Product Life Cycle Essays

Product Life Cycle Essays
2. Life Cycle Inventory: Introduction: Every new product or development made by man has an
impact on environment. Growing environmental concerns has made it necessary to quantitatively
study these factors. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one such tool devised for calculating the overall
environmental impact of a product or service. It includes defining aim and scope of assessment,
inventory analysis, impact assessment and deriving conclusions. Life cycle inventory (LCI) is a part
of LCA and involves direct collection of input output data from the system. Quantities like
material/resource consumed, energy utilised fall under inputs while energy and by–products
released are considered outputs. Life cycle impact analysis (LCIA) consists of ... Show more content
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hot cup 32 oz. cold cup 16 oz. hot cup 32 oz. cold cup 16 oz. hot cup 16 oz. hot cup 32 oz. cold cup
Process 3.85 (59 %) 6.92 (58%) 6.91 (87%) 10.9 (89%) 1.62 (93%) 8.53 (88%) 19.7 (89%)
Transport 0.089 (1%) 0.17 (1%) 0.23 (3%) 0.39 (3%) 0.13 (7%) 0.36 (4%) 0.70 (3%) Energy of
material resource 2.61 (40%) 4.83 (41%) 0.75 (10%) 1.02 (8%) 0.0003 (0%) 0.75 (8%) 1.83 (8%)
Energy Credit from 20% WTE 0.37 0.69 0.50 0.82 0.20 0.70 1.18 Total 6.18 11.2 7.39 11.5 1.55
8.94 21.0 Energy Source (Million Btu) Natural gas 2.95 (45%) 5.41 (45%) 1.98 (25%) 2.94 (24%)
0.25 (14%) 2.23 (23%) 3.52 (16%) Petroleum 2.28 (35%) 4.21 (35%) 0.55 (7%) 0.85 (7%) 0.17
(10%) 0.72 (8%) 2.98 (13%) Coal 0.89 (14%) 1.54 (13%) 1.29 (16%) 1.87 (15%) 0.51 (29%) 1.80
(19%) 3.37 (15%) Hydropower 0.054 (1%) 0.094 (1%) 0.066 (1%) 0.092 (1%) 0.014 (1%) 0.080
(1%) 0.17 (1%) Nuclear 0.34 (5%) 0.59 (5%) 0.41 (5%) 0.58 (5%) 0.086 (5%) 0.50 (5%) 1.03 (5%)
Wood 0 0 3.53 (45%) 5.94 (48%) 0.71 (40%) 4.24 (44%) 11.0 (50%) Other 0.046 (1%) 0.079 (1%)
0.056 (1%) 0.078 (1%) 0.012 (1%) 0.068 (1%) 0.14 (1%) total 6.55 11.9 7.89 12.3 1.75 9.64 22.2
Fig. 2. Energy consumed per cup. (FRANKLIN ASSOCIATES, LTD., March 2006) Fig. 3. Energy
consumption by category. (FRANKLIN ASSOCIATES, LTD., March 2006) Fig. 4. Energy
consumption by source. (FRANKLIN ASSOCIATES,
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Environmental Impact of Textile Production
D. Narasimha Reddy 1/11 Environmental Impact of Mechanised and Automated Textile Production
Introduction The contribution of mechanised and automated manufacturing to various
environmental impacts is enormous. Environmental impacts from manufacturing industries can be
seen such areas as toxic chemicals, waste, energy, and carbon emissions. Manufacturing in
developed countries is also a heavy user of water, and there have been many cases of air, water and
soil contamination which have led to such actions as cleanups, class actions suits and a variety of
other corporate liabilities. Environmental impact can be seen in all phases of textile production and
use, from growing or making fibres to discarding a product after its useful life ... Show more content
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Chemicals are also used during fabric formation as fabric processing agents and equipment cleaning
and maintenance chemicals. Fabric processing agents include sizing agents and performance
enhancing chemicals such as certain glycol ethers, ethylene glycol, and methanol. These chemicals
typically volatilize or are washed off during fabric formation. However, some may remain with the
fabric throughout the fabric formation process and into the wet processing and finishing operations.
Both fugitive and point source air emissions containing chemicals typically occur during the
slashing (sizing) operation or during fabric drying operations. This includes chemicals used as
sizing agents or performance enhancing chemicals. Dust air emissions may also be generated during
fabric formation. Effluents are generated from fabric cleaning and slashing operations; used oil,
lubricants, and other machine maintenance chemicals; and equipment cleaning operations. Solid
waste is also released from fabric formation. The primary source of solid waste is excess fabric
material and scraps that may contain chemicals not volatilized or removed during fabric formation
or chemicals brought on–site with the raw material (e.g., antimony oxide used as a fire resistant).
Dust containing chemicals is also generated during knitting or weaving operations, which when
collected by air pollution control devices or by floor sweepings is a

The Environmental Importance of Office Paper Recycling
Office Paper Recycling
I. Introduction
Environmental science is concerned with the global impact of human activity on the planet. Indeed,
at the dawn of this new century, close to 25 percent of the earth's usable water is contaminated. In
addition, during the last hundred years, we have increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, by burning fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum and in so doing we have increased
the amount of gases in the atmosphere. The result is that more heat is trapped in the system,
increasing the global temperature by 1° C (about 1.8° F).
Because the earth is a closed system, these issues are of major concern to environmentalists. As the
"Gaia Hypothesis" states it, we are sustained ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recycling at American University
Ten years ago the District of Columbia mandated recycling programs for schools and colleges, at
this time tough, only ten percent of American University's waste was recycled. However, the
American University started a more efficient recycling project in May 1999, as the contracted a new
company, the Consolidated Waste Industry (CWI), to recycle its waste.
Besides, A.U. buys its office paper to Boise Cascade Corporation, which is environmentally
conscious and sustains the forests. Paper is essentially made of wood, which is crushed into small
pieces, and mixed with water and chemicals
The Physical Plant at A.U. collects the trash, which is then picked up by CWI and brought to a
warehouse where it is dumped on the floor on a conveyor belt and separated. Most of the office
papers are already disposed in special bins at A.U. and usually they do not need to be separated from
the rest of the trash. Then, this company sells it to another company, First Fiber, in Pennsylvania,
which actually recycles it. According to Jan Lambert, the paper goes into a mill where the ink is
removed and the contaminants are taken off. Then, the rest of the recycling process involves
washing the paper with water in a blender, requiring 5,000 gallons per two tons of paper. The paper
is converted into pulp and laid on a web, where it is pressed and dried, to be cut into sheets again.
Unfortunately we were not told if the company

What Are The Advantages Of Mechanical Pulping
Mechanical pulping is typically used for softwood.One of the advantages of mechanical pulping is it
has a great yield around 95% from dry weight of input material,however it requires great energy,
because the resulted paper are opaque, weaker and easily to discoloration with the exposure to the
light.The mechanical pulps are more weaker than the chemical pulps, however it ia more cheaper to
produce (about 50% of the costs of chemical pulp). Moreover, they gives the yield with the ranging
of 85–95%24.
Many methods used in mechanical pulping, the earliest method is groundwood process. This
method is pressed length wise against a rough, revolving grinding stone. Another process, refiner
mechanical pulp (RMP) utilizes chips are shredded into fibers between large rotating disks of a
device called a refiner. The objective of refining are to increase contact area of cell wall through
increasing flexibility and the second to increase the total surface area of fiberavaiable for bonding
through fibrillitation the external surface
The basic RMP process has evolved to employ thermal and/or chemical presoftening of the chips,
which reduces energy use and modifies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The weaker paper or paperboard is one of the resulted damage from the fibers separated
mechanically. However, this process resulted the yield of paper per unit volume of wood is still
greater than that produced by chemical pulping, because since both lignin and cellulose fibers
remain intact. The Pulp yields from all of the mechanical pulping processes typically are near 90 to
95 percent recovery, which is a much higher yield per unit of wood than with the chemical pulping
methods because of the retention of lignin. However, paper made from mechanical pulp is
discoloured and becomes brittle with age because of its lignin content, which results in a shorter
useful life than paper made from chemical

Organic Cotton Essay
Organic Cotton:
Organic cotton is grown in subtropical countries such as India , America, Turkey, China, Egypt etc.
It is grown from non genetically modiefied plants which are grown on land that has been treated and
untouched for minimum three years of time to remove all the toxic residues in soil such as fertilizers
and pesticides.This fibre is soft and easy to care and is one of the most popular sustainable fabric
with no limits to its use. People should switch to this organic fabric because health and environment
should be the prime concerns for any reasonable human being.
Pros:
1) It is the most skin–friendly, soothing and harmless natural fibre.
2) It is a multipurpose fibre which can be used in about anything with no limits to its use.
3) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cons:
1) Price is the most popular factor that works against this organic fibre, it is costlier than any
conventional cotton fibre due to lesser production and expensive organic fertilizers, pesticides and
fungicides
2) The cultivation of organic cotton also requires more manual labour than any conventional cotton
cultivation.
3) Organic dyes do not provide mutliple shade of colours and tint and ths gives limited variety with
no hint of extra bright shades which might be problem in fashion industry.
Organic Wool:
Organic wool is extracted from sheeps bya process called rooing which is without hurting the
animal.It is an eco– friendly and sustainable fibre.The sheep are fed 100% organic food in the last
gestation period,also there is no pesticides or herbicides used in pastures, or animal. Injecting
hormonal medicines or genetic engineering is strictly prohibited.Organic bio–degradable cleaning
agents are used to clean the wool without any harmlful chemical in use, bleaching is avoided.

Enzymes in Industry
Enzymes in Industry
Enzymes are described as chemical a catalyst that is they speed up the rate of reaction.
Enzymes have enormous potential in the commercial world. They are cheap to use in industry and
they do not need high temperatures to work. They work at neutral PH and normal atmospheric
pressure. This reduces the costs of fuel in industry and are energy saving. Also, enzymes can be
reused. This means that they are needed in relatively small amounts in comparison with Inorganic
catalysts. Once a suitable enzyme has been found, it is made on a larger scale and purified before
use. Enzymes are specific in their action. They only react with one substrate to produce a specific
product. They ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Brewing: Beer brewing essentially involves the production of alcohol by the action of yeasts on
plant materials such as barley, maize, sorghum, hops and rice. The yeast cells are capable of
converting simple sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide. However, most of the sugar present in
plant materials is in the form of complex polysaccharides such as starch and cannot be readily
utilised. Traditionally these nutrients are "released" by the process of malting whereby barley is
allowed to partly germinate during which endogenous enzymes are released which degrade starch
and protein to simple sugars and amino acids which can be utilised by the yeast cells. The malting
process is a relatively expensive way of manufacturing enzymes and is not always easy to control.
Industrial enzymes such as amylases, glucanases and proteases can be added to unmalted barley
resulting in the same simple sugars and amino acids that malting would liberate but in a more
controlled fashion. Enzymes also play an important role as filtration improvers. Slow filtration of
the mash or final beer often results from the presence of viscous polysaccharides. Amyloglucosidase
can be used to break down sugars to produce low calorie beer.
Detergents: Enzymes have been used in the detergent industry since

Literature Review On Lipase
Literature review
2.1 Lipases
Lipase is the enzyme that also known as triacylglycerol acylhydrolase with EC number 3.1.1.3. It is
part of hydrolases family that act on carboxylic ester bond. It had been widely used as biocatalysts
in biological process. Most of the lipase was expressed from natural resources such as plant, animal
and microorganism. Lipases expressed from microorganism particularly interest due to easy
production, capability to adapt in industrial application (Wang et al., 2017), stability in organic
solvent, no cofactor required and broad substrate specification (Aravindan et al, 2006). The function
of the lipase is to breakdown the triacylglycerol into free fatty acid and glycerol. In addition, it also
involved in many synthesis reaction such as esterification, transesterification and aminolysis (Rivera
et al., 2017). Due to its ability to breakdown lipid and many biological reactions, lipase is
commercially used in large scale production.
In industrial scale production, microorganism such as bacteria and fungi was fully expressed the
lipase. The advantage of using bacteria producing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wide range of microbial lipases was applied including in dairy product such as milk, butter,
alcoholic beverages and sweet. In milk production, lipase is used in hydrolysis of fat milk by
modifying long fatty acid chain. In cheese production, lipase was used in ripening the cheese and
flavour development. Lipase also used in removing the fats from meat and fish to produce high
quality meat (Kazlauskas & Bornscheuer, 1998). The process known as bio–lipolysis is breaking
down the fats in meats product by addition of enzyme lipase. Other than that, lipase is also play a
major role in sausage manufacturing. Based on the table 1, there were some commercial lipase
produced and their application in food industry (Aravindran et al.,

Industrial Hemp Essay
In his essay, "Resources and Environmental Policy," Jan Narveson claims that,
"there are no global shortages of anything that we have to worry about." In this claim he
makes two basic assumptions about resources. The first assumption concerns infinite
substitutability; no matter what we need, we will always be able to find something else that will
work just as well or better. The second assumption concerns infinite technological advancement; we
will always be able to invent something that will either allow us to use a resource more efficiently
and extend its life span, or we will invent something that will allow us to exploit a new resource and
thus render the previously scarce resource obsolete. The major problem ... Show more content on
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The first issue I will address is how hemp production can greatly reduce our dependence on
petroleum. For example, hemp seed oil is easily converted to biodiesel. Biodiesel is an alternative
fuel that can be made from any fat or oil and can be used in any diesel engine with little or no
modification. Rudolph Diesel originally designed his engine to run on peanut oil. With a bounty of
raw materials, and cheap and easy backyard production, it was slated to be the "people's
fuel". But when Lucas and the Hamill brothers struck oil at Spindletop, Texas, in 1901,
ingenuity inevitably took a back seat to big business investment.
Initial research has shown that biodiesel, liter for liter, generates about 90 percent of the heat of
traditional fossil fuels, and the resulting air emissions are significantly lower in sulphur, carbon
monoxide, and hydrocarbons. Burning these fuels also does not contribute to global warming. Fossil
fuels increase the amount of carbon in the atmosphere because the carbon they release upon
combustion has been locked away for millennia. The carbon released by the combustion of biodiesel
first had to be removed from the atmosphere by the plant that produced the oils it was derived from.
Thus, no net gain occurs when said carbon is released. Biodiesel is also safer for people and the
environment since it is non–toxic and biodegradable. Oil spills will no longer be multi–million
dollar environmental catastrophes.

Marine Pollution
 (Source: Marine Ecosystem: EMCBTAP–ENVIS N Marine Pollution: Causes and Consequences
Pollution of the world's oceans is quickly becoming a major problem on Earth. We know very little
about the effect that pollution has on the oceans, but we continue to dispose off chemicals, sewage
and garbage into it at an unprecedented rate. Most people likely do not even know what types of
pollutants reach the oceans. There may be billions of people unconcerned about ocean pollution and
hence this problem. Truly, the fish catch from the sea will tend to bio concentrate the pollutants to
finally reach the humans. Toxic Ocean Pollutants Toxic pollutants in the ocean ecosystem have
massive impacts on the plants and animals. Heavy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Input of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus to the sea is a natural prerequisite for life, not an
environmental problem. It becomes a problem only when the input increases to such levels that the
original properties or functions of the ecosystem change. Then, it becomes too much of a good
thing. When this manifests in marine waters or a lake, it is referred to as eutrophication – a concept
covering a series of events in the aquatic environment. Input of too large amounts of nutrients,
followed by other events and effects is ominous and results in higher levels of nutrients in the water.
Physical, chemical and biological changes that follow tend to reflect in the fauna and flora, oxygen
conditions change and other changes in the water mass, in the sediments and on the surface of the
bottoms. Pollution of coastal waters: Kerala under microscope The coastal waters of the maritime
states are under the constant threat of pollution from a number of sources. The relatively long
shoreline of India (6000 Km) is no exception either. More so is the case of Kerala. Compared to the
rest of the union, profile of Kerala's coastal waters may be better; still a lot remains to be achieved.
The tropicality of the region and consequent intense rain fall in the hinterland, along with the
physiography has immensely contributed to the quality of coastal waters. The agrarian nature of
land

The Origin Of Cannabis Use Essay
The Origins of Cannabis
The oldest known written record on cannabis use comes from the Chinese Emperor Shen Nung in
2727 B.C. Ancient Greeks and Romans were also familiar with cannabis, while in the Middle East,
use spread throughout the Islamic empire to North Africa. In 1545 cannabis spread to the western
hemisphere where Spaniards imported it to Chile for its use as fiber. In North America cannabis, in
the form of hemp, was grown on many plantations for use in rope, clothing and paper.
It is important to distinguish between the two familiar subspecies of the cannabis plant, Warf said.
Cannabis sativa, known as marijuana, has psychoactive properties. The other plant is Cannabis
sativa L. (The L was included in the name in honor of the botanist Carl Linnaeus.) This subspecies
is known as hemp; it is a nonpsychoactive form of cannabis, and is used in manufacturing products
such as oil, cloth and fuel.
A second psychoactive species of the plant, Cannabis indica, was identified by the French naturalist
Jean–Baptiste Lamarck, and a third, uncommon one, Cannabis ruderalis, was named in 1924 by
Russian botanist D.E. Janischevisky.
Cannabis plants are believed to have evolved on the steppes of Central Asia, specifically in the
regions that are now Mongolia and southern Siberia, according to Warf. The history of cannabis use
goes back as far as 12,000 years, which places the plant among humanity 's oldest cultivated crops,
according to information in the book "Marihuana: The First

Economic Analysis of Indian Paper Industry
ON
Market Forces: Supply and Demand
Understanding trends, drivers, elasticity and revenues
(With example of ITC paperboard & specialty papers division)
BY
Indian Paper Industry Structure: * The Indian paper industry accounts for about 2% of the world
production of paper & paperboard; currently ranks 15th in the world. * Estimated turnover of
Rs. 25,000 crore approximately; contribution of about Rs. 2920 crore to the exchequer. * The
industry provides employment to more than 0.12 million people directly and 0.34 million people
indirectly. * Over 800 players are currently present in the industry and the total estimated capacity is
about 11.1 million Metric Tonnes. * Most mills in India are small; a few mills have ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, despite the higher level of technology being used in the corporate sector, there has been
no decline in the demand for paper. In fact, demand for paper has increased.
In the industrial segment, paper competes with substitutes such as polymers, wood and steel for use
in packaging applications. Given their lower prices and the increasing focus on appearance,
polymers pose a threat to paper in industrial applications.
Supply:
The total number of mills in the country as of 2010–11 was around 800. During the last four years
the capacity has increased by 7.3%. Given the increase in demand for paper, there have been
significant capacity additions in the past few years with total capacity reaching 11.1 million tonnes
in 2010–11. This increase in capacity has led to a decline in the operating rates to levels of 78–79%.
Pricing:
Paper prices in the W&P segment marginally increased for all varieties in 2010–11 as
compared to 2009–10. The prices of W & P paper rose by 5.6 per cent in 2010–11, due to the
steady demand, which grew by 6.8 per cent over the same period. Price of creamwove, maplitho and
art board increased by 2.1, 7.4 and 6.6 per cent, respectively in 2010–11. In the industrial paper
segment, paper prices saw a sharper rise in 2010–11 as compared to the writing and printing
segment. The average industrial paper prices have increased at 16 per cent while the demand for the
same has grown at 6.7 per cent. Both duplex board and kraft paper

Industrial Hemp Should be Legal Essay
Just the mention of the word Cannabis in today's society brings about all types of negative
connotations. This is understandable due to the major propaganda campaign that has been waged by
the U.S. government on the plant. Most citizens have no idea what a mature Cannabis plant looks
like, and close to none recognize the thousands of uses it has. This is paper will not discuss whether
drug–type Cannabis should be legalized for recreational or medicinal purposes, what it will discuss
is the many environmentally friendly products that can be made from non–psychoactive hemp. The
Columbia History of the World states that the first archaeological record of human industry is a
piece of hemp fabric. This is testament to the fact that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
One major issue with Industrial Hemp is its use for BioMass fuel. Believe it or not, but the energy
that Cannabis stores during its growth can be converted into fuel after harvest. Many plants can be
used to make BioMass fuel, yet Cannabis is the top candidate for its supply due to it's abundance of
cellulose and ease of harvesting it. BioMass fuel can be used for absolutely any form of energy, be it
fuel to power an engine (car) or to generate electricity. BioMass fuel burns cleaner than
petrochemical fuels. Paper made from hemp is superior to wood–pulp paper in every facet. First,
and most importantly, Cannabis is grown in a field and is planted and harvested in the same year.
Forests that are cut down for paper destroy natural habitat that take many years to grow. Wood–pulp
paper is bleached in a process that has many toxic byproducts. Cannabis paper requires no bleaching
due to its naturally creamy color. Hemp paper is stronger, lasts longer, and holds ink better than
wood–pulp paper. Hemp seed has been claimed as man's perfect food. It has a complete set of
essential fatty acids, along with high amounts of Omega–3 and Omega–6 oils that are extremely
healthy, yet hard to find in foods. It is 75% protein. It was used for ages in cooking due to its
exceptional nutritional value. Today, hemp foods are extremely expensive due its illegal status in

Natural and Synthetic Materials
Textiles are made up from natural or man–made fibres or a combination of both. "Fibres are thin,
hair–like structures" (Blair, n.d: online) that are categorized into two types: long filament fibres and
short staple fibres. Natural fibres are usually staple, whilst man–made fibres are filament, with the
exception of silk that comes from a natural source. These raw fibres are spun to produce a long,
continuous thread referred to as yarn, which is then used in a series of methods that include,
stitching, knitting and weaving in order to produce a fabric. The content, construction and finish of a
fabric can determine it's aesthetic and functional qualities. This essay will explore the classifications
and characteristics of fibres, yarns and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its desirability and expensive price has prompted cheaper man–made imitations. (Udale, 2008)
(IYNF, 2009)
"Man–made fibres account for 68% of fibres used worldwide" (CRFS, 2010: online). In the textile
industry, man–made fibres are categorized into two main types: cellulosic polymers and non–
cellulosic polymers. Cellulosic polymers are derived from the cellulose extracted from natural
sources, such as plants and trees. The cellulose is then chemically treated to produce fibres such as
rayon, acetate and triacetate. Non–cellulosic polymers are those that are produced synthetically from
different chemical compounds in order to produce fibres such as nylon, polyester and acrylic.
(Udale, 2008)
Often referred to as artificial silk because of its silk–like aesthetic, rayon was one of the first man–
made fabrics to be developed having been in production since 1885 (Udale, 2008). Constructed
from the cellulose of wood pulp, it was made to "simulate natural fibres as well as to provide
characteristics of its own" (Corbman, 1983: p.9). Like cotton, it is soft, comfortable and versatile; it
blends well with other fibres, and is often used for evening gowns as an alternative to silk because
of its good drape. It is also a highly absorbent material that can be dyed easily. The durability of
rayon is fairly low, it is easily damaged through abrasion and can shrink when washed, prompting
dry clean aftercare instructions. (Swicol, 2010).
Acetate is silk–like

Why Hemp Prduction Should Be Legal in the Us
Uses of Hemp and its Potential Contributions to the United States
Hemp is a crop that has been used for many things for many years. The fibers are used for things
such as clothes, construction materials, paper, carpet, oil, food, cosmetics, food, and many other
things. The hemp industry has been around for as long as ten thousand years. There was a piece of
hemp fabric found from around eight thousand BC showing its importance to many civilizations
throughout the years. Nowadays, hemp is an agricultural commodity in many nations. Canada is
known to be one of the largest hemp growers in the world and use it for a large number of
industries. Some countries export hemp products all around the world and use it as a vital part of
their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hemp on the other hand is never grown for smoking. The purpose of growing hemp is for the
multitude of uses of the stalk fibers.
When looking at hemp from an environmental standpoint, it is a very healthy crop for the earth.
From planting all the way to using its products, hemp is a very environmentally friendly plant. As it
grows, hemp fertilizes the soil through its complex and deep root systems as well as the top soil that
comes from the shedding of leaves. The soil, the water and the air are not polluted during the growth
of hemp. Pesticides are rarely used giving clean water runoff. This differs from crops like cotton
because when cotton is grown, the soil becomes nutrient deficient and the soil becomes less
desirable. There have been farmers who claim hemp has steadily been grown in the same locations
every year for nearly one hundred years.
Many people are concerned about the use of trees for paper. Hemp would be a great alternative to
this issue as well because the amount of pulp a farmer can get from hemp over a season is much
more than timber. Trees take many years to grow and hemp is replenished in a matter of months.
The process of turning hemp into paper uses much less contamination in the pressing and bleaching
processes. Other interesting facts about hemp paper are described in Hemp: The New, Old Fiber
Makes a Comeback for Clothes, Fabrics and Home Furnishings. "Hemp fiber paper resists
decomposition and does

Case Study
Accounting 3411 Case Study #1:
Forest Hill Paper Company
By Thomas L. Albright
Forest Hill Paper Company (FHPC) is a closely–held paperboard manufacturer that has been
struggling with a number of strategic issues facing a capital–intensive, mature industry. Their
product costing system was inadequate to provide management with relevant information for
decision making. Therefore, the board of directors has approved your consulting company's
proposal to conduct a cost system pilot study. Besides showing an analysis of FHPC's product cost,
your report to the board of directors is to include strategic recommendations based on your findings.
INSTRUCTOR NOTE: I recommend viewing the following video before reading the rest of the
case ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After debarking, chippers reduce the logs into one–inch cubes.
The second step in the process is termed "digesting". Wood chips are cooked at 325 degrees
Fahrenheit to break down the glue–like material bonding the wood fibers. Chemicals used in the
digester are reclaimed and used in future pulp production. Following the digesting process, only
brown fibers remain which are washed and screened.
A bleaching process is used to convert brown pulp into white pulp.
The paperboard manufacturing process begins by mixing pulp with water and chemicals in the first
stage, or headbox, of a paper machine. The mixture is applied to a porous wire mesh; and formation
of paper actually occurs within this step. The wire mesh travels through a press that forces the pulp
mixture against the wire to eliminate water within the mixture and to form the desired paper
thickness. The material then proceeds to a drying section where it travels across numerous
cylindrical dryers that are heated with steam. In the final section of the paper machine, long sections
of paperboard are rolled up into parent rolls and are removed from the machine. The parent roll is
further processed by FHPC 's customers to make various types of paperboard containers.
Sometimes customers require additional processes to be performed on parent rolls. For example,
food

Non Wood Materials
This chapter contains literature and studies regarding the effectiveness of a non–wood plant as an
alternative main material for paper production. While the first use of paper started as early as trace
back to the beginning of the first millennium, paper still plays a significant role in modern everyday
lives (American Forest and Paper Association, 2013). By far, paper industry is the largest consumer
of natural fibers (El Omari, Zyane, Belfkira, Taourirte, & Brouillette, 2016). However, shortage of
the original raw material, which is woods, has been increasing drastically. This huge demand created
a number of strategies on how to address the problem (Madakadze, Masamvu, Radiotis, & Smith,
2010). Aside from changing the consumption ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are lesser layers before reaching the cellulose in non–wood fibers so it would be easier to
process it (Villamagna, 2009).
The study of Aremu, Rafiu, and Adedeji (2015) explained that cellulose is the part that makes the
fiber of a non–wood plants stronger and these are important parameters in determining the
capability of a material for pulp and paper production.The amount of cellulose fibers will still be the
same, maintaining the same sturdiness, only that non–wood plants will save a lot more energy as it
uses less refining energy than its counterpart (Subramanian, 2008). Lastly, bleaching is the process
of removing the color from the material. As Subramanian (2008) added, this is also an advantage for
non–wood users as bleaching non–wood fibers to a high brightness, requires only a shorter period of
time and less corrosive chemicals than wood fibers. These advantages would help the production to
be more efficient and cost effective for the paper production.
The quality of fiber produced from this material depends on the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose
and holocellulose (Kinsella, 2008). A higher content of cellulose can give stronger fibers that will
lead to the increase in the quality of the paper produced (Aremu, Rafiu & Adedeji, 2015). Since all
plant materials have cellulose in form of fibers, they are potential sources for pulp with

Life Cycle Check
Product Life Cycle Check A Guide© Translation Henrik Wenzel and Nina Caspersen, Institute for
Product Development, Anders Schmidt, dk–TEKNIK Special edition adapted for course 42372,
Tech.University of Denmark by dr. Michael Hauschild, September 2000. © IPU. First draft can only
be used outside IPU with special permission. –do not copy– Preface This Guide has been written
in connection with the project with the Danish title Stimulering af mindre virksomheders interesse
for arbejdet med renere produkter (Stimulating small companies' incentive for producing
environmentally cleaner products) sponsored by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. The
project was managed by TIC (Technological Information Centres). The Guide can be ... Show more
However, all companies agree that there is a need to simplify the work with LCA, and the Danish
Environmental Protection Agency has initiated activities concerning simplification of LCA to meet
this need. One of the initiatives was the work and project behind this Guide on how to do a quick
Life Cycle Check of a product or service. Aim of the Life Cycle Check The aim of the Life Cycle
Check (LCC) is to illustrate the life cycle thinking and to give the company a tool to perform a
preliminary LCA. The Life Cycle Check shall be an "eye opener" which can guide the planning and
optimising of the further work of assessing environmental impacts from the company's products.
Moreover, the LCC shall provide a short–cut to the discipline of LCA to any newcomer, and a
short–cut to performing an LCA to any LCA practitioner by serving as the initial screening thus
allowing for focusing the work and saving a lot of time. 5 Aim of the Guide The aim of this Guide
is to support and guide the work of performing a Life Cycle Check, and it is especially targeted
towards SMEs. The Guide also serves as educational material for introductory courses on LCA. The
user of the Guide must have a technical or chemical background or knowledge corresponding to an
engineer or equal education. Some knowledge of environmental issues is recommendable, but
detailed knowledge on LCA or environmental

Business Strategy And Managing Changing Environmental...
Business Strategy and Environment
Article: – Business Strategy and Firm Reorganization: Role of Changing Environmental Standards,
Sustainable Business Initiatives and Global Market Conditions
Index
Sr. No. Description Annexure Page No.
1. Introduction "A" 02 – 03
2. Key Points "B" 03 – 06
3. Marketing & Sustainability "C" 07
4. Conclusion "D" 08
5. References
Introduction:
Business Strategy and Firm Reorganization in Terms of Environment Sustainability
Effective Business strategy is a key to success for any business organization, in this era of
Globalization and fastest communication ICT modes, while Business are getting faster and excess of
production with latest tools and techniques, the very same time issue of sustainability and
Environment is a growing concern. The early 1990 saw a worldwide economic slowdown, from
1980 is to 1990s price reduction and falling profits were the problems faced by paper and pulp
industry.
Therefore, in order to counter the problems that were being faced; Management of USA and
Scandinavia European countries with slightly difference of Methods and Technology and Research
and Development, found and implemented various methods in terms of Market trends, Cost–
effectiveness, Environment and Sustainability concerns, Supply chain Management and
Reorganization/decision making.
Although, the environment impact of Paper and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of PLA
Despite several advantages ,PLA has some drawbacks as well, which limits its use in certain
applications3. PLA has poor toughness (very brittle material with less than 10% elongation at
break), slow degradation rate (low crystallinity), hydrophobicity (hydrophobic with a static contact
angle of approximately 80°), lack of reactive side chain groups and poor barrier properties (to
moisture and air)3. Moreover, the poor melt strength restricts the applicability of specific processing
techniques such as film blowing etc.
Several attempts have been made to improve the properties of PLA. Researchers have approached
surface modifications to enhance the mechanical properties, especially toughness, processability,
degradation behaviour and crystallization11. By the use of surface modification techniques different
reactive groups such as –COOH, –OH, and –NH2 can be introduced on the surface of PLA.
Grafting technique was utilized by Spinella et al.12, to improve the mechanical and barrier
properties of the nanocomposites. PLLA based nanocomposites with PMMA modified CNCs
showed higher storage modulus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thereafter, numerous investigations have been carried out in this area. In the homogenization, the
suspension of cellulose fibre is pumped at high pressure and passed through a thin slit, where it is
subjected to high shear forces. This combination of forces results in a high degree of fibrillation of
the cellulose fibres. The high–pressure homogenization process is depicted in Figure 6. Advantages
of high–pressure homogenization lies in easy scale–up and continuous operation. Despite these
advantages, it has drawback as well, viz. clogging of the homogenizer due to larger fibers and the
high number of passes needed to obtain

Essay on Industrial Hemp for the Future
Industrial Hemp is an ancient crop, which has a multitude of diverse uses. The earliest uses of Hemp
can be traced back to the Sumerians and probably even earlier in man's unrecorded history.
Industrial Hemp is not Marijuana though the two plants are of the same family and have passing
resemblance to one another. Industrial Hemp's myriad uses are being rediscovered and at the
forefront of research in diverse fields. I will be attempting to dispel some of the myth, and providing
history and proven uses of this amazing plant.
The scientific name for industrial hemp is Cannabis sativa; which, is one of the strains of marijuana
(Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis). The major difference in the different
strains is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even our flags were from cannabis fibers. Best of all they come pesticide free! 75–90% of all paper
in the world was made with cannabis hemp fiber including paper for books, Bibles, maps, paper
money, stocks & bonds, newspaper, etc. Hemp paper lasted 50 to 100 times longer." (DigitalHemp)
Herodotus reported that the inhabitants of Thrace made clothes from hemp fibers. It is related that
Hiero [3rd century, BC], tyrant of Syracuse, had hemp brought from Rhodanus in order to equip a
ship. Pausanias [2nd century BC] mentions that hemp and other textile plants were cultivated in
Elide; and Pliny the Elder [Ad 23–79], relates that the sails and cordage of the Roman galleys were
made of hemp. In the thirteenth century, garments of hemp were in common use throughout
Southern Europe. (Andrews 14)
William Randolph Hearst began a smear campaign against hemp in the 1920s and 1930s. Through
the use of 'yellow journalism' Hearst manufactured a new threat to America in a campaign to have
hemp outlawed. "For example, a story of a car accident in which a "marijuana cigarette" was found
would dominate the headlines for weeks, while alcohol–related car accidents (which outnumbered
marijuana–connected accidents by more than 10,000 to 1) made only the back pages." (Herer Chap
4) "From 1910 to 1920, Hearst's newspapers would claim that the majority of incidents in which
blacks were said to have raped white women, could be traced directly to cocaine. This continued for
10 years until

Hemp to Save Our Trees
BY: Lillian Richard
Hemp to Save Our Trees
Worldwide we are seeing a devastation of our forests due to paper production. Consumption of
wood products has risen 64% since 1961. Globally, pulp for paper, has risen from 40% in 1998, to
an expected 60% over the next 50 years. The industry expects that demand to double by 2050. The
U.S. consumes 200,000,000 tons of wood products annually, increasing by 4% every year. U.S.
paper producers consume 1 billion trees each year (735 pounds of paper for every American). U.S.
at 5% of world population consumes 30% of world's paper. Only 5% of virgin forests remain in the
U.S.
The pulp and paper industry is the 3rd largest industrial polluter – 220 million pounds of toxic
pollution into air and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, these claims went unchallenged and Congress outlawed hemp in 1937. Millions of
Americans still believe the lies spread about hemp.
Hemp fiber and hurds should be used to make paper in the U.S. to reduce deforestation, reduce
toxins in our waterways, and aid family farms. Hemp products are nontoxic, biodegradable and
renewable. No tree or plant species on the planet has the commercial, economic, and environmental
potential of hemp. With over 50,000 non–smoking products which can be produced from hemp why
not start by saving our trees!
Lillian Richard
SCI 204 Q
D00772586
Hemp to Save Our Trees Footnotes 1. Walker, David W., Ph.D., "Can Hemp Save Our Planet?",
Citing St. Angelo A.J., E.J Conkereton, J.M. Dechary, and A.m> Altschul, 1966, Biochimica et
Biphysica Acta, vol. 121 pp. 181; St. Angelo, A., L.Y. Yatsu and A.M. Altschul 1968, Archives of
Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 124, pp. 199–205; Stockwell, D.M., J.M. Dechary, and A.M.
Altschul, 1964, Biochimica Biophysica Acta, Vol. 82 pp. 221. 2. Morroson, R.t., Organic Chemistry,
1960; Kimber, Gray, Stackpole, Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology 1943. 3. World Hunger
Project, Save the Children, EST. Forum. 4. Frazier, Jack, The Marijuana Farmers, Solar Age Press,
New Orleans,

Solar Renewable Energy System
In brewing industry, 80% of overall final energy consumption is used in the form of thermal energy
where solar thermal can be used for brewing processes as below: steam generation, malting process,
stopping germination of grains, air cooling, conservation with hot air, power supplying of washing
machines, wither and kiln processes. Malting plants and breweries consume heat for their thermally
driven processes at temperature level ranges between 25°C to 120°C. It seems feasible to supply
heat at this temperature level which is not higher than the actual amount required but in reality the it
is often decided by the consumer which needs the highest temperature. The integration of solar
renewable energy system is necessary to reduce the exergy losses and CO2 emissions [17,21,24,25].
To utilize the organic matter from brewing residues, optimized heat recovery can supply its thermal
energy demand over resources. Theoretically, the full energy potential is not utilized so the pathway
is the conventional means of energy. However, the conversion of heat from energy gained from
renewable energy resources can ensure environment friendly beer production process for future. To
increase the overall energy efficiency, the integration of solar heat energy gained from solar thermal
collector technologies can be considered as a prospective alternative to fulfill the demands of typical
low temperature process heat.
9.3. Food Industry:
The most

Legalization Of Marijuana On A Federal Level
Legalization of marijuana on a federal level may benefit society more than cause it harm. When
people hear the word marijuana, cannabis, hemp, etc. they tend to compare it to dangerous hardcore
drugs. In all reality, unlike these other hardcore drugs, marijuana has many advantages that could
possibly outweigh its negatives. For example, federally legalizing marijuana could stimulate growth
within an economy by allowing the government the opportunity to reduce expenses on prohibition,
create jobs and collect sales tax revenue, create a healthier more organic agriculture through hemp
industrialization, and offer a more natural remedy to alleviate medical symptoms.
Marijuana prohibition was supposed to make it more troublesome for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
are less than that of marijuana. From 1991–2000, arrests for marijuana violations have doubled
while arrest for more illicit drugs, such as heroine, have fell to about thirty–three percent. (National
Organization for the Reform of Marijuana, 2003) Violations of marijuana is said to be the fifth most
commonly violated law in the United States. In 2006, FBI databases showed that more than 80% of
the 700,000 plus arrested were charged with possession of marijuana; costing taxpayers close to
forty billion dollars in criminal justice costs, as well as tax revenue loss. (National Organization for
the Reform of Marijuana, 2007) Repercussions of a marijuana arrest alone are significant by itself.
Some penalties may include, but are not limited to probation and mandatory drug testing, loss of
driving privileges, loss of federal college aid, asset forfeiture, revocation of professional licenses,
loss of certain welfare benefits such as food stamps and removal from public housing, loss of child
custody, etc. (Armentano, 2005) Regardless of whether marijuana offenders serve time in prison or
not, there is a large portion of generally honest– integral individuals whose lives are unnecessarily
decimated over a non–violent charge.
Harvard economist Jeffery Miron (2005) claims that even though legalization of marijuana will
mean a loss of revenue from court fines and asset forfeitures, "legalization will reduce the need for
prosecutorial,

Falcata
Paraserianthes falcataria – Southeast Asia's Growth Champion By whatever common or scientific
names it is known, Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen is a valuable multipurpose tree for the
humid tropics. One of the fastest growing of all tree species, it is used for pulp and other wood
products, fuelwood, ornamental plantings and shade for coffee, tea and cattle. Potential uses for
which it is being tested include alley farming and intercropping in forest plantations. BOTANY:
"Falcataria" belongs to the Leguminosae (subfamily: Mimosoideae). It is most widely known by its
former name,Albizia falcataria but it also has been called A. moluccana and A. falcata. "Falcate'
means "curved like a sickle," referring to its leaflets. Leaves ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
USES: Falcataria is perhaps best known as a pulp crop (NAS 1979, Hu 1987). Other wood uses
include fiber and particle board, packing cases, boxes, matches, chop sticks and light furniture.
Wood is difficult to saw and not strong or durable. Its thin crown provides partial shade to coffee,
tea, and cacao. It also is used as a windbreak for bananas. Trials in Hawaii have indicated its
usefulness as an intercrop with eucalyptus, especially in wetter areas. After four years, eucalyptus
grown with falcataria in a 50:50 mixture at a spacing of 2 x 2 m were 58% taller and 55% larger in
DBH than in pure eucalyptus stands (Schubert 1985). In other trials with 34 and 50% falcataria,
total biomass was equal to or better than that of pure stands (Schubert et al 1988). Falcataria also
shows potential in alley farming. In a trial on acid soils (pH 4.2) in Indonesia, trees were managed
in hedges 4 m apart and produced 2– 3 dry tons of green leaf manure/ha/yr. Application of falcataria
green leaf manure doubled upland rice yields and more than quadrupled cowpea yields as compared
to control plots (Evensen et al 1987). In 1988, however, concerns surfaced about the longevity of
falcataria in alley cropping systems (Evensen, pers. comm.). Falcataria also is grown as an
ornamental, although it seldom lives more than 50 years (APCF 1987) and its brittle branches can
be a problem in windy areas. Raharjo and Cheeke (1985)

Chlorine Bleaching Research Paper
e world changed, my first grandson Giovanni was born. It was truly an inspiring moment. Suddenly,
I imagined, leaving Giovanni's generation with a clean, water–rich planet, beautiful blue skies,
multiple species, and forests. Were he can stand surrounded by gorgeous scenery, a soft cool breeze
of clean air blowing by him, and hear the rivers calming movements. As you might already know,
State and Federal legislation, has placed numerous bands, on plastic bags at retail and grocery
stores. As a result, we will add huge amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Thus, Paper bags
are worse for the environment, then plastic bags. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency acknowledges that plastic bags depend on less energy to manufacture, ... Show more
Additionally, because many citizens do not understand how plastic bags are made, used, how
landfills work, I had no clue, that in a dry landfill, paper bags don't degrade any faster than plastic
bags, because we don't understand how things are recycled. According to Monstrous, banning
plastic bags will only create hardship for consumers not only making it inconvenient for the
customer, but also in the long run will cause more environmental damage. (32) There has been so
much misleading information in our media culture world. But, all in all, using plastic bags impacts
the environment much less than using paper ones. (32) As one partial solution to our environmental
problems, could be to make recycling resources mandatory, both paper and plastic, in addition, why
not add cardboard, and glass. Once established, the government agencies would ultimately be
responsible for developing regulations, enforce, and reviewing the overall success through ethical
sound research. At which time, adjustments could be made to improve the overall process. Secondly,
the money collected at the stores from individuals, who still use plastic bags, could be used to
implement this new process and higher cleanup crews picking up trash and recyclables. This could
become one of the activities of the Peace Corps, Ecology Youth Corps, job corps, nonviolent
inmates, and summer jobs for our youth, especially

Ikea at a Glance
The Never Ending Job
Sustainability Report
09
IKEAAT * A GLANCE
* fINANCIAL yEAR 2009 (1 September 2008 to 31 August 2009)
SALES PER REGION
THE IKEA GROUP opened 15 new stores last year and in August 2009 had 267 stores, which
welcomed a total of 590 million visitors during the year. A further 34 stores are owned and run by
franchisees outside the IKEA Group. For an up–to–date list of all IKEA Group stores, please visit:
www.ikea.com
■ Asia and Australia 5% ■ North America 15% ■ Europe 80%
PURCHASING PER REGION
■ North America 3% ■ Asia 30% ■ Europe 67%
IKEA GROUP STORES
Russia
12
Europe North America
TOP 5 SALES COUNTRIES Germany USA France UK Italy ... AND TOP 5 PURCHASING
COUNTRIES China Poland ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And by offering the right products at the right prices we will help our customers live a more
sustainable life at home. IKEA has an important role to play in terms of taking responsibility for
people and the environment. This is why sustainability is one of four cornerstones in the new Group
strategy "Growing IKEA – together". We have a strong foundation to build on – it is in our culture
to twist and turn established truths to find a new angle, a new idea, and to have the courage to try to

do things differently. IKEA is obsessed with making more from less, and we hate to waste resources
of any kind. This will continue to be our compass in years to come, and we will stimulate new
thinking and innovation in our sustainability work. Innovation is needed to build sustainable
solutions into the IKEA range and to tackle some of the global challenges society faces. We need to
identify and use more resource efficient materials and develop better solutions for reusing and
recycling IKEA products once our customers no longer want them. I believe IKEA together with our
customers, co–workers, suppliers and the rest of society can make a big difference. The 50 million
low–energy bulbs purchased at IKEA in the past three years represent energy savings equivalent to
the output of four and a half nuclear plants, and substantial reductions of carbon dioxide emissions.
This gives just a hint of the potential that lies in the word "together"!

Global Warming: Why It's the Government's Job to Halt a...
Introduction
Over the years, there has been concern over the fats shifting weather pattern occasioned by the
global warming. Extreme and erratic weather conditions have been experienced in almost every part
of the world. This essay will review the literature that is available on the definition of Global
warming, the causes of global warming, effects of global warming on the community and nations,
what the government is doing to stop global warming, as well as what Non–Governmental
Organizations or Non–State Organizations are doing to stop global warming and finally what should
be done to stop global warming.
The essay will also review the impact of global warming and community of Nations on tourism and
how the changing weather patterns ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This them technically means that people cannot access such areas and consequently cutting them off
for tourists as well.
Crop failure; this is yet another very harmful effect of global warming, whereby global warming
leads to poor farm yields since the rains disappear due to deforestation. Global warming also
damages the ecosystem, hinders economic development and leads to poor sanitation. The failure of
flora will generally mean even the animals, the main source of tourism attraction, will be either
wiped out, greatly compromised or migrate. This will leave the affected areas without their
originally rich fauna hence driving the tourists away to other areas.
Role of state and non–states actors
The Indian NGO Equations released a call for action on climate change biodiversity and tourism on
the occasion of the International Biodiversity Day on 22nd may 2007 where it called on the tourism
industry to come up with an a response to climate change. The equation also demanded climate
justice by phasing out unsustainable growth strategies.
The World Trade Organization made an important step to address the complex relation between
climate change and tourism by convening the 1st international conference on climate change and
tourism in Tunisia in 2003. This conference raised awareness of the inter–relationship between
tourism and climate change where people were asked to take good care of the environment.
Governments are encouraging their citizen to preserve

Total Environmental Assessment for Pulp and Paper Industry...
Total Environmental Assessment for Pulp and Paper Industry in the Philippines
Emil Adrian V. Fernandez
M.S. Industrial Engineering Student
Industrial Engineering Department, De La Salle University – Manila fernandeze@dlsu.edu.ph
ABSTRACT
Among current environmental issues, pollution is of major importance in terms of the impact on
people's health and their living and working conditions regardless of the origin or source of
pollutants. The indiscriminate discharge of untreated wastewater, improper disposal of solid waste
and air pollution pose great risks to public health and cause significant welfare losses. The
Philippine Pulp and Paper Industry though played a major role in the economic recovery program is
one of the major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most common sources of pulp include mixed tropical hardwood and various planted tree
species such as falcate, eucalyptus, gmelina, acacia and pinus. The most common pulp produced is
kraft pulp (DBP, 1999). In the Philippines, kraft pulp is exclusively produced by PICOP. Kraft pulp
is either bleached or unbleached. Bleached kraft pulp (BKP) is mainly used in newsprint, printing
writing, and tissue paper manufacture. While Unbleached kraft pulp (UKP) is used for linerboard,
sack paper, wrapping papers and board (DBP, 1999). 1.2.1.2 Secondary Fiber Secondary fiber is
produced by repulping waste paper, It is the most dominant source of fiber in the country. Usually,
secondary fiber is combined at a predetermined ratio with virgin pulp to regulate the quality of
finished paper. The reason thy secondary fiber is still the most popular in usage is its lower price
compared to virgin fiber. Processing of secondary fiber also generates less pollution compared to the
other sources of pulp (DBP, 1999). 1.2.1.3 Non–wood Pulp The only type of non–wood pulp now
being produced in the Philippines is abaca pulp. There used to be two producers of pulp from
bagasse, the Central Azucarera de Bais and United Pulp and Paper Corporation but have stopped
production because of the negative environmental impacts

ISSN 1940–204X
Thomas L. Albright University of Alabama
IntroductIon
Forest Hill Paper Company (FHPC) is a small, closely–held paperboard manufacturer that produces
a broad line of paperboard in large reels, termed parent rolls. These parent rolls are sold to
converters who further process them into containers used for a diverse line of consumer products,
such as packaging for microwavable meals. The owners of FHPC have long pursued the strategy of
producing a full range of products. As a small company competing against large companies in a
commodity market, management believes Forest Hill must offer a full range of both products and
services. Thus, Forest Hill's strategy is to create a niche based on ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Chemicals used in the digestor are reclaimed and reused in future pulp production. Following the
digesting process, the naturally brown fibers are washed and screened. A bleaching process converts
brown pulp into white pulp. The paperboard manufacturing process begins by mixing pulp with
water and chemicals in the first stage, or headbox, of a paper machine. The mixture is applied to a
porous wire mesh; formation of paper actually occurs within this step. The wire mesh travels
through a press that forces the pulp mixture against the wire to eliminate water within the mixture
and to form the desired paper thickness. The material then proceeds to a drying section where it
travels across numerous cylindrical dryers that are heated with steam. In the final section of the
paper machine, long sections of paperboard (approximately five miles long and weighing ten tons)
are rolled up into parent rolls and are removed from the machine. The parent roll is further
processed by FHPC's customers to make various types of paperboard containers. Sometimes
customers require additional processing on parent rolls. For example, food processors often require
widths of 18 inches, rather than the standard width of a reel (approximately 12 feet). Thus, reels are
loaded onto a rewinder slitter to produce eight reels 18 inches wide from one 12–foot–wide reel. For
convenience, Forest Hill had always combined labor and machine costs of the rewinder slitter with

Essay about Make the World a Better Place to Live by...
We don't have to be a genius to be aware of global environmental mess we created over the years.
The easiest thing we can do for our planet is recycling. Recycling is the process of turning used
products–from household use, manufacturing and many others– into something profitable and
advantageous and thereby reducing their negative effects on the environment to make the world a
better place to live.
We should all be living in a clean world and that is why a large part of the society recycles.
Recycling has been around for thousands of years, actually everyone practice some kind of it even
though the idea of recycling was introduced in 1970's during the environmental movement. As many
studies have shown, recycling a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Making new products from non recycled materials causes natural resources to deplete. (Castro et al
2009). Most of the recyclable items we use everyday are made from plastic, paper, glass or
aluminum.
While manufacturing papers we use wood pulp from trees, producing plastic requires the use of oil
as well as natural gas. We can say that making products from recycled materials means using fewer
natural resources, that means less trees will be cut and not as much oil will be used to produce
plastic. Research shows that 4% of U.S annual oil consumption goes into the manufacture of plastic,
but recycling can make a significant impact on oil use.
For example in 1997, the U.S recycled 13 million cars which conserved 32.5 billion pounds of ore.
Americans recycled about 33% of total municipal solid waste which is equivalent to saving almost
225 million barrels of oil (U.S EPA,2009).
Reducing pollution is another benefit in addition to conserving natural resources.
Every day, people produce millions of trash that are disposed in landfills which can cause water, air
and land pollution. By recycling, we can lessen the waste materials that are placed into landfills and
make the most out of these materials. If we don't recycle, more and more garbage will go to landfills
until they all get filled up. If that happens, where will the

Hemp Essay
Throughout American history our country has come to rely on many different natural resources.
With technology and the population increasing, the number of fossil fuel reserves and natural forests
are going down. What America needs is a renewable source of fuels and fibers that will meet the
growing needs of the future, but will not damage our environment. One of the most promising
sources of fiber, fuel, and natural oil is hemp. Hemp, also known as Cannabis Sativa L, has been
used in our country since the early 17th century (Schreiber 160). Although hemp is considered an
illegal drug, many people forget that it is a part of our country's history. Despite its negative
connotations, hemp has the potential to revolutionize the paper, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Under the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, there was no chemical distinction made between the two
substances. Because of this, hemp eventually became illegal when marijuana did. (Williams 4).
While industrial hemp has been used for centuries to make rope, clothing, and other materials, it has
never been used for smoking due to its lack of THC. Cannabis was used first in about 8000 BC for
cloth and textiles, and by 2700 BC it was incorporated into most cultures for fabric, cordage, food
and medicine. From 1000 BC to 1883 AD hemp was considered the world largest agricultural crop
(Schreiber 159). Hemp didn't just have its roots in other cultures either; it has been used in America
for a very long time. The first recorded hemp plot in North America was planted in 1606 by a
French botanist named Louis Hebert (Jenkins 1). From the early 1600's to 1859 hempseed oil was
the most used lamp oil in the world. In early America, most colonies enacted "must
grow" laws that made it illegal for farmers not to grow hemp. The first U.S. flag was sewn
with hemp fabric in 1777 (Schreiber 161). Famous people such as Thomas Jefferson, and George
Washington were avid hemp farmers. George Washington was once quoted saying, "Make the
most of the Indian hemp seed and sow it everywhere." Back then, hemp was recognized as a
versatile crop, yet today, with other countries allowing the production of hemp, the U.S. still
considers this

Case Study: Cenibra
Cenibra is one of the world's biggest producers of bleached short–fiber eucalyptus pulp.
The credibility associated with its brand stems from the quality of the pulp it produces and the
excellence of its forestry and industrial processes. Founded in 1973 and located on the banks of
Doce River in the municipality of Belo Oriente, eastern Minas Gerais state, Cenibra is one of the
largest producers of bleached short–fiber eucalyptus pulp in the world.
Several safety, occupational health, and quality regulations and standards are complied with on a
daily basis, so that everything goes smoothly, without any material damages or personal injuries,
while respecting the environment.
Welcome to CENIBRA!
In order to preserve your physical integrity during your stay in the company, you should get familiar
and comply with a few items of our occupational health and safety regulations. ... Show more
You will be given an identity badge, which must be kept visible at the height of your chest
throughout your stay in the company.
Access to the industrial area is allowed only if you are wearing the required Personal Protective
Equipment, the so–called PPE. The following basic PPE items are required to enter any part of the
industrial area: men's or women's closed low–heel shoes, hearing protection, helmet, and safety
goggles.
Every Wednesday at ten o'clock, an emergency alarm test is carried out in the chemical plant area
for 01 minute. If the alarm sounds on any other day or remains on for more than one minute, follow
the instructions given by the employee that is hosting you.
Use the escape respirator that has been provided to you. This PPE must be used as follows: remove
the seal, remove the respirator from the enclosure, insert the mouthpiece, and apply the nose

Summary: The Benefits Of Hemp
Hemp
Some may read the title of this section and think to themselves "is he going to talk about a drug?"
No, here is my disclaimer, hemp/industrial hemp as it is sometimes called, is cannabis, but is not
marijuana. It does not contain any psychoactive properties so therefore it is not a "drug" which is a
common misconception or lie people believe to be true. THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) levels in hemp
are too low to have any effect whatsoever and are in such low quantities that it cannot be detected
by any screening. A person cannot get high by smoking hemp. There is however great potential for
this plant though.
During my senior year of high school we had to do a project in Economics class in which we had to
create our own business. I was very excited to do this project because I had just learned of the vast
uses of the hemp plant. So I was very enthusiastic to incorporate this in my business project. I felt
like this was a great chance and opportunity to open up my friends minds and somewhat teach more
than just what I had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I said, "I feel confident that our product will be hard to compete with, but our major competition
would be car companies and gas companies." The goals and objectives for my business was to make
hemp the most dominate crop in America again. (What most people don't know is that hemp was
grown in America when it was first started. The first draft of the Declaration of Independence was
written on hemp paper. Hemp was also used as a commodity to be exchanged for goods and
services.) Continuing on with the goals, the second one was to create the highest quality products on
the market. I wanted to show the great potential of hemp so for my final goal/objective was to
expand my company into multiple sectors where each one would specialize in the making of a
specific product. I went on showing a list of products each sector would be

Speech: Harms of Disposable Diapers Essay
Speech: Harms of Disposable Diapers
Title: The Harms of Disposable Diapers
General Purpose: To Persuade
Specific Purpose: To discourage the audience from using disposable diapers.
Pattern of organization: Refutative
I Introduction
A) Survey says children. Would rather use disposable diapers. Nothing wrong with disposable.
B) Well, in reality there are negative effects from using disposable diaper that can affect the
environment and the health of you and your children. C) Do best for family D) Educate on the
impact that producing, using, and disposing II Body
A) Production impact
1) Environmental and health concerns right to doorstep. Chop down four or five trees to make 500
kg of fluffy wood pulp baby will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2) (Jane McConnell, 1998, "The Joy of Cloth Diapers") Disposable diapers subjects your babies
skin to a chemical by–product of the paper bleaching process known as Dioxin. Trace quantities
may exist in the diapers themselves and the chemical has been known to cause birth defects, liver
damage, and skin diseases.
3) Babies exposed to questionable chemicals. Sodium polyacrylate (Jane McConnell, 1998, "The
Joy of Cloth Diapers) this is what makes "superabsorbent" diapers so absorbent. This material
absorbs up to 100 times its weight in water. (Candace Brecevic, 2000, "Disposing of Disposables")
Studies show that when this chemical becomes wet it is even more absorbent and pulls moisture
from baby's body. Sodium polyacrylate is the same substance that was removed from tampons in
1985 because of its link to toxic shock syndrome. No studies have been done on the long–term
effects of this chemical being in contact with a baby's reproductive organs 24 hours a day for
upwards of two years.
4) Feel dry when wet. Less frequent changing. Longer exposure to bacteria from urine, which can
cause diaper rash or other bacterial infections. Plastic does not breath to let out the ammonia formed
in the bacterial breakdown of urine.
5) With all the chemicals (2000, "Disposable Diapers Linked to Asthma") A Study published in the
October, 1999 issue of the Archives of Environmental Health found that laboratory mice exposed to
various brands of

The Use Of Xylans And Xylanases Has Grown Remarkably
In recent years, the biotechnological use of xylans and xylanases has grown remarkably (Aristidou
and Pentillä 2000; Subramaniyan and Prema 2002; Beg et al., 2001; Techapun et al., 2003). The
end–products of xylan degradation of considerable importance in commercial applications are
furfural and xylitol (Parajó et al., 1998). Xylan can be converted to β–D–xylopyranosyl and its
oligosaccharides via two types of hydrolysis: acid or enzymatic. Acid hydrolysis is often preferred
because it is faster, but it is accompanied by the formation of toxic compounds that may hinder
subsequent microbial fermentation. Furthermore, in the long run, it can lead to corrosion of the
metallic equipment that comes in contact with the acid. Recently, some industrial companies have
shown interest in the development of efficient enzymatic processes to be used instead of acid
hydrolysis in the treatment of material containing hemicellulose. Commercial xylanases are
industrially produced, for example, in Japan, Finland, Germany, Republic of Ireland, Denmark,
Canada and the USA. The microorganisms used to obtain these enzymes are Aspergillus niger,
Trichoderma sp. and Humicola insolens. Nevertheless, commercial xylanases can also be obtained
from bacteria. Xylanase began to be used in the 1980s: initially in the preparation of animal feed
and later in the food, textile and paper industries. Currently, xylanase and cellulase, together with
pectinases, account for 20% of the world enzyme market.
1.10.1

Essay On Pollution In Textile Mill
Research
Pollution
Most processes performed in textile mills produce atmospheric emissions. Gaseous emissions have
been identified as the second greatest pollution problem (after effluent quality) for the textile
industry. Speculation concerning the amounts and types of air pollutants emitted from textile
operations has been widespread but, generally, air emission data for textile manufacturing
operations are not readily available. Air pollution is the most difficult type of pollution to sample,
test, and quantify in an audit.
Air emissions can be classified according to the nature of their sources:
Point sources:
Boilers
Ovens
Storage tanks
Diffusive:
Solvent–based
Wastewater treatment
Warehouses
Spills
Textile mills usually generate nitrogen and sulphur oxides from boilers. Other significant sources of
air emissions in textile operations include resin finishing and drying operations, printing, dyeing,
fabric preparation, and wastewater treatment plants. Hydrocarbons are emitted from drying ovens
and from mineral oils in high–temperature drying/curing. These processes can emit formaldehyde,
acids, softeners, and other volatile compounds.
Residues from fibre preparation sometimes emit pollutants during heat setting processes. Carriers
and solvents may be emitted during dyeing operations depending on the types of dyeing processes
used and from wastewater treatment plant operations. Carriers used in batch dyeing of disperse dyes
may lead to

Why Hemp Should Be Legalized Throughout The U.s.
Industrial hemp should be legalized throughout the U.S. because it would greatly benefit everyone,
it is not harmful in any way, it cannot get people high, and it is healthy for the environment.
Although some people believe hemp is dangerous or the same thing as marijuana, it is actually a
healthy thing, it can be used for many things, and it is nothing like marijuana (ethos). Some people
believe hemp and marijuana are very much alike, however, they are far from a like. Yes, they are in
the same family, cannabis, but the only similarity they have is their looks. Yes they look alike but,
marijuana is shorter and bushier while hemp is generally taller. Hemp is a plant. There isn't anyone
or anything on Earth that could turn hemp in to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My step dad had a pair of hemp jeans in high school. They lasted him over 10 years, until he got too
big to fit them anymore. He gave them to a friend who still wears those pants made of hemp. Cotton
is much more difficult to grow than hemp because cotton is addicted to chemical elixirs. It requires
a lot of artificial fertilizers, insecticides, and herbicides for it to be able to grow well. When cotton is
ripe, the leaves have to be knocked off with defoliants before the bolls can be harvested. Hemp is by
far a much better alternative to grow. It does not require any herbicides and it actually cleanses the
land instead of depleting it of nutrients. Making paper from hemp is far more economical and
environmentally friendly than making paper from trees. Wood–based paper pulp is brown from the
cooking process thus requiring it to be bleached which releases toxins into the environment. Hemp
paper is naturally bright with no bleaching necessary. The nation could reduce unsustainable logging
if American farmers were allowed to grow hemp which produces twice as much fiber per acre as an
average forest. Hemp is a clean, renewable option that can replace virtually all products made with
non–renewable hydrocarbons like oil and coal (Williams).
Hemp can be cultivated for fiber or oilseed. It has many uses. It can be used to make thousands of
products, from clothing to auto parts. From 1999 to 2013, 17 states legalized it in some way. Some
states enacted

Chapter 5 8 Essay
Chapter 5 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. How did the described volcanoes in Iceland and the
Philippines change the environment to lesser or greater extents? 2. Name and describe the attributes
of the two categories into which all organisms can be divided based on how they obtain nutrition.
All organisms can be divided into autothrops, which produce their own food, and heterothrops,
which need to get their food from somewhere else. 3. Name and describe the roles of the three main
trophic categories that make up the biotic structure of every ecosystem. Give examples of organisms
from each category. The main trophic categories are producers (plants), consumers (animals), and
decomposers (fungi). 4. Give four categories of consumers in an ecosystem and ... Show more
15. Succinctly describe ecosystem management. Ecosystem management takes an integrated view
of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, integrates ecological concepts at a variety of spatial scales,
incorporates the perspectives of landscape ecology so that the range of possible landscapes in an
ecosystem is recognized and preserved, and is an evolving paradigm incorporating the objective of
ecological sustainability. 16. Can ecosystems be restored? What has to happen for that to work?
Ecosystems can be restored by retaining and restoring the ecological sustainability of watersheds,
forests, and rangelands for present and future generations. 17. How much of Earth's primary
productivity is used or preempted by humans? Humans preempt bout 40% of the primary
productivity of the biosphere either by consuming it directly, by interfering with its production or
use, or by altering the species composition or physical processes. 18. Examine the key messages
from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment's governing board, and evaluate how these points
affect you now and will affect you and your children in the future. The message of the Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment's Governing Board is that human impacts on this resilient natural world are
so unprecedented and extensive that we crossed the line into unsustainable consumption some time
ago and are now depleting ecosystem capital stock instead of living off its sustainable goods and
services. Chapter 6 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Define

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