Ch 14 powerpoint

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Chapter 14: Fundamentals of Electronic
Information Systems
Health Information Management
Technology: An Applied Approach
Fourth Edition

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Information System
• Input
• Output

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Information System Components
• Hardware
• Software
• Communications technology
• Data
• Work processes

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Information System Activities
• Input
• Processing
• Output
• Storage
• Controlling

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Types of Information Systems
• Operation Support Systems
o Transaction-processing system
• Inputs and outputs
• Users
• Products
• Support MISs and DSSs
o Enterprise Collaboration Systems

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Enterprisewide System
• Include:
o Human resource management
o Financial management
o Customer relationship management
o Supply chain planning
o Sales and logistics

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Management Support Information Systems
• Management information system
o Transaction data input
o Users are middle managers
o Reports (summary, exception, periodic, on-demand)

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Decision Support System
• Assist in making accurate decisions
• Clinical decision support system
• Characteristics
o Inputs and outputs include summarized reports,
transaction and external data
o Top and middle managers and clinicians
o Analytic models

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Executive Information System
• Easy to use DSS
• Designed for top manager
• Dashboards

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Expert System
• Knowledge system built from set of rules

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Knowledge Management System
• Supports creation, organization, and
dissemination or clinical knowledge and
expertise
• Library of best practices
• Web-based technologies

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Development of Information Systems
• System development life cycle
o Planning
o Analysis
o Design
o Implementation
o Maintenance and evaluation

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Planning
• Identifying and assigning priorities
• Strategic information system plan
• Steering committee
o Chief information officer

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Analysis Plan
• Request for system
• System analysis
o Ask questions
o Review documentation, forms, and databases
o Observation
o Joint application development
o Prototype

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System Analysis
• Document requirements
o Unified modeling language
o Use care
o Data flow diagrams
o Process flow charts
o Conceptual data model
• Identifies what system needs to accomplish

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Design Phase
• Specifies specific functions of system
• Specifies design of system
• Models
o Object design
o Physical design
o Screen prototypes
• In house development or purchase

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Implementation Phase
• Development of programs
• Testing system
• System documentation
• User training
• System conversion

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Typical Milestones
• Site preparation
• Installation of hardware and software
• Preparation of data tables
• Construction of system interfaces
• Development of network
• Training of those who will test system
• Trial runs of system

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Typical Milestones
• Preparation of documentation
• Development of backup and disaster recovery
• Training for other uses
• Conversion to new system

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Testing
• Test user cases
• Use patient data

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Training for End Users
• Adequate training
• Train-the-trainer
• Adequate time for training

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Conversion to the New System
• Includes change in work flow and organizational
structure
• Approaches
o Parallel
o Phased
o Direct cutover

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Maintenance and Evaluation Phase
• Identify potential problems and take steps to
correct
• Evaluating effectiveness of system
• Return on investment

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Information Infrastructure
• Categories of computers
o Supercomputers
o Mainframe systems
o Midrange systems
• Minicomputers
• Workstations
o Microcomputers
o Generic handheld devices
o Cellular phones

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Types of Computers
• Analog computers
• Digital computers
o Binary data
• Hybrid computers

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Computer Peripherals
• Perform five basic computer functions
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Memory
4. Output storage
5. Communications

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Data Capture Devices
• Keyboards
• Microphones
• Scanners
• Pointing devices
• Trackballs
• Light pens
• Intelligent tablets
• Sensors
• Biometrics
• Bar codes

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Output Devices
• Visual display unit
• Printers
• Faxes
• Speakers

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Data Storage Devices
• Secondary storage
o Flash drive
o Hard disk
o Magnetic tape
o Optical disk

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Processors
• Microchip implanted in CPU’s hard drive that
processes instructions

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Communications Devices
• Modems
o Transmission speeds
• Bits per second
• Kilobits per second
• Phone lines 28.8 kbps
• ISDN
• Asymmetric digital subscriber line
• Satellite dishes
• Wireless connections

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Computer Programming Languages and
Software
• Software
• Programming languages
o Machine languages
o Assembly languages
o High-level languages
o Very high-level languages
• SQL
o Natural languages
• Artificial intelligence

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Software
• System software
o Operating system
• DOS
• Windows
• Utility programs
o Backup
o Virus protection
o Data recovery
• Langue translator

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Computer Programming Software
• Called development tools
o Compilers
o Debuggers
o Interpreters
o Text editors
o Performance analyzers

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Application Software
• Productivity software
• Specialty software
• Education and reference software
• Entertainment software

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Databases
• Database
• Database management system
• Types of databases
o Relational
o Object-oriented
o Object-relational

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Database Purpose and Activities
• Purpose is to store and retrieve data
• SQL
o Relational database
• Database management system
o Data definitions
o Enforces data integrity and security constraints

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Relational Database
• Stored in tables and rows
• Reduces redundancy
• Uses SQL to retrieve and store data in tables
• Provide security

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Relational Database—Table
• Column/field
• Row/record
• Key field
o Primary key
o Foreign key

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Data Models
• Provides contextual framework and graphical
representation that aid in the definition of data
elements
• Entities
• Attributes
• Relationships

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Database Structure
• Definitions of
o Tables
o Columns
o Keys
o Relationships

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Data Dictionary
• Data dictionary
o Improves data validity and reliability
o Improves communication
o Defines terms

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Content of Data Dictionary
• Name of field
• Type of data field
• Length of data field
• Edits placed on the data field
• Values allowed to be placed in the data field
• A clear definition of each value

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Techniques for Database Integrity
• Data quality characteristics
o Accuracy
o Accessibility
o Comprehensiveness
o Consistency
o Currency
o Definition
o Granularity
o Precision
o Relevancy
o Timeliness

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Good Database Design
• Knowledge of relational database
• Technical database design
• Domain knowledge
• Accurate data model
• No redundant information
• Flexible structure

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Use of Primary and Foreign Key
• Primary key enforce entity integrity by uniquely
denying an entity
• Foreign key associate relationships between
entities

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Integrity Constraints
• Ensures data does not result in loss of data
quality
o Specification of uniqueness
o Validation for values of columns
o Referential integrity constraints

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Database Management System
• Personal DBMS
• Server-based DBMS

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Data Warehouse
• Provides data for improved decision support
o Improves customer support
o Lowers production costs
o Increased profitability
o Quicker turnaround times for making decision

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Data Mining
• Identifies patterns and relationships
• Data analytics is evolving role for HIM
professional
o Certified Health Data Analyst (CHDA)

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Telecommunications
• Health Information Exchange (HIE)
• Voice and data communications

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Network Fundamentals
• Communication system
o Transmitter
o Receiver
o Medium
o Data
• Network

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Clients, Peers, and Servers
• Client
• Servers
• Services

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Services
• Application
• Communication
• Email
• Internet
• Web
• Printer
• Database
• Backup
• Network management
• Security services
• File services

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Network Architectures
• Local area network (LAN)
• Wide area network (WAN)
• Wireless network

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Network Topologies
• Physical topology
o Bus
o Star
o Ring
o Mesh

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Data Transfer
• Network protocols
o Connection setup phase
o Data transfer phase
o Connection release phase

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Common Network Protocols
• Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol
(TCP/IP)
• File transfer protocol (FTP)
• Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
• Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)

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HL7
• Health Level Seven (HL7) is a not-for-profit,
ANSI standards development organization.
• Standards for EHR
o Exchange
o Integration
o Sharing
o Retrieval

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Electronic Commerce in Healthcare
• E-commerce
o Business-to-customer
o Business-to-business

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Management of Information Technology
• Functions
o Information systems strategic planning and
enterprisewide oversight
• Chief Information Officer
o Management of technical infrastructure and staff to
support information systems
o Privacy and Security
• Chief Privacy Officer and Chief Security Officer
o Health Information Management

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Personal Productivity Software
• Improves efficiency and productivity of work

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Database Systems
• Organize and store data
• Popular personal computer version
o Microsoft Access

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Spreadsheets
• Electronic worksheet of rows and columns
• Uses formulas
• Creates charts and graphs
• Performs statistical analysis
• Popular spreadsheet software
o Microsoft Excel
o IBM Lotus 123

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Presentation Software
• Displays text and graphic information
• Able to include text, graphics, sound, and video
• Used in training

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Project Management Software
• Plans, organizes and manages resources to
complete project
• Creates PERT and GANTT charts
• Common product
o Microsoft Project

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Groupware
• Facilitates exchange of information and real-time
collaboration
• Functions
o Share documents
o Post notes
o Receive notifications
o Group calendar
o Access e-mail
o Track schedules
o Store document versions