Prejudice And Institutional Racism In Australia

Prejudice And Institutional Racism In Australia
Whilst the majority of Australians claim that they are not racist, the terms racist or racism is very broad, meaning that a large number of Australians
will not realise that their everyday actions contribute to racism. Whilst many will not be overtly racist, social actions, practices and political systems
speak louder than words. The unfair treatment of the first people that was put upon them by the invaders of white English colonisers, has undoubtedly
tarred the reputation and standing of Australia in the international community, particularly when it comes to the handling and treatment of non–white
and minority groups. Over the years, Australia has been ridiculed by several nations as well as the United Nations (an intergovernmental organisation)
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Introduced in 2007, former Prime Minister John Howard argued the case that the intervention was to protect Aboriginal children in the Northern
Territory from family violence and sexual abuse (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2016). It was and still is, an ideological program that took
away basic human rights and the control and self–determination from a specific group of Australian citizens. It was so radical in its approach that it
required the Australian Government to suspend the Racial Discrimination Act 1975. The government argued the need of economic dispossession and
cultural assimilation, claiming that Indigenous communities in the Northern Territory were dysfunctional, uncivilised and depraved, with government
ministers going as far to describe them as 'living hell–holes' and 'failed societies' (Slocum and Saldanha, 2013 p. 229). The intervention made
significant changes to welfare provisions, land rights, and introduced restrictions to alcohol and pornography as well as a range of other measures.
These laws only applied to those of Aboriginal descent and therefore makes a good case study on the systematic oppression placed on Indigenous
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Institutional Racism In America
You're trapped, in a room with no doors or windows, and the walls are closing in on you. Drowning endlessly in raging waves of faceless racism and
never–Вending segregation. This is the everyday life of 'racial minorities' in the United States of America. Suffering at the hands of government figures,
employment grillers, educational systems, law enforcement officers, and medical practices; this, is Institutional Racism. I wanted to discover the extent
of which Institutional Racism exists, how Institutional Racism affects people of colour, and what the government is doing to prevent Institutional
Racism. This is what I found.
Institutional Racism exists in employment, education, medical services and justice systems. The African–American population ... Show more content on
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Discrimination of protected groups (ie. African–Americans) from businesses is prohibited, which allows the prospect of equal rights in employment.
The law reaches out to cover protected groups while in 'public accommodations,' for example; private, meaning retail businesses, and public, such as
town squares. This is information from findlaw.com, informing the idea that no discriminatory actions should be acted upon due to race, colour, religion
or disability. Jay Michaelson of The Daily Beast, apprises the 'Disparate Impact'. The 'Disparate Impact' allows a person to challenge actions by
organisations they believe are discriminatory towards race, colour, religion or sex. This extends not only to employment but also housing. This is a
powerful tool for fighting this type of institutional racism that is often silent, systematic and insidious. 'No person in the United States shall, on the
ground of race, colour, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any
program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.' Quoted from findlaw.com Title Vl of the Civil Rights Act, talks mainly about equality in
education. Most, nearly all, public and private schools and colleges abide under this law. This means that any educational system receiving federal
financial assistance must run their

Racism And White Privilege And Institutional Racism
Racism; one word, a very powerful meaning and reminder. Many people shy away from talking about racism because speaking it into existence mean
that we as a society have not gotten away from it. Unfortunately, this fact that we have not escaped racism and its effects still rings true today. I myself
have tried to minimize the effects of racism in relation to white privilege and institutional racism. Sadly, I found that minimizing racism in general,
when experiencing white privilege and or institutional racism while helpful can be harmful as well. As a child I guess I never really understood
racism. I had no negative or positive experience with it so racism was never an issue. Many today would say that this is acceptable, understandable
even because it is not a child's job to understand racism. In society it is believed that a person doesn't learn about racism until they experience it.
After all, we go to school and receive a textbook definition of what the educated explanation is. It is expected that we accept this definition and that
is it but in actuality, this idea is not brought into perspective until it is experienced. I say all of this to point out that this was my line of thinking. I
never really understood racism because I was not socialized to truly understand it. My thought process during that time was similar to that described by
Victor Luckerson in his article Millennials Can't Afford to be Color–Blind about Race; he says "because we have been taught to believe

Institutional Racism
Racism can be enacted individually or institutionally. Institutions can respond to Blacks and Whites differently. Institutional behavior can injure
Blacks, and when it does, it is racist in the outcome, if not in intent (2008). Racism remains an ingrained part of the American experience for many
ethnic populations. Racism thrives even among many other organizations, obstructing the effectiveness of the programs and services offered. One
primary way to determine institutional racism is seeing how many officers are minorities versus ones who are not. Another way to tell is seeing how
many black people are pulled over by white cops every day. Strength in realizing the institutional racism exists is hard because the evidence is not as
concrete.

Frederick Douglass: Institutional Racism In The United States
In a speech, Frederick Douglass stated "[t]here are seventy–two crimes...which, if committed by a black man...subject him to the punishment of death;
while only two of the same crimes will subject a white man to the like punishment." While that is not the case today, racism continues to be an
important and urgent issue in the United States. Although the shadow of racism continues to haunt Americans, race relations among people in America
have slowly improved. From the active practice of institutional racism during the 19th and early 20th century, the spike in criticism against
institutionalized racism during the Civil Rights Movement, and the dissolution of racial barriers in the past two decades, the wane of racial tension in
America is evident. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During a Ku Klux Klan rally in Ann Arbor in 1996, a supposed Klansman was attacked by a mob. In a display of bravery, "Keshia Thomas, [a black
teenager], put herself between the protestors and [the] man" ("Teenager"). She saved the man's life despite the fact that he was possibly a member of
the Ku Klux Klan, an organization built on the ideals of white supremacy. While racism was still present in 1996, improved race relations are evident.
For example, a racist man probably would not have been attacked, especially by white people, during the 19th century. Even if he was attacked, a black
person probably would not have risked his or her life to protect the racist man, due to the hostile attitudes between the two races. In Charles M. Blow's
article, Constructing a Conversation on Race, he quotes the American Anthropological Association that "'present–day inequalities between so–called
'racial' groups are not consequences of their biological inheritance but products of historical and contemporary social, economic, educational, and
political circumstances'" (Blow). The United States have granted different social classes based on race, such as minorities being considered lower
than white people. Since the social division is supposedly no longer existent, the concept of race is no longer relevant in today's society. Blow also
states that "'The 'racial' worldview was

Essay On Institutional Racism
Racial inequality is something I have firsthand experience of and although I have never experienced institutional racism first hand, I know all too well
the effects they have on a society. Institutional racism is the act of discrimination in areas such as work, education, and housing. Institutional racism is
also apparent in the criminal justice system. Institutional racism largely effects the African American and Hispanic demographics. I look at
institutional racism as policies put in place to keep a certain group at an extreme disadvantage in life. Whether it is education, career advancement,
scholarship opportunity, career opportunity, or simply living life worry free, minorities are at an extreme disadvantage.
One form of institutional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Educational inequality correlates with judicial racism. Public schools in communities where the population is predominately made up of minorities
receive a disadvantage to schools outside of these communities. Not only are these schools given fewer funds, but they are also given fewer books
(the books they often do receive are in bad shape), lower quality of education, fewer extracurricular activities as well as fewer supplies outside of
books. Education is, for most, a deciding factor in terms of relieving oneself from poverty. Those with less education tend to stay in the trap that is
poverty. Those who do receive a better education manage to relieve themselves of poverty in the form of better career and job opportunities as well as
better opportunities for higher education. According to the Department of Education "...schools serving low–income students are being shortchanged
because school districts across the country are inequitably distributing their state and local funds". .
The Department of Education also notes:
... more than 40 percent of schools that receive federal Title I money to serve disadvantaged students spent less state and local money on teachers and
other personnel than schools that don't receive Title I money

Institutional Racism History
Civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. once said, "In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends." It has
become more and more apparent that America's friends have turned against those who are marginalized, brought down by institutions, and treated
unfairly both in and out of the system. The statistics reflecting institutional racism are sickening and uneasy to read of but by bringing them to light and
showing that they are there, action can take place and be more effective than simply letting these disparities continue to occur and take over the
institutions that we otherwise would trust. By looking into various institutions such as schools, prisons, the workplace, medicine, churches and various
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According to AmericaBlog, "Black college graduates are twice as likely to be unemployed as college graduates overall. The jobless rate for black people
has almost doubled that of white people for the last 60 years..." Not only is finding a job hard enough but the application process is still just as
difficult. It has been shown that applicants with names that "sound black" need to send 50 percent more applications than others with names that
"sound white" in 0order to receive calls back from potential employers. Once past the application process, the issues only continue to grow from
there. Another quote from AmericaBlog states, "Studies show that for every $10,000 increase in yearly salary between jobs, the share of black
people holding that job falls by 7 percent" meaning that when a job increases an average of $10,000 dollars, the black men that hold the same job as a
white counterpart there was a 7 percent drop in black men not only holding that job but those who still did, also make less than their white counterparts.
Those statistics were also without taking into account black women in the workplace. While black men make less than their white counterparts, black
women make significantly less than both of them. In an article done by The Lilly they show that non–black women make 80% of the full percentage
men are paid,

There are two different levels of racism found in contemporary health care; institutional and interpersonal racism. Institutional racism encompasses
policies and practices carried out by government and other institutions that may limit the benefits received by Indigenous Australians compared with
non–Indigenous Australians. An example where institutional racism may play a factor in clinical practice is a lack of culturally appropriate materials
or treatment options for Indigenous patients (Shah, A. 2007) Interpersonal racism is the discriminatory interactions between individuals. This includes
degrading comments or behaviours by a health care worker or discriminatory behaviours of other individuals in the community (Larson, A., Gillies, M.,
Howard, P. J., Coddin, J. 2007) Researchers have found compelling evidence connecting the impacts of Indigenous discrimination to the root cause of
extreme socio–economic and health disadvantages (Larson, A., Gillies, M., Howard, P. J., Coddin, J. 2007). A study of the Indigenous population by
'Flinders University' reported that 97% of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders taking part in the research, regularly experienced racism. These
staggering results highlight that this is still an ongoing contemporary issue that continues to be the root of many physical and mental health issues
commonly experienced by the community (Creative Spirits, 2017) Discrimination of any form impacts many Indigenous people and can carry with it
lifelong issues. Stress and self–diminishing emotional reactions are major factors caused by discrimination and can have unfavourable impacts on
one's physical and mental health and wellbeing. One's animosity and humiliation can provoke a range of biological responses in the body causing
cardiovascular diseases, heightened blood pressure and disrupted neurological processes that can affect immune functions in the body (Larson, A.,
Gillies, M., Howard, P. J., Coffin, J. 2007) Chronic exposure to racism can also result in long–term external issues including low levels of education,
unemployment, housing issues, high rates of incarceration as well as a physical sense of exclusion from the wider community (Hampton, R., Toombs,
M. 2013, p. 31).

Effects Of Institutional Racism
Institutional racism has solidified its position into various aspects of American society. It has installed itself into employment practices, all levels of
education, healthcare, housing, politics and the criminal justice system. Institutional racism has made some subtle changes to replace the boldness of
slavery and Jim Crow. However, in educational institutions the effects ofracism and discrimination are so delicate they typically go unnoticed by
students of color. Individual racism usually happens on the personal level where the prejudice is expressed either consciously or unconsciously while
there is some form of interpersonal encounter. When it comes to institutional racism it is similar to the individual concepts, however policies and
practices are associated with with the belief of racial dominance of one group over another. It is a powerful system that use race to determine power
and privilege(Reynolds et al., 2010). Even after the desegregation of school, educational institution are still separated. In Shelby County where I have
lived since 1999 there are schools for minorities, and there are schools for whites. The schools for minorities in the city of Memphis have police
officers walking the halls and there no books for learning. There are higher numbers of Whites students enrolled in private, charter, and magnet schools
in the more affluent segments of the county. They will be exposed to the advantages of a propereducation because of their race and privilege

The Role Of Institutional Racism During Bridging The...
The role of institutional racism in bridging the racial divide There is now an African–American president in the White House and there is now no
visible trace of slavery in America. Racism, in the eyes of the majority is nonexistent. There is a wide assumption that minorities, especially blacks
have progressed to the point where job and income equality is no longer a debate. The majority does not think of racism as a serious problem just
because enough progress had been made. Some people think that some progress equates to sufficient progress. However, that is merely a fallacy
given to sustain their sense of accomplishment. This false perception is embedded in even the most conscientious when it is clearly evident that
there still are economic, political, and social problems that stop a minority from fulfilling their potential in life. According to a CNN poll,"only
49% of Americans see racism as a big problem". The racial divide in the US has negative repercussions on the country as a whole, whether it be
economically, socially, or politically. The Bill of Rights states that "all men are created equal...with certain unalienable rights, that among these are
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"(1). Disgraceful acts of racism portrays America as being a country against complete acceptance and
assimilation. Should new laws be passed in the area of civil rights so that America will emerge as a country of inspiration and a role–model for those

Institutional Racism In Education
3. It is very evident that institutional racism in our education system is prominent and causes the cycle of poverty throughout the United States.
School institutional racism is in the form of teachers, resources and harsher punishment that potentially leads to school– to– prison pipeline towards
blacks and minorities starting at a young age. Low income neighborhoods have a higher population of blacks and other minorities, and since those
neighboring schools are funded through property taxes these schools are extremely underfunded, understaffed, and lack the resources needed to
properly provide these students with the education they need. As stated in the article by Myles Moody, "This current system is set up to fail Black
Children (Moody, 2016)." Most teachers who are employed in these low income schools may employ inexperience teachers who lack the ability and
experience to bond with their students and their cultural needs (Moody, 2016). This lack of bonding is developed because there is a lack of
congruency between the students and the staff. The teachers also lack the experience to also build a good rapport with their students' parents; therefore,
there is a high level of mistrust towards teachers that directly impact the students' level of education (Moody, 2016). When the teacher, student and
parent develop a good relationship with one another, the teacher is more inclined and comfortable to report to the parent any possible behavioral or
learning discrepancies

Examples Of Institutional Racism
Institutional racism is defined as "a complex pattern of racial advantage built into the structure of society – a system of power and privilege that
advantages some groups over others" (Eitzen, Zinn & Smith, 2014, p. 195). Institutional racism happens when a group (minority) is being
discriminated against because of their race. Individual racism is when an individual holds their own racist beliefs or behaviors. "Individual Racism is
connected to/learned from broader socioeconomic histories and processes and is supported and reinforced by systemic racism" (Calgary Anti–Racism
Education, n.d.).
The main difference between institutional and individual racism is that one is from a societal and legal standpoint in regards to racism and one is
from a personal/individual standpoint in regards to racism. If a white extremist was to bomb a church that was made up of primarily Black members
and this extremist killed black women and children then this would be a case of individual racism. On the other hand, hundreds of black women and
children die every year from lack of nutritious foods, shelter and medical services. And even more black individuals are damaged physically,
emotionally and mentally due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example of this would be a woman is not allowed to obtain a position in a company due to the company rules stating that this position is to be
filled by a man, regardless if the woman is such as qualified or not. "Sexism also denies men the potential for full human development because gender
segregation denies employment opportunities to men who wish to enter such fields as nursing, grade–school teaching, or secretarial work" (Eitzen,
Zinn & Smith, 2014, p. 238). You can find sexism in both genders, however, it is primarily affecting women in the work

A Report On Institutional Racism As The Collective Failure...
'The Macpherson Report describes institutional racism as 'The collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate and professional service
to the people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin.' (Craig, 2007, p. 92).
Race in Germany
In Germany they avoid using the term race, in other words the term race is not acknowledge by Germans, instead it is a concept that is believed to
exist somewhere else. Nevertheless, this does not take away from the fact that racism exist in Germany. In fact, it has been said to be 'extremely
difficult to avoid race in Germany if one is not white.'(Jones, 2015, p. 37). Due to the avoidance of the concept race, it has been said that race is not
given much attention in the formation of social policy. Accordingly, there is not much information provided as to how to curtail racial discrimination.
(Jones, 2015).
Furthermore, in Germany there has not been an all–encompassing study of policing practices that separates demographic information about subject of
policing based on race. In the absent of this it means that statistics simply disclose the occurrence of the particular policing practices, but omit which
groups, if any obtain disproportionately harsh treatment.
In spite of the lack of acknowledgement of race, legal provisions are there to protect people from racial discrimination. With this being said, these
provisions are said to be highly lacking in effectiveness. The German Constitution provides for general equality

Causes Of Institutional Racism
Teirrah Dumas–Shell
Professor Claudia Moreno
Social Movements & Social Justice
October 9, 2017
Critical Thinking Assignment #2
Chapter #4:
1) Racism can be manifested in many forms, including poverty, housing problems, underemployment, unemployment, wage differences, lowered
educational opportunities, high crime rates, and welfare dependency. What are the causes ofracism. Describe the primary cause of individual and
institutional racism. How are these factors dealt with by society? It has become common to live in an environment where people think white people
are superior to people of color, or that there is only privilege for whites. Other factors that are causes to racism are, peer pressure, upbringing,
stereotypes, personal experiences, and unfamiliarity. Many of these examples occur when we live a system that is constructed in a way that supports
these beliefs. As far as institutional and individual racism, there is demographic data that explains the division society along the lines of white and
people of color (Pearson, 53). In todays society we see many people being discriminated due to these factors, leading to poverty, poverty programs, and
income maintenance (Pearson, 88). It is vey common in our society to be structured to follow institutional racism. Without personally having power or
being culturally aware that they have power or that they are in a situation of privilege. The result in today society based on racism in America, most
Americans naturally

Institutional Racism Research Paper
Racially minorities receive the most and least unequal treatment by the police.
Racism in its most general sense can be defined as "social practices which attribute merits or allocate values to members of racially categorized groups
solely because of their 'race'".There are three aspects of racism personal prejudice; ideological racism, and institutional racism. Ideological racism, is
where culture and biology comes together to rationalize and justify the superior position of a dominant culture. Institutional racism is where the
institution produce policies and differences between different racial groups. Institutional racism includes hidden action between police and minorities.
One of the hidden Institutional racism practices in law enforcement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The beating of Rodney King and the riot after it took us about a few years. The commission listen to radio transmission of the police talking about
beating and vehicle pursuits by the LAPD, and there were Racial slurs made about their own minority counterparts on these radio. The commission
for New york state Judicial System for Minorities found that their was to system working in New York one for whites, and the other for minorities,
and the poor. The panel was made up for judges, lawyers, law enforcement, and professor, and they found injustice based onrace, inequality,
and,department treatment. The panel conclude that most minority cases was treated like an assembly line, and blacks outside New York had their case
heard by an all white jury. Criminologist begin to research and study racism in the criminal justice system, and they found that the system itself was not
characterized by racial discrimination, but there is racial discrimination in the criminal justice system. I also feel though the constitution, and
declaration of independence was written by men that may have been racist, but they talk about freedom for everyone in the constitution and the
declaration of independence. I have to agree that the basic principles of our law was not based on racism, but it was

Gender Stereotypes: Institutional Racism In The Media
In the last two chapters of the book and especially in chapter 5, Childs seemed to focus on highly profiled media stories of interracial events that
involved individuals that were from opposite races. Childs, in her analysis used two similar events that looked at the different ways media chose to
cover these stories. In both cases there were rape allegations brought against an individual, but one happened to involve the black basketball player
Kobe Bryant who was being accused by a white woman and the other involved white individuals that were on the Duke University lacrosse team
being accused by a black woman. Even though, both cases were dealing with rape allegations the way in which media depicted and represented each
story was completely different and racially bias. These two stories, which in a lot of ways were almost... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The English Oxford Living Dictionary (2018) defined institutional racism as racial discrimination that has become established as normal behavior
within a society or organization. In my race and ethnic studies course, we talked extensively about the idea of institutional racism. Through that I was
able to gain a good grasp on the implications that are produced through institutional racism. In fact, what I have come to understand now is that
institutional racism is hard to truly uncover, because it has become so embedded in all the social structures within society, which includes the media.
What makes it even more interesting, is the fact that it has become so embedded in everyday life that it's easy to just pass it by or pay no attention to
the social inequalities it produces for those that make up different racial and ethnic groups. For example, it is evident that media coverage often depicts
African Americans in a more negative light

Blacks, Prison, and Institutional Racism
Blacks, Prison, And Institutional Racism
Description: The title pretty much says it all in this one. This paper addresses the issue of blacks in prison and explores the socio–economic causes
and solutions. This paper uses many govermentally commissioned reports.
Blacks, Prison, and Institutional Racism
Introduction Criminal justice and security is one of the largest industries in the United States. Such a statistic is (and rightly so) of great concern to
Afro–Americans because a disproportionate percentage of individuals under the control of the US Criminal Justice System are from the Black
community. This paper will look at the alarming statistics and attempt to trace the roots of the disparity. It will then consider the affects and... Show
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An
"uppity nigger" was no good to anyone and was either beaten into submission or put to death . This reveals a very important aspect about
the imprisonment of Blacks today. During the period of slavery in the US Blacks were needed as workers and were therefore used as so . What are
Blacks needed for now? Despite the many accomplishments of such great inventors as Granville T.
Woods and Benjamin Bannicker, it would seem that White society would have no use for Blacks. During the period of slavery Blacks deemed
useless were killed. In today's society Blacks are less often killed, but are very often imprisoned. And by virtue of doing so Blacks are again used. As
I stated in the beginning criminal justice and security is one of the largest industries in the US. The prison system is a multi–billion dollar industry and it
is rapidly increasing.
So in an attempt to isolate and control the pariah, the poor Black, an economic niche was filled. There is almost an incentive to lock up Blacks
because in doing so two birds are killed with one stone; the threat to status quo and its members is contained and a buck is made in the process. It
seems the US has matriculated very little from the barbarism of the early 19th century. Again
White society is using Blacks for economic gain, again the system is legitimated
and

Institutional Racism In Athol Fugard's 'Master Harold And...
Institutional racism is a global phenomenon. The never–ending list of disadvantages minorities face on a day to day basis is catastrophic. Nevertheless,
one thing that can be done is to improve awareness. Institutional racism should be recognized by those higher in social status since minorities only
make up a smaller percentage of the earth's population. This limits the amount of control they have, leading to systemic oppression and restricting the
number of opportunities people of color can have. From redlining to mass incarcerations to police brutality, minorities are left with a disadvantage to
nearly all the social institutions. However, for white Americans, that is not the case. White privilege is not something thatwhite people do, create or
enjoy on purpose, it's the apparent preference of white skin over people of color. This benefit leads to the "perks" in life, creating the foundation for this
institutionalized racism. In the literary works, "Master Harold and The Boys," "White boy Privilege," and "incident," the outcomes of white privilege
and how it affects people of color
The play "Master Harold" and the Boys," by Athol Fugard, illustrates themes of white privilege, racism, and injustice. Hally, Sam, and Willie are used
to point out the conflicts of class and race presented in the play. The three main characters are in an apartheid system, and the act encapsulates the
conflicts that stem from it over the course of the play. As we could see from

How Institutional Racism Could Result In Internalized...
Explain how institutional racism could result in internalized oppression for members of marginalized populations. Provide examples relevant to a
specific minority group, based on the chapters you selected.
Institutional racism can result in a lot of internal oppression n Latino's is when Arizona's superintendent to allow or disallow ethic courses taught in
school. Latino's already have a high dropout rate in school. This law could result the internalized oppression by the Latino's having a higher dropout
rate, because individuals cannot see their history and understand them. Then the Latino population might then live up to the other internalized
oppressions that people put on them such as; drug sellers, gang members that like to fight and sexual

Institutional Racism Case Study
Karbowski 925 Discussion Board 3 Institutional racism exists within American society, the education of nurses and the profession itself is not immune
from such a powerful social issue (Lancellotti, 2008). This post will focus on the training I have received in culturally–competent care and social
justice training. Organizational Strategy Currently, my employment is for the Weston Public Schools as an elementary nurse. My responsibilities
within this position lay mainly in caring for students, their families, and our staff. Communication with family members is a delicate issue best handled
with an overview of the situation and then asking for insight and assistance in how to help their child the best. Multiculturalism affects my practice on
a daily basis, and my prejudices impact my decisions.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not only is nursing mostly white, but it is also mostly female. "Men do not belong in nursing. I refuse to precept him. Men do not remain as floor
nurses longer than a year. I refuse to precept him. Men do not have the capacity to offer empathy. I refuse to precept him." These were my
welcoming statements during my first day as a floor nurse, the youngest and least senior nurse agreed to train me, and I was grateful. Diversity in
nursing either by gender or culture is not prevalent in America as of yet. Females are in a position of power in nursing and to continue to be seen as
just leaders, advantages need to be available to all persons in society (Morrisson, 2011). To benefit our society as a whole nursing should promote
differences within our profession as an advantage and promote and support anyone who can attend a university or college to become leaders in our field.

Why Is Institutional Racism so Important to Our...
Why is institutional racism so important to our understanding of racial inequalities in Britain today?
The Commission for Racial Equality has stated that institutional racism involves a process by which a range of public and private bodies systemically
discriminate against people of ethnic minorities. Sivanandan, the director at the Institute of Race Relations defines institutional racism as "that which,
covertly or overtly, resides in the policies, procedures, operations and culture of public or private institutions – reinforcing individual prejudices and
being reinforced by them in turn."
It can be defined as established law, practices and customs which in practice systemically reflect and produce racial inequalities within society.... Show
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Therefore the latter form of institutional racism is found widespread in British public institutions. Racial inequalities are rife in housing, education,
health, politics and authorities.
The problem of defining the line between individual and institutionally racist behaviour is encountered due to the fact that the working of the
institution is encountered as actions performed by individuals within it, therefore making it difficult to defer between the two. Macpherson struggled in
many respects in showing that racism he identifies is institutional as opposed to individual.
Race based discrimination in housing, education, employment of financial organisations are all forms of institutional racism and can be distinguished
by bigotry or racial bias of individuals within these institutions though the prevalence of systematic and pervasive polices which work to the
disadvantage of minority ethnic groups.
В•Employment
It has been argued that the labour market position and employment status of minority ethnic groups are significant to understanding the different
experiences they face and the extent to which institutional racism can severely affect their life chances.
Modood et al (1997) has noted that discrimination whether it being direct or indirect, individual or institutional, still appears a powerful constraint on
career prospect

"Look, mommy, a baby maid," a young four year old states as they see another child; the other little girl is Latina. This is an example of the racism
against people of color that is institutionalized and taught in today's society. Reverse racism, a term commonly referred to more often as the act of a
minority being racist towards a white person, is not real because of institutional racism, white privilege, and the misunderstanding of the celebration of
non–white culture as racism.
Institutional racism ultimately consists of racism instituted by an organization backed by the government into society. Dating back to the eighteenth
century, racism has been present through not only slavery but also in the medical field, including wrongful testing ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Provided for people of color, affirmative action ensures the security of a black individual to have the same opportunities as their white counterparts.
Although the mass genocide of Native Americans and enslavement of Africans cannot be corrected, affirmative action was made to partially "make
up" for these wrongdoings. White people claim this to be discrimination but it is a necessary policy that helps people of color in their daily lives. The
absence of affirmative action would lead a greater divide in the power and representation between whites and black in

Sandy Le
Exam 1
1.Institutional discrimination is the unequal treatment of subordinate groups in society by organizations such as governments and corporations, and
financial institutions. Interactional is the intentional acts perpetrated by institutions, such as the banking institution, and unintentional when realtors
and when the idea that discrimination can occur even when the discriminating are unaware of it. The concept of institutional racism is giving negative
treatment to a group of people based on their race, the new Jim crow is an example of institutional racism, mass incarceration, Once a man is convicted
of a felon he can be legally denied job opportunities, being as though minorities are more likely to be a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The difference is that in certain areas in the inner city where poor minorities fill up the population, is less likely to have a supermarket because, it's a
low income area, supermarkets wouldn't be making much from the people of that area and business would be bad. They wouldn't want to invest in a
low–income area. Compared to suburban areas, supermarkets are more likely to be there because of the amount of income, people would spend more,
the business would much likely run longer, and business is better than it would be in lower income area. This then effects health in a lower income
area because if its inconvenient for them to travel to get healthier foods often the poor minorities in the area would settle for unhealthier, and fast

Institutional Racism Examples
Another type of racism is individual (hate) racism which is "explicit and highly personalized" directed at a person which can be highly physical or
verbal (Wilkinson, 2017). An incident that reminds me of this type of racism is between my 7–year–old son and his white classmate who is also his
play buddy but one day they fell out while playing at school and he told him that the colour of his skin is ugly, which might probably be what he hears
from people around him. Subliminal "polite racism" is an attempt to "disguise a dislike of others through behaviour that outwardly is non–prejudicial in
appearance. This type also sustains exploitation and exclusion (Wilkinson, 2017). My sister in law that lives in Texas, America have had... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, it is just about treating people differently because of their race, background, religion, etc. (Wilkinson, 2017). This type of racism can also
reflect the way that social institutions operate by the denial of fair and equitable treatment to a group of people. The society in this instance is
already structured to perpetuate racism through already formed ideas and assumptions of the level of knowledge and capacities of some groups of
people should possess and this consequently inform how the policies, programs or institutional practices are developed (Satzewich & Liodakis, 2013).
Even though we are meant to believe that everyone is equal before the law but the fact remains that the visible minorities do not think so all because of
the discrimination the face everyday. Another example is about my husband and the issue of getting a good job in Canada. He is a master degree
holder from Australian university and has over 15 years work experience with a multinational company but couldn't get a good job because he doesn't
have Canadian work experience while others told him that he was over–qualified for their kind of jobs. Most of the interviews he attended started with
the question of how long he has been in Canada and where he has worked in Canada before now. Although he has finally gotten a job but they placed
him at the lowest level in the company. He accepted the job because as he said one has to pay his

Why Is Institutional Racism Important
Why ending Institutional Racism is important to me
W. D. (Bill) Hamm Slavery and racism go hand in hand, and while we have legally ended slavery, we have done precious little to end racism in the
USA. When President Richard Nixon began the Drug War in 1972, he did so knowing full well that it would be done in a racist fashion and
acknowledging it on his own tape recording system as PBS showed us. That single act killed the War on Poverty started by President Johnson and
began the Racist War on the Poor. Many whites firmly believe we officially endedracism with the Civil Rights Act and its additions, mostly done in
1964–65, and quickly put it out of their minds. After all didn't we end lynching and segregation? Isn't everyone now drinking

Institutional Racism In The United States Of America
In the United State of America, racism is part of our cultural cloth. It's in the air that we breathe everyday. The sad part about is that i believe that some
may know when their racial comments and others could get it from their family background and their so use to that they don't even know they're being
racist. Institutional racism is a strong system of privileges and powers that is based on race. Those powerful structures typically start as innocent
interactions that is suppose to be helping all races but in the end will only be helping one. For instance, people tend to move to different areas than the
areas you will typically see them in just for great schools, living conditions, great teachers, great paying jobs, maybe even for greater

Example Of Institutional Racism
Kara Connor
Katherine Rolison
SOC 313
October 10, 2017 Midterm Exam
Institutional racism is the practice or arrangement in social institutions and their related organizations that tend to favor one racial or ethnic group over
another. This form of racism can keep minority groups in a subordinate position, especially financially. For example, one main reason blacks and
Hispanics do not attend college is because of the costly tuition fees in which students are expected to pay.
Authoritarian personality is a personality type used to describe people who would more likely support authoritarian political movements espousing
prejudice. A person with this personality would coincide with Nazis in Germany and maybe even Trump.
Cognitive prejudice refers to what people believe is true or in other words, stereotypes of people. Although studies have shown that cognitive forms of
prejudice have declined over the years, it can be seen as important because the way we view racial groups can dramatically affect our attitudes towards
them, rather that be positive or negative.
Conflict perspective arises mostly out of the theories of Karl Marx and in its essence states that society is made up of groups with conflicting
self–interests. Often, one group dominates and society then takes on a form that serves the interests of that dominate group. This is important because
it keeps the minority groups from flourishing.
Karl Marx is an important theorist in the sociology community for many

Institutional Racism: Film Analysis
According to Lum (2007) defines discrimination as a "behavioral response that is unfavorable to members of an ethnic, gender, sexual orientation, or
related out–group. It is preceded by prejudice what is a negative affective attitude and a learned condition". Discrimination is not liking a person or a
group of people solely based on what they look like or where they come from. I have been the target of racism on several occasions. I use to work at
the Marriott Hotel as a wine pourer. I was talking to this man who happens to be Caucasian, he was telling me I had a nice smile and how educated
I was. He noticed he was flirting with me and stated "sorry I should not flirt with the help". During this time the movie with Viola Davis came out
where she was the slave and the movie was called the "Help". I have never felt so insulted in my entire life.
Analysis of Oppression
Institutional racism has the power to negatively affect the bulk of people belonging to a racial group. While individual Americans may harbor racist
feelings about certain groups, racism in the United States would not have thrived if institutions had not perpetuated discrimination against people of
color for centuries. The institutional perspective of slavery kept African... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Developing this is a two–step process that involves learning to perceive social, political, and economic contradictions and taking action against
oppression elements. It is a process through which people come to an understanding of power, empowerment, and oppression". In my own words,
critical consciousness is realizing that everyone is different and being okay with it. It is trying to grasp an understanding of the world and
understanding social and political contradictions. Critical Consciousness is realizing that everyone is different and being okay with

Institutional Racism Theory
Institutional racism is nothing new to the political landscape and environment of the United States of America. Racism is a system of oppression based
on race that creates advantages and disadvantages among groups of people. Racism includes the beliefs, practices, laws, customs, and social
arrangements that systematically burden, disadvantage, devalue or render inferior members of one racial group in relation to another in a society. Racism
is based on the belief on innate superiority of one race over another given to us courtesy of essentialism. The beliefs, attitudes, and actions of
individuals, cultural norms, and the systematic institutional structures and practices of society support racism and continue its operation in U.S.
society. Some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the Trump administration took over the White House he instructed his attorney general to investigate the legality of affirmative action.
Remember that affirmative action was put in to place to provide equal chances as well a fair chance in admission for minority student and lower
income student to provide more well–rounded diversity at colleges and universities across the United States. The fact that the current attorney general
ultimate goal is to get the law overturned. This is a clear example I believe why institutional racism still exits. This administration states in their
argument to the government that it's academically and economically causing hardship for white students because of the need for diversity and not on
the merit of the individual. According to Glyn Huges, an associate professor of at the University of Richmond, states that higher education has features
of hegemonic. Hegemony is the concept of analyzing structures of ideas and practices surrounding bias incident responses. Essentially, race and
racism are effects of hegemony. He makes the statement that diversity is not a part of the problem, but individuals blow it out of the water to fit their
political and economic needs. He cites his article that institutional racism in higher education comes in many forms. For example, Trayvon's Martin
death in 2012 extends the long list of black males assaulted

Task Force Accuses Chicago Police Of Institutional Racism
In the article, Task force accuses Chicago Police of Institutional Racism, by Ray Sanchez. Ray Sanchez talks about a 16 year old African American
named Pierre Loury. In the past 8 years, "72% of people stopped by Chicago police in 2014 were African–American, and 17% were Hispanic," the
report said. (CNN) This kinds of homicides are only being heard from colored people or Hispanics and the community are calling the officers as
racists. They are thinking that this officers aren't respecting the lives of colored people. Basically calling them a criminals despite their gender,
ethnicity, or age. Pierre was shot by a Chicago police officer on a Tuesday night. The Chicago police department mentioned that on Tuesday night they
had to stop a vehicle

Institutional Racism Essay
Institutional racism are those accepted, established, evident, respected forces, social arrangements, institutions, structures, policies, precedents an
systems of social relations that operate are manipulated in such a way as to allow, support individual acts of racism. It is also to deprive certain
racially identified categories within a society a chance to share, have equal access to, or have equal opportunity to acquire those things, material and
nonmaterial, that are defined as desirable and necessary for rising in an hierarchical class society while that society is dependent, in part, upon that
group they deprive for their labor and loyalty. Institutional racism is more subtle, less visible, and less identifiable but no less ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The reason why there is a strong linkage between socioeconomic class and race in this country is due to institutionalized racism and discrimination. 2
The Jim Crow Laws were a set of laws established by southern states to successfully to eliminate African Americans from the American political and
legal system––a de jure form of discrimination. These southern states (consisting of Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia and Kentucky) ensured white
supremacy over African Americans by establishing laws that included no interracial marriages, segregation in schools, healthcare, public facilities,
housing, entertainment, prison, free speech and libraries. In Mississippi, marriage of a white person with a "Negro" or "mulatto" or person having
one–eighth or more "Negro" blood was void. New Mexico said that books shouldn't be shared by white and "Negro" children and that if "colored
people" were to go to the library to read then the librarian need to set up a confined space for them. A white child being in custody of a black person
was "unlawful" in South Carolina. 3
The southern white plantation owners were despots, greedy for power and obsessed with maintaining that power. The Jim Crow Laws was social
engineering of the African American race, something Carl Marx would describe as alienation.

Institutional Racism : The Systematic Oppression Of People...
Institutional Racism: The Systematic Oppression of People of Color According to the oxford dictionary, institutional racism is defined as
discrimination amongst people of a certain race that society becomes to see as normal. Looking back at the "discovering" of America, the history of
colonization, slavery, the trail of tears and even Japanese internment camps, anyone not of European(British descent) were always seen and treated as
less than. Because so many years have passed, one would think that something as simple as a skin color no longer was such a big determinant of
prison time, obtaining a house, getting an education, and even getting a college degree (Irizarry and Raible, 2014).
A good example of institutional racism is incarceration. An 1850 census shows that, there are currently more black men in prison than were enslaved in
the year 1850 (Arene–Morley, 2014). Incarceration statics shows how the system is very unfair to minorities. The crack vs. cocaine sentencing laws
also depicts incarceration disparities. Crack is a drug used predominantly by black people while cocaine is predominantly used by white people. Crack
and cocaine is essentially the same drug. The only ingredient that separated them is banking soda. Even though these two drug are virtually the same,
crack gets a much harsher sentencing than cocaine (Kurtzleben, 2010).
Another examples can be seen through employment and poverty. Black men make seventy–two cents to every dollar a white man makes.

Institutional Racism In Schools
School may seem like a safe and comforting place for children of all ethnicities, but this is not the case. America's education system has been plagued
with discrimination and prejudice in the form of a phenomenon called institutional racism. Institutional racism is "a pattern of social institutions– such
as governmental organizations, schools, banks, and courts of law– giving negative treatment to a group of people based on race" ("Institutional Racism
Lesson"). This issue is important because it normalizes racism and introduces children of color to discrimination at a very young age. If we put an end
to racism in schools, it could be a big leap forward in ending it all together. Institutional racism has a lasting impact on the lives of minority students by
lowering their academic performance, limiting future opportunities, and affecting mental and physical health. ("Institutional Racism in School System.")
Some argue that institutional racism does not exist today, or never existed at all. These people say that students of color have trouble in school because
they do not care and do not try hard enough, not because of institutional racism (Pearlstein). They claim that people of color are being dramatic and
looking for something to blame for their problems. Then there are those who admit to the existence of institutional racism but do not think it matters.
Those individuals argue that claiming racism exists in schools is useless and will not do anything to stop

Institutional Racism In The Criminal Justice System
The Blacker the Target There are large racial disparities in incarceration and related detainments for African Americans. They are more likely to be
under the supervision of the Department of Corrections than any other racial or ethnic group (H.West, Sabol, & Greenman, 2010). Institutional racism
is believed to be the reason why African Americans, especially males, are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system. On balance, the
public believes that discrimination against black people is based on the prejudice of the individual person, correlates to the discrimination built into the
nation's laws and institutions (Pew's Research Center, 2017). This belief is actually supported through several experimental studies that provide
evidence that African Americans are to be seen as more criminal and threatening than others thus more likely to be arrested or even shot (Greenwald,
Oakes, & Hoffman, 2003). Racism within the criminal justice system very much exists and is still relevant.
Driving While Black Law enforcement officials often confront situations where it's an almost certainty that illegal activities are taking place despite not
having sufficient resources to investigate every possible perpetrator. Research on race and vehicle stops by police show that African American drivers
are disproportionately stopped in traffic by police for driving violations (Kowalski & Lundman, 2007). The reason is because law enforcement officials
use characterizations or

Institutional Racism : An Excuse Or A Reality?
Amit Randhawa
Mrs. Ferdinandsen
Honors English 10
18 December 2014
Institutional Racism: An Excuse or a Reality? Take a step into the tragic period between the 1940s and '60s and imagine how prevalent racism was at
the time. In a historic period during the Civil Rights movement and even later, how would we portray racism within America? Was it in its beginning
stages? Or had it hit its highest point? It's commonly known that racism was at its height around these intimidating moments. However, when compared
to racism in America this last decade, have we really made any progress? Although much has changed about racism, from our laws to our rights, the
educational system, along with the justice system, serve as clear examples in revealing the negative effects of racism and discrimination that continue to
heavily influence our nation. In the middle of the 1900s, law enforcement maintained a clearly racist perspective on those of color. Backed by the Jim
Crow's laws, the chances of racial profiling and discrimination were awfully high. Undoubtedly, there was a smaller sense of pity as it became a
common mindset throughout the nation. In fact, the right to maintain fully segregated facilities weren't even considered inherently unequal at the time
(Densho). As laws helped popularize discrimination, there wasn't a single obstacle in the development of a largely ignorant and insensible society.
Furthermore, the law helped categorize African Americans as second–class citizens for

Arguments Against Institutional Racism
Institutional racism is hard to identify because it is "built into the structure of society" (McNamara & Burns, 2009, p.14). Many times people do not
realize they are committing this type behavior and think they are treating everybody the same (McNamara & Burns, 2009). A very good example
occurred in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina hit in August of 2005. The government thought it was doing the community good when it planned to
tear down 5,000 damaged apartments in public housing and replace them with mixed income housing, but what they did displaced large numbers of
African–Americans from their homes and the area (Henkel et al, 2006). The good thought was there, but not the results that were drastically needed.
Another example... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main ways are policies and training. Every organization, public or private, should have a policy on racism and treating everyone the same
regardless of their skin color, ethnicity, gender, sexual preference, and/or religion. Along with this policy should be training for employees from top to
bottom. Employees can't say they didn't know about it if they are trained. Becky Tatum, a criminal justice scholar, suggests that organizations
"understand that diversity enhances organizational effectiveness; continue practicing and promoting affirmative action policies; be committed to
diversity; establish effective recruitment , selection, training, and promotion practices; create effective complaint policies and procedures to ensure that
employees are not treated differently; and evaluate progress and the results of policies and procedures" (Mcnamara & Burns, 2009, p. 319–320). For
the national route, President Obama could establish a council on racism made up of people from many races and ethnicities. This group should put out
information to the public on what institutional racism is and how to prevent and report it. As much as the media loves to put stories out about racism,
they should not have any problem hearing from the public about

Redlining: Institutional Racism In America
Redlining Following, numbers of shootings involving law enforcement and black men, race became a pertinent topic among American people. It
seems that two groups have revealed themselves through these discussions, those who believe race is still a problem in America, and those who
believe America is a post–racial society. History is one of the clearest indicators showing that race may still be relevant in modern communities. A
plethora of connections can be drawn between discrepancies in poverty, incarceration, and poor education between whites and blacks when you look at
events in our nation's history such as slavery, sharecropping, Jim Crow laws, and more. With that being said, one of the more significant examples of
institutional racism in America is one that is rarely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is policy known as redlining. The Fair Housing Center of Greater Boston describes redlining as "the practice of denying or limiting financial
services to certain neighborhoods based on racial or ethnic composition without regard to the residents' qualifications or creditworthiness" (2011). In
1933 the Home Owner's Loan Corporation (HOLC) was created, followed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) a

Institutional Racism Examples
Institutional racism
Institutional racism is the term used to refer to how racism happens in organizations like companies, educational institutions and private and
government institutions. These are the practices that an institution adopts and that lead to unequal treatment and recognition of groups of people. In
this kind of institutions, discrimination is practiced without any intervention by management and thus it is not only a problem of management alone
but also all individuals within the organization.
Political racism
Political racism refers to how certain groups of people may be subjected to fear. This is done in order to discourage people from belonging to certain
political parties or voting for their preferred candidates. Political ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Educational racism
Educational racism refers to how certain individuals are discriminated upon based on the assumptions of capabilities that others have about them in a
multicultural education system. This leads to a certain ethnicity as being better than the other, and would even lead to the others being required to
leave the school in order to register high scores only in the tests. This term would also be used to refer to how an educational system may be set to be
monoculture, in order to deny others a chance to get an education.
Cultural racism
Cultural racism refers to the beliefs that exist within certain groups of individuals that tend to make individuals develop negative perceptions about
other cultural groups. It involves stereotyping the customs and traditions associated with cultures of other people and tending to assume that your
culture is superior to theirs. This leads to individuals treating each other unfairly based on the assumptions that they already have about them from their
culture instead of taking them as independent individuals. This can also be used to refer to how people in the same ethnicity would condemn each
other for trying to adapt or follow another

Microaggressions Of Institutional Racism
Do you ever believe that you have been a victim to a microaggression and there was nothing ever done about it? A victim of institutional racism that
made you feel doleful and surly? Institutional racism happens a lot, but not as much as microaggressions, but a lot of people wonder why they get
this type of vibe from white supremacist. These are the same people in the same country, with the same daily schedule but somehow they judge
people based on their skin color. Some reason you aren't allowed to lead this country if you are any other skin than white. There's a lot ofracism in
America, and a lot of people really wonder will the microaggressions, microinsults, the institutional racism will ever stop. People look at our
president Donald J. Trump with his campaign of "Make America Great Again" does he mean the bad times for the African Americans? The bad times,
for the Asian Americans? Do white people in general categorize all cultures/ ethnicities other than white as minorities? There are two articles that
come together, to grow on this idea, to answer the questions above and to explain in full detail. Both of these articles, compare on what and how
plenty of "minorities" feel in America. The speech essay "Analyzing Some Thoughts On Mercy" and the argumentative essay "6 Reasons We Need to
Dismantle the Model Minority Myth of Those 'Hard–Working ' Asians" by Ross Gay and Rachel Kuo deal with the problem with racism shown by
white supremacy. Through these texts the

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