as he frequently
goes to biased expert opinions. MacNeil often goes to expert opinion to justify his points. To defend
a point about why African American language is not ruining the English language, MacNeil says, "to
linguists, the fault lies not in a particular dialect, but in what attitudes others bring towards it" (310).
This means that dialects are not the problem, but those who choose to be disgusted with them are.
MacNeil also notes that "in the linguistic community, black English is recognized as having its own
internal consistencies and grammatical forms" (310). This proves that African American Language
is not ruining the English language as it is an effective form of communicating. I chose these quotes
to show the ineffectiveness of this rhetorical device to certain members of the audience as they don't
know who the linguists are and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He argues that the software didn't understand what he was saying often because it didn't recognize
his accent completely (316). MacNeil argues that not everyone has the same accent, so having an
accepted accent for voice–recognition affects everyone. Accents are not a bad thing and having a
standardized accent for voice–recognition systems parallels the belief that accents that aren't the
standard accent are bad. This anecdote is effective again as many of the audience may relate as
many voice–recognition systems, such as Siri, only recognizing the boring Mid–West accent. I
chose to paraphrase as the original quote is too long. This will be my fourth point and

Dialects, Idoims, Slang, and Pronuciation of the American...
Dialects, Idioms, Slang and Pronunciation of the American Language
There are hundreds of regional dialects within the same language. These dialects reflect the
everyday experience of people living in different parts of the country and shape their cultural
identity. Someone from Pittsburgh sounds very different than someone from Texas, and if they speak
to each other, they will have a good guess as to where the other is from. The type of English spoken
in the United States is commonly known as American English (Delaney). Various dialects are the
result of historical, geographical, and social factors. There is a considerable range of language
diversity within each of the different dialectal speech communities, with individual ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like all languages there is a large amount of social and ethnic variation within the language, but
there is also a great deal of variation from British English. (Upton) It has been shaped by its colonial
history in cultural aspects, but the separation from England has caused the language to evolve
separately. (Upton) Regional dialects in the United States generally reflect the elements of the
language of the nationality of the original settlers, or those who have consisted of a large percentage
of immigration to the area since then. Sociologists estimate the number of United States dialects
range from three New England, Southern and Western/General America to 24 or more. Some
researchers even suggest it's actually impossible to count the number of dialects in the United States
because under a loose definition of the term, thousands of cities, towns and groups have their own
varieties of dialects. (Wolfram, and Schilling–Estes) Accent is the way people pronounce their
words, the sound of their voice but not the actual words. Dialect is the actual vocabulary and
grammar used by people. Many people tend to get accent and dialect confused. Different regional
accents also affect how people are perceived, people can be judged or stereotyped by their accent or
dialect. Accent and dialect both pertain to the way people speak, that's why some people often
confuse these two terms. However, they do not mean the same, and should not be used

English Dialect Analysis
Source number one is an called The Article This Map Shows How Americans Speak 24 Different
English Dialects by Max Nisen from Business Insider. Nisen says that America speaks one language
but there is distinctive sayings that are baffling to most people from other parts of the country. Nisen
also gives a map that was from Long Island University's Robert Delaney which was displayed by
Reid Wilson at The Washington Post. The map shows the division of twenty–four different
distinctive dialects; which is a lot more complicated. The article also says that is not just accents,
there is recognizable ways of speaking; Delaney also says that "accent refers only to the way words
are pronounced, that a dialect has its own grammar, vocabulary, pattern and expression, as well ...
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Nisen also list several different examples of dialect, one is the Pennsylvania German– English;
which is a dialect influenced by Pennsylvania Dutch. Their grammar allows sentence such as "
Smear your sister with jam on a slice of bread" and "Throw your father out the window his hat."
another example is the Virginia Piedmont dialect the article says, "When an R comes after a vowel,
it becomes UH, and AW becomes the slided sound, AH–AW. Thus, four dogs becomes fo–uh
dahawgs. Some local words are: hoppergrass (grasshopper), old–field colt (illegitimate child),
school breaks up (school lets out), weskit (vest)"
Source number two is the English Dialect Study– an Overview by Clive Upton found
public.oed.com. Cilve explains what dialect is by saying is a variety of English that different from
others because the distinctive linguistic features. These different

Boston Accent Essay
Blade Weller
Mr. Webb
English 4
10/26/17
1st Semester Paper Option #2
What's is the term of the word accents? The term accents according to the dictionary is "a distinctive
mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or
social class". In just the United States there are many different accents that you can hear when visit
different states throughout the country. In fact there are up to 12 accents in the U.S. that are listed.
Some accents don't have a different tone of voice but it is mostly the different way the people from
the region say pronounce words. For example Eastern New England English known more as
"Boston accent" drops the "r" at the end of syllables (Smith, Ben Trawick, The ... Show more
On Wikipedia the definition of Pidgin language is a grammatically simplified means of
communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common
(Pidgin, Wikipedia.org). The two huge examples of areas that pidgin language is Hawaii and New
Orleans (Why do people have different accents when they speak English?, telc.net).
In Hawaii, the cultures that mix are from European, American, and Asian influences. But New
Orleans is known for the different cultures. With the influences from Caribbean, French, and
American English cultures blend, it just don't form pidgin language, it adds to the culture in the
region like how the people from New Orleans love their Gumbo. (Why do people have different
accents when they speak English?, telc.net)
Going up north to Central American, The accents there vary a lot. The regions that involved are
states like Missouri, Southern Indiana, Southern Illinois, Southern Pennsylvania, Kansas, and
Oklahoma. In Western America, the territory of the Mountains and the Western States like Colorado.
Accents there also vary from the sound like the Midland American Accents, but Western American
Accents have sound kind of like Canadian when they speak (The American Accents,

Theme Of Dialect In Wuthering Heights
The majority of characters in the novel use a dialect word or phrase every now and then, however, in
the novel; dialect speech is associated with a single character, Joseph. He speaks Yorkshire dialect
almost exclusively. His language is the typical dialect spoken by a servant. Charlotte Brontë
describes him as "one of the most graphic characters in the book". Joseph's use of dialect according
to Nath (2005) reflects the roughness of Wuthering Heights and its surroundings. Joseph's dialect is
intelligible but not easy to understand and it is constantly looked down upon by the higher classes.
Joseph uses the word "mun" meaning "must" and the word "mud" to mean "may, might, or must."
So the words are really interchangeable. There are several ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
336). That is because Hareton is behaving like a servant, however, his situation is going to change
for better. Cathy makes Hareton a gift of a book and promises to teach him to read properly. At the
end, Hareton replies to Cathy's offer of friendship saying: " Nay! you'll be ashamed of me every day
of your life,' [. . .] 'And the more, the more you know me, and I cannot bide it" (WH, p. 382).
There's no appearance of 'vulgar accent' here, only the use of the regional 'nay' and 'bide' link him to
his former manner of speaking. (Wiltshire 2005) Hareton diction develops and becomes a Standard
English speaker. In one of the passages we can notice all the benefits of Cathy's teaching when
Cathy asks him if Heathcliff is going to join them for a meal, Hareton replies:
Nay, [. . .] but he's not angry; he seemed rare and pleased indeed; only, I made him impatient by
speaking to him twice; and then he bid me be off to you; he wondered how I could want the
company of anybody else (WH, p. 400). Hareton has overcome his regional speech and low social
status which makes him develop and switch from dialect to non–dialect

Dialect In The United States
The United States has many different dialects that are spoken in different areas of the country. The
meaning of certain words in the Eastern side of the country have different meanings on the
Southerner side of the country. The results of different dialects from different side of the country are
all very unique. This reflects how people in communities within different regions have develop their
own unique dialect and in many cases have travel far to other regions of the country. Dialect defines
where an individual is from and reflects where they were raised as a young person.
After participating in taking the quiz of the "North Carolina State University Dialect Project," I was
not surprise to have find that my dialect was mostly from the Northern

Diversity Within English Essay
Diversity Within English
In order to understand how language variation descriptors are used, we first must understand what
language variation is. We can say that the U.S. is linguistically diverse because of the multitude of
languages spoken here, but we can also find diversity within these languages. All languages have
both dialectical variations and registral variations. These variations, or dialects, can differ in lexicon,
phonology, and/or syntax from the Standard Language that we often think of as Œcorrect' Language,
although they are not necessarily less proper than, say, Standard English. It depends on where, by
whom, and in what situation the dialect is used as to whether or not it is appropriate. ... Show more
There are three main types of reactions to these socially significant items. 1. Social indicators – the
speaker, and often the listener, is not aware that these items are socially significant in revealing one's
social status, so the speaker makes no attempt to avoid them when speaking in a more formal style.
This would be someone who wants to take your picture, rather than your photograph. 2. Social
markers – the speaker is sensitive to these items and will avoid them in a more formal style of
speech, although the speaker may not be fully aware of why. Examples would be avoiding
contractions, and phrases like gonna or didja. Social markers are much more prevalent in American
English than social indicators.
3. Social stereotypes – even speakers who regularly use these types of dialects are fully aware of the
stigma attached to them. Social stereotypes would include the copula deletion in Black English, and
the loosing of sounds a la Joe Pesci that produce phrases such as doze tree guys.
Closely related to these social class factors are education and occupation. While occupations often
produce their own jargons, a person's occupation will also determine what style of speech is used. A
lawyer and a laborer would not be likely to use the same dialect on the job. Likewise, a person with
little education is not likely to use the same style of speech as a college professor. This does not
imply that

Phonetic Differences In Punjabi And English
While growing up, the language spoken in my home was Punjabi, and this was spoken by my whole
family, including my parents and grandparents. My parents are from Jalandhar, India and my
grandparents are originally from East Pakistan, therefore our dialect of Punjabi is Doabi, which is
spoken slightly differently than other dialects. Dialects are variations in language, where speakers
can still understand each other. On the other hand, two different languages would be unintelligible.
Punjabi is a diverse language, which has various dialects, depending on the city in Punjab one has
originated from. I was born in India and lived there for a while until my family moved to Vancouver,
when I was two years old.
While growing up, I spoke exclusively in Punjabi with my family and did not start learning English
until I started Kindergarten. As I spent my years learning English in school, it became my dominant
language (the language I think and speak in most of the time). I am still able to understand and
communicate with my family in Punjabi, however, the accuracy of my pronunciation and the way I
pronounce some sounds has declined significantly, to the point where I am often corrected by my
parents.
There are a number of phonetic differences in Punjabi and English. Since I have grown up speaking
mostly English, there are sounds in Punjabi that are very difficult for me to pronounce, as I have
slowly lost the ability to pronounce them. Punjabi has a voiced velar fricative [ɣ] which

East-Midland English
A project in theoretical phonetics of English
Shcherbakova Natalia, group 01
Contents:
1.Introduction 2.English in East Midlands 1.Vowels 2.Consonants 3.Word Stress 4.Sentence rhythm
and intonation 3.Conclusion 4.List of references
Introduction East Midlands, general facts
The East Midlands, in its broadest sense, is the eastern part of central England (and therefore part of
the United Kingdom as well).
The East Midlands covers three major landscape areas: The relatively flat coastal plain of
Lincolnshire, the river valley of the Trent, the third largest (and longest) river in England, and the
southern end of the Pennine range of hills in Derbyshire.
The second of these contains several large cities: Nottingham, ... Show more content on
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Lincolnshire also has a marked north south split in terms of accent. The north shares many features
with Yorkshire, such as the open a sound in "car" and "park" or the replacement of take and make
with tek and mek. The south of Lincolnshire is close to Received Pronunciation, although it still has
a short Northern a in words such as bath. In Northamptonshire, crossed by the North–South isogloss,
residents of the north of the county have an accent similar to that of Leicestershire and those in the
south an accent similar to rural Oxfordshire. The town of Corby in northern Northamptonshire has
an accent with some originally Scottish features, apparently due to immigration of Scottish
steelworkers. It is common in Corby for the GOAT set of words to be pronounced with . This
pronunciation is used across Scotland and most of Northern England, but Corby is alone in the
Midlands in using it

East Midlands accents are generally non–rhotic, instead drawing out their vowels, resulting in the
Midlands Drawl, which can to non–natives be mistaken for dry sarcasm. Old and cold may be
pronounced as "owd" and "cowd" (rhyming with "loud" in the West Midlands and "ode" in the East
Midlands), and in the northern Midlands home can become "wom". The West Midlands accent is
often described as having a

Differences Of English Dialects
Key issue 3 Understanding the ways dialect vary. Many people have wondered why, if we are in one
country, why do a lot of people sound different. Each region has its own language by way of
spelling, vocabulary, and pronounciation. This is called dialect. THe sub division of a dialect is
called subdialect. English Dialects Serval hundred years ago, English speakers migrated and settled
in North America which stated the development of dialects of the English language. Because of its
widespread distribution and the large number of speakers, many dialects and subdialects were
formed. Those most responsible for English becoming the most dominant language in the Western
Hemisphere were the earliest colonists. In the 17th century, colonists from England settled along the
Atlantic coast bringing the English language with them. Since it was already a dominant language,
settlers from other countries made significant contributions to the American language and became
acculturated into the English society. During the 18th and 19th century, the American and England
English were isolated by the Atlantic Ocean causing them to evolve independently. Transmissions
over long distances would not be available for another hundred years and very few residences could
visit during this time. The English's from each country differs in three significant ways; vocabulary,
spelling, and pronunciation. Because of the discoveries of new objects and experiences of new
things, the development of vocabulary

Appalachian Dialect Case Study
Question 1
There are hundreds of dialects in America and they are continuing to grow, in regions such as the
north, the south, and the west. Dialects in these regions have been around for years and are
relentlessly flourishing. For example, many residents in Ohio speak the Appalachia dialect. (Do You
Speak American? Down south, 2005). In this region the Appalachian dialect is becoming a trend and
is spreading rapidly. (Do You Speak American? Down south, 2005). In other regions like the west,
there are dialects that have had a major influence. For example, Spanglish is a combination of both
Spanish and English. (Do You Speak American? Out west, 2005). Due to the growing population of
the Latinos in America, they intertwine their native language,

Language And Language: The Issue Of Languages And Dialects
Aeraki Eleni
Ms. Topintzi Nina
Γλ5–300E
5 Nov. 2014
The Issue of Languages and Dialects
One of the most important elements all cultures possess is the language which represents each one .
Language is of vital importance to people's lives, since it is a way of communicating with others.
Language also offers people the ability to create and maintain relationships with others. Each
language includes numerous varieties, named dialects. Languages and dialects have some main
differences and the distinction of their boundaries is considered to be a difficult issue.
First of all, we should illustrate what exactly is meant by the terms 'language' and 'dialect'. The term
language is used to describe a system of communication, which people use to exchange ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A language may be the official language of various countries; for instance, English is the official
language of the United Kingdom, of Ireland and of Australia, which are colonies of the England. So,
languages are not strictly limited to a specific area. Dialects are unique in the sense that each
language includes dialects that have their own characteristics and ways of speaking that are totally
different from other dialects existing in the same country. Each dialect is constructed and developed
based on the history and the culture of each region. One more difference of the terms is the number
of people who use a language and those who speak a dialect. If we examine the Greek language,
there are approximately twelve million native speakers of the language, compared to the Cretan
dialect where its speakers should be around six thousands (the population of the island). Another
difference worth mentioning is the fact that dialects are more established, whereas languages can
evolve and become simpler for their speakers. There are various words that have changed in
different languages in order to provide their speakers a simpler alternative. For instance, the Greek
word train has changed from the old form 'τραίνο' to the new one 'τρένο'. This change was very
beneficial for Greek citizens and especially young children because the vowel 'ε' is more easily used
than the vowel 'αι'. Last but not least, the way that dialects and languages are taught is considerably
different. The standard language of each country is taught in schools and through the educational
system in general, whereas dialects are mostly passed orally from one generation to the next;
teachers do not teach their students their languages based on the principles of their

Language Effect On Identity And Identity
Effects of Language on Identity
Language can act as a barrier or a bridge, either connecting or blocking off identity and culture
which can be very complicated. Mikkeline, my aunt by marriage, was born and raised in Denmark.
She didn't learn to speak English until she moved to America in her early 20s, and because of this
there has always been a sort of disconnect within the family. In Denmarl, because they have wildly
different social norms and cues sometimes it can be hard to translate and often she comes off as rude
or impolite. Learning to understand her dialect as well as getting acustomed to her social etiquette
that is common in Denmark has made becoming closer to her a challenge. I can only imagine the
difficulties she has faced in trying to navigate American culture, especially with her "broken"
English that causes a real struggle in day to day life. Language can often negatively affect identity
and how others view peple who are multilingual. It can be very hard to determine your own identity
and culture because of the negative connotations that come with speaking English as a second
language in America.
Language is knowledge, and without it we have no identity, no culture, and no society. Along with
that, having more than one language can complicate how you view the world and your own heritage,
especially as a young person growing up with multiple cultures to adapt to. Stigmas against certain
cultures in America can lead to shame and doubt as well.
Language is

'Girls Can We Educate We Dads? And In Trying Times'
How can authors use poetry to give a message? Poetry is one genre of writing that is often used to
give a message as it is, and both of the poems we looked at use several methods to do so. However,
they don't use all of the same methods in the exact same ways. The two poems "Girls Can We
Educate We Dads?" and "In Trying Times," are similar in the theme of freedom that they share, but
different in both the setting and the use of dialect.
Both of the poems read in class have a similar theme. They both have the similar theme of fighting
for freedom. In "Girls Can We Educate We Dads?" the theme is expressed through the context of
teaching the fathers to recognize that women have freedom. This is expressed in the change of the
fathers view from "A girl walkin night street mus be bad" to "Instead he sey – a girl is a girl". The
theme of this poem is about the freedom of women, and how they should be free to do what they
want without being judged by men. The daughters are trying to teach their fathers to think this way.
Towards the end of the poem, we see that they have succeeded as they say that "instead he sey– a
girl is a girl", which shows the fathers change in opinion. However, in "In Trying Times", the theme
has more to do with political freedom than freedom of expression. The poem was written during the
communist rule of Cuba, giving it context as to what is being talked about when they are asking for
freedom. The author was put into prison for writing against the Castro

Examples Of Dialect In Beowulf
Dialects of OE
Four main dialects were spoken in Anglo–Saxon England:
Kentish
The speech of the Jutes that was mainly used in present–day Kent. Few works written in this dialect
remain.
West Saxon
It was spoken in the region south of the Thames (southern and southwestern England). This area was
mainly settled by West Saxons, so this dialect soon became known as Wessex. Most of the OE
corpus is written in this dialect and the reason for this is the fact that this kingdom became the
leading political and cultural force under King Alfred at the end of the 9th century.
Mercian
Spoken from the Thames to the Humber( in central England). This dialect was spoken in the area
around London in the 14th century when this city became very powerful. ... Show more content on
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This alphabet is also known as futhark and it was used in Scandinavia, present–day Germany and
the British Isles. The origin of this alphabet is uncertain, though some people believe that it
developed from the Roman alphabet. One of the varietets of the runic script is the Anglo–Saxon
script. The common runic alphabet consisted of 24 letters, but The Anglo–Saxon script added letters
to the futhark to represent sounds that could were unique for Old English. Each letter had its name
and could be written horizontally in either direction.
Two most famous examples of Old English inscriptions are:
The Ruthwell Cross
The Franks Casket
Runic alphabet was later gradually replaced with the Latin alphabet that was brought to England by
Christian

Analysis Of My Tongue By Amy Tan
Before the group discussion, I believed that the statement "And I use them all–all the Englishes I
grew up with" (Tan, 1), was significant because it shows the reader how important the dialect of
Amy Tan's mother is to her. Additionally, this statement brings to light her diverse background in a
variety of English dialects; making her opinion seem more valid. It also shows the reader how the
dialects we listen to everyday change the way we think and speak in the future. This belief is proven
by Tan when she says, "But I do think that the language spoken in the family, especially in
immigrant families which are more insular, plays a role in shaping the language of the child (P4).
On top of that, my personal experiences prove Tan's point; in ... Show more content on
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But they seem just as bad, as if everything is limited, including the people's perceptions of the
limited English speaker" (Tan, 3), is significant because it shows that people who speak in 'broken'
English should not be perceived as less intelligent or capable of understanding, furthermore, the
statement demonstrates one of Amy Tan's key messages in this personal narrative essay. The
statement demonstrates the message that those who speak in simple or 'broken' English often
understand just as well as those who are able to fully articulate themselves. In addition to that, the
statement also clearly demonstrates the separation between understanding a language and
articulating your thoughts in that language in Amy Tan's mind. During the group discussion, An
individual said that Tan uses the idea of limited English forms a paradox because where
misinformation leads to judgement, on both limited and superior English (Group discussion, Oct 3).
However, this is both not a paradox and something I do not agree with. I do not agree with this
because people with superior language skills are seen as intelligent and those with inferior language
skills are seen as unintelligent. Another individual believes that Tan's mother is very direct but it can
be hard to understand, which can lead to a negative perception and that Language isn't a measure of
intellectual capability (Group discussion, Oct 3). Another Individual said that because Tan left out a
complex line in the book The Joy Luck Club the book did very well (Group discussion, Oct 3),
however, there is no proof that it either did well or that removing that line had any effect on the
success of the book. Finally, a peer said that in the text it says that her mother's English ability hides
what she understands (Group discussion, Oct 3). That peer also said that Tan is no less intelligent as
a result of her language, but

A Dead End For Humanity
A DEAD END FOR HUMANITY
WADE DAVIS
Melwin George Shiboo
COMM 171 section 102
Professor Sanjoy Banerjee
15th April 2016
According to Paterson and Rentein ancient languages to mankind as it is the way history is trying to
communicate with the future; also it grants us with the source of the origins from where languages
embark on. There are various research carried out every year for the extinction of different
languages from different part of the world which usually giving us a big number of extinct
languages. The effect of this can be clearly seen on the academic clique which is a major topic of
argument these days, but on the other hand some argues that it's a natural thing is happening as we
move forward in life. All individual are known for the language he or she speaks that represents
individual from which region, which state or which country he belongs to therefore loss of a
language will lead to identity crisis of the speaker. With the loss of academic knowledge there is also
a loss of culture; different communities have different culture which is passed to the next generation
majorly through their native languages so with the loss of languages there is loss of history,
traditional songs and poetry. All kind of forms which are reliant on the language
The first and the premier target to spare our imperilling minority dialects and social customs are to
urge our relatives to talk their primary languages. So they will then go on to their youngsters the

Pacific Northwest Dialect Essay
Introduction The country of America consists of many dialects. This essay will, specifically, be
focusing on the dialect of the Pacific Northwest. It mainly includes the states of Washington,
Oregon, and Idaho. Other states such as Montana and Wyoming could be arguable as being part of
the Pacific Northwest as well. The Standard American English dialect (SAE) is, in many ways,
similar to the Pacific Northwest dialect as well as different in other ways. The following essay will
go into detail of the unique linguistic features that the Pacific Northwest dialect comprises of.
Phonology
In Foster and Hoffman's journal article, they state many phonological differences in the Pacific
Northwest dialect compared to the SAE. For example, they ... Show more content on
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Syntax Based on what I heard from the Youtube video file, their syntax, or their formation of
grammatical sentences, sounded exactly like the Standard American English. There were no
grammatical differences from the sentences spoken that I could comment on. I could not compare
the IDEA Washington file due to the fact that all the speakers from that site read from the same
dialogue.
Lexicon
In Wassink's article "Sociolinguistic patterns in Seattle English", she found that hypercorrection was
found in many younger female speakers, which could be in result to the gender effect (Wassink,
2015). This was an observation based off some of Reed's data, which I was unfortunately not able to
find. After watching the Youtube video, I was able to see how they used some words differently, and
not just how they pronounced their words differently, phonetically. When they were speaking about
Coke (which I believe is what most people call soda in the Standard American English) both girls
shown would call it pop. Another difference I found was that they call a TV remote a remote, but I
found that a lot of people I know call it a flicker, including

How Language Is The Key Element For Teaching Language And...
Language is a human phenomenon, and the course of human evolution then transformed into
varieties of cultures where different dialects and languages were established all over the world.
Language provides opportunities for learning new concepts and new ways for understanding the
world. Culture is an integrated pattern of human knowledge, beliefs, moral goals, values, and
behaviour. Social–Cultural inclusivity is the crucial element for teaching language and literacy in the
classroom. Discussing language as an object; cultural diversity; Vygotsky's theory; significance of
Bilingual children; the effects of social class; significance of multiliteracies in the classroom;
awareness of post–structuralism; the importance of ideology factors; and ... Show more content on
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We should be nurturing their mother tongues of these bilingual students instead of ignoring which
may result in not achieving to their full capacity and successfully reaching their learning outcome
(Adoniou, 2014). It is important for the teaching of young children about their local Aboriginal
communities, whether its Aboriginal language, Aboriginal English as its crucially important to
admire, and reflect where possible to children's home language. For example, Aboriginal people had
to transform their dialect and language and conform to Australian English. In 1788 there were 250
Aboriginal languages with 600 dialects, in comparison to 20 languages today (Gardner, 2017). As a
society, it is essential to bridge the gap between the school and students home language and culture.
Therefore, teachers' demonstrating willingness to establish "culturally inclusive pedagogy", would
be purposeful and respectable in regards to classroom relationships and understanding (Ewing,
Callow & Rushton, 2016, p.83).
Data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Census (ABS, 2009) show 17 per cent of
Australian population speak a language other than English at home (as cited in O'Donnell et al.,
2016, p.132). Therefore, there are a "need to educate new generation of teachers who are not only
proactively aware of multilingualism" (Elliot–Johns, 2012), but teachers who can relate and
resemble their own personal lives to those of their

Lakota Dialects
Lakota is a Siouan language, which spoken by its people (Lakota people) belonging to the Sioux
tribes. It is one of the dialects of the Sioux language, the others being Dakota and Nakota (Powers,
2009). The term Sioux originated from Nadowe Su which means "Little Rattle" from the rattling
sound made by snakes before they bite. Later, Nadowe dropped, and French trappers and traders
changed Su to Sioux. Spoken by more than 30,000 people in the US and Canada and it, therefore,
takes number five of the most spoken native languages in the United States. Lakota is one of the
three major regional varieties comprising of Western Dakota and Eastern Dakota. Western Dakota
also was known as Yankton–Yanktonai is in the middle of Eastern Dakota and Lakota. ... Show more
Army continued causing many deaths among its people. Although the Lakota initially defeated the
Army, they were later defeated in 1877 forcing them to sign a treaty that ceded Black Hills to the
US. Since then, they've confined to Western South reservations of Dakota (Irvine & Gal, 2008).
Their language was put on paper in 1840 by missionaries, and it has since then evolved. The
Language originating from the creation of the tribe is now almost forgotten. The reason as to why
the language is dying is because the Lakota speaker is averaged to be 65 and they are dying without
replacing new generations (Powers, 2009). Surveys show that transmission of the language to
children stopped in the mid–1950s. Also, there are only 2,000 people who are first–language Lakota
speakers. This number is barely 2% of the total population of

The English Language
Over the years, the English language has continuously been transformed; changing and revolving
through time and space. We've visually professed that language deviates throughout time and across
convivial groups has continuously grown. So, as a student and professional writer, it is imperative to
learn the history and unceasing changes that affect the English language and its structure. As
linguistic fluctuates transversely and continually, we must resume our need to embrace and pursue
the knowledge to master it. Amidst the writing of fictitious conceptions, it is important to recognize
the value of how diction, word choices and syntax connect with the evolution of the English
language and the practices we inculcate in our writing formation today. In fictional writing, it is
valuable to study the English language as well as the native dialect, terminologies and wide–ranging
pronunciation and word expressions of people in all communities. To create realistic characters, a
writer must understand the cultural beliefs, inner workings, and dialogue of their indigenous subject.
Granting that many people believe that they can be successful fictional writers without the general
awareness of the progression of the English language, it would narrowly limit their ability to be a
master at their craft.
As in the works of many great writers, they learn the craft and mastered capacity to portray
characters with realism and truthfulness because of their devotion to studying the linguistic

Huckleberry Finn Dialect
For some people the sound of Huckleberry Finn reminds them of the old American classic tale by
Mark Twain about a boy on the Mississippi River. For me, the name stirs memories of high school
English class and the grueling work of writing essays. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is
undeniably a part of American culture. If a student doesn't read it in school, they've still at least
heard of it. They've also probably heard about the endless debates that the book has created for over
100 years. The book was banned by the Concord, MA library just one month after its publication for
being "trash and only suitable for slums." So why is the book so controversial? According to Pearl
James the problem is the portrayal of the runaway slave, Jim. In ... Show more content on
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Rather she is just presenting the facts of the book that could support each argument. She writes in
her essay that ending of AHF is largely based on the reader's opinion on Jim. If the reader sees Jim
as a stereotype and static character, then the entire adventure on the river was pointless, like a circle.
However, she also points out that if the reader interprets a more dynamic character in Jim with
actual development, then the journey was meaningful, like a line. James draws evidence for both
sides mentioning the long, drawn–out trick at the end of the novel. James does not give her opinion
on the subject; instead letting the reader use their knowledge to form their own

Louisiana's Cajun Dialect
Louisiana's Cajun Dialect
Linguist and Cajun Megan E. Melancon calls the Cajun dialect a "gumbo". There are many
languages that make up this gumbo. The various languages include Spanish, French, German, and
English. The Cajun language is mainly spoken in Southern Louisiana, but can reach into parts of
Southern Texas and Southern Mississippi due to emigration (Melancon).
The word Cajun comes from the word Acadien. Acadia was a French colony in 1604 located in the
areas now known as New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. In the middle of the eighteenth
century approximately four thousand Acadians moved into South Louisiana, into the region around
Lafayette and the Lafourche Bayou country. This group of people brought with them the French
language. Over the years the Cajun dialect emerged. Many say Cajun is not just a dialect but an
entire language of its own.
The Cajun dialect differs throughout the state of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cajun English is a combination of English and French, borrowing words and phrases from the
French language and is greatly influenced by Cajun French. How to Speak Cajun English (or at least
understand it) gives some great examples of the way some Cajuns pronounce words and names. This
site also explains various idioms used by Cajuns. Syntax, the arrangement of words in a sentence, is
also explained. The example given for Syntax is, "I didn't do that, No!" instead of "No, I didn't do
that!" A lot of Cajuns will drop the final letter(s) of some words. An example of this would be
dropping the "t" from what. Another common practice is to change the "th" sound to "t" or "d".
Some examples of this are, thing=ting, that=dat, this=dat, and bath=bat. One example of a sentence,
"Wha dat ting ya got?" An English speaking person would normally say, "What's that thing you
have?" Some examples of the pronunciation of names included Matthew/ Mat–chew, Raphael/ Ray–
feel, Richard/ Re–shard, Herbert/

Persecution Against An Unchartered Jargon Essay
Persecution Against an Unchartered Jargon
The Webster Dictionary defines the word "language" as "the system of words or signs that people
use to express thoughts and feelings to each other as well as any one of the systems of human
language that are used and understood by a particular group of people" (Webster Dictionary). If
language is a tool dedicated as a communication source to understand one another, why is the way
certain people talk being neglected and marked as not an actual language? Language has evolved
into more than just words being expressed through our voices, but has converted into a weapon used
to ridicule and attack other dialects due to how different and unorthodox a particular language may
be. James Baldwin in "If Black English Isn't a Language, Then Tell me, What is?" argues that
"Black English" was a form of the African American community's own dialect of the English
language, and neglecting the language as its own contradicts the definition of the word "language"
itself. Bell hooks explores and points out the class differences within our society and not just within
our colleges major universities, pointing out how in which assimilation is not inevitable and not
required wherever an individual enters. Our own stories and the way we present ourselves through
our words should not be limited to a certain form; in "F for Book Report," R. Zamora Linmark
endorses the linguistic power to represent ourselves anyway we like and our own language shouldn't
be

A Study On The Hull Regional Dialect As A Variety Of...
3.1 Introduction
Everyone has a way of speaking. Individuals are identified by speech sounds in their language
(phonology), syntax and morphology. A combination of these features, make up a regional dialect by
a people can be recognized.
Consider an analysis of 2 example of text that highlight the Hull regional dialect as a variety of
English with Standard English in its written form.
Individuals are may choose to adopt a particular non–standard variety of English and indeed its
accent through convergence, divergence or maintenance for a number of reasons. Firstly, standard
varieties are usually considered the superior variety. An individual with 'linguistic insecurity'(Labov
1966) will by convergence seek to adopt the variety associated with the higher social class and to
disavow those of the lower social class from which they may have come or fear that they might be
associated with. A writer may choose to adopt a variety in the same vein to appeal to his target
audience.
Secondly, through a systematic process of passive acquisition and active learning, individuals adopt
the sociolect of socio–economic groups with which they associate. The environment in which that
sociolect operates, defines the register associated with it.
Thirdly, the dialect of the classroom. Language ideology is the common sense belief that
communication is more efficient if done in Spoken English only. As such, more and more English
teachers insist on only Standard English within their classrooms

African American Dialect
African American English (AAE) is commonly referred to as Ebonics, as well as black speech,
black vernacular, and several other phrases. According to William Labov, "This African American
Vernacular English shares most of its grammar and vocabulary with other dialects of English. But it
is distinct in many ways, and it is more different from Standard English (SE) than any other dialect
spoken in continental North America." (Pullum, 39) AAE is a precious product of a people who
mastered a language under the inhumane conditions of slavery. African American English is in fact a
form of Standard English, and can be considered as the common dialect of African Americans. The
historical phonological patterns of the dialect highlight the continuous intergenerational strength of
the African American people.
Research on AAE increased after the 1996 recognition of African American English being the
primary language in several U.S. school systems. Prior to this recognition, African American
English was considered to be incorrect and especially inappropriate in any formal setting. However,
in recent years African American English has been acknowledged as a unique set of phonological
rules and patterns and has been deemed by linguists, speech pathologists, and some educators
acceptable to speak in all settings.
Being that AAE is my primary dialect and that I study both African American Studies and
Communication Sciences and Disorders, the study of the AAE is especially interesting to

Language, Power, And The Classroom Analysis
While reading chapter six from Beyond Grammar Language, Power, and the Classroom, written by
Mary R. Harmon and Marilyn J. Wilson, I began to realize how much we become caught up in the
rules of the so–called Standard American English. It is sad because people are being judged on their
dialect, which is a representation of who people are and where they are from. I have found myself
correcting people that have a different dialect, or correcting people that say words that I have been
told were not proper language, such as the word ain't. Standard American English is something that
is embedded in our brains at a young age and as we go through school; language is something
teachers are constantly correcting children on. Reading about dialect has ... Show more content on
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Therefore, I love that Harmon and Wilson states that "No dialect limits its speakers' ability to
express complex thoughts, to think critically, or to use a full range of linguistic functions and
purpose" (154–55). As a society and as future teachers, we need to teach our students that people
have different dialects, and the differences do not make anyone less smart, or less of a person just
like Harmon and Wilson explain that, "Dialects are different not deficient systems" (155). Everyone
wants to be treated equal and have equal opportunities; therefore, everyone needs to be more open
minded and realize that everyone has their own dialect, which does not make them any less of an
intellectual person than anyone else. Reading chapter six from Beyond Grammar Language, Power,
and the Classroom, written by Mary R. Harmon and Marilyn J. Wilson has open my eyes not to base
peoples' language off from standard American English because everyone has a different dialect
depending on their culture. I am going to be more mindful of peoples' dialect, and not be quick to
judge a person based on their language because a person's language is what makes that individual
unique. Instead, I am going to embrace the different dialects and use them as an advantage when
teaching a classroom

Southern Dialect
I am from Salisbury, MD, so I never thought I had a different dialect from the rest of Maryland until
I came to Towson. My friends tease me at times because I "sound so Southern." Due to the fact that
some of my family is from Alabama, I have picked up on a few of those southern traits. My father
tends to say "warsh" instead of "wash," and a lot of my family members tend to leave out the "g" in
words that end with "ing." Instead of asking, "Are you guys going to the store?" I would ask, "Are
y'all goin' to the store?" Although I speak differently, I wouldn't say that my dialect has damaged my
communication skills. People still understand what I mean when I'm speaking to them. In my own
words, I would say that a speech language difference is

What Are Dialects
What are dialects?
Dialect is a language spoken by a dialects group of people.
Dialects are different from the standard language. They have different phonology, grammar, and
vocabulary.
How do dialects form?
Dialects tend to evolve based on geographical features. Dialects are usually formed in isolated
places where a language is stranded within a certain group of people for a long period. This is why
people from highlands, basins, and island possess a stronger dialect.
Creation of dialects is just like genes mutation caused by inbreeding. When inbred, the genes mutate
and causes a certain feature of the body to be abnormal. Just like genes, when communication is
limited to a specific group of people, language mutates.
Communication ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to technological advance, geographical obstacles can no longer isolate people. Even the people
who live in isolated areas are exposed to standard English thanks to the overflowing mass media.
Not only the mass media but SNS's coverage of standard English takes a big role in abolishing
dialects as well.
Is it ok for dialects to disappear?
The answer to this is debatable.
Some believe that we should preserve dialects because not only it is a language, but it also preserves
the history of people speaking it. At the same time, some believe that change of language and
disappearance of the old one is a natural phenomenon of language development.
We might not need to preserve them and continue to speak in them because language evolves and
continuously changes. Yet, it is good for us to remember and leave records of them. A dialect
possesses a culture and the history of the people speaking. Dialect itself resembles the people who
are using it. Records of dialect could be useful for our next generation to study about a certain group
of people or in fields of linguistic studies.
This is why we have held this exhibition. To show people diversely varied dialect and collect the
scattered data for future

The Linguistic Results Of Language Contact
Through looking at patterns of social interaction of different languages it is easy to predict the
linguistic results of language contact. This could be seen through multilingualism which is a result
of language contact between multiple different languages. Multilingualism can create diglossia
which helps display the multilingualism of a country or community and helps show it is useful for
predicting the results of language contact. Code switching in which people switch from one
language to another depending on the situation, helps show how social interaction between speakers
of different languages helps us predict the linguistic results of language contact. Then there is dialect
levelling and language change which helps show the beginning ... Show more content on
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All these reasons result in social interaction between speakers of different language, which helps
predict language contact may result in multilingualism. It is estimated that over half of all countries
are multilingual. An example of a multilingual society is Switzerland with three main languages:
French, German and Italian and each language is dominant area of its own. John Edwards believes
that everyone is bilingual, even if someone can only speak or understand, he believes that you have
"some 'command' of a foreign tongue" therefore there is no clear monolingual country. Therefore
multilingualism is useful in showing how the social interaction between people of different
languages help us predict the linguistic results of language contact as it is an example of what
happens when multiple languages exist and interact in the same country.
In multilingual countries, diglossia occurs, which is the result of language contact and social
interaction. This therefore helps shows how the patterns of social interaction between speakers of
different languages predict results of language contact as diglossia is a result of this and display the
countries multilingualism. Diglossia "describes societal or institutionalised bilingualism, where two
varieties are required to cover all the community's domains." (Holmes, p.30) There are two
definitions of diglossia but it is Joshua Fishman's modification of Charles Ferguson's definition that

Pheoby Dialect
Zora Neale Hurston uses the different types of language in the book because it helps bring
characters to life, make characters believable, and help the reader think they are part of the story.
Hurston uses southern dialect through out the book many times, to represent how people in the south
region would talk. In the beginning of the book it also warns you about the language and how Janie
is telling her story to Pheoby. At first the language my seem strange to a person, but once you get
into the story more it gets easy and more familiar. The way Hurston uses her language also makes
you feel that your right in the room with the characters, while there fighting or somebody is dying.
In the book, it indicates " A sound of strife in Jody's throat,

Language Difficulty: Factors In Language Learning...
There are several thousand languages spoken in the world today. With globalization, many people
know a second or third language. But the most commonly learned languages, Spanish and French,
are very similar to English. What if you want to kick it up a notch? What is the hardest language to
learn?
Factors in Language Learning Difficulty
There are two main factors in language learning difficulty. The first factor deals with the difference
between the target language and English. Languages have many properties. English uses the Latin
alphabet and has a verb order that puts the subject of a sentence before the verb. Not all languages
share these traits.
In fact, many languages have features that seem down right exotic by English standards. There ...
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It is the official language of many countries in the Middle East. Because it is also the language of
Islam, there are people who can speak Arabic all around the world. And unlike Chinese, it even has
an alphabet! However, Arabic is also quite challenging for English speakers.
About that Alphabet... although Arabic uses an alphabet, it is completely different from the Latin
alphabet that we use in English. The Arabic letters are much different, and they change form
depending on whether they are written alone, at the beginning of a word, in the middle of a word, or
at the end of a word. And Arabic is written right to left, completely opposite of English.
Even if you get past the writing system, Arabic has some challenges. There are many different
dialects of Arabic. Modern Standard Arabic is the formal dialect, the dialect used in international or
business situations. But this is not what most of the population speaks. Every region and country has
its own form of Arabic, and these forms can differ greatly from the Modern Standard Arabic and
from each other.
Finally, in Arabic, when you conjugate a verb, you must change the entire structure of the word,
adding in extra vowels and consonants. This is quite different from most English verbs and can take
some getting used

Hurston Dialect
Currently in my English class we are reading Their Eyes Were Watching God. This book has been
our main focus given the fact that the dialect plays a huge role. Most of us have not been exposed to
different dialects than our own and the ones around us. This book was able to show us a entirely
different dialect that we are not used to.
The dialect in the book plays a big role. It gives the book a more cultural feel to it. Most of us have
never felt this way of life which is new to us. It is not up to question that if the book was in standard
English we would have a completely different novel. Hurston's target goal for this book would have
been tarnished.
From what we learned we know that Hurston loved the idea of how different our cultures ... Show
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This are of language would become a cluster of confusion. Yes we would be able to integrate
somewhat of our culture into day to day lives. Yet when we come to the terms of how we would
communicate to one another. How would we really know what we are saying to each other without
any middle ground.
In the essay the author says "now, I do not know what white Americans would sound like if there
had never been any black people in the United States."(p.650) I agree with his idea that people of
other cultures have brought in their own slang to the language, Yet I do not believe it was solely
done by black people. With lots of immigration going on for many years I believe that this was done
by not one but many cultures altogether. With all the slang we've accumulated throughout the years
from many cultures is what I believe makes up the American language.
An example from the book that gives you a feel of where this takes place is "If ah haul de wood
heah and chop it fuh yuh, look lak you oughta be able tuh tote it inside."(p.26) In that sentence you
get the feel of the down south and the dialect that is being spoken. Hurston wanted to give us the
feeling of what she grew up with. Some what of an insight into Hurston's culture and background. In
her doing this we are able to get a point of view we would have never

Differences Between English And English
1. A) Dialect is what you speak, or your register. Language is usually seen/associated with a
standard language. If two people can understand each other, they are speaking the same language,
but not necessarily the same dialect. Languages are typically looked at as prestigious, official, and
written; while dialects are spoken and unofficial (often referred to as a type of slang). Language is
the method of human communication which is either spoken or written. Dialect is a variety of
language, distinguishable by grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and geography.
B) No corrections
C) One problem is that there are numerous distinctive dialects and linguistic variants that can be
separated geographically by isoglosses (distinctive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Languages are not always easily identifiable or clearly defined with boundaries between them,
which is one of the main problems when trying to separate languages from dialects.
2. A) Sounds are learned first, then words, then grammar. At a young age (pre–talking stage) you
begin to learn sounds/speech sounds. Next, infants start to utter common or recognizable words.
Then comes word combinations and sentences. At the age of 10 or so, you have pretty much learned
sounds/accents and they become much harder to change/develop. Around 2 years of age, children
begin to use grammatical elements. You are never 'finished' learning words, however, because the
human vocabulary is so large and words are always being added or changed. Learning a language as
an adult is much harder, but words are the easiest to learn. Grammar comes with practice, after
learning words and sounds, as well as listening to others speak. Words and grammar are the most
easily changed with practice. Sounds are the hardest to change.
B) Declarative knowledge is knowledge of facts, dates, etc. This knowledge is directly accessible
and applicable. Declarative knowledge is conscious, knowing that something is the case. Procedural
knowledge is knowing how to do something, like knowing a skill or action that you are capable of
performing. Words are declarative (i.e. knowing/recalling the definition of words). Procedural
knowledge is more like "muscle memory" and therefore

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