Environmental Load Of Coal Gas

Environmental Load Of Coal Gas
[1] Introduction/Motivation
The total United States carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for 2014 were 5,404 million metric tons (Mt). Of this, the electricity sector was responsible
for 2,043 Mt (37.8%). Coal fired power plants produced 76% of the electricity sector's CO2 emissions, with the most of the remaining emissions
coming from natural gas–fired power plants. With new clean air standards being signed into law every year,coal–fired power plants are facing a
serious push towards clean coal technology. Coal resources are abundant throughout the world, inexpensive, and relatively stable in price compared
other energy resources such as natural gas. For this reason, coal is expected continue to play a large role as one of the primary energy sources for
the generation of electricity in the United States well in 2040 (EIA, 2012). However, the most critical issue with promoting the utilization of coal is to
decrease its environmental load. Today, the generation of electricity via coal is extremely dirty; combustion of coal generates larger amounts of sulfur
oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulates compared to oil and natural gas. To make it possible to utilize coal in a manner harmonious with
the environment, as required by carbon pollution standards in the United States, and contribute to the energy security of our nation, it is important to
develop and expand the use of clean coal technology.
[2] Clean Coal Technology
Clean coal technology refers to a collection of
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Coal Fuel And Natural Gas
Coal – fuel, which accounts for the peak of popularity in the late 19th – early 20th century. Then the majority of engines used as fuel and coal
consumption of this mineral was truly overwhelming. In the 20th century, coal gave way to palm oil, which in turn is in danger of being supplanted in
the 21st century alternative sources of fuel and natural gas. However, nevertheless, coal to this day is strategic material. Coal is used to produce more
than 400 different products. Coal tar–tar and water used for producing ammonia, benzene, phenol, and other chemical compounds which, after
processing used in the manufacture of paint products and rubber. When the deep processing of coal can obtain rare metals: zinc, molybdenum,
germanium. Coal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The coal–bearing deposits of coal, along with many species found geo resources having consumer relevance. They are the host rocks for the
construction industry as a raw material, groundwater, coal bed methane, rare and trace elements including rare metals and their compounds. For
example, certain coals are enriched in germanium. In terms of coal Russia ranked fifth in the world (after China, the US, India and Australia), 3/4 of
coal produced is used to produce energy and heat, 1/4 – in metallurgy and chemical industries. Exports are a small part, mainly in Japan and the
Republic of Korea. Open coal mining in Russia is 2/3 of the total. This method of production is considered the most efficient and cheap. However,
without taking into account the associated severe violations of nature – the creation of deep pits and extensive overburden dumps. Mine production is
more expensive and has a high accident rate, which is largely determined by the deterioration of mining equipment (40% of it is out of date and needs
urgent modernization).
Russian coal basins
The role of a coal basin in the territorial division of labour depends on the quality of coal, the size of reserves, technical and economic indicators of
production, the degree of preparedness of reserves for commercial operation, the size of production, transport and features of geographical location.
From the combination of these conditions

The Differences Of The Brer Rabbit, By Alan Mcdonald
This essay could be compared with the African American folk story Brer rabbit and tar baby. This story is basically about a Brer fox who detested the
Brer rabbit for bossing everyone around. The Brer fox only wanted to kill the Brer rabbit and end the infuriating behavior caused by it. One day the
Brer fox made a Tar baby to trick the Brer rabbit. The Brer rabbit then finally stumbled across the treacherous trap. It tried talking and mingling
with the tar baby but had got no response. Tar baby is a non living object made of clammy tar. The non response from the tar baby started to annoy
the Brer rabbit. Hence the Brer rabbit starts to punch the tar baby. This made the Brer rabbit unpleasantly stick on the tar baby. The Brer rabbit was
unable to escape this trap. Brer rabbit could represent something or someone who could put himself/herself into a tight spot by making an unwise
assumption and then behaving in a rash manner. In the essay by Annie Dillard, Alan McDonald could be the Brer rabbit. His actions may have been
impulsive. He could have probably avoided his predicament. The Brer rabbit and Alan McDonald are like anyone of us. We could fall... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They decided to put the deer through immense torture and suffering just so that after all he exertion, the meat of the deer of would be tenderized which
would improve the taste of the dish. Although, it can be argued that the villagers did this because they were ignorant of any other method that would
''tenderize the meat'', it would not be completely unfair to say that they were hard–hearted as the pain of the struggling deer failed to move them and
put its life to an end as quickly as possible. Thus, they represent the type of people in society who would stop at nothing in order to achieve their
personal goals even if it meant putting another person in a difficult

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Coal
Advantages
Coal is affordable energy source due to the coals stable price compared to other types of fuels.
Coal is known to be very easy to burn.
Coal produces high energy upon combustion.
Coal is known to be very inexpensive.
Coal is a reliable energy source.
Disadvantages
Coal energy produces a lot of carbon–dioxide which leads to global warming and climate change.
The burning of the coal is not friendly to the environment because it makes up harmful byproducts and gas emissions such as sulfur dioxide, carbon
dioxide and nitrogen oxide which causes pollution to the environment and could lead to acid rain.
Coal is a nonrenewable source of energy.
Coal is decreasing fast because we consume it to much.
Coal mines destroy the environment and put the people mostly the coal miners in serious danger.
Oil Advantages
Oil has one of the highest energy densities. That means that only a small amount of oil can create a large amount of energy.
Oil is spread in almost every part of the world.
There is also a huge infrastructure to transport oil to other places through ships, pipelines and tankers. That means that oil is very convenient all over
the world.
Oil is not really that hard to make. Oil is being mined off of the coasts in seas and also tar sands. Oil Refinery Technology is also very old, which states
that getting products out of it such as diesel and petrol are also easy to make.
Oil can

Climate Change And Climate Change
Climate change is an urgent problem that requires international cooperation and commitment to solve. Throughout history various treaties have been
agreed upon amongst countries, the Paris Agreement being the most recent one. In my essay, I will analyze the actions taken by Canada as one of the
major greenhouse gas emissions after the Paris Agreement was adopted. The government of Canada is taking both a domestic and an international
approach towards achieving its target of reducing its total greenhouse gas emissions by 17% before 2020, relative to its 2005 emission levels
(Climate Change, 2017). The new government, a liberal party led by Justin Trudeau, has agreed and is looking forward to working with international
partners towards leading the world in the direction of a low–carbon and climate resilient economy. In addition to that, Canada is willing to provide
developing countries with the necessary funds of $2.65 billion to ensure an environmentally safe transition towards sustained emissions reductions, and
further projects for the poorest and most vulnerable countries (Climate Leadership Plan, n.d.). Canada's plan of action consists of making significant
investments of $300 million to the Mission Innovation initiative for green infrastructure and clean technologies development (Baird, Pummer and
Bodin, 2015: 747 – 758). In addition to that, Canada is determined to put the Paris Agreement into action through collaborative approach, working its
way up from provinces to

The Randle Reef
One of the most appalling environmental catastrophes in Canada is right within the Greater Toronto Area, The Randle Reef, located in the Hamilton
Harbour.
Randle Reef, is considered the direst of identified water pollution issues within Canada, but has recently begun remediation of the site. The Randle
Reef contains a massive amount of toxic coal tar, which has been building up for decades, but is scheduled to be contained shortly.
In the early 1800's, then known as Burlington Bay, Hamilton Harbour was an important access point for initial water transportation and industrial
expansion of the Burlington and Hamilton area. During this time, the bay was crudely treated by its shoreline residents constantly polluting, as well as
the dredging ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cleanup is a three–phase plan, estimated to remove more than 99% of the PAH mass from the area, which has begun and will hopefully undo the
previous generations of damage. Phase one is building a box to contain the contamination. Upon completion of the first phase, there will be a double
steel–walled barricade surrounding contaminated sediment. Phase two involves of dredging the polluted deposits from the adjacent areas and placing
them within the enclosure. The final phase of the project encompasses removing the water from the suppression area and placing a waterproof cap on
the facility, which is anticipated to have a 200 year life span, to seal in the chemicals.
Upon completion, the container will be paved and then turned over to the Hamilton Port Authority, who will then own the facility and be accountable
for monitoring, preserving and evolving the site as port facilities.
This project is expected to be completed by 2022, with an estimated cost of approximately $139 million. The Randle Reef sediment remediation
project is being funded by both the federal and Ontario government, along with the cities of Hamilton, Burlington and surrounding areas, the U.S Steel
Canada, and Hamilton Port

Coal Energy in Germany
Germany is the leader in Europe in the coal industry with significant amounts of coal operations, especially lignite. Germany has approximately
73,000 million short tons of coal reserves with more than 47,000 and 25,000 million tons of lignite and hard coal reserves respectively (Miller 25).
Germany is the major lignite producer in the whole of Europe with major lignite reserves found at Lusatian, Rhineland, central German basins, which
are all of tertiary age. Coal is a major source of energy used in the generation of electricity and in the coking process. Apart from production German
is a major importer of coal. The major hard coal deposits in the country are found in the regions of Ruhr and Saar coalfields, with major players being
RAG Aktiengesellschaft and RWE Power being involved in the mining of hard coal and lignite respectively (Bischoff et al. 63). Of the lignite
deposits, the Rhineland deposits are the largest and most significant for the nation and are located between the German/Belgium/Dutch boarder and the
River Rhine (Miller 25). The Lusatian and Central German basins are found to the eastern side of Germany. These lignite deposits have heating values
of 3350–5400Btu/lb, a moisture content of 40–60%, sulfur and ash content varying from 0.2–2.1% and 1.5–8.5% respectively, with the Rhineland
lignite coal deposits having a sulfur content of less than 0.5% (Miller 25). The restructuring of the hard coal mining industry from 1999 led to the rapid
development of

Fossil Fuels Impact On Society
Tech Assignment
1.Fossil Fuels are natural fuels such as coal or gas that are formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms. Fossil Fuels are formed
from plant and animal decay that has been converted to crude oil, coal or natural gas.
2.Coal, oil and natural gas are all examples of fossil fuels that are used in Australia and all over the world. Coal is Australia's primary fuel source for
generating around 73 percent of Australia's electricity. It is also used in cement manufacturing, food processing and paper manufacturing. Oil in
Australia is mainly used for petrol, diesel and kerosene. It is also used in the production of plastics, synthetic fibres like vinyl, nylon, acrylic and
polyesters. Natural gas in Australia is mainly used in power stations to produce electricity. It is also used to provide heat for comfort and hot water.
3.
Country (highest to lowest)% Of worlds total
1. USA27.6%
2. Russia18.2%
3. China13.3%
4. Australia8.9%
5. India7%
4. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Peak oil is the hypothetical point in time when the global production of oil reaches its maximum rate, after which production will gradually
decline. Three impacts that 'peak oil' will have on the society include the fact that humanity's way of life will be forced to change, products made
by oil such as plastic will become rare and the fact that peak oil will have a great impact on food production. Three impacts that 'peak oil' will have
on the environment include the fact that if oil runs out the world will need another source of energy so they have to dig more to find another source
of energy, To extract oil from sandy tar deposits deposits, these places are usually strip–mined–which means the forests and wildlife on the surface are
completely cleared away, In the refinement process a lot of fresh water in polluted, turning blue water to

Research Paper On Coal
Natural Resource: Coal
Source:
–Coal is a combustible rock
– 50% of its weight is due to carbon
– Also contains sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen
(www.coaleducation.org/q&a/what_are_the_chemical.htm)
–Coal is a nonrenewable source that is formed over millions of years
–Basically, since it's a nonrenewable source, we can't make more of it and what we have now is all we got
–Coal is made from energy that giant dead plants store in swampy areas and then after the plants died, it formed a layer in the swap grounds. Dirt and
water piled on top of the swamp layer that was formed, and thousands and thousands of years later after lots of heat pressure, and chemical/ physical
changes you find coal.
–Usually coal is found in sedimentary rock, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The process of surface mining is when giant machines remove the top–soil and layers of rock to expose different beds of coal.
After finishing the surface mining, rock and dirt are put back, the topsoil is replaced, and finally are is planted with new soil.
Some equipment used for surface mining are draglines, shovels, bulldozers, etc.
Underground Mining
Underground mining is also called deep mining.
This mining method is used when the coal is underground several hundreds of feet below the surface.
To remove the coal, miners take elevators down deep mine shafts, and run machines to remove the coal.
Some equipment used for underground mining are mantrips, machinery, elevators.
Longwall mining is used during underground mining which is a long wall of coal is mined on a single slice. Hydraulic Jacks power roof supports,
chocks, or shields are some of the equipment used.
Refining and Processing Coal:

As soon as the coal comes out from the ground, it travels through a conveyor belt into a preparation plant at the mining site.
The preparation plant processes and cleans the coal, to eliminate any ash, sulfur, dirt, and any unwelcome materials that could be found in the

The Impact Of Environmental Impacts On The Environment
According to environmentalists each of us has an ecological footprint based on an estimated amount of how much land, water and other natural
resources that we use. Despite the controversies on climate change, we should protect the environment so that the resources on the planet will be able
to support many generations to come. There are several ways in which we can challenge the opposing views and contribute to a brighter future for our
environment. The choices that we are facing in this current era include: adapting to sustainability and shifting illegal deforestation.
We must preserve our planet by adapting to sustainability. We should recycle in our everyday lives, and be environmentally conscious of how the
items we utilize impact our planet. According to Sarah Kaplan, "by 2050 there will be more plastic than fish in the world's ocean." (1). Of course, it
is evident that recycling, is one option to reduce our ecological impact on the planet, but a good place to start is to minimize our usage of plastics.
According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA),
"the three main forms of fossil fuels are coal, crude oil, and natural gas. Coal is extracted from the earth through surface mining or underground
mining, depending on the depth and concentration of the coal reserves, and crude oil is extracted in liquid form from underground reservoirs, oil
shale, or tar sands deposits. Once extracted, crude oil is refined to create gasoline, fuel oil, and a variety of

Coal Tar Dye Research Paper
The main ingredient of coal–tar dyes causes an allergic reaction in some people, but, nowadays, the hair dyes are made out of petroleum sources. The
FDA however still considers the petroleum dyes as coal–tar dyes because the same ingredients of the new dyes were found in older dyes. "There have
been some studies that have linked hair dyes with a higher risk of some cancers," WebMD wrote in one of their articles. In other studies, they did not
find these connections but, you have to keep in mind that there are hair dye products which did not go through safety testing, unlike other cosmetic
products.
WebMD said that manufacturers of hair dye products have stopped using the ingredients that are known to causecancer, but for some experts, the

Acid Rain Problems
An Overview OF AREAS IN THE WORLD THAT HAVE PROBLEMS WITH ACID RAIN
What areas in the world have problems with acid rain?
Areas that have problems with acid rain are those that contain many running cars and a large population of people in one place, such as cities. Areas
near electric companies that burn fossil fuel or manufacturing industries also face acid rain. Even areas that are far from electric companies and
manufacturing industries face the wrath of acid rain as SO2 and NOx can travel far through wind and air currents.
Why do they have acid rain?
These places have acid rain because of the amount of SO2 and NOx that is being created. The burning of fossil fuels that electric companies do release
sulfur dioxide that spreads through the air, which forms acid rain. Heat that radiates off internal combustion engines(cars) forms nitrogen dioxide.
Which is also used in the making of acid rain. With the amount of cars that are being used in one city, acid rain is bound to be a problem.
What damages does acid rain cause?
1. Acid rain breaks down the metal of structures in cities, like buildings and statues.
2. It pollutes the water and kills living organisms in ecosystems.
3. It creates smog and pollutes the air.
What are five thing we can do to prevent acid rain and the damage it causes?
1. We can change the way we create energy, instead burning fossil fuels we could use some alternative method.
2. Instead of driving to work or school, people could walk or take a bike, or

What Are Differences Among Gasification, Thermal...
% What is smouldering combustion?
Smouldering is defined as a self–sustaining exothermic reaction in which the heat released by surface oxidation causes pyrolysis of the unaffected fuel
adjacent to the reaction zone, which in turn yields a rigid char which will subsequently undergo surface oxidation citep{smith2006springer}. The
initiation of furniture fires by weak heat sources, such as, a cigarette or a short–circuited wire, and the flaming combustion of biomass occurring in
bushfires behind the flaming front are two common examples of smouldering combustion citep{rein2009smouldering}. extcolor{red}{$%$ What are
differences among gasification, thermal degradation and smouldering?}
% What are differences among gasification, thermal degradation and smouldering?
When referring to smouldering, it is important to understand the differences between smouldering and other non–flaming reactions which involve
external heat flux, such as gasification and thermal decomposition. Gasification and thermal decomposition typically involve little or no oxidation
reaction and hence are endothermic; while smouldering involves both endothermic and exothermic reactions citep{ohlemiller2002chapter}. If
smouldering reaction is self–sustained, then the endothermic reactions are the driving force for the smouldering. Char oxidation is the principle heat
source in most of self–sustained smouldering; therefore, any material that forms char during thermal decomposition has the potential for

Persuasive Essay On Brown Coal
Coal is currently one of the world's largest sources of energy. There are different types of coal which are peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite.
Brown coal (lignite) is a combustible sedimentary rock that is found in the layers under the earth. Brown coal is the lowest grade of coal and is soft
due to the water content. Since brown coal is high in moisture and is combustive, it was uneconomical to transport, but currently available drying
techniques makes it easier to transport. A question that has been raised over the years is whether power stations which use brown coal should be closed.
PROS
There are many benefits of closing down power stations which burns brown coal which includes:
1.Less pollution
Brown coal creates much more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This makes greenhouse gases responsible for the greenhouse effect which leads to global warming. Brown coal fuels 92 percent of generated
electricity in Victoria. By closing down power stations that use brown coal, the total greenhouse gas emissions will decrease by a huge number.
3.Less carbon dioxide being produced into the air
Australia's brown coal power stations are the highest carbon emitting power plants in the world. When carbon dioxide is released into the air, it traps
the heat and warms the planet. Carbon dioxide currently represents 84 percent of all greenhouse gases, which totals to about 30 billion tons a year,
produced by human activities. Not only does carbon dioxide affect the atmosphere, it has also made the oceans 30 percent more acidic and therefore
affects a variety of sea organism.
4.Lower risk of hazardous mining
While coal mining has the advantage of providing employment, cave ins and explosions are common in mining. This leaves people's lives in danger.
There is also a risk to not only those working in the mines, but also those living close to dig areas. Constant exposure to chemicals can result in lung
cancer, respiratory diseases, heart failure and low birth

Persuasive Essay On Fossil Fuels
According to the World Bank Data, 93% of the world's energy resources is supplied by fossil fuels.
One of the problems is that fossil fuels are non–renewable. They are limited in supply and will one day be depleted.
Fossil fuels are formed from plants and animals that lived hundreds of million of years ago died and were gradually buried by layers of rock.
Fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. Oil powers most of the transportation sector. Coal and natural gas power most of our electricity. At the rate of
our consumption, these fuels cannot occur fast enough to meet our current of future energy demands.
Now, in the first couple decades of the 21st century, in order to sustain our dependence on fossil fuels we're going to very risky, very extreme new
sources. You see this, in things like mountain top removal for coal, fracking for natural gas, offshore drilling for oil, and the tar sands, which is the
most devastating form of producing fossil fuels. They take away massive forests, the water in the streams, and rivers is poisoned. It has severe impacts
on the wildlife, on native communities, and it requires a huge amount of energy to simply get it to our fuel tanks.
All our modes of transportation, boats, trains, planes, cars, the way we produce our food, the way we build our cities, almost everything we do releases
carbon dioxide and that leads to climate change. The polar ice caps will melt, the seas will start to rise, there will be more dangerous weather

Themes And Characters In The Book 'Amaroq The Wolf'
A.The writer's style is his personal choice dependent on the setting, plot and characters means these three aspects of the story will be taken by the
author and decided how it will best tell his story. The writer must use his skill with words to develop his style for the story, since the reader is
completely at the mercy of the writer waiting for his words to write so he can feel, hear, see, smell and contemplate what is going to happen next.
The writer must tell the reader what the world looks like and how it changes, who is in it and where the reader is going. One writer will deal with a
genre completely different from another, developing their own style and vision. Often a writer's style can become so familiar readers they can
recognize the author just from reading a passage.
B.Connotations that greatly extend their dictionary meaning that was noticeable included: sick, something thought of as extremely cool or nice, feel
me is used to expressed an understanding of dissention. Lastly there was the word stiff indicating someone who is not up to date or full of rules.
C.The use of similes and metaphors were greatly used in the first part of the book called Amaroq the Wolf.
Simile: "then he bayed a wild note that sounded like the wind on a frozen sea" Metaphor: "Jello went back to the puppies and the three sped away like
dark birds."
Hyperbole: "The great wolf's eyes softened at the sight of the little wolves then quickly hardened in to brittle yellow jewels"

The On Brown Coal Gasification
Introduction
In Australia, Victorian brown coals represent a significant, low cost energy resource with reserves of 430 billion tonnes. However, its utilization is
limited to mine–mouth power generation using conventional pulverized coal–fired combustion units at relatively low efficiencies [1]. Therefore, it is
necessary to assess and develop alternative utilization techniques for this vast resource, such as gasification. Among different gasifiers, the entrained
flow gasifier is attractive for commercial plants because of its feedstock flexibility and clean gas product. However, the technological information on
brown coal gasification is limited. There has been one study reporting on pressurized fluidized bed gasification of Victorian brown coals at a pilot
scale, but the carbon conversion of Victorian brown coals is quite low[12].
In this study, information on the gasification behaviour of two Victorian brown coals, Yallourn (YL) and Morwell (MW) coal, is reported, including
the release of alkali, sulphur, and chlorine spieces, carbon conversion, and gas quality during CO2 gasification. The relation between 100% carbon
conversion and residence time was investigated by regasifying the chars after every run of 5–6s residence time. This study generates fundamental
information that will be useful for the design of commercial entrained–flow gasifiers using Victorian brown coals.
Experimental
The coal samples used in this study are Yallourn (YL) and Morwell (MW) coal, two

Non Renewable Resources
NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES
[pic]
A non–renewable resource is a natural resource which cannot be produced, re–grown, regenerated, or reused on a scale which can sustain its
consumption rate. These resources often exist in a fixed amount, or are consumed much faster than nature can recreate them. Fossil fuel (such as coal,
petroleum and natural gas) and nuclear power are examples. In contrast, resources such as timber (when harvested sustainably) or metals (which can be
recycled) are considered renewable resources
Fossil fuel
[pic]
[pic]
A temporary oil drilling rig in Western Australia
Further information: Oil depletion
Natural resources such as coal, petroleum, oil and natural gas take thousands of years to form naturally and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Currently, the world is consuming coal at a rate of about 5 billion metric tons per year. The main use of coal is for power generation, because it is a
relatively inexpensive way to produce power.
Coal is used to produce over 50% of the electricity in the United States. In addition to electricity production, coal is sometimes used for heating and
cooking in less developed countries and in rural areas of developed countries. If consumption continues at the same rate, the current reserves will last
for more than 200 years. The burning of coal results in significant atmospheric pollution. The sulfur contained in coal forms sulfur dioxide when
burned. Harmful nitrogen oxides, heavy metals, and carbon dioxide are also released into the air during coal burning. The harmful emissions can be
reduced by installing scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators in the smokestacks of power plants. The toxic ash remaining after coal burning is also an
environmental concern and is usually disposed into landfills.
OIL
Crude oil or liquid petroleum, is a fossil fuel that is refined into many different energy products (e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, heating oil). Oil

forms underground in rock such as shale, which is rich in organic materials. After the oil forms, it migrates upward into porous reservoir rock such as
sandstone or limestone, where it can become trapped by an overlying impermeable cap rock.

Metamorphic Rock Lab
Objectives
The objectives of this lab are to learn how metamorphic rocks form and how to classify them based upon their texture and composition. In this chapter,
we will also learn about distinguishing among the three rock groups and processes that wear rocks down once they have formed.
Key Terms anthracite, bituminous, decomposition, disintegration, foliated, gneissic banding, grade, lignite, mass wasting,metamorphic rock,
metamorphism, parent rock, peat, phyllitic texture, schistosity, slaty cleavage, sub–bituminous, weathering
Equipment
Introduction
Metamorphic rocks have been altered from the composition and texture of their parent rocks through the process of metamorphism. Rocks undergoing
metamorphism are exposed to high ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parent rocks composed predominantly of a single mineral (for example, quartz or calcite) often produce non–foliated metamorphic rocks. Sand grains in
a metamorphosed sandstone fuse into a dense, compact mass of interlocking particles, producing a rock called quartzite. Metamorphism of limestone
produces marble.
Evaluating Metamorphic Rocks
Examine the metamorphic rocks in your kit, with a hand lens or microscope as appropriate, and use the information in Table 5–1 to answer the
following questions.
Q5–1: Consider the metamorphic specimens in your kit (67 – 75). Which ones are foliated (four total)?
Specimens _67____, __70___, _73____, __75___, __72___.
Q5–2: Of the foliated specimens, which ones have slaty cleavage, phyllitic texture, schistosity, and gneissic banding (one of each)?
Specimen number __67___ has slaty cleavage.
Specimen number __72___ has phyllitic texture.

Specimen number __73___ has schistosity.
Specimen number __70___ has gneissic banding.
Q5–3: Name the foliated specimens.
Specimen number _67____ named __slate________
Specimen number _72____ named __phyllite________
Specimen number _73___ named ___schist_______
Specimen number _70____ named __gneiss_______
Q5–4: Of the remaining (non–foliated) specimens, which one reacts with hydrochloric acid, and which one scratches glass?
Specimen

Natural Resources are Being Depleted
The natural resources of Earth continue to be used more and more each year. Coal and oil are consumed with incredible speed and about 28 percent
of the total energy derived from coal and oil. Earth is becoming airless balloon and the human population is rapidly growing. These natural resources
are not renewable. The world needs to stop pertaining to be blind about environmental crises. We need to start working on alternative energy that will
protect our environment while maintaining energy dependent society. Our lives depend on energy. Modern technologies have developed to such an
extent that everything we use nowadays needs energy. In every home, we use it to light and heat our houses and own 100 or more horses (horsepower)
in our garage. Our power usage is limited. We might be enjoying it now but not in the future.
Even today surprisingly, not all country around the world has access to the electricity. So it is complex to say word "We" as a world creating the
environmental crisis by our careless energy usage. Many third worlds still have issue with energy crisis. For example, Africa mainly usesfossil fuel to
generate electricity but only few percentage of the population is access to it. The world's second most populous country India is the third largest coal
producer and top CO2 emitters but half of the population has no access to it.
Energy played the central roles moving the nations into well–being. But it derives to negative consequence as well. The future will

Tar Baby Essay
Tar Baby It is often said that it is better to follow your heart instead of your mind because it will never lie to you. However, when you follow your heart
you are not always prepared for what the outcome may be. This is proven in Toni Morisson's novel Tar Baby . Tar Baby is Morrison's fourth novel and
it took three and a half years to write . The story was based on an old African Americanfolk tale about Brer Rabbit and TarBaby. This book is said by
some to be an excess of what made Morrison's other books good but despite the criticism the book still made it to the best seller's list.
The story takes place on an isolated island of L'Arbe de la Croix. this was purposely done by Morrison so that the characters would have no way ...
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After dinner Son is invited to stay for the night in one of the guest rooms. This makes Sydney angry. He could not understand how
Valerian could be so calm in such a situation but despite his anger Sydney does what he is told.
The next morning Son come into Jadine's room, this is their first personal encounter. Jadine is absolutely repulsed by his looks but she is kind to
him and they start to talk, the conversation takes a turn for the worse. After making an insulting comment about Jadine he grabs her, presses his
body against hers, and starts to smell her. This makes Jadine feel dirty. She finally breaks loose from his grasp and runs to tell Valerian. On her
way to Valerian she stops and starts to think about whether she should go and tell or not. After much thought she decides not to, but also promises
herself that she would try to avoid him to the best of her ability. That same day Valerian suggests that Son go to the main island with one of the
workers to get some clothes and a hair cut. He comes back the next day and sees Jadine. At first she is amazed by his appearance she could not
believe that he was the same guy who she encountered the privies day. Her amazement was not long lasting her memories of the day before quickly
came back to her. Son apologized for his behavior but Jadine does not want to hear anything that he has to say. Son offers to take her on a picnic and she

What Ores Are Considered to Be Non-Renewable Resources?
What ores are considered to be non–renewable resources?
ChosenEvery ore deposit is a non–renewable resource. Having said that it is the job of technology to make the price of a metal competitive,
affordable. Initially when not much in demand the technology of mining it, extraction needs to pick up bringing its price down. Later demand may
push up its price and the extra expenditure for adding to its supply may become unaffordable, making it appear non–renewable. A stage will come when
a particular metal or more metals may have to be recycled as the quantum of it is fixed in nature.
Water as consumable is no exception. So far as Sun is renewing it by sucking it from oceans, forming clouds and precipitating it in the form of rains,
man ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
West Virginia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania are the largest producers of bituminouscoal.
Subbituminous coal has a lower heating value than bituminous coal. Subbituminous coal typically contains 35–45% carbon. Most subbituminous coal
in the United States is at least 100 million years old. About 46% of the coal produced in the United States is subbituminous.
Wyoming is the leading source of subbituminous coal.
Lignite is the lowest rank of coal with the lowest energy content. Lignite coal deposits tend to be relatively young coal deposits that were not subjected
to extreme heat or pressure, containing 25%–35% carbon. Lignite is crumbly and has high moisture content. There are 19 lignite mines in the United
States, producing about 7% of U.S. coal.
Most lignite is mined in Texas and North Dakota. Lignite is mainly burned at power plants to generate electricity. back to top
Mining and Transporting Coal
Mining the Coal
Diagram of Surface Mining Source: National Energy Education Development Project (Public Domain)
A Typical Deep Mine Source: Adapted from National Energy Education Development Project (Public Domain)
Coal Being Transported by Rail Source: Stock photography (copyrighted)
Coal miners use giant machines to remove coal from the ground. They use two methods: surface or underground mining. Many U.S. coal beds are very
near the ground's surface, and about two–thirds of coal production comes from

Increasing Oil Production in the United States of America
Increasing Oil Production in the United States of America
Crude oil is a major source of energy for the world. Everyday the United States consumes more crude oil than it produces. The growing number of
barrels of oil imported into the Unites States and rising gas prices are major concerns. Even though increasing the United States crude oil production
may not lower gas prices immediately, it will eventually allow the United States to be energy independent. Oil is used in many different ways
besides gasoline. Many types of products worldwide consume oil. Plastics, rubber, tar, lubricates, asphalt, perfume and wax are just a few of the
byproducts that come from oil. A barrel of crude oil, which is 42 U.S. gallons, will produce around... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Examples of renewable energy sources are, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, and wind. Renewable energy is expensive to produce but due to
the high price of oil and natural gas, it has become cost–effective. Additionally the federal government has offered tax credits to encourage the
development of more renewable energy sources. The Energy Information Administration (2008) states that the United States is the second largest
country to produce renewable electricity. Specifically hydroelectric power is the most abundant renewable source of energy at this time. Wind turbine
technology has improved in the past few years. Wind turbines produce electricity to be sent to people's homes. In 2006 wind produced 4% of the
United States energy supply (Energy Information Administration, 2008). As more and more wind farms are constructed that percentage will go up. The
more energy that can be produced by renewable sources, will allow the United States to use natural gas for transportation rather than powering the
homes of the American people. Every energy source the United States can use will help with the dependence on foreign oil.
In 2006 nuclear power accounted for 8% of the United States total energy supply (Energy Information Administration, 2008). The United States has
more than 100 nuclear power plants operating to produce electricity (Brain, 2008). Nuclear power

The Element Mercury Essay example
Mercury is an element of the earth, and can take place naturally as well from manmade. Mercury continuously comes up towards the surface of the
earth's crust, because of the high temperature of the earth's mantle, and this can make mercury a very mobile source. Surface rocks can contain high
levels of concentrated mercury, which can add to the levels of emission standards of mercury. Natural sources can come from the earth crust, volcanoes,
and erosion. Others are from weather, floods, and forest fires. This type of contamination is beyond mans control, and must be considered part of our
atmosphere mercury levels. Scientist to this day have been struggling to separate the two from mans involvement to the natural output of mercury. Other
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Volcanic activity around the world has been associated with high level of mercury in the area. In a 20 year research on 100 different volcanoes
around the world, it was estimated that 1140 metric tons of mercury were released into the earth atmosphere, and the average flux would be 57
metric tons. The degassing plumes of 35 around the world volcanoes release 752 metric tons of mercury, and the average flux is 37.6 tons (1).
Mercury geochemical belts can form in the Mediterranean, and contain richly valued mercury deposits in the upper layer. Mediterranean has two
major sources of natural contamination volcanoes and seawater. Volcanoes Etna, Vulcano and Stromboli, where measured for amount of mercury they
released into the atmosphere. Vulcano had mercury emission ranging from 1.3 to 5.5 kg/year, and Stromboli had levels of 7.3 to 76.6 kg/year. Etna
had extremely high fluctuated readings ranging from 61.8 to 536.5 kg/year (2). Volcanoes on islands can have high amounts of methyl mercury in
oceans and lakes around them, and this is due to the submarine ground water discharge from them. This means that any mercury discharge can flow
out across the sea floor, but this can vary depending on the permeability of the volcano rock. Fires can either be natural or anthropogenic, which can
depend on any situation. A study conducted in 2004 on a wild fire at Voyageurs National Park in Minnesota, suggests that the fire can

Biomass And Renewable Sources Of Energy
Executive summary
Biomass has become one of the most commonly used renewable sources of energy in the last two decades. Many of the biomass fuels used today
come in the form of wood products, dried vegetation, crop residues, and aquatic plants. It is such a widely utilized source of energy, probably due to
its low cost and indigenous nature, that it accounts for almost 14% of the world 's total energy supply and as much as 35% in developing countries,
mostly for cooking and heating. The wood from trees is most common biomass used for energy. It has been used by humans for producing energy for
heating and cooking for a very long time. Biomass cannot replace our current dependence on coal, oil, and natural gas, but it can complement other
renewables such as solar and wind energy. To converted biomass into usable energy in ways that are more efficient, less polluting, and at least as
economical, technological innovations will be needed. Gasification is considered as a key technology for the use of biomass. In order to promote this
technology in the future, advanced, cost effective, and highly efficient gasification processes and systems are required. Generally all different types of
biomass can be converted by gasification into syngas mainly comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane. . From this syngas,
all kinds of energy or energy carriers such as heat, power, biofuels, hydrogen, biomethane and chemicals can be provided.
Key words: renewable sources,

Fossil Fuels Is The Next Great Thing
Fossil Fuels are the next great thing, but at what cost? Fossil Fuels began coming about millions of years ago. Back then the sun was the ultimate
power source and this is how it started. The sun would give its energy to plants, animal, and other organisms that needed it to survive. When they died
the remains of the organisms decomposed into the ground. Then the energy was pushed down and buried by layers of rock until it remained in the
earth untapped. Over time different forms of fossil fuels were created in the earth's crust such as: petroleum oil, natural gas, and coal. Depending on
what combination of organic matter was present, how long it was buried and what temperature and pressure conditions existed as time passed
determined what fossil fuel would be available to the world (Energy, 2015). Today our world is reliant on such fossil fuels, but what happens when
it's all gone? "Fossil fuel industries drill or mine for these energy sources, burn them to produce electricity, or refine them for use as fuel for heating or
transportation" (Energy, 2015). The process of creating fossil fuels is no longer happening and at the rate the world is taking them out of the earth is
catastrophic. Big industries are not taking into count what will happen years from now or even what's happening today. Fossil fuels are termed
non–renewable simply because it took millions of years for them to be created and now we don't have the time. We as a world are using more and more
fossil fuels

Energy Debate in the Us
Nate Johnson
Professor Alvarez
ENG 300
15 July 2014
Rough Draft:
In the United States, a topic for debate is the energy crisis. The issue is that the United States' current, most widely used energy sources, fossil fuels,
is harmful to the environment. So as to not harm the environment, many people have made the switch to solar or wind energy, thinking that as long
as they don't use fossil fuels they are doing the environment a favor. However, no matter the energy source for use on a large scale, it is going to
have its own unique issues. There are a number of energy alternatives within the United States. The two sides to the argument are renewables, such as
wind and solar energy (the two most popular) versus fossil fuels, such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Solar panels are manufactured using NF3, or Nitrogen Triflouride, which is, according to UC Irvine researchers, "is one of the most potent
greenhouse gases known and persists in the atmosphere for 550 years." All this to say that just because solar panels may look attractive, modern, and
seem to have a small carbon "footprint," it is not always the case. There is much more than what meets the eye; it comes with strings attached such as
the loss of hundred of species of birds and insects as well as emitting a chemical that has 17,000 times stronger global warming potential than carbon
dioxide. A major rift in the food chain as well as a much stronger chemical emitted into the air more problematic that dirtycoal, because both create the
ripple effect which creates problems down the line.
Wind turbines are becoming more and more popular across the flatlands of America. Along the same lines as solar power plants in California, there
are many issues with wind turbines. Wind turbines are massive towers with a swinging blade that can create wind of up to 100 miles per hour over
an acre of air. Turbines require a massive amount of tree removal, roads to be resurfaced and sometimes rebuilt (to access the intended installation
area), lots of heavy machinery, digging into bedrock so as to create a good foundation for the tower. It takes 15 to 20 turbines to make it efficient, so it
makes all

Coal Tar Production Essays
Production
The complete process of coal tar production is shown in Figure 1. The coal tar is produced by carbonization of coal. In this process, the coal is heated
at 900–1100 ВєC and the evolved vapors are condensed to form liquid, from which ammonia is removed to obtain a black viscous crude coal tar. The
composition of tar so obtained depends upon the origin and composition of starting material used viz. bituminous (soft) coal, anthracite (hard) (Arnold
1997, Thami 2002).
Crude coal tar can be further purified using various techniques viz. solvent extraction, fractional distillation or coloum chromatography. The extraction
of crude coal tar with alcohol containing 5% w/w Tween 80 produces Liquor carbonis detergens (LCD). Similarly, the... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Characterization
It is most commonly analyzed with either Liquid Chromatography having Ultraviolet/ Fluorescence detection (HPLC/UV, HPLC/FD) or Gas
Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (GS–MS) (EPA 1994; Litofsky1999; Gruber et. al., 1970). Both the techniques offer high sensitivity
and selectivity. However, the high cost of equipment and long run time, especially for LC, are the barriers for their utilization in routine analysis. The
other techniques which can be been explored to characterize the coal tar are Spectrofluorimetry (Li 1994, Raza 2012,), Nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) (Nelson 1996, Cerny 1991).
Pharmacological action
Despite its long history of use and wide acceptance, the exact mechanism of action of coal tar is still elusive. Coal tar is known to posses keratolytic,
anti–pruitic, anti–mitotic, and anti inflamatory activities (Paghdal, 2009);; Roelofzen 2007). The researchers have put forward many theories to explain
these pharmacological actions viz. suppression of DNA synthesis, inhibition of sebum production, photosensitizing effects within the range of the
ultraviolet light A (UVA) and visible light spectrum (Gruper 1971, Arnold, 1997, Thami, 2002, Everett 1961, Kaidbey 1977). The constituents that are
thought to be responsible for these therapeutic dermatologic effects include the followings;
(1) Acridine compounds in the

Essay on Energy Resource: Tar Sands and Nuclear Energy
Tar Sands are a mixture of clay sand water and black oil that is found in various places in the world such as Venezuela and under the Canadian
Forests. Most of the world's oil currently comes from tar sands, and oil is used for gasoline. Mining of tar sands is quite tough and hard to do. The
sands cannot be pumped in their natural state. It must be mined through open pit mining techniques. After mining the sands are transported to and
extraction plant where a hot water process separates the bitumen from sand, water and minerals. This process releases the bitumen from the oil sands
and causes tiny air bubbles to attach to the bitumen droplets that float to the top of the separation vessel, where the bitumen can be skimmed off. (Oil
Shale... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although its been said that we may only use oil for 10 to 15 more years before we hit our peak, If it is conserved it can be used for many more. Even
though I believe it isn't going to be conserved and never will be, it is a possibility. (Oil Shale and Tar Sands Program, 2012)
Part 2 Nuclear energy is the energy that is released during nuclear fission or fusion also called a nuclear reaction. It is used to generate electricity
energy is produced when a nucleus absorbs a neutron and splits into two lighter nuclei. The atoms consist of an electron cloud and a nucleus.
(nuclearinfo.net) Although Nuclear Plants cost millions of dollars to produce they are very reliable for energy sources. All nuclear plants produce
radioactive waste. To pay for the cost of storing, transporting and disposing these wastes in the United States a tenth of a cent per kilowatt–hour is
added to electricity bills. When one nucleus decays 200,000,000 electron volts are produced, yet vary minimal amounts are collected. Making it
possible to capture all the energy would end our need for fossil fuels. Yet the plants that we need must use thousands of tons of water everyday to cool
the systems. Hydrogen is also needed for the splitting, yet hydrogen is at an unlimited supply. (nuclearinfo.net)
On Saturday, 26 April 1986 a reactor at the Chernobyl Power Plant near Pripyat, Russia has a sudden power surge which caused mass damage. The
Power Plant tried for immediate

Coal Energy Research Paper
Today, many people are talking about energy production and all the new and old ways to go about it. There are many different modes of energy
production that is available or is becoming available to us in the future. The constant debate about what energy production is best for the environment
and which is not. In my essay, I will be describing the advantages and disadvantages of coal, oil, and Solar energy. To begin, coal is a combustible
black rock which consist mainly is carbonized plant matter, and it found mostly in underground deposits and it is widely used for fuel. As time
went on we could see the advantages of coal however, gradually we could see the disadvantages. One advantage of coal is that I can easily burn
therefore making it easier to produce more quick energy. Another advantage would be that coal energy is affordable due to its stable price unlike
other different energy producers. However, on the opposite side there are many disadvantages. For one, coal energy is depleting rapidly because many
people consume large amounts of it daily. Also, the process in which it is obtained is very dangerous. Situations like cave–ins and explosion could and
have occurred while men were mining. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is one of the many new renewable resources. Solar energy is better than coal and oil but it still does have its disadvantages. First an advantage
of solar energy is that it can be harnessed in all areas of the world. Meaning, we cannot run out of solar energy because the energy is being collected
from the sun. The disadvantage to that if the dependency upon the weather. In this case, when it is a gloomy day the solar panels cannot collect
energy. Also, the cost of solar energy is high. There are many things that going into the solar energy that must be paid for up front like solar panels,
batteries, etc. Solar energy is stepping in the right direction however, there are still some disadvantages to

The Energy Supply Of India Essay
Abstract The development of a nation is also measured on the parameters like the adequacy of electrical energy. To make a nation as the
developed nation, the energy supply should have a reach to the extreme parts too. As India is an agricultural nation and so sorts of agricultural left
outs are accessible here. Along these lines, this immense measure of agricultural wastes can be an input resource for power production in Indian
villages. Rice husk is one of the potential agricultural wastes which can be utilized as an input source to generate electricity, conditioned that it
will be handled and processed effectively. The reason for this paper is to bring the focus on the alternative power generation methods in the rural
part. The rice husk plants are generally small and medium scaled efficient enough to supply or to meet the basic need of a village. In this piece, the
main focus is to show the available rice husk in India, the distinctive possibilities and the procedure with which it can be utilized to generate power.
Finally, a decrease in competition in supply by the larger plant may lead to the decrease in the cost. But various issues related to investment as the
risk of failing of plant, monopoly on the supply side of husk from various rice mills, institutional challenges related to the distributional area. 1.
Introduction Even with the increase in the demand for electricity globally, India's peak demand of electricity is 165253 MW and we have a surplus
supply.

Coal Tar Sealants Research Paper
In June 2016, Ann Arbor became the largest municipality to ban coal tar sealants, joining numerous cities and counties across the nation as well as the
states of Minnesota and Washington in prohibiting sealants containing coal tar. However, the city council's unanimous vote as banned any sealant
containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as PAHs, greater than 0.1 percent. By including high–PAH sealants, the city council closed a
loophole in ordinances enacted by other municipalities that allowed permitted the use of high–PAH sealants as long as they did not contain coal tar.
Violating the ordinance in Ann Arbor can subject the offender to a fine of as much as $10,000. Why Ann Arbor Banned High
–Level PAH and
Coal–Tar Sealants The basic problem with coal tar is that it contains exceedingly high levels of PAHs. These compounds are considered as likely to
cause cancer in humans, can cause a variety of birth defects and have been proven to cause tumors and other abnormalities in fish and other wildlife
subjected to PAHs in the water... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both of these officials echoed the beliefs of B & E Seal Coat Products. We have been manufacturing a line of environmentally safe sealants since 2011.
Our Safe Seal products are asphalt–emulsion sealants that provide extraordinary protection with none of the risks associated with coal–tar sealants or
"false flag" sealants that are advertising as eco–friendly while still containing exceedingly high levels of PAHs. In addition, we also sell many of the
tools and products needed for sealcoating, parking lot markings and asphalt repairs. You can submit our online form to request a free quote or call (616)

The Coal Industry Can Be Made More Sustainable
The coal industry can be made more sustainable through current technology advances and shifting consumers' demands from energy produced by
non–renewable sources to more sustainable renewable sources.
Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the world and has been a critical source of heat and energy for thousands of years. It powered the industrial
revolution in the 17th and 18th centuries and was the world's primary source of energy until the late 1960s. Coal continues to be a vital source of
energy today due to its low cost, accessibility, and abundance. Today, around 90% of the world's coal is used to generate electricity or as fuel for heat
or steam. Coal produces more than 40% of the world's electricity which equals the amount of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Coal is also used as the primary fuel in the steel industry. The coal is transformed into coke which is used to create pig iron which is the basis of
steel. Asia is Canada's largest coal trading partner and accounting for more than 75% of total exports. High–quality steel–making coal is used to meet
Asia's rapid infrastructure growth and to meet consumers demand for things such as vehicles and home appliances. Canada also exports coal to a
number of European countries, Mexico, Latin America, and the United States. Many of the coal exported comes from mines in British Columbia.
Coal is by far Canada's most abundant fossil fuel with 8.7 billion tons of coal–in–place, and about 6.6 billion tonnes that are recoverable coal reserves.
Under the current production rate, these recoverable resources will only last around 100 years. About half of Canada's coal production is metallurgical
coal and is exported. The other half is thermal coal which is used domestically for power generation.
Canada is a mid–sized coal producer and has 24 coal mines in total. There are 10 mines in British Columbia, 9 mines in Alberta, 3 mines in
Saskatchewan, and 2 mines in Nova Scotia. 11 of the mines produce coking coal and 9 of the mines produce thermal coal, 7 of which are exclusively
for domestic use. In 2012, Canada produced close to 67 million tonnes of coal. 31 million tonnes was metallurgical coal, used mainly

Fossil Fuels In America
Fossil fuels are a major source of energy in America and throughout the world. The three major fossil fuels are oil, natural gas, and coal. While
these three fossil fuels account for most of the energy used in most countries and they are able to provide energy for places around the world at a
cheap price, they also account for things like pollution and the climate changes. Each of the fossil fuels has a long process to be prepared for
consumer use that causes many environmental problems. The major draw to using fossil fuels is the money that they generate for the economy. Fossil
fuels have made people's lives easier and more dependent on technology.
Accounting for most of the world's source of energy is fossil fuels. These sources are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead of animals and plants under water, coal is made from plants that have died at the bottom of a swamp and have been pressed down by layers of
soil and dirt (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2014). These processes are similar because they both include pressure being the source of the
energy creation and the length of time being millions of years. The final nonrenewable source of energy is natural gas, which came about in a similar
manner to oil and coal. It took the same length of time for natural gas to be formed, which is why all three of these are considered nonrenewable
resources (Energy Explorer, 2004). Gas is formed from organic matter, such as plants, that were compressed by sand and dirt over millions of
years (Energy Explorer, 2004). Since these processes are not able to be repeated, there is a limited supply of these resources. The process for
removal of these resources differs, unlike the process of how they originated. They also come from various places, like in rocks and formations. Coal
is generally found in the Midwest, especially in Missouri and Illinois (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2014). Coal mining, although it seems simple in
principle, is actually a very complicated in–depth process that can cause serious injury and is disruptive to the environment. According to the Union of
Concerned Scientists (2014), a lot of the underground mining for coal occurs in the East. Due

Transportation In Nineteenth-Century England
Canals, roads, railways and shipping
Introduction
Before the Mechanical Upset, transportation in England was essential and straightforward (exceptionally fundamental). Streets were inadequately
assembled and kept up. Items (that are purchased and sold) were proceeded onward waterway freight ships however this was a moderate and costly
work out. The railroad arrange did not exist, restricted to wooden tracks and (vehicles with wheels/demonstrations of conveying things) pulled by
steeds. It took (more than two, however not a ton of) days to go between towns.Technological innovations of new things made in the texture and iron
organisations made creation of items (that are purchased and sold) quicker and less expensive. Progresses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This fantasy worked out as expected as of now on account of various building innovations and revelations. On top of these revelations was the
disclosure of steam power and the creation and advancement of the steam engine.Steam control initially grew gradually over a time of a few hundred
years, advancing through costly and genuinely restricted gadgets in the mid seventeenth century, until it came to really pragmatic applications toward
the start of the Modern Upset. The steam motor was a standout amongst the most vital advances of the Mechanical Upset. It was a straightforward
gadget that utilised bubbling water to make mechanical movement to be used in valuable work.The steam motor was utilised as a part of numerous
modern settings, particularly mining, where the main

Non Renewable Energy Sources
Connexions module: m16730
1
NON–RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
в€
—
University of California College Prep University of California
This work is produced by The Connexions Project and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License вЂ
Abstract
Sucient, reliable sources of energy are a necessity for industrialized nations. Energy is used for heating, cooking, transportation and manufacturing.
Energy can be generally classied as non–renewable and renewable.....
1 NON–RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Sucient, reliable sources of energy are a necessity for industrialized nations. Energy is used for heating, cooking, transportation and manufacturing.
Energy can be generally classied as non–renewable and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If consumption continues at the same rate, the current reserves will last for more than 200 years. The burning of coal results in signicant atmospheric
pollution. The sulfur contained in coal forms sulfur dioxide when burned. Harmful nitrogen oxides, heavy metals, and carbon dioxide are also released
into the air during coal burning. The harmful emissions can be reduced by installing scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators in the smokestacks of
power plants. The toxic ash remaining after coal burning is also an environmental concern and is usually disposed into landlls.
1.3 OIL Crude oil or liquid petroleum, is a fossil fuel that is rened into many dierent energy products (e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, heating oil).
Oil forms underground in rock such as shale, which is rich in

organic materials. After the oil forms, it migrates upward into porous reservoir rock such as sandstone or limestone, where it can become trapped
by an overlying impermeable cap rock. Wells are drilled into these oil reservoirs to remove the gas and oil. Over 70 percent of oil elds are found
near tectonic plate boundaries, because the conditions there are conducive to oil formation. Oil recovery can involve more than one stage. The
primary stage involves pumping oil from reservoirs under the normal reservoir pressure. About 25 percent of the oil in a reservoir can be removed
during this

Year 11 Chemistry Research Assignment
Chlorophyll clip_image002Outline the role of photosynthesis in transforming light energy to chemical energy (including raw materials needed for this
process) Photosynthesis occurs in all green plants and is the beginning of nearly all food chains therefore a source of life to all living organisms. It is
the process where plants transform light energy from the sun into chemical energy. By using light energy trapped by chlorophyll (light absorbing
pigment), plants combine carbon dioxide and water to form glucose and oxygen. As it absorbs energy from sunlight, this reaction is endothermic. Light
energy is converted into chemical energy which is stored as glucose. When this occurs, most of the glucose is converted into complex... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to its density, the oil tends to migrate upwards where it may seep out onto the earth's surface or become trapped beneath rock.
Natural Gas
Natural gas also comes from marine organisms which accumulate as organic sediment in oceans or inland seas. Over long periods of time, the organic
matter was covered by sediment and more sediment. The action of anaerobic bacteria, and the increasing temperature and pressure of being compacted
and great depths turned organic material into hydrocarbons. Describe the use of fractional distillation to separate the components of petroleum and
identify the uses of each fraction obtained. clip_image008Crude oil consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbon compound molecules. This means
that crude oil can be separated into many components by fractional distillation as these components have different boiling and condensation points.
This is achieved using a fractionating tower. Firstly, the crude oil is heated to about 400 degrees to produce a hot liquid that goes into the fractionating
tower. Inside there are horizontal trays each containing many bubble caps. As vapour rises, it forces up the bubble caps and bubbles through the
condensed liquid in the trays. The fractioning tower is designed so that the various fractions can be separated according to their boiling and
condensation points. The higher boiling point components tend

Persuasive Essay On Clean Coal
Coal is the dirtiest of all fossil fuels. When burned, it produces emissions that contribute to global warming, create acid rain and pollute water. With all
of the talk surrounding nuclear energy, hydropower and biofuels, you might be forgiven for thinking that grimy coal is finally on its way out. On the
other hand, coal is no sooty remnant of the Industrial Revolution – it generates half of the electricity in the United States and will likely continue to do
so as long as it's cheap and plentiful . Clean coal technology seeks to reduce harsh environmental effects by using multiple technologies to clean. Coal
is a fossil fuel composed primarily of carbons and hydrocarbons. Its ingredients help make plastics, tar and fertilizers. A coal derivative, a solidified
carbon called coke, melts iron ore and reduces it to create steel. But most coal – 92 percent of the U.S. supply – goes into power production .Electric
companies and businesses with power plants burn coal to make the steam that turns turbines and generates electricity. When coal burns, it releases
carbon dioxide and other emissions in flue gas, the billowing clouds you see pouring out of smoke stacks. Some clean coal technologies purify the
coal before it burns. One type of coal preparation, coal washing, removes unwanted minerals by mixing crushed coal with a liquid and allowing the
impurities to separate and settle. Other systems control the coal burn to minimize emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and

Why Is Today 's World So Polluted?
This Polluted World
8 billion people call this planet home today, and what have we done to it. We have made the planet grow for good and for bad. We have made
advances that have changed the world but the process to making these advances are not always good. The world has gone through some serious change
in the recent history of the planet. Burning of fossil fuels, unregulated methods of productions, and rapid industrialization of cities. India in the 1700's
was under control of the British Government and demand made them industrialize very rapidly with no regulations to control pollution. The same thing
is happening to China now with the need for resources which causes rise in population which means higher demand for resources, an endless circle.
But what causes these changes to happen and so rapidly. Why is today's world so polluted?
India while under the rule of the British Government was under high demand to industrialize and produce goods for England. During the 1700's
England was ramping up too. the production of goods, and creating factories from which caused a lot of air pollution and ground pollution in these
two countries. In history, a civilization can only expand if they have the resources necessary to grow. In the early 1926 an article was posted in the
London times about the availability of brown coal. A large amount of brown coal was found in England but the country already had a large supply of
coal from other sources so it did not affect them as much. Dr.

Environmental Load Of Coal Gas

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