This document discusses chemistry concepts relevant to life and biology. It begins by defining key terms like elements, atoms, and chemical bonds. It explains that elements are composed of atoms, which have a nucleus and electrons. Atoms form ionic bonds by transferring electrons or covalent bonds by sharing electrons. Compounds are formed when elements bond. The document also discusses mixtures like solutions, suspensions, and colloids. It notes water is especially important as the universal solvent and for metabolic processes. Overall, the document provides an introduction to foundational chemistry concepts for understanding life at the molecular level.
CH1000
Fundament
als of
Chemistry
Module 1 – Chapter 3
Elements and Atoms
• What is an element?
• An element is a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down by chemical
means into a simpler substance.
• Elements are the building blocks of matter.
• Elements can occur naturally or be synthesized in labs.
• The smallest unit of an element that retains its properties and chemical
behavior is called an atom.
• Atoms are made up of subatomic particles, but they do not have the properties of the
element
Elements
•Ten elements make up
almost 99 % of the mass of
the Earth’s crust, seawater
and atmosphere.
•Oxygen accounts for about
20 % of the atmosphere
and is found in nearly all
rocks, sand and soil.
Symbols
of the
Elements
•Each element has an
abbreviation called a symbol.
•The first letter of a symbol
must always be capitalized.
•If a second letter is needed, it
should be lowercase.
Introduction to
the Periodic Table
•Elements with similar
chemical properties are placed
in columns called groups.
•Four groups have special
identifying names, like Noble
Gases, in group 8A, which are
all unreactive gases.
Introduction to
the Periodic
Table
•The eight tall columns are called representative elements, or main group
elements. These are shown in red.
•The elements in the center are called the transition metals, or sometimes
the “inner transition metals.” These are shown in purple.
Introduction to the Periodic
Table
•Elements can be further classified
as metals, metalloids and
nonmetals.
•Notice the bold, black “staircase”
on the table. Everything to the left
of the staircase is a metal and
everything to the right of the
staircase is a non metal.
• The exception is Hydrogen,
which is why some periodic
tables will show hydrogen
disconnected from the main
body of the table.
•The elements in grey touching the
“staircase” are called metalloids, or
semiconductor metals. These metals
are used in the semiconductor
industry.
Metals,
Nonmetal
s and
Metalloids
• Solid at room temperature (except mercury)
• Shiny
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• Malleable (can be shaped)
• Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
• Most metals have a high melting point and density
Metals
• Not shiny
• Have fairly low melting points and densities
• Are poor conductors of heat and electricity
Non
Metals
• Metalloids have properties between metals and
nonmetals.
• These elements are positioned diagonally on the Periodic
Table separating the metals and nonmetals.
Metalloid
s
Diatomic Elements
•Diatomic molecules
contain exactly two atoms
•Seven elements exist as
diatomic molecules and are
shown in the table to the
left
•Diatomic elements can be
separated.
Compounds
•A compound is a substance
containing two or more
elements that are chemically
combined in a definite
proportion by mass
•Compounds, unlike elements,
can be decomposed chemically
into simpler substances
...
CH1000
Fundament
als of
Chemistry
Module 1 – Chapter 3
Elements and Atoms
• What is an element?
• An element is a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down by chemical
means into a simpler substance.
• Elements are the building blocks of matter.
• Elements can occur naturally or be synthesized in labs.
• The smallest unit of an element that retains its properties and chemical
behavior is called an atom.
• Atoms are made up of subatomic particles, but they do not have the properties of the
element
Elements
•Ten elements make up
almost 99 % of the mass of
the Earth’s crust, seawater
and atmosphere.
•Oxygen accounts for about
20 % of the atmosphere
and is found in nearly all
rocks, sand and soil.
Symbols
of the
Elements
•Each element has an
abbreviation called a symbol.
•The first letter of a symbol
must always be capitalized.
•If a second letter is needed, it
should be lowercase.
Introduction to
the Periodic Table
•Elements with similar
chemical properties are placed
in columns called groups.
•Four groups have special
identifying names, like Noble
Gases, in group 8A, which are
all unreactive gases.
Introduction to
the Periodic
Table
•The eight tall columns are called representative elements, or main group
elements. These are shown in red.
•The elements in the center are called the transition metals, or sometimes
the “inner transition metals.” These are shown in purple.
Introduction to the Periodic
Table
•Elements can be further classified
as metals, metalloids and
nonmetals.
•Notice the bold, black “staircase”
on the table. Everything to the left
of the staircase is a metal and
everything to the right of the
staircase is a non metal.
• The exception is Hydrogen,
which is why some periodic
tables will show hydrogen
disconnected from the main
body of the table.
•The elements in grey touching the
“staircase” are called metalloids, or
semiconductor metals. These metals
are used in the semiconductor
industry.
Metals,
Nonmetal
s and
Metalloids
• Solid at room temperature (except mercury)
• Shiny
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• Malleable (can be shaped)
• Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
• Most metals have a high melting point and density
Metals
• Not shiny
• Have fairly low melting points and densities
• Are poor conductors of heat and electricity
Non
Metals
• Metalloids have properties between metals and
nonmetals.
• These elements are positioned diagonally on the Periodic
Table separating the metals and nonmetals.
Metalloid
s
Diatomic Elements
•Diatomic molecules
contain exactly two atoms
•Seven elements exist as
diatomic molecules and are
shown in the table to the
left
•Diatomic elements can be
separated.
Compounds
•A compound is a substance
containing two or more
elements that are chemically
combined in a definite
proportion by mass
•Compounds, unlike elements,
can be decomposed chemically
into simpler substances
...
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Answer: The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. There are 8 protons and 8 electrons in the oxygen atom.
Answer:
Oxygen needs 2 electrons to complete its outermost energy level.
Magnesium needs to lose 2 electrons to complete its energy level.
Answers:
2-1 Atoms are subunits of elements.
2-2 Three types of particles found in atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Answer: Sodium has 1 electron in its outermost energy level. Chlorine has 7 electrons in its outermost energy level.
Answer: Two electrons are needed to complete the energy level of each hydrogen atom.
Answer: Two hydrogen atoms bond with an oxygen atom to form water.
Answers:
2-4 The two types of chemical bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds. Ionic bonds result from the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
2-5 When an electrolyte goes into solution, it separates into charged particle called ions (cations and anions).
2-6 Molecules are units composed of two or more covalently bonded atoms. Compounds are substances composed of two or more different elements.
Answers:
2-7 In a solution, the solute dissolves and remains evenly distributed (the mixture is homogeneous); in a suspension, the material in suspension does not dissolve and settles out unless the mixture is shaken (the mixture is heterogeneous).
2-8 Water is the most abundant compound in the body.
Answer: The amount of hydroxide ion (OH−) in a solution decreases when the amount of hydrogen ion (H+) increases.
Answers:
2-9 A value of 7.0 is neutral on the pH scale. An acid measures lower than 7.0; a base measures higher than 7.0.
2-10 A buffer is a substance that maintains a steady pH of a solution.
Answers:
2-11 Isotopes that give off radiation are termed radioactive or radioisotopes.
Answer: The building blocks (monomers) of disaccharides and polysaccharides are monosaccharides.
Answer: There are 3 carbon atoms in glycerol.
Answer: The amino group of an amino acid contains nitrogen.
Answer: The shape of an enzyme after the reaction is the same as it was before the reaction.
Answer: The prefix tri- means three.
Answers:
2-12 Carbon is the basis of organic chemistry.
2-13 The three main categories of organic compounds are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
2-14 An enzyme is a catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions in the bond.
2-15 A nucleotide contains a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. DNA, RNA, and ATP are examples of compounds composed of nucleotides.