Cyber Warfare Threat to Critical Infrastructure

Essay on The Threat of Cyber War
CNA'S AMMUNITION
There are several different forms of cyber weapons, all of which can be used for either an attack or
espionage. There are principally five common practices. The first of three attacks that will be
examined is spoofing.
SPOOFING
Spoofing is an attack that falsifies information in order to disguise and misconstrue an identity to
appear as someone else, or as an application. An example, per say, would be an instance that took
place in Arizona at the works of Daniel David Rigmaiden. Rigmaiden used what is known as an air
card to spoof a nearby cell tower. Rigmaiden was indeed caught by the FBI, but this case was a
major event for the intelligence community, due to the judges' skeptical preceding's in order to catch
a major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The FBI exploited Eric Eoin Marques, a US–born 28–year–old, using buffer overflow methods.
Marques is accused of creating and engineering Freedom Hosting, the hidden website indicated to
be responsible for facilitating child pornography on 550 servers throughout Europe. One FBI agent
declared that Marques is undoubtedly 'the largest facilitator of child porn on the planet".5
VULNERABILTIES & POTENTIAL HARM
The damage of a full–fledged cyber attack would be devastating, the destruction would be
unparalleled to any other tragedy that has occurred America. Since technology is responsible for
providing America with vital entities and resources, an unadulterated cyber attack would nearly fail
the American economy; this is what is known as critical systems failure. Weapons of mass
destruction and cyber attacks present imminent threats of critical systems failure. Although currently
Americas' critical infrastructures are coordinated by controlled systems, majority of these systems
are indeed connected to the American cyberspace. This exposes one of America's most vulnerable
spot amidst cyber security. Another major vulnerable spot within the nations IT security would be
the geographical physical location for each of Americas primary infrastructures, as well as their
productivity. Due to the proximal locations, the major infrastructures could very well be infiltrated
by one efficient CNA.
Transportation – Over 37% of
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Essay about Examples of War in Cyberspace
Examples of War in Cyberspace
There are various types of wars being fought in cyberspace from information warfare to activating
missiles through cyberspace. Methods used in cyberwar is not a new form of warfare being
witnessed in the 21st century but a strategic method of warfare fought in cyberspace with the
advancement and development of telecommunication technology and satellite navigation. The idea
of organising in networks and gathering information to attack may have been taken from ancient
military dynasties. According to Arquilla and Ronfeldt1, the ancient military force the Mongols in
1241 fought accordingly to the principles of cyberwar. The idea was to have absolute command of ...
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The war in Afghanistan and Gulf war I and II are famous examples of how cyberspace can be used
to launch missile attacks on the tangible world. Infrastructure attacks by state military and 'cyber
terrorist' on electricity generators, waters supplies and transport systems will have a disastrous effect
on the tangible world.
This essay will investigate and explore various types of war fought in cyberspace. Firstly, I will be
distinguishing the difference between 'Netwar and Cyberwar'. Secondly, I will be using examples to
demonstrate how nation states use these types of warfare in cyberspace to fight its enemies. Thirdly,
I will be investigating into how sub state groups use this type of warfare to launch attacks on states
and corporations e.g. the rise of hacktivists and 'cyber terrorist'. And finally conclude with a
summary of my findings and the impact of war in cyberspace and the consequences in the tangible
world.
According to Arquilla and Ronfeldt1, war in cyberspace is of two kinds Netwar and Cyberwar.
Netwar means 'information–related conflict at a grand level between nations or societies, the
purpose of Netwar is to disrupt and damage what a target population knows or thinks it knows about
itself and the world around it'. Suggested by Arquilla and Ronfeldt1, a Netwar will involve some
level of diplomacy and

Comparing Cyberwarfare And Private Sectors
Cyberwarfare are usually online–based attacks often used in order to steal data, disrupt servers or
even paralyse financial systems. These actions are often conducted by organizations or nations
seeking for a specific goal in mind such as, power and money. Moreover, these "goals" are also seen
as the motivations behind the attacks, notably, these motivations are often connected to military,
hacktivism and private sectors. The two most common methods used by the military all over the
world are sabotage and espionage. Espionage consist of stealing classified and sensitive data from
the opposing side, while sabotage consist of breaching the enemies ' security networks and weapon
systems. Additionally, the motive that baits the interest of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
For my part, i believe that cyber warfare emits a atrocious influence to society and there is nothing
positive about it. These claims will be supported by the history of Cyber Warfare, the endless threats
that can affect anyone and everyone, as well as the future of Cyberwarfare.
The virtual–warfare has threatened internet users for years. In 1988, Robert Tapan Morris became
the first human convicted under the US fraud and abuse act, he created a worm that used the UNIX
system's weakness against itself and managed to spread it the virus everywhere. The incident cost
around $100k to $10m to repair, this validates our claims about the atrocity of cyberwarfare, the
very idea behind cyberwarfare must have been born after the awful act of Robert Morris. Not to
mention, in 2012, the Russian firm detected a global threat that have been running since 2007. The
hackers managed to gather data through programs such as Microsoft word and excel programs. They
successfully gathered important documents about government embassies, research firms, military
installations and energy providers. This particular event is another example of what the society has
to witness; if all these important infrastructures have been breached that easily, imagine what the
hackers could have done to the citizens. Further, the spread of infected virtual "objects" may be the
future

Cyber Warfare And The United States Homeland Security
Thesis Statement The modernization and revolution of the information technology has awakened to
a new down of information warfare, a threat that stubbornly dogs the United States Homeland
Security in form of cyber terrorism.
Abstract
Cyber warfare is part of the American military's proactive defense strategies. Besides the use of
Cyber warfare in defense, Cyber warfare has another use as a means of attack. According to the
United States military cyber–attack is a form of ancient act of war. In 2013, Cyber warfare was for
the first time perceived to be a more significant threat than terrorism or Al Qaeda, according to U.S.
intelligence officials. Representative Rogers Mike, the leader of the U.S House permanent select
committee on Intelligence, said on July 2013 that majority of Americans could not realize that the
United States was currently in the middle of a Cyber warfare. Cyber Warfare is an impending threat
to the United States Homeland Security. Technology has been integrated into virtually every sphere
of life in the form of computer technology including security. The threat is an invisible war with
weapons of automation that have a detrimental intent to espionage and sabotage security. This
research paper intends to investigate the history of cyber terrorism and why cyber terrorism has
flourished.
Introduction
Richard A. Clarke, a security expert in the United

Cyberterrorism In The United States
The existence of cyberterrorism has been around since the 1980's, but defining cyberterrorism has
proven to be difficult especially within the United States. Devising a common terminology has been
extremely difficult because there have been various published definitions from agencies such as the
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Department of Defense (DoD), The Department of
Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of Justice (DOJ). Each agency has there own distinct
understanding of what cyberterrorism means and because of the lack of a more unified definition,
the area of cyberterrorism suffers from a limited source base to draw upon based on variables that
are not so easily identified. Some of the most difficult questions to ... Show more content on
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Bots is taken from the word robots and it's an automated process that interacts with other network
services. Bots are utilized to gather information for either good or malicious purposes, but the latter
of the two is designed to infect the host and reconnect back to a central server, which acts as a
Command and Control (C&C) center for an entire network of comprised devices (Cisco, n.d.). The
use of bots is the most sophisticate tool hackers have at their disposal because bots have the
versatility of worms and bots also utilize existing viruses, backdoors, and exploits already exposed
to log in keystrokes, gather password information, analyze packets, and gather financial information
without being immediately noticed (Cisco,

Stop Cyber Warfare Before It Happens Essay
Shortly after the horrendous violations of human rights by the Nazi's, in 1949 the Geneva
Convention was created. This fourth treaty was established to create the rules and regulations of
what is expectable in times of warfare. It gives protection to civilians in times when war tares
families and countries apart. President Obama speaking on the importance of the fourth Geneva
Convention stated, "We lose ourselves when we compromise the very ideals that we fight to
defend...And we honor those ideals by upholding them not when it's easy, but when it is hard"
("President"). Today Americans face a new type of conflict, one that many consider as the fifth
breed of warfare, and answers by the name cyber warfare ("Threat"). Peculiarly, cyber ... Show more
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Electrical grids are controlled by computers. Until granting consideration to it, computers and the
impact they have on individual lives, go undetected. Americans exist in cyber cocoons. Take
airlines, for example, if a cyber attack were to succeed against an airline, airplanes could crash
killing thousands. A neo 9/11 could occur without a single terrorist or foreign enemy ever having to
touch U.S. soil. On the other hand, consider an attack against one of the 104 nuclear power plants in
the United States (Dedman). A skilled enemy could hack into a nuclear power plants computer
system, and within minutes overheat the volatile nuclear reactor.
Perhaps cyber attacks of this sort would seem like nothing more than fear mongering and science
fiction; however, such an attack has already occurred. Last year a virus dubbed Stuxnet attacked
Iran's nuclear power plant. Stuxnet swept across unconnected computer systems until it found away
into the Iranian power plants system. From there it clandestinely took control of the system and
manipulated it until it was so compromised it ceased normal function. After its purpose
accomplishing its purpose, Stuxnet disappeared without a trace. Leaving the Iranian nuclear power
plant in shambles, Stuxnet's creators remain unknown, which is perhaps the most frightening of all
facts (Sentence 2–5 Barnes). Con Coughlin, an expert in international terrorism stated, "Russian
nuclear officials have warned of another

Cyber Warfare : A New Generation Of Invisible Weapon
A. Evolution of Cyber Warfare
A new generation of "invisible weapon" has generated a strong debate about whom from the military
or the scientists should launch and control war? The use of computer to disrupt the activities of an
enemy country, while deliberately attacking their communication systems is becoming the greatest
threat the world had ever faced. Richard Clarke in his book cyber War (May 2010), defines it as
"action by nation–state to penetrate another nation's computers or networks for the purpose of
causing damage or disruption."
The recent century and its technology spike had allow all nations to become a single city through
interconnection, almost all computer are connected through the mean of Internet either via direct
wire or through wireless and covering enormous distance across the globe.
The first cyberwarfare took place in the 1990s when Eligible Receiver, the code name for a military
cyberwarfare exercise revealed significant weaknesses in the U.S military ability to detect and
defend against cyberattacks and cyber espionage (Chapple & Seidl, 2015).slowly information
replaced the conventional arm and attacks in the using information technology revealed a real
concern among governments and individuals around the world.
In February 3, 1998, the intrusion detection system of the U.S Air Force system detected malicious
activities in the Andrew AFB in Maryland and around the country and coordinated by a group of
three young boys (two from California and

The Hacked World Order By Adam Segal
Adam Segal's "The Hacked World Order" reveals many prevalent issues in today's technologically
centered society. Starting at Year Zero, June 2012 to June 2013, the battle over cyberspace witnessed
world–changing cyberattacks. This was accomplished due to the fact that nearly 75% of the world's
population has easy access to a mobile phone, and the Internet connects nearly 40% of the total
human population, which is nearly 2.7 billion people. With that being said, cyberattacks are
becoming a more realistic form of terror.
The danger behind these attacks is
Year Zero began with the detection of the Stuxnet malware, allegedly developed by the United
States, who partnered with Israel. This malware was released in order to damage Iranian machines
and "mess with Iran's best scientific minds." Stuxnet proved that the United States was willing to do
whatever it took to develop these forms of offensive capabilities which are needed to "dominate the
cyber battlespace." This attack was used to send Iran's nuclear program back almost two years. I
think that what made Stuxnet dangerous was that it was nearly impossible to detect, developers had
"zero days" to fix or patch damage that had already been done. The computers used to transfer the
malware were not connected to the Internet, they jumped the "air gap" by allowing the malware to
be transferred through portable devices, leading to an even more traumatic cyberattack. I believe
that the US knew the risks for deploying this type of

Cyber Warfare And Its Effects On The World
Boom! The kinetic effect of a two–thousand pound "GBU–31" military designated "MK–84" bomb,
possibly with a "BLU–109" penetrator on the nose cone with an embedded global positioning
system guidance kit provides obvious visible damage–somebody, or something, just fractured into
smaller pieces. The same is not necessarily the case with bellicose actions in the cyber dimension–at
least not at first look. Senior leaders as a whole have largely ignored cyber warfare's catastrophic
potential due to the initial invisible physical effects and huge costs associated with protecting our
systems and information. As our reliance on technology grows as exponentially as the technology
improves, more people are finally showing an awareness of the "silent boom's" threat and its actual
fracturing potential, in part due to protagonists like Richard A. Clarke and Robert K. Knake and
their continued warn of cyber war's devastating potential for first, second, and tertiary effects.
Clarke and Knake use a mixed method research approach in Cyber War to support their hypothesis
that offensive prowess is meaningless without solid defense in cyberspace, and that the United
States need immediately fix our defensive cyber shortfalls, or face apocalyptic doom. Specifically,
the authors define 'cyber war' as "actions by a nation state to penetrate another nation's computers or
networks for the purposes of causing damage or disruption." This infers that they are really talking
about 'warfare' and

Essay on Cyber warfare: The past present and future
The branches of the military, for a couple generations, have always been the Army, Navy, Air force,
Marine Corps, and the Coast Guard; however, in an ever evolving digital world, the notion that outer
space would be the next military front is being rapidly replaced by the idea that cyber space will be
the next arms race. The United States has been defending attacks on their infrastructure day after
day, night after night, when one hacker on one side of the world sleeps, another takes their place to
attempt to compromise the US government. The motives may range from a political 'hacktivist'
trying to prove a point, to an economic spy, trying to gain a competitive edge on its more upstart
rivals, to an attempt to control the United States ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cyber warfare attacks can disable official websites and networks, disrupt or disable essential
services, steal or alter classified data, and cripple financial systems –– among many other
possibilities (definition of cyberwarfare) ".The Tech Target definition includes no reference of
nation states. That is because cyber warfare has such a low barrier to entry, a teenager can
effectively shut down or damage thousands or millions of dollars of digital infrastructure, something
that a real world counterpart would take years to plan, would take weeks, and the only tools needed
are a mouse, keyboard, and some type of motivation. Cyber warfare is constantly evolving,
constantly becoming more of a threat and is, in fact, being employed right now as this sentence is
being read. Cyber warfare is a battle without causalities, a war waged only by written words, fought
digitally by those who are bent at disrupting the infrastructure of a nation built on sweat, labor and
concrete. Digital battles that are being fought not for money, not for a simple website defacement
proclaiming you are the most 'l33t hax0r on the interwebs'. One of the most major, yet under
reported example of this; a lowly worm named Stuxnet. A worm, by the most mundane of
definitions, is a self–replicating program, usually malicious, and whose

Persuasive Essay On Cyber Security
Increased Acts of Cyber Terrorism Call into Question its Prevention
With the widespread use of technology becoming more prominent, acts of cyber terrorism pose an
increased threat to safety. Cyber terrorists exploit the internet and its users to commit acts that can
be increasingly detrimental to their targets. Some of the terrorist activities include large scale
corruption of computer networks by using tools like computer viruses. Certain individuals even have
the ability of creating severe damage to government systems, national security systems and even
hospital servers. Most of the technology made today only has intentions of making life easier for
people. However, skilled users can manipulate the cyber world for negative intentions. Staying
informed when it comes to cyber terrorism and cybercrime is important to do because of the
increased reliance on technology in society. Steps to improve cyber security before an attack ensures
the safety of sensitive information. The topic of cyber security and cyber warfare are interesting
topics to keep up to date with. Understanding these topics can be beneficial to my dream of being in
the FBI, ensuring the safety of others by working to prevent acts of cyberterrorism.
1. Cybercrime
2. Cyberwarfare
3. Cyberterrorism
4. Cyber Security
While doing some of my research, I chose to use Computer Source as my database. The main
subject of the database was trends in technology. It allowed me to search trends from any time
which was particularly helpful for my topic. The type of search that can be completed using this
database is Boolean searching. This type of searching style came in handy because the information I
was searching for involved the cyber world, so it made it easier to differentiate which aspect of the
cyber world I was researching. For example, differentiating between Cyber Terrorism and Terrorism
or Cyber Warfare. Computer Source lets its users search by publication date rather than by
scholarship level. Computer Source also showed similarities with Academic Search Complete in that
they shared similar fields. But after conducting similar searches, Computer Source provided me with
more relevant information. Overall, my search results were more refined and

The Issue Of Counter Cyber Terrorism
I. Introduction
International jurisprudence regarding the "use of force " in matters pertaining to cyber–terrorism and
the exercise of permissible of counter–cyber terrorism measures remains predominately unsettled
"as... current international law does not specifically address cyber warfare. " With respect, this legal
brief draws upon the arguments put forth by Schmitt for the purpose of arguing that states shall only
engage in counter cyber terrorism measures such as surveillance in accordance with the principles of
"jus ad bellum [which defines] when states may lawfully resort to force [and] jus in bello which
governs how force may be used once an armed conflict has commenced. " In order to successfully
argue that Australia has the right ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B. Current Stance of Customary International Law
Definitions
To begin with, the first issue which arises is "regarding the precise legal parametres of cyberwarfare.
" In advising the department, counsel advises the department to utilize the following definition cited
by Schaap as the bedrock upon its understanding of cyber warfare rests; "The department of defence
defines the phrase computer network attack as actions taken through the use of computer networks
to disrupt, deny, degrade or destroy information resident in computers... or the computer networks
themselves. " The aforementioned definitions must be read in conjunction with the definition of
sovereignty in "Island of Palmas Arbitral Award of 1928 [the case held] that" "Sovereignty... is the
right to exercise therein, to the exclusion of any other state, the function of a state." In determining
whether cyber–warfare has in fact take place between two states there must be evidence of
malicious malpractice which Raboin poignantly terms as "problematic and destructive real world
effects." . In effect, the victim's state's "territorial integrity or political independence" must be
threatened. Whilst this essay stands in agreement

Theu.s. Contemporary Security Environment
Introduction Cyberterrorism is a critical threat and is the most definitive characteristic of the U.S.
contemporary security environment. For years, the American people have been victimized by cyber–
attacks by having their personal information, emails, credit card, and banking information stolen by
an invisible enemy named cyberterrorism. These types of attacks seem insignificant however; they
are small examples of the vulnerabilities that our cyber world is experiencing. Our vulnerabilities
are leaving our public officials in significant danger from cyber–attacks, as they are vulnerable to
such things as the release of personal information and home addresses.
All over the world people have either owned or used a computer and every ... Show more content on
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Today however, a new type of warfare has emerged and occurs when outside entities conduct an
attack on a power grid, network, or both with the intent of causing damage. This type of warfare is
called cyber warfare. In the United States computers control everything. It is no secret that hostile
countries and terrorist organizations are cognizant and they know our economy, security, and
infrastructure can be crippled by a successful cyber–attack. Examples of potential targets for cyber
terrorists include military bases, water systems, banking facilities, air traffic control centers and
power plants. Even the Commander in Chief, President Obama has stated the threat of a cyber war is
real and we must prepare for it and increase our security measures. First, this paper will discuss
cyberterrorism and cyber–attacks as they pose a direct threat to national security and the economy.
Then, we will review cyber–attacks against the U.S. from China, Iran, and Russia along with the
impact and possible ramifications from those attacks. Finally, this paper discusses U.S. strategies to
minimize the impact of cyber–attacks.
Cyber–Attacks
China is responsible for cyber espionage against the U.S. resulting in significant damage to the U.S.
economy. The Commission on the Theft of American Intellectual Property found that, China is
responsible for up to 70% of incurred losses of the U.S. (Navarro 2016). The Center for Strategic
and

Essay Cyber Security Departments
As the use of technology has increased drastically over the last two decades, so has our need for
technology. Technology has become a part about our everyday life and we can find technology being
used nearly everywhere. Most systems in today's countries and societies rely on technological
infrastructure; these systems include transport systems, factory systems, power plant systems and
water sanitation systems. This brings on the question of to what extent have governments developed
their cyber security departments, what evidence is there of governmental involvement in malware
attacks and why should governments be concerned about cyber security. Since these systems rely
heavily on technology, governments have to consider them as high–risk ... Show more content on
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The slammer virus managed to disable the emergency call system, the air traffic control system at
some airports in the USA and the bank of America's ATM network among other things.
Cyber treats of the 21st century
Computer Viruses are increasingly becoming more common, currently 148,000 computers are
infected every day and the World Economic Forum predicts that there is a 10% chance for critical
infrastructure being damaged in the next 5 years . As mentioned earlier most of the critical
infrastructure like power plants and water treatment facilities rely on computer systems, but more
specifically PLC's (Programmable Logic Controllers) 2 and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisitions System) . These control systems have a major drawback, which is that they are
susceptible to attacks by hackers if they are not configured in the correct way. There have been
several examples of systems being compromised. The ICS–CERT (Industrial Control Systems
Cyber Emergency Response Team) responded to 198 cyber incidents reported by power plants,
water treatment plants and other critical infrastructure during 2012 . An experiment was conducted
at the Department of Energy's Lab in Ohio in 2007. The aim of the experiment was to prove that it is
possible to hack into the US power grid and shut down diesel generators. The experiment was called
Aurora, the group of computer experts managed to hack into the diesel generator and

Cyberwarfare Vs Pandemics
It is no secret that the United States has enemies on every corner of the Earth. Most Americans
generally think of Terrorism when they think about the enemies of America, but is that our greatest
threat? Could our greatest threats be non–physical beings? Something most Americans don't think
about as an enemy is the threat of cyberwarfare. Terrorism is a threat to every United States citizen,
but it is not the greatest threat that exists. Cyberwarfare, potential pandemics, and America itself are
the greatest threats to the US. According to the Director of Intelligence, James Clapper, there is not a
greater threat than cyber–warfare. The basic structure of our countries cyber security is becoming
weaker. It would seem obvious to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United States Educational system, Infrastructure, Economy, and overall stance on the worlds
stage are all crumbling slowly. As we fight terrorism in the Middle East, we breed problems inside
our own borders. Our nation's debt is rising, and with other countries' economies falling into the
abyss, the United States moves ever closer to that ledge. Our fiscal irresponsibility is the leading
cause of these issues. We spent 1.7 trillion dollars during the Iraqi Conflict, and found absolutely
nothing to justify that spending. Our nations infrastructural grade is a D+ and the dollar total to fix
this growing problem was measured to be around 3.7 trillion dollars. An estimated 2,455,000 jobs
will be lost alone as a result of our countries decaying infrastructural and energy sectors. Our credit
rating is now graded as AA+ which is the lowest it has ever been in the existence of credit ratings.
The S&P's reasoning for the downgrade speaks for itself, "More broadly, the downgrade reflects our
view that the effectiveness, stability, and predictability of American policymaking and political
institutions have weakened at a time of ongoing fiscal and economic challenges to a degree more
than we envisioned when we assigned a negative outlook to the rating" (Weisenthal). Yet, all of
these problems result from a few, but effect every

Cyber Warfare : An Invisible War
Cyber warfare is part of the American defense military strategy of proactive cyber defense and the
use of cyber warfare as a means of attack. According to the United States military cyber attack is a
form of ancient act of war. In 2013 Cyber warfare was, for the first time, perceived as a major threat
than terrorist or Al Qaeda, according to U.S. intelligence officials. Representative Rogers Mike the
leader of the U.S House permanent select committee on Intelligence, He said July 2013 that
majority of Americans could not realized that the United States was under the middle of a cyber war.
Cyber Warfare is an impending threat to the United States homeland security. Technology has been
integrated in virtually every sphere of life in the form of computer technology including security.
The modernization and revolution of the information technology has awakened to a new down of
information warfare, a threat that stubbornly dogs the United States Homeland Security in form of
cyber terrorism. The threat is an invisible war with weapons of automation yet with detrimental
intent to espionage and sabotage security. This research paper intends to investigate the history of
cyber terrorism, why cyber terrorism has flourished means of making the internet safer. Introduction
Richard A. Clarke a security expert in the United States government, wrote about cyber war in his
book Cyber War (May 2010).He explains the word cyber warfare as a move by

Cyber Warfare And Security Threats
Abstract
The innovations in information technology and increased amount of interconnected electronic
devices today create new economic and social prospects as well as improve the overall quality of
our lives. While these leading edge technologies create opportunities, some have become prey to
attackers and has given birth to a new era of Cyber warfare. Consequently, the Internet, computers
and networks have become targets and vehicles of cyber attacks and generate challenges to our
security privacy. Cyber Warfare presents an ever–increasing amount of security threats, which
continue to escalate with increasing harshness, and is now a critical issue in our technology realm
and a growing threat to the world. Cyber wars are generally ... Show more content on
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Singer, P., & Friedman, A. (2014)
Cyberspace is now a military dimension; the word "cyber is a very significant and probably one of
the most common term used in today's international security dialogues. The Internet and e–
commerce are crucial to the economic competitiveness of many nations, businesses and
organizations, however cyber criminal have cost users millions of dollars and valuable assets.
Achieving security on the Internet is a very daunting task; as criminals and hackers have become
plagues to critical IT infrastructures, online communication and e–commerce.
Cyber warfare is a very costly and complex reality; it compromises the privacy of web users and has
shaped great battles between domains. Governments and organizations are faced with significant
threats and challenges daily as advanced software programs are developed and used to exploit and
disrupt their computer networks. These increasing series of cyber conflicts between nations, corrupt
gangs and virtual terrorist groups; all raises critical economic and national security issues in
countries across the globe. In a recent article Clayton (2011) stated that "Tomorrow 's wars will be
fought not just with guns, but with the click of a mouse half a world away that will unleash
weaponized software that could take out everything from the power grid to a chemical plant."
(Clayton 2011). It is very appalling to think that the insertion

Cyber Warfare : The Threat Of The United State 's National...
Cyber Warfare Warfare can be defined as engaging in war or conflict. There are many different
categories of warfare. More commonly known types include guerilla warfare, land warfare, aerial
warfare, and naval warfare. Although when war is mentioned many minds wander to these forms of
warfare, there are others that are not always as obvious. A rapidly growing type of warfare is cyber
warfare. Cyber warfare can be defined as attacks from other nations to tap in to or destroy any type
of information systems. As many nations race to the top of the technology totem pole, the risk of
cyber war greatens. Computers and the Internet have caused the United State's National Security to
embark on amazing advancements in technology. Yet, both computers and the Internet can quickly
grow to become threatening dangers across the nations. With classified, financial, military, and
government information often being stored through databases, a cyber breach is a possibility that
should be a forefront concern of the United State's National Security's defense. While ISIS and other
terroristic groups are and will remain at the head of the United State's government's concerns, as
technology continues to advance, cyber security should also become more prevalent to the
government. Because of technological progressions, I believe that in the future, war will no longer
be most commonly fought with physical combat. Nations will instead fight behind computer screen,
breaching one

The Argument On Cyberwar Is Still More Hype Than Hazard Essay
According to Thomas Rid's (2016) article, "Think Again: Cyberwar," we have been hearing that
"Cyberwar is coming!" for more than two decades. However, even though we experience
cyberattacks on a daily basis, to this day none of the threats or attacks has been significant enough to
be considered an act of war. Rid's argument on cyberwar is as of right now "Cyberwar is still more
hype than hazard." (Rid, 2016, p. 1)
Cyberwar Argument
John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt published a paper in 1993 declaring that "Cyberwar is coming!"
(Rid, 2016, p1) Rid says, "Since then, it seems to have arrived–at least by the account of the U.S.
military establishment, which is busy competing over who should get what share of the fight." (Rid,
2016, p.1) Fueling his argument Rid defines an act of war by stating "it has to be potentially violent,
it has to be purposeful, and it has to be political." (Rid, 2016, p.1) Furthermore, he says "There is no
known cyberattack that has caused the loss of human life. No cyber offense has ever injured a
person or damaged a building. And if an act is not at least potentially violent, it 's not an act of war.
Separating war from physical violence makes it a metaphorical notion; it would mean that there is
no way to distinguish between World War II, say, and the "wars" on obesity and cancer" (Rid, 2016,
p.1) Rid reinforces his argument by presenting evidence such as analogies of past cyber–attacks and
acts of war. He recounts cyberattacks on Estonia in April

Three Types of Cyber War in Small Wars Journal by David...
There exist three types of cyber war. ITC regulatory framework, criminal law, and Law of Armed
Conflict. The last one the Law of Armed Conflicts was applied to the Georgian case. This type of
war was applied to Russia–Georgian conflict because of the actual hostile situation between two
states that was led to the escalation and use of armed forces and dispute. Russia claims that its only
intention was to "defend the lives and dignity of its citizens", in South Ossetia and Georgia.Russia
describes its action as a peacekeeping operation, but from international perspective LOAC (Law of
Armed Conflicts) is exactly applied to the case.
The law of state responsibility is based on the concept of agency , so in order to attribute
responsibility ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As one of the methods of hackers abuse of E–mails and spamming were also used. An E–mails of
Georgian politicians were targets of the attack. This is one more coincidence with Estonian case,
where comment and an email spam constituted a notable load on both private and governmental web
pages and e–mails
Methods used by Russian hackers indicate that they have developed detailed plan of campaign
against Georgian internet space before the beginning of the conflict .Also attackers created new web
pages which one more time proves their preparation for the attack.
Supposedly Russian cyber attack was conducted by hackers it is even possible that they were civil
citizens. It is possible that they have coordinated their actions with Russian militaries , however
there are not enough proves for this coordination.
However there exist a lot of details that lead us again to Russia , for example there is an information
from cyber warfare analyses researchers of Dartmouth College, that Moscow has a track records of
cyber attacks on Chechen web sites. In 2002, two of the Chechen rebels web sites, kavkaz.org and
chechenpress.com crashed under hack attacks by the Russian FSB security service. The website
crashes were reportedly timed to occur concurrently or shortly after Russian Special Forces troops
stormed the Moscow theatre in which the rebels had

Cyber-Warfare: The Importance of the New Digital...
For thousands of years warfare remained relatively unchanged. While the tactics and weapons have
changed as new methods of combat evolved, men and women or their weapons still had to meet at
the same time and place in order to attack, defend, surrender or conquer. However, the advent of the
of the internet has created a new realm of combat in which armies can remotely conduct
surveillance, reconnaissance, espionage, and attacks from an ambiguous and space–less digital
environment. Both state and non–state actors have already embraced this new realm and utilized
both legal and illegal means to further facilitate their interests. What complicates cyber security
further is as states attempt to protect themselves from cyber–warfare, private ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, it is important to reform current organizational deficiencies which hinder current cyber–
warfare efforts, adopt a new doctrine relevant to the new threat, and make cyber–warfare one of the
United States Government's top national security priorities. Cyber–space and cyber–warfare are two
terms that have varied definitions from between agencies and institutions. Since there are varying
definitions of cyber–space it is important to accurately define the new digital domain where cyber–
warfare will take place. A comprehensive definition of cyberspace explicated by Thomas Wingfield
states, "Cyberspace is not a physical place – it defies measurement in any physical dimension or
time space continuum. It is a shorthand term that refers to the environment created by the
confluence of cooperative networks of computers, information systems, and telecommunication
infrastructure commonly referred to as the World Wide Web" (Wingfield 2007, 45). Defining cyber–
warfare is also important but suffers from the same lack of continuity between United States military
branches and government agencies. Schaap lists varying terminology used ranging from the
Department of Defense's definition which states, "the employment of cyber capabilities where the
primary purpose is to achieve military objectives or effects through cyber–space" to the Air Force's
definition, "the integrated planning and employment

The Definition of Cyber Attack
The Definition of Cyber Attack
The most important thing that needs to be done before taking the debate on the status of cyber
attacks under international laws of war any forward is to specifically define a "cyber attack".
Scholars generally use the terms such as "information warfare", "cyber warfare", "cyber threats",
"computer network attacks", etc as alternatives for "cyber attacks" without a reference to any
particular definition or limitation of scope. Perhaps this is done on a supposition that a standard
definition of this term is already prevalent. This unfortunately is not true. Speaking specifically
about the literature on cyber attacks, the term is comprehended primarily in two ways: while some
talk about technology and computer networks as instruments of the attack, others use computers and
information & technology networks as the objects of the attack.
The difference in the perceptions of cyber attack is rather complicating because it makes the nature
of the operative term "cyber" all the more ambiguous, causing serious vagueness in any use–of–
force or armed attack analysis. This becomes particularly problematic when applying any leading
models on the assessment of use of force because these models employ instrumentality, target and
effects as the basis for analysis. Moreover, there must be an understanding of what exactly is a cyber
attack before discussing whether it falls under the use of force notion or not because it will not only
affect the value and

Cybercrime Is A Serious Issue
What are the main risks to cyber security and are states or non–state actors the main challenge?
Word Count 1188
Cybercrime is a serious issue that the international community faces today, with risks such as theft,
espionage, surveillance and sabotage, a very real and accessible threat exists. Cyber security can be
defined as a cyber activity that may threaten the security of a system or its information (Threat
report 2015). There are various state and non state actors that both participate, instigate and also
defend for and against these risks to both manage and maintain security and safety for the nation it
protects. This report will look into the various risks and the challenges each nation ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cyberspace has many vulnerabilities in which malicious actors can use this system in ways it was
not intended to do. There was a variety of ways in which state and non–state actors can use these
vulnerabilities such as malicious software to launch a cyber attack such as theft, espionage,
surveillance and sabotage. The effects of a cyber attack can be highly uncertain and unexpected.
Worms and viruses, attack tools, can spread uncontrollably and globally. Cyber attacks are then seen
as a tool for a state to employ as a utility against an adversary to create a bargaining range to prevent
an apparent war (Brantly, 2014).
Cybertheft is the act of using an internet to steal someone's or interfere with someone's use of
property (USlegal.com). This theft can include financial or personal information from the hacking
use of a computer. Malware (Malicious software) has been used increasingly lately becoming a
concern for businesses, governments and individuals. Malware uses backdoor Trojans to capture
people's information covertly. Examples of Cyber thefts include embezzlement, fraud and theft of
intellectual property. The National Computer Security Survey found that in 2005 of 7818 businesses
surveyed, 67% detected at least one cybercrime and 11% of those detected Cybertheft. Macdonald
and Fitzgerald (2014) states that the most common type of fraud is embezzlement, being over 35%
of recorded fraud cases. They also

Thomas Rid’s Arguement on the Impossibility of Cyber War...
In the article, Thomas Rid's main argument other than the contention that cyber war will not happen
is that cyber war is completely misplaced if not entirely misunderstood. He argues that the concept
of cyber war is not in tandem with the historical definition and understanding of what constitutes
''war''. Rid's definition of war, borrowed from Carl von Clausewitz, is that war must constitute three
elements: violence, instrumental and political. (Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take Place, 2012)
Therefore, his main argument against the possibility for cyber war is premised on the idea that cyber
war can never have or express the above three elements. He further argues that at best, cyber war
can achieve some of the above criteria such as violence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He then argues that the actions of Anonymous and other such groups cannot be defined as war
because neither is violence involved nor does any of them openly accepts political attribution; and
their instrumentality is only limited to undermining authority. Secondly, He characterizes cyber–
attacks as espionage because often times the main goal is to access secured or confidential
information. Lastly, he considers cyber–attacks to be sabotage because the intended aim of the
attack is to disrupt or destroy military or economic installations. (Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take
Place, 2012) Ultimately, for Rid, what has ostensibly been considered to be cyber war are basically
manifestation of age old activities of espionage, sabotage and subversion.
Rid concludes with three points. First, he concludes that low tech cyber activities will have greater
impact on global political stability and in certain scenarios can even lead to conventional war. He
argues that the power of the internet to power social courses presents the greatest threat to global
stability even more than high tech capabilities used in sabotage; this is because mobilizing and
sustaining a movement via is now easier and requires less leadership hence social agitations are
stronger persists for longer. Secondly, he argues that sabotage as form of cyber–attack will continue
to rise;

The Involvement Of The Cyber Attack
In 2007 Estonia was one of the most developed nations in Europe in terms of information and
communication technology advancement. Estonia had a common practice of relying on the internet
for business transactions. In the early weeks of spring, Estonia was hit by a series of politically
motivated cyber–attacks. Numerous parties and organisation suffered different forms of denial of
service. The main parties included the Estonian government agencies, schools, banks and Internet
Service Providers. The motivation for the cyber attack was due to the fact that the Estonian
government made the decision to move a Soviet memorial of World War II from its previous or
initial location in central Tallinn to a military cemetery. This resulted to an outburst and riots in the
Estonian streets, violence towards the Ambassador of Estonia, Russia implementing indirect
economic sanctions and the most relevant, politically motivated cyber–attack against Estonia. The
Estonian state wasn't critically affected from the cyber attack of 2007, since to a high extend the
state functions and objects of demanding information infrastructure were not interrupted. However,
the world received a wake up call on the new and emerging threats of cyber attacks.
Estonia is a small country in Europe which had an interesting history with Russia/Soviet Union in
the past decade. It was once part of Russia until they declared independence in 1918. However, in
1940 it was invaded by Soviet Union which had control

Cyber Warfare And Global Affairs
The rapid merging of telecommunications and digital infrastructure is extremely beneficial to limit
human error, collect data, and create a more interdependent world. However, this merge also poses
threats on computers, servers, and even machinery. The influx of hackers and keyloggers are taking
advantage of our increasingly interdependent world can steal information. Even countries are using
the cyber domain as a separate battlefield to fulfill their missions and acquire information. Cyberwar
is relatively a new term to describe: an Internet–based conflict involving politically motivated
attacks on information and information systems. But the definition is constantly evolving with time
and the more knowledge the public acquires about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before they are able to create these laws and regulations between countries there is a huge issue
with classification. The problem with the issues that result from cyber warfare, and hacking within
the cyber realm is that there is confusion within the public. In regards to what cyber warfare means,
and what that means for society. To understand cyber warfare it is important to understand the
distinction between a cyber attack and cyber warfare. A cyber attack is within the cyber domain with
an objective of data theft, pranks, etc. While cyber warfare is still within the cyber domain, (they
coexist in the same realm) but a cyber war is a state of armed conflict politically motivated with
violent means – with violence, just like with regular conflict, with the regular war itself. However,
this area of cyber warfare is not something we can measure or separate like borders of a state
because it is not very tangible and it is a fairly new topic, so we don 't know the jurisdictions of it.
There are so many questions regarding how to make sense of cyber warfare and an even more
confusing legal conceptual of a cyber war to fit into the established law of war.
Since the growing number of cyberattacks, the United States created a separate command called the
Cyber Command on June 23, 2009. The secretary of defense directed the commander of the US
Strategic Command to establish a sub–unified command, US Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM).
Full Operational Capability

Cyber War: The Dual-Status Commander (DSC)
The dual–status command construct is an essential element to command and control of a complex
catastrophe. As demonstrated in any military operation, having an understanding and knowledge of
the chain of command minimizes the chances for confusion and disorganization. This is especially
critical when both Title 10 and Title 32 forces are responding to a defense support for civil
authorities (DSCA) event.
Hurricane Sandy was the proving ground for the updated concept of having a National Guard
Officer appointed as the dual–status commander (DSC) in charge of both Title 32 and Title 10
forces. The introduction of prepositioned Title 10 forces staged at JB–MDL, created a potential for
uncoordinated efforts and improper placement of assets were ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
President Obama's choice to utilize drones versus 'boots on the ground' in many austere nations
including Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia has proven successful and ultimately weakened al–Qaida.
Drone strikes have been responsible for an estimated 3300 al–Qaida militants killed including
several senior leaders since Obama became President (Why Drones Work, Byman). The capability
of an armed drone to stay airborne for several hours virtually undetected has been a major strategic
advantage in the counterterrorism fight against al–Qaida and other such organizations. Al–Qaida has
been forced to change many tactics, techniques, and procedures to avoid detection by U.S drones.
Command and control by al–Qaida leaders has been severely disrupted due to detection by wireless
communication devices which have caused them to limit their usage (Why Drones Work, Byman).
They have been forced to come out in the open which has been met by signature drone strikes
targeting groups further eliminating the threat of al–Qaida (Why drones work,

Cyber War : A New And Growing Realm Of Influence
Globalization spreads across the world connecting the people and states in ways little imagined.
Cyber, a broad term, means various things to many individuals throughout international
communities. Cyber war, unlike the wars of the past, does not fit into current perceptions of war.
Yet, a fifth warfighting domain known as cyberspace is a new and growing realm of influence.
Various states have or are creating cyberspace units, warriors, strategies and conducting operations
(both defensive and offensive). Only hints of what is and will become cyber war crosses the public
domain. Today, the truth about cyber war is that it does exist and occurs more often than the press or
governments proclaim.
What is War, Cyber War, and Cyber Warfare?
From War to Cyber War
Clausewitz states that "War therefore is an act of violence intended to compel our opponent to fulfil
our will." Others may take war to mean it is necessary for physical violence between two people in
order to fall into traditional classification of war. Webster's defines war as "open armed conflict as
between nations; any active hostile activity or struggle; or military operations as a science." Noting
the depths of discussion from Clausewitz to modern theorists, plus the various dictionary terms,
there is clear evidence that cyber war can be very real and very possible activity in this day and age.
Of course where definitions and theorists describe what war is there are those who feel otherwise.
Several IT

Cyber Warfare : The Next Frontier
Cyber Warfare: The Next Frontier
The year: 2015. The information age is well underway and is only gaining more power and force as
time progresses. The many vast, intricate networks used for such things as communication, online
shopping, business technologies and even online banking, are growing and metamorphosing into
tools now utilized by not only the every–day consumer but rather political groups and individuals
with extremist and even deadly intentions. Cyber warfare can be defined as politically inspired
computer security hacking to achieve sabotage and/or espionage. Cyber warfare looks to seek and
exploit weaknesses in a computer system with chaos and destruction ultimately in mind. Cyber
warfare is increasingly described as the next battlefront. Conventional warfare (hand–to–hand
combat) looks to be a thing of the past. Information systems and technologies are taking over the
world and with it, the potential for global–sized destruction and political gain. As the global online
community and its information systems are skyrocketing at alarming rates, so are the number of
users and even governments looking for an edge over competitors and threats. Using technology the
world is only beginning to understand, governments, terrorists, and individual actors are taking
advantage of the lack of legislature, the unknown, and international and intrastate cooperation to
wage a new kind of war. An emerging dichotomy remains, if it can be made, it can be hacked.
Which begs the

The, Cyberwarfare, And International Law
In recent years, topics related to cybersecurity, cyberwarfare, and international law have been
covered extensively within the apparatuses of both foreign and domestic policy. As of now, different
scholarly experts and policy makers recommend various – often conflicting strategies – for
implementing a universal policy that benefits transnationally. Because cybersecurity is the newest
and most unique national security issue of the twenty–first century, one highly recommended
approach – which forms the bases of many popular policies – is to require states to adopt a universal
cyber warfare doctrine. Yet, subject matter experts disagree on the effectiveness of this approach by
mendicating the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare. In my
research, I will explore the claims made by proponents of scholars. My primary research question is:
How should international law deal with the uncertainties arising from the rise of irregular forms of
warfare? For example, over the past several decades advances in technology have altered
communications and the ability to collect, disseminate, and employ information in a range of
environments. Such examples are: contemporary governments and societal groups – along with their
corresponding militaries that routinely take advantage of shared information throughout the internet,
and also both military and political operations – that have progressively intersected. And last but not
least, is how policy groups are seen as

Barry J. Delisle 's The Globalization Era
Cybersecurity in the Globalization Era
by
Barry J. DeLisle
NIU Class 2017
Unclassified – submitted to the faculty of the National Intelligence University in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for MCR 601.
November 7, 2015
The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or
position of the
Department of Defense, the US Navy Reserve, or the U.S. Government
Cybersecurity in the Globalization Era
When considering the technological advances over the past 50 years, the Internet has undoubtedly
had the greatest impact on everyday life of developed economies and its citizens. The world has
become smaller, societies interconnected, and the pace of global integration dramatically increased
since the introduction of the Internet. With the world connected, cyber actors represent a very real
and often underestimated threat to the United States' ability to defend national security, protect
industrial innovation, and secure privacy information. As a result of globalization, the foreign cyber
actors represent the most imminent threat to national security, corporate innovation, and citizen
privacy rights. The first age of globalization took place during the mid–19th century with the repeal
of the Corn Laws and Navigation Acts. This opened up seas to free trade and international
competition. The removal of barriers to trade led to a rapid increase in international prosperity at the
expense of the

Cyber Warfare : A Nation State Or International...
Cyber Warfare
Introduction:
Cyber warfare involves the actions by a nation–state or international organization to attack and
attempt to damage another nation 's computers or information networks through, for example,
computer viruses or denial–of–service attack.
The Internet has experienced a magnificent development over the past two decades, from a petite
network limited chiefly to the scientific society to a universal network that counts more than two
billion users. With development came rising applications for the Internet, which feed extra
expansion and tranquil more applications, to contain the rise of a cyber financial system, widespread
computerized regulation of key manage systems, an explosion in the division and storing of
information the appearance of new forms of electronic communiqué such as email, and communal
networking, among others.
In toting up to these diverse societal advantages, the cyber area, like the physical field of land, sea,
and air, has demonstrated to be no stranger to felony and conflict. The cyber financial system, which
includes manifold financial systems, has offspring cyber crime. Storeroom of sensitive information
on systems has given origin to cyber surveillance against governments and cyber financial warfare
against company. And in periods of calamity and conflict conditions have been subjected to different
forms of cyber molest at both the strategic and equipped levels of war.
Here we will investigate the concept of cyber combat and

English Chinese Russian And Russian Interpretations
Specific Terms
The table below gives the English, Chinese and Russian interpretations of a few terms utilized in
information security. As can be seen from the analysis of the following terms, the concepts and
conventions behind each varies widely in each language. This has the potential to provide
policymakers with misleading information.
English Chinese Russian
Information Space 信息空间 xìnxī kōngjiān Информационное пространство
Informatsionnoye prostranstvo
Cyberspace 網絡空間 wǎngluò kōngjiān Киберпространство
Kiberprostranstvo
Information Warfare 信息战争 xìnxī zhànzhēng Информационная война
Informatsionnaya voyna
Cyber Warfare 网络战争 wǎngluò zhànzhēng ибервойна kibervoyna Information Weapon 信息武
器 xìnxī wǔqì Информационное оружие ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both Russia and China differ from the U.S. in their approaches to information security by holding
the mind and information systems to be essential components in their perception of information
security. This is key to understanding the fundamental differences of Russian and Chinese
approaches to information security as being distinct from cybersecurity while the U.S. view
combines the two, not considering the mind as directly part of the "information space."
Cyberspace
In contrast to the ideas of "information space," both Russian and Chinese references to "cyberspace"
occur primarily in translations of foreign text or in references to foreign strategic approaches.
According to a U.S. military definition, "Cyberspace...is the Domain characterized by the use of
electronics and the electromagnetic spectrum to store, modify, and exchange data via networked
systems and associated physical infrastructures." Consequentially, "Cyberspace Operations is the
employment of cyber capabilities where the primary purpose is to achieve objectives in or through
cyberspace. Such operations include computer network operations and activities to operate and
defend the Global Information Grid." The Russian equivalent of киберпространство,
kiberprostranstvo, and the Chinese

The United States Is Ill Prepared For Cyberwarfare
The United States is Ill Prepared for Cyberwarfare Nuclear silos launching warheads. Power plants
exploding. Water systems contaminated. Currency devalued and locked away. Vehicles
simultaneously going haywire all at once. That could be just the first 10 minutes of reports
simultaneously reaching the President of the United States. How could all of these disasters happen?
Simply put, all of these scenarios involve components which rely on the use of cyberspace. While
citizens of the United States have been increasing our dependence on the use of computer systems in
all walks of life, we citizens have been becoming systematically and increasingly more exposed to
the possibilities of cyberattacks and by extension all out cyberwarfare. Is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
By United States, I mean our country. As a product of my generation, however, I envision our
country as being the leader of the free world though. So it follows that I conclude it is also important
to recognize that a leader must set the standard by which they wish to lead. Therefore, if the United
States fails, the free world fails. Likewise, when any single piece of free world fails, then by
extension, it can be reasoned that the United States has failed in its leadership. When I say the
United States is ill prepared for cyberwarfare, I am not only speaking solely to attack directly
against our nation alone. I am also referring to our standing as leader of the free world, which no
doubt is weakened any time one piece of the free world is weakened or vulnerable to threat
exposure.
By using the term ill prepared, I aim to convey that the United States is not equipped with enough
protection to prevent every possible instance of the threat of cyberwarfare from occurring. I propose
we are not where our nation should be in terms of dealing with all actual occurrences of the threat of
cyberwarfare, were it to be fully realized. This can be carried over into our response capability to
any such attack, which may manifest in many forms. For example, our response against perpetrators
and those who aid or comfort

Cyberwarfare Regulations
For years, it was widely believed that the next World War would be centered on the use of nuclear
weaponry. However, the development of viruses has furthered cyberwarfare, and in recent years the
attention has shifted from a nuclear threat to a cyber one. Having the ability to completely, dismantle
another country's entire infrastructure without leaving your desk is clearly much simpler than using
nuclear weapons. "The treat of a cyberattack is a clear and present danger to America and is more
likely than a nuclear attack." (The Hill) Even higher ranking defense officials are realizing that the
focus must shift to cyberwar, instead of the traditional nuclear missiles. Additionally, the cost for
cyberwarfare is significantly less than the cost of nuclear ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
One example of one such alliance is the International Nuclear Regulators Association (INRA), this
alliance is between nine different countries who have all have a complete nuclear arsenal (NRC).
These regulations prevent the misuse of a nuclear weapon, and helps hold countries responsible for
proper care and servicing of nuclear weapons, as to prevent disasters like the one that occurred in
Russia. All this oversight and the number of preventive measures makes nuclear weapons the safest,
weapons of mass destruction can be. Even new countries who are attempting to enter the nuclear
field are met with stiff resistance, like what Iran is facing when it publicly stated that it had an
intention to build and nuclear arsenal. All this regulation occurred only after the use of nuclear
bombs on other countries, and the standoff between the United States and The Soviet Union. New
weapons have not been used as much on such a large scale thus countries are not aware of their true

War And Its Effects On The Middle Of A Great Change
War has been waged, studied, and has been evolving for thousands of years. There is a vast history
of war and violence, and the topic has been studied extensively. The study of war and its academics
have often looked to the past and uncovered trends, causes, and patterns throughout humankind's
existence. The next area of study gaining ground involves looking not to the past, or even the
present, but to the future. Questions are arising: how will war and its nature evolve; and where will
war be fought? And ultimately, how can current and future populations combat potential future
trends, battles, and the consequences that come with war. The future of war and where it is waged is
of great interest not only to academics, but also to worldwide political leaders and their countries'
populations. The implications and benefits from successfully researching and determining how war
will evolve and develop are endless. War is currently in the middle of a great change. It is
metamorphosing out of the physical world and into the online one. Cyber attack and warfare will be
the next battleground. Cyber war will become more frequent an occurrence because of the lack of
international legislation and cooperation, the inherent anonymity that is possible with an online
attack, along with the need to develop and use asymmetrical warfare increasing (Westby 2007, 297–
313).
The first topic discussed will be the definition of cyberwarfare and its overarching themes.
Secondly, the overall

The War On Cyber Wars
Want to launch an attack on someone who opposes your beliefs, demands, and anything else that can
possibly be a point of conflict? All you have to do is "Google it". It is possible that all you have to
do to learn how to shut down your enemy's ability to use the internet is an internet search engine
search away and a little practice. An individual can learn how to write a virus or launch a full–blown
distributed denial of service attack against the desired target with some light reading and little trial
and error. The case study that is about to be explained to you would like you to think otherwise and
appear to make you feel disconnected from these cyber wars.
In chapter 7 of Cases in international relations: pathways to conflict and cooperation it contains a
case study about the war on cyber wars and briefly explains the different types of attacks that have
recently been taking place, with most of them involving the United States. It begins with the author
of the case study Glenn Hastedt stating a quote from a former head of the CIA, Michael Hayden
stating, " 'rarely has something been so important and so talked about with less clarity and less
understanding.' "(2015). This quote by Hayden is the simplest wording of a very deep and difficult
area of discussion that multiple countries and their respective peacekeeping organizations are
involved in, attempting to reach agreements on the matter.
Hastedt's case study goes further to explain a broad and surprisingly light

Creating A New Cyber Force
1. Today, there is a new battlefield domain where a keyboard and mouse are the new weapons of
conflict. With land, sea, air and space in the background, warfare has entered a fifth domain: cyber.
In this position paper, using a pro and con format, the debate on whether or not the Department of
Defense (DoD) should create a new, independent branch for cyber will be discussed. To do this, the
following will examine both sides of debate by highlighting two main points: the elimination of
duplication of effort and the intensive resources required to make the transition. Finally, a look into
a larger talent pool will be explored to highlight the largest benefit of creating a new Cyber Force. It
is this paper's stance that the DoD should create a separate structure in order to meet the new
domain's unique demands.
2. To better understand this topic, a brief background on cyber warrants a closer look. President
Obama concluded as early as 2009 that the nation's digital infrastructure of networks and computers
that we depend on should be treated as a strategic national asset.1 With the former head of security
at Microsoft acting as the cybersecurity tsar for the White House and General Keith Alexander,
Director of the National Security Agency (NSA), leading Cyber Command (CYBERCOM), the
protection of the nation's infrastructure is finally being treated like a national security priority.2 This
shift brings with it a debate on how to structure the US assets to realize its

The Role Of Offensive Cyber Operations On Chinese Military...
Draft Research Paper Matthew Marchant Professor Roehrig TSDM – Security Strategies September
23, 2016 The Role and Implications of Offensive Cyber Operations in Chinese Military Strategy
Contemporary news media feature regular reports of the interconnectedness of modern economies,
societies, and militaries, highlighting the associated benefits and vulnerabilities of a networked
commons. While Chinese businessmen, like those of other nations, have capitalized on
technological advancements to make fortunes in electronic commerce and the networked economy,
Chinese political and military leaders have likewise displayed an understanding of the threats and
opportunities posed by the virtual world. While China, in particular organs of the People's
Liberation Army (PLA), has historically and will likely continue conducting cyber espionage and
network exploitation for information gathering and related purposes, for reasons nested in the
individual, state, and international levels, and assuming the classic rational–actor paradigm of
decision making, it is increasingly likely that offensive cyber operations (OCO) will be preferred
elements of China's military strategy in the coming years. For reasons including an increasing
American ability to detect, counter, and reciprocate OCO as well as cost efficiency and regional
factors and regional power dynamics, China will increasingly choose to target U.S. allies vice U.S.
interests directly. This will consequently create a requirement

Cyber Warfare Threat to Critical Infrastructure

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