Essay Filesharing

Essay Filesharing
Filesharing is the act of sharing files over the internet with another person. This can be done directly
between two computers or by two computers connecting to a mediating server. These files can be
anything: music, videos, books, blueprints, or other documents, many different types of software
and programs including video games. Filesharing is also incredibly easy. Free software like
bittorrent makes it simple for anyone to fileshare. With the simplicity of filesharing and the huge
amount of information available for download it is easy to see how filesharing can be used illegally.
Many files that are available via P2P (peer to peer) networking are copyrighted material. For
example a person buys a new CD, puts it on his computer, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
That is why I believe that there are better ways of dealing with Illegal filesharing then is currently
used.
While I had a lot of personal experience with filesharing I still needed additional information on my
topic to back up my own experiences and opinions. I knew I needed more information on current
copyright laws and to learn more I went online to the copyright website where I found the penalties
for copyright infringement. While most cases of infringement aren't criminally prosecuted,
infringers are still subject to huge fines. The fines are even larger (up to $150,000) if the infringer is
shown to have knowingly and willfully infringed the copyrighted material, especially if he or she
committed copyright infringement for profit. Uploaders carry a higher risk of being found guilty of
willful infringement because they knew what they were doing.
I also went to the library to find print sources about online pirating and I found plenty if
information. Perhaps the most useful article I found was an article written by Lawrence Lessig, A
Stanford professor and author of "Free Culture". In his article Lessig pointed out that the battle
against online piracy is hopeless the way it is currently being fought. He noted that prosecuting
these so–called "pirates" has not led to an increase of profits for the artists nor a decrease in the
amount if illegal filesharing.(2) Lessig also wrote about a
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Analysis Of Bittorrent, A Nightmare For Copyright...
BitTorrent, a nightmare for copyright enforcement agencies Using BitTorrent has become a popular
and effective way of downloading files over the internet. BitTorrent is a peer–to–peer file sharing
(P2P) internet protocol that allows files to be distributed via an internet connection. The use of
BitTorrent itself is a perfectly legal and legitimate process of downloading certain files. For
example, if someone wanted to obtain a large free to use file like a Linux distribution, BitTorrent
provides a fast and effective means to download the file legally. Another legal use of BitTorrent
would be companies like Blizzard who use custom BitTorrent clients to distribute and update their
games to avoid overloading their servers. The main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A swarm is a group of computers that all have the desired torrent file available for downloading.
Computers enter the swarm by accessing a torrent file (file extension is generally .torrent) via a
torrent client such as BitTorrent, uTorrent, Vuze, Transmission, or many others. Trackers are located
inside torrent files that keep track of connected computers. The tracker communicates with the other
computers in the swarm and shares their corresponding IP addresses with everyone in the swarm so
the computers can connect to one another. The tracker does not handle any of the data being
transmitted, it merely provides a medium for the computers to keep track of which computers are in
the swarm. In other words, when an individual wants to download a file, first they download a
torrent file and access it via a client that contains a tracker allowing them to download the file from
not one but many people at one time. The actual file being transferred is not transferred as one large
file, but is broken down into many "pieces" when it is downloaded. After a computer has
downloaded a piece of the file, they are then able to upload that piece to others in the swarm. Thus,
computers in the swarm are downloading and uploading to and from each other simultaneously.
Once the computer has all the pieces of the file, the client then assembles the pieces so the file is
operable. BitTorrent clients can also utilize

Comcast Packet Forgery
Comcast Packet Forgery case in 2007 explains how network neutrality received public visibility. In
May 2007, Comcast installed a new software/tool on its networks which conveniently and
selectively interfered with some of Comcast customers TCP/IP connections. A Comcast subscriber –
Robb Topolski ran a tool called a packet sniffer which was used to "seed" files on BitTorrent and
discovered that unexpected TCP RST packets were causing inbound connections to his computer to
die. Based on his observations, he speculated that Comcast may have been responsible for this
interference. Computers use TCP as a standard protocol to exchange information on the Internet.
When a computer receives TCP packets which it believes it should not have received or when it
thinks it has closed a connection but keeps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In many cases, the surge of forged RST packets will cause software to fail in its attempts to do
something a user asks of it. For instance, a BitTorrent client elsewhere on the Internet may fail in
downloading a rare document that is available as a BitTorrent seed from a Comcast user. In the case
of a typical Gnutella node, RST forgery will destroy the node's ability to discover and establish
proper communications with other parts of the Gnutella network. Gnutella connections are generally
started in either direction: Comcast user connects outwards, or other Gnutella nodes connect
inwards. In both of these examples, Comcast's packet forgery prevents the transfer of data rather
than delaying it. Hence, the characterization of Comcast's packet forgery as "delaying" certain traffic
is only true under special conditions, and is definitely not true in general. According to the white
paper two conditions that maybe considered

Exploring Piracy within Systems Essay
Executive Summary:
In this research document, we explore piracy within systems. As informatics students we find that it
is essential to understand all aspects of systems and the role they play in aiding the transfer of
illegal, copywrite, intellectual property of others.
With extensive research into file sharing, we have discovered that that peer–to–peer file exchange is
one of the most common enabler of the exchange of illegal data. Peer–to peer file exchange occur
both physically through the use of USB drives and CD's as well as over the internet, through the use
of e–mails, shared files and torrents.
We then took a look at existing piracy threats focusing mainly on torrents and laws implemented to
help discontinue notorious piracy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Piracy as a System
Thanks to technological advancements file sharing over the Internet has become a very popular and
easy thing amongst Internet users. Different system protocols, such as BitTorrent enable quick, easy
and secure file sharing of large files. Abuse of these revolutionary systems result in the illegal
sharing of music, books, movies and software.
Problem Statement
Problem Statement:
Torrenting is a useful tool to gain access to large amounts of information. It grants the user an
opportunity to download media files with ease and accuracy. Due to its simplistic user interface, the
general public makes use of this software, which in return causes a problem for media and
production companies. Production companies lose millions of dollars each year due to their
copyright information being distributed between peers. Torrenting is both a problem and an
opportunity depending on the audience. Peers to other peers can consider Torrenting the distribution
of information. This is an act of copyright violation depending on the information being distributed.
Due to the nature of our degree, it is only appropriate to choose a topic that corresponds with our
interests and knowledge. As informatics students the technical aspects of torrenting is very
interesting as we learn to build systems such as these. Torrenting is an innovative and revolutionary
technique to distribute large amounts of information.

Free Blue Pelican Java Answer Book Essay
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Should You Be Able to Download Music? Essay
Downloading music from the internet, especially illegally, is one of the leading topics in the world
today, mainly here in America. Almost every home in this country has a computer, and some, more
than others, making it even easier to have access to the internet. Because of this, people seem to stay
at home more and do everything from the computer like shopping for clothes, looking for a new car,
or what most people are doing today, downloading music and/or other media. This topic becomes
more serious every single day. Everyone who uses this method of getting music or other types of
media, don't realize what they are doing and what's at risk. People see an easy way of doing
something for free and they are ready and willing to do it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Some downloading companies are now setting up security programs that allow them to track all
uploading and downloading that goes through their servers. If they suspect any fowl play or misuse
of any of the files, they do have the ability to track the computer down that the file was downloaded
on and the person who downloaded the file will be caught. Also, another risk that can come with
downloading a file illegally is the ability to catch a virus on the computer. Viruses can be placed on
the computer via one of these downloads, and the user of the computer would never know it's there.
Viruses can give the person who created them the ability to steal personal information such as
banking information, email information, passwords to everything, pictures, house address, name,
and in the end, terminate the computer the virus was downloaded on. These kinds of things are just
the beginning to what illegal downloading can do and what kind of effects can be caused by this.
Downloading music is a great and sage way to get it faster than driving to a store and buying a cd
full of a lot of songs that may never be listened to, when all that was being wanted was one song
from that particular track. Just know where the safe sites are and where the bad ones are. Why risk
having personal information taken or being caught and arrested or even put thousands or more
people out of work? All that needs to be done to prevent this from happening is put a price on
downloads and give

Speech On Fitness Watch
Fitness Watches
Your fitness is that significant thing of your personality, which other people notice at a first glance.
So, each and every person just longs for a handsome fitness. However, it is not an easy task to
maintain your fitness. The best way to lose your weight and start living a healthier life–style is
walking. Not only that a regular walking will provide you with several health benefits. But
everybody cannot maintain it regularly besides their day to day activities. That's why we are here to
introduce you with a wonderful and efficacious solution that is to use a fitness watch only. These
trackers will help you to achieve your desired fitness. Just follow us and you will get to know how
surprisingly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It contains a uninterrupted heart–rate monitor along with GPS. In addition, you will get your
notifications from your smart phone through it. You can also control music from your phone through
it as it will provide you with a Bluetooth connection. Moreover, you can keep track of time
according to your sweet will by simply customizing the watch.
Jawbone Up Move
The Jawbone Up Move offers all the necessary features you require in a fitness tracker. This modern
device has almost an invisible LED display. It perfectly monitors steps, calories and sleep. It as well
connects to the new Smart Coach feature in the Up app, learns from your movement and behavior,
and provides recommendation on how to be improved each day. You'll love to wear this petite sensor
all the time like your colorful clips and wristbands. Moreover, it costs only a small amount of $50.
Fitbit Charge HR
The Fitbit Charge HR is absolutely appropriate for those who are looking for a fitness tracker of all–
purpose. This device is able to measure your steps, calories, sleep as well as your heart rate all day
and all night. It is designed with comfortable strap and another benefit of it is that its small OLED
display will show you who's calling you. If you are looking for an all–purpose activity tracker to get
on an easy price the Fitbit Charge HR offers the best combination of features and price for you as it
costs only

Should Net Neutrality Be Repeal
Should net neutrality be repeal? Many people don't know or care about net neutrality, but the reality
is that it's actually a big deal than you think. net neutrality first became a thing in the 1990s, but
became noticeable in the 2003. The reason why net neutrality became something is because there
were inequality connection speed between the provider and the consumer. Now in 2018, net
neutrality will officially end in April, 23, 2018 if there are not enough votes. The definition of net
neutrality is when a consumer can go through any website without facing any restriction from the
provider.
In the year 2003, is the year when the term net neutrality was created by a law professor Tim Wu,
which became an something very important because it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The FCC Just Repealed Net Neutrality Protections. Here's How It Will Impact You.." HuffPost, 22
Nov. 2017, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/how–net–neutrality–could–affect–
you_us_5a15e086e4b04cdf4de5ed1b. Accessed 7 Mar. 2018
Mcmillan, Brad. "How Will The Repeal Of The Net Neutrality Rules Affect You?." Forbes, 18 Dec.
2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/bradmcmillan/2017/12/18/how–will–the–repeal–of–the–net–
neutrality–rules–affect–you/. Accessed 7 Mar. 2018.
La Corte, Rachel / Ap. "Washington Becomes First State to Approve Net Neutrality." Time,
http://time.com/5187117/washington–net–neutrality–rules/. Accessed 28 Mar. 2018.
Lee, Timothy B.. "What is network neutrality?." Vox, 11 Apr. 2014,
https://www.vox.com/cards/network–neutrality/whats–network–neutrality. Accessed 22 Mar. 2018.
Simon, Felix. "Most People Don't Care About Net Neutrality – Felix Simon – Medium." Medium,
10 Dec. 2017, https://medium.com/@FelixSimon/why–no–one–seems–to–care–about–net–
neutrality–b4b7fb9f85a8. Accessed 18 Apr. 2018.
Sutori. "The History of Net Neutrality in the U.S. ." Sutori, 11 Feb. 2015,
https://www.sutori.com/story/the–history–of–net–neutrality–in–the–u–s. Accessed 18 Apr. 2018.
Twitter. "Comcast User on Twitter." Twitter,
https://twitter.com/A_Comcast_User/status/693056317284618240. Accessed 18 Apr.

Downloading Things Illegally
Illegal downloading is an act of obtaining copyrighted music without proper payment or consent
from an owner. This is a crime and consequences may vary depending on the degree of this matter.
Commonly, video and film are illegally downloaded, resulting in many antagonistic responses from
the recording industry. This topic sparked a controversy among the recording companies for
negligent laws to be turned upside down. The peer–to–peer network is highly responsible for this
matter in which individuals share music through the linkage of computers via the internet. Many
cases had been handled in court, and one of the outcomes affected drastically in the life of a twelve
year old girl, who was fined a great sum. These cases help to unleash a message towards the public:
when caught, one will be dealt according to the law. In the music industry, the control of sheet music
is of the utmost importance. Technologies were mainly the problem to bring music into society. In
1902, disc–based phonographic cylinders replaced the Edison Records. Later on, in the 1930s,
electronic microphones surged the market, making it possible for recording studios to do its job
which would have been impossible to do before. One technique that developed from electronic
recording was overdubbing. Overdubbing was first used by the Victor Talking Machine Company in
which a recorded part was played over another to enhance the quality of the music. With the
advantages of these technologies,

Anthill: A Framework for the Design and Analysis of...
Anthill: a Framework for the Design and Analysis of Peer–to–Peer Systems The Montresor (2000)
paper outlines a new approach which is christened Anthill, for designing P2P applications based on
comparisons to ant colonies. It continues with proposing a framework to support the development
and study of new protocols based on a P2P approach. The paper considers how there are common
issues such as security and routing that are applicable to P2P projects however conventional
algorithm techniques to resolve these issues are deemed inappropriate. Therefore Anthill is proposed
as a framework to support researchers in the design and the analysis of new P2P algorithms. The
Anthill project builds upon the similarities between P2P systems and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When multiple people are downloading the same file at the same time using BitTorrent, they upload
pieces of the file to each other. This redistributes the cost of upload to downloaders, thus making
hosting a file with a potentially unlimited number of downloaders affordable. The paper goes on at
length to explain BitTorrent works and particular looks at economic methods to achieve successful
and fair downloads. Cohen discusses how researchers have previously attempted to find practical
and fair techniques to do this. One strategy for fairness of effort is to ensure each peer's download
rate is proportional to their upload rat. However there can be issues with incomplete downloads
because some clients cease downloading once they have downloaded the file. A discussion of the
technical aspects of BitTorrent and issues followed, this includes discussing algorithms and
strategies, to resolve certain problems, for example for when peers disallow downloading from
them, which is known as choking. BitTorrent's has choking algorithms which attempt to achieve
pareto efficiency, which is local optimization algorithm in which pairs of counterparties see if they
can improve their lot together. Cohen concludes that BitTorrent is now widely deployed but the
article covered many issues with the fairness of the download effort and incomplete downloads and
went on to detail several solutions and algorithms that

Examples Of Act Utilitarianism
Illegally downloading music from the Internet is a significant moral dilemma because while no
physical harm is being done to anyone, the artists who create the songs are not being compensated
for their work. Pirating music can constitute as stealing because the music that is being illegally
downloaded is not being paid for. While pirating raises a moral concern, many people still download
music illegally every day without justifying their actions. In this paper, I will attempt to use act
utilitarianism to explain why illegally downloading music is a moral act, while rule utilitarianism
says it is not a moral act. Utilitarianism can be used to justify pirating music because the act of
pirating music can ultimately lead to a greater good for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The income of these mainstream artists is more dependent on the number of sold out concerts and
amount of merchandise sold than number of songs sold on iTunes. A person is more likely to buy
concert tickets and merchandise if they listen and grow to like the music that an artist plays. Many
people do not find paying $15 for an album is worth the money, when they can get it for free
somewhere online. On the other hand, people will spend about $150 to attend a live concert of their
favorite band. A utilitarian would say that because a person downloaded the music illegally, they
grow fonder of a musician, and are more likely to go to a live concert and spend excess money on a
ticket and merchandise. This act would be considered moral because the listener is happier because
of the newly discovered music, and the musician is happier because he is making more money off of
a person attending a concert for $150, thus creating a greater good for all.
An act utilitarian would agree with the general utilitarian argument that pirating is a moral act that
leads to more happiness for the listener and musician. A rule utilitarian would say that the act is
immoral because there is a copyright law on the music, and it is illegal to download music that is not
paid for. A rule utilitarian would argue that doing anything against

Advanced Activity: File Sharing
Simran Singh
DLDMD 5th hour
Advanced Activity
File sharing allows users to use software that connects into a network to search for shared files from
other users. You are allowed to download any of the content that is on the file sharing account. Peer
to peer, P2P, is sharing that allows you to access files such as books, music, movies, and games. Bit
torrent is a peer–to–peer file transfer protocol for sharing large amounts of data over the Internet. All
of these resources are surprisingly not illegal and can be used by anyone.
Bit torrent transfers data between each other without the need for a central server. P2P disburses
application architecture that divides tasks or work–loads between others. File sharing is when you
simply share a file without going through a server. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, P2P allows sharing of movies, books, music, etc. This is breaking copyright laws.
Copyright laws state that buying music, books, movies, etc. is illegal. You could go to jail for
breaking copyright laws.
Bit torrent breaks copyright laws because it allows you to share excessive amounts of information. If
you use this information and don't put it in your own words you are plagiarizing. Plagiarisism is
illegal. Although it is illegal it does not have any civil or criminal offenses.
File sharing is not illegal. But, if you are sharing copyrighted information it is illegal. Sharing and
downloading any computer software is an example of an illegal way to use file sharing. TV shows,
songs, movies, etc. is also an illegal way to use file sharing.
In conclusion, although P2P, file sharing, and bit torrent are legal they can be used illegally. Using
copyrighted TV shows, songs, etc. without paying for it is illegal and you could get severe

Recording Industry Association Of America
A lot of us love music and in this day and age it can be hard to come by, especially if you don't have
anyway to buy online. The sound of music can affect all of us and our emotions. When we want to
be in a good mood we'd probably listen to an annoying and catchy tune through our headphones. We
shouldn't have to be in trouble for giving ourselves joy. Today, I'm going to try and persuade you
why illegally downloading music isn't wrong. While I'm trying to persuade you some terms may
cause confusion allow me to define and point out these terms: RIAA: Recording Industry
Association of America. MPAAC: Motion Picture Association of America. DRM: An orderly access
for copyright protection in online media. Besonic, Free Music Archive, Jamendo, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Do I have permission from the creator or owner to have this song in my possession. If you answered
yes to either of these questions the download is not illegal. Not having permission form the owner or
being the owner yourself makes the material off–limits ("How to Tell Whether You are
Downloading Illegally").
If you want to download safely try: researching for legal downloads, and asking the original owner
for permission ("How to Tell Whether You are Downloading Illegally"). The web provides these
valid sites that can download music safely ("7. Pros and Cons of Downloading and Streaming"). As
you know the download is only illegal if the content is copyrighted. However, it's okay to use some
apps without having the law come knocking on your door. For instance, if you're guilty of using
apps like Spotify, you've been given a license to listen to it not the permission to own it (Price).
Some applications used are giving you legal content you just have to know how to see that. Try
doing your research with these sites or apps. If it has permission from the original creator or they're
the creator themselves the song was never illegally in your hands to begin with. If your wanting to
operate a music downloader that is a big no from the law, unless you have the requirements to do so
(Sanchiez).
You could be thinking that the device is affected by this downloading from sketchy sites and apps.
Well, if you don't know what you're doing it can

A Brief Note On Peer And Peer ( P2p )
Peer–to–peer (P2P) networking is a network of computers that have the capability of being either a
client or a server. Furthermore, P2P is the use of your own personal computer for the purpose of
more than just basic client only tasks. Peers on a network are able to share resources, storage space,
and processing power directly available to others hosts on the network without the need of a
centralized communications model like the client/server model. Each user of the network is both a
supplier and a consumer of the resources provided on the network. Because peers are not connected
to a central server it removes the risk of losing data through a central server crash.
One of the most widely known forms of Peer to Peer networking is simply instant messaging. This
is P2P in its simplest form. AOL, Facebook, MSN, are all examples of software that uses Peer to
Peer networking in order to allow users to message one another in real time. The goal of P2P is to
make things faster and safer, so it makes sense that many companies have moved to implementing
instant messaging as a standard of communication.
Another use of Peer to Peer networking is for illegal purposes. Many of us have heard of the widely
famous software Napster. It was originally known as the pioneer behind peer to peer file sharing.
Napster was commonly used for the purpose free music downloading. Users from all around would
come and upload free music, but the problem with this was copyright infringement. Many

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We invite you to create an account with us if you like, or shop as a guest. Either way, your shopping
cart will be active until you leave the store. All Tutorials will be E–mailed immediately after the
Payment, Please Check your inbox or Spam Folder and can also be downloaded by clicking on
Tutorial Bucket. For Any Other Inquiry Feel Free to Contact us: studentsoffortunes@gmail.com For
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All Tutorials will be E–mailed immediately after the Payment, Please Check your inbox or Spam
Folder and can also be downloaded by clicking on Tutorial Bucket. For Any Other Inquiry Feel Free
to Contact us: studentsoffortunes@gmail.com For More Tutorials Visit: (
http://www.studentsoffortunes.com/ ) (Product Description) PSYCH 625 Week 2 Individual
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Should Downloading Be Broken Up? Essay
Traditional downloading is a very simple process: one goes online, finds the file that they desire,
and directly downloads the entirety of the file directly to their computer. This process is not only
time consuming, it also cannot be broken up, as doing so will cancel the entire process. This way of
downloading however can be done alone and without the assistance of anyone beyond the person
that uploaded the initial file. Peer to peer file–sharing is a networked way to download a much larger
file by downloading it one piece at a time. Users both download and upload pieces of a much larger
file at the same time, sharing their pieces with other people who are downloading the file while
acquiring new pieces. This process is guided by a very small file called a torrent that permits this
transfer to take place by acting similar to a radio frequency. Downloading and running this torrent
file will allow you to participate in the information exchange this allows the file transfer to be much
faster, seeing as multiple incoming sources exist simultaneously as outgoing sources, but it also
allows a user to stop and resume a download at will. The majority of uses for this technology are for
illegal downloading, though other companies and products have made use of the speed and clarity
offered by peer to peer file sharing. In a moment of irony, Steam, the largest online retailer of PC
games, uses the same process as the pirates in order to permit legal users to download the games the

Effects of Illegal Music Downloading on the Music Industry
Effects of Illegal Downloading on the Music Industry Illegal downloading is commonly known as
piracy, it describe that the steeling music from artists, songwriters, musicians, record label
employees and others whose hard work and great talent who make music possible. Nowadays,
downloading music is available for everyone on internet. However, it is still illegal. Downloading
music on internet is what most people are doing because they do not have to pay, and they can
choose only the songs they want to have. Unlike CDs which we have the whole album which might
contain the songs that we do not want to listen to, plus we have to pay for it. However, it is not
always a good thing, it might be good for the people who download the music, but ... Show more
These claims included accusations that Napster was response for allowing users to infringe upon
existing copyrights and were even encouraging users to download unlicensed copyrighted materials.
When the recording industry won this landmark lawsuit, Napster stopped offering their file sharing
services to users, and soon their company failed. The Institute for Policy Innovation make a
conclusion that global music piracy causes $12.5 billion of economic losses every year, 71,060 U.S.
jobs lost, a loss of $2.7 billion in workers' earnings, and a loss of $422 million in tax revenues, $291
million in personal income tax and $131 million in lost corporate income and production taxes.
Today, most people who download music illegally do it by using new peer–to–peer networks like
BitTorrent. The BitTorrent protocol is for of handling a lot of data very quickly and is very popular
for people who upload and download copies of movies and television programs that have no license.
In more recent years, dozens of major record labels and Hollywood studios have begun offering
legal videos and tracks through BitTorrent in order to distribute their content on their own terms and
avoid the pirating of their content. The Institute for Policy Innovation concludes that global music
piracy causes $12.5 billion of economic losses

Copyrights Of Distribution Of Dallas Buyers Club ( Dbc ) V...
Introduction –Discussion of issue
Copyrights of distribution of Dallas Buyers Club (DBC) v iiNet Limited case over infringement of
copyrights. They complain that their copyrights were infringed by 4726 internet users downloading
and then sharing their work via torrent websites without paying for the privilege. DBC LLC 's,
Voltage Pictures, used a German–based firm Macek Eye UG to find out users sharing the film using
Bit Torrent and found out 4,726 IP addresses. The case was filed before The Federal Court of
Australia requesting the personal details of the infringers linked to the IP addresses to 6 Internet
Service Providers (ISP) to recover the damages of copies download and upload by infringers.(DBC)
wanted to recover the cost of the purchase of a single copy of the film, for each copy download. A
"licence fee" for each person found to have also uploaded the film without copyrights and the court
cost for expenses in retrieving each downloader's name.
In April 2015, Justice Perram J considered the petition and passed a judgement to hand over the
personal details of the infringers linked to the IP addresses to Iinet Limited, INTERNODE, Adam
Internet, Dodo, Wideband and Ammnet Broadband.
Due to concerns about people receiving demands for large payments with treat of being sued by the
film owners, the Federal Court ordered the film owners were asked to show a copy of the letter
before sent to downloaders. In May 2015 the court stepped back and asked ISP 's not to share

Music and Film
Since I've been studying hard all day, I didn't really have time to post something. Well I would if I
wasn't watching Schindler's List again, but when the mood strikes, one should watch that film. So
here is an essay that I wrote a couple of months ago for school, which is all about film piracy and
why I'm against it. The essay managed to get an extremely high excellence. See how different my
writing is when I'm at school compared to when I'm blogging (if I seem to be over–exaggerating a
lot this is because I'm just trying to get my point across, as I am supposed to be writing this essay for
a 'school magazine'):
In 1927, the first sound movie, called The Jazz Singer, was made. After years of silence on film,
finally someone had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5.3% of that is illegitimately streamed content, a number which is set to rise as video streaming
continues to grow at a fast speed. Envisonal states that 23.76% of global internet traffic is used for
infringing content. With the internet's continual rapid growth, these numbers are set to get bigger –
eventuating in a criminal act such as piracy becoming the biggest user of the internet.
People are under the impression that downloading/watching a pirated film on the internet is
harmless, when it is really theft. What these people fail to realise is that film–making accounts for
over 2.4 million jobs in the US, and is a major contributor to the global economy. The film industry
isn't the only one that loses money to piracy, as the Department for Professional Employees says the
government loses tax revenue "that would have been generated by the sale of non–pirated goods."
The Motion Picture Association of America says that an estimated "$58 billion in economic output
is lost to the US economy annually due to copyright theft." This has a resounding effect on the jobs
needed to make films. Most of the workers in Hollywood are on average wages – even though their
services such as costume making, food preparing or assisting directors are all vital. If their films fail
to earn their budget back, their wages are cut, or even worse, they lose their job. Films aren't just
about the rich actors and lavish sets that appear on screen.

Free Slides In The Music Industry
Drowned in Sound states that 95% of music downloads in 2008 were illegal. So what do artists
receive for all their hard work? The answer is that they receive close to nothing and their lack of
revenue from music downloads could very well lead to drastic changes in the music industry. Not
only do they receive little revenue, but they also need money to keep making music, and to support
themselves. I believe that music consumers should pay for their music rather than listen to it on free
apps or download it illegally.
To begin with, artists make so little money from free downloads, if they are even paid at all. Willie
Geist stated, "Spotify has more than forty million regular users, over ten million paying ten dollars a
month for its premium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mike Batt said, "But there has been negative comment. Last week I read an article by an otherwise
sane and respected musician and journalist who said that downloading music free was like
"downloading air", implying that because you can't see it, it should be free. He also said that it is "so
cheap to get recorded music to the audience that artists no longer need a major label". While it's true
that you can't see it, he was definitely wrong in saying that it should be free. Artists work hard to
make the music, it is their lifestyle. People generally like music and if they want to listen to it then
they should pay for it, and if they don't want to pay for it maybe they shouldn't listen to it. Music is a
satisfaction, like any other form of entertainment in your household, so why shouldn't you pay for it.
In reality, music does not cost that much money. With the money used to buy new jeans that will last
one season, a consumer could buy at six albums that they can enjoy for a

Bittorrent Essay
If you've spent any amount of time browsing the internet in the past half–decade, you'll probably
have heard about BitTorrent, a popular program used for downloading media. Whether or not you
know how to use it is another thing altogether. I'm here to tell you that it's invaluable and to show
you how to get started with it.
Disclaimer: BitTorrent is an entirely legal program and infrastructure. Downloading copyrighted
material through it is not. If you follow my instructions here, you will have done something wholly
illegal and morally reprehensible. Good people pay for their media. If you don't intend on
downloading copyrighted material, BitTorrent is still extremely useful, as it is a powerful method of
distributing legal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It differs from client–server downloads (the standard "save as" protocol you see in web browsers,
for instance) in that it does not access a server and download a file that is directly stored on that
server. It differs from other peer–to–peer (distributed) protocols, such as the original iteration of
Napster or the newer Kazaa, by using a truly distributed means of finding the trackers.
Trackers report on "who" has "what" of a particular torrent's information and may actively maintain
torrents' health. The actual "torrents" are small files that tell the client where to find the actual files.
People who have the actual files and are willing to allow you to download from them are called
"seeds." Seeds help the growth of the torrent by spreading its information to people who are
downloading it, called "leechers." Everyone beginning to download a torrent is initially a leecher.
Some trackers may cut your download off if you never seed while continuing to leech. It all sounds
complicated but is behind the scenes and very seamless, as you'll see.
An Overview of Clients To get started with "torrenting," a term that's come to be used commonly
and summarizes the act of downloading and using torrents, you need a client. Clients allow the
tracker information to be processed onto your computer and generally smooth the experience by
automating many processes and managing your downloads.

The Birth Of Napster To The Death Of Privacy Essays
The Birth of Napster To The Death of Privacy
One of the most debated issues before our society is the issue of internet privacy. Privacy is such a
valued concept that in today's world we pay good money in order to keep intruders out of our
computer systems and out of our lives. Peer–to–Peer downloading is a major factor to the internet
privacy issue. Peer–to–Peer downloading (also known as "file sharing") is considered by Microsoft
to be "the act of making files on one computer accessible to others on a network." The original use
of file sharing was simply meant for users to send files to one another. It has now become one of the
biggest dilemmas of our modern society. Does the government have the right to search your private
files ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The way Napster worked is by searching other peers "shared" files. Let's say that someone was
searching for any song by the band Metallica, the search would report back what is available to be
downloaded. Once you double–click on that first mp3 that you would like to download, you
officially become "fair game" for the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). After the
birth of Napster, there was an explosion of programs that tried to leech off their fame. The next big
thing comes when a new and more efficient program to share files emerges. During 2002, a program
called BitTorrent arises. This program revolutionized peer–to–peer downloading for many reasons.
First and foremost, because of the percentage of broadband users, downloading a music file has
become an extremely quick and painless task. Using Napster with a phone–line connection, it would
take an average of half an hour to download one song. With BitTorrent and the increase of
broadband users, it takes a matter of minutes (if even) to download the entire album. But why is
BitTorrent so successful? BitTorrent's successfulness is attributed to the method users share their
files. Instead of downloading the file from one user, BitTorrent breaks up the file into thousands of
pieces and takes a part of the file from each user that is willing to share it. For example, let's say that
there are 10 other peers downloading the T.V. show Lost, 11

Application For Peer Application Sharing Using Bittorrent...
ABSTRACT
The unique attributes of certain applications lend themselves amicable to the peer–computing
model. Peer–computing applications make efficient use of computing resources around the "edge"
of the network. The efficiency of peer–computing networks is enhanced by the availability of higher
distributed storage capacity and computational cycles. Certain applications take advantage of direct
connection between peer devices, thereby improving the efficiency of the communication link. In
this paper, the working of the BitTorrent protocol is discussed, along with the improved efficiency in
certain kinds of applications. This paper further talks about the usage of BirTorrent protocol over
local–area–network (LAN).
1.Intoduction
Peer to peer file sharing using BitTorrent protocol:
1.1 Problem Definition: A peer–to–peer computer network uses diverse connectivity between the
different participants of the network. In a conventional network where centralized resources are
used, operations such as file sharing, telephony etc., are not performed efficiently. On the other
hand, a peer–to–peer network uses the cumulative bandwidth of the different participants, thereby
improving the overall efficiency of the network. The deep dive is focused upon the file sharing
aspect of the peer–to–peer networks. Fig–1.1 An example of peer–to–peer file sharing
Among many techniques available

Ethical Aspects of Torrents
The ethical issues surrounding free video games are the same, with game developers and publishers
claiming that game torrents are taking money out of their hands and the hands of their staff. Games
are widely available for purchase and once purchased become property of the gamer. A game can
range in price from a few dollars to around 60 dollars for AAA games (Games created by large
companies on massive budgets). Video games are also almost exclusively downloaded through
torrents as game files are usually very large and directly downloading can be cumbersome and time
consuming. This is all very straightforward, but what happens if the user misplaces or loses the
game disc? Since the game is already that person's property, would there be harm in downloading
another game for free? The game developers say no, and that the game would have to be purchased
once more. Many gamers, on the other hand, believe that they are entitled to a free download as they
have already purchased the game once and the manufacturer will not be losing any revenue. This
debate has been around for the last decades and as of late some developers (mostly indie) have
started exclusively selling their product as a downloadable file. Sites like Steam and GOG.com
provide the customer with a code after purchase that allows many, and sometimes unlimited,
downloads. Video game piracy is not exclusive to computer games. Game consoles like the XBOX
360 and the PlayStation 3 can be "hacked" or altered to allow

The Music And Motion Picture Industry
Kanye West, a famous hip–hop artist, stated in the latest episode of "Keeping Up with the
Kardashians" that "the internet destroyed the music industry" (2015). What did he mean by this? He
meant that since the boom of technology and the immergence of the Internet, it is easy for someone
to place a file on the internet and share it worldwide. File sharing, in and of itself, is not illegal. The
problem or the legality of file sharing comes to play when you share or receive a file that you did
not pay for yourself. The copyright laws state that it is unlawful to download or share copyrighted
works such as music or movies without the expressly written consent or authorization of the
copyright owner. The music and motion picture industry have taken an aggressive approach in
efforts to stop illegal file sharing and piracy. When I think of files sharing, the first couple of
services that comes to mind are Napster and Pirate Bay.
"This system, what's most interesting about it is, you're interacting with peers, you're exchanging
information with a person down the street."–Shawn Fanning, Napster co–founder
Back in 1999, a college student by the name of Shawn Fanning created a college "project" called
Napster. Napster was a file–sharing service that many people utilized to get their music. Before
Napster, the only way to share a file was to email it to a recipient, or to burn it to a disk or thumb
drive and physically give it to someone. Napster only survived a few years

Essay on Net Neutrality: The Future of the Internet?
The Internet is by far the most fascinating invention ever to me. Its ability to contain access to the
infinite knowledge of nearly everything in digital format is beyond my comprehension. Seeing
technology grow through my years has kept me heavily involved with my inner geek. I stay on top
of the news, especially technology news, and over the past few years a topic that has repeatedly
caught my eye is the complicated topic of Net Neutrality. I began my research on Net Neutrality by
first figuring out where the term originated from and what the term actually means. On February 3,
2003 Tim Wu, a professor at Columbia Law School, presented his paper on "Network Neutrality,
Broadband Discrimination," at the Silicon Flatirons conference ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Or should Comcast be able to decide that YouTube.com is taking up too many resources server side,
such as using too much bandwidth on its network and in turn deliver the content to the consumer at
a much lower rate of download speed, or completely block you from viewing the content entirely?
Net Neutrality supporters believe that the internet should treat all information with equality. If those
ISP's were to favor particular content, sites, or applications over others for whatever reason the ISP's
feel like would ultimately take control from the consumers and force them into accessing the content
which the dictating ISPs allow. Just as telephone companies can't choose who you call, Internet
services providers shouldn't be allowed to choose what you view. Opponents of Net Neutrality argue
that because service providers are in a competitive industry, they have plenty of reasons to provide
the best service possible, and that the government should let market forces dictate the results of
network regulation. Currently the U.S. Government is examining Net Neutrality and its financial,
legal and social implications. This begs the questions of whether or not all this is this going to boil
down into being an issue which needs federal involvement to guarantee equality, or an issue for the
market to work through. I wanted to learn the history of Net Neutrality to see find out how this all
started. I came across an FCC document

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of P2p File Sharing Systems
ABSTRACT
Peer–to–peer (P2P) file sharing systems are becoming increasingly popular due to their flexibility
and scalability. A peer–to–peer, or "P2P," file transfer service allows the user to share computer files
through the Internet. Examples of P2P services include KaZaA, Grokster, Gnutella, Morpheus, and
BearShare. This document is about the peer to peer file sharing technology. It discusses about what
peer to peer technology and file sharing is. It also states the pros and cons of the peer to peer file
sharing and how Network coding is useful to overcome the disadvantages of the traditional p2p file
sharing technology,also discusses some network coding based p2p file sharing and Microsoft
Avalanche.
CONTENTS
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Peer to peer file sharing 1 1.2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The originating server (the seed) makes available one copy of the file, which is then split up into
chunks. Different chunks are sent out to the various computers (BitTorrent clients) trying to get hold
of a copy of the file.
2. Each client uploads their part of the file to other clients while simultaneously downloading bits of
the file they don't have from other clients. All the clients work together as a swarm to share the file.
The file–sharing process doesn't happen in the systematic, sequential way we show here (purely for
simplicity): clients upload and download simultaneously and the file actually builds up in a more
random way. There are often hundreds of clients involved in each swarm.
3. Eventually, every client receives a complete copy of the file. However, in this example, as in real
life, one client (lower left) finishes downloading before the others. If the owner of that machine
switches off as soon as they're done, the other clients will never receive complete copies of the

P2p File Sharing Of Copyrighted Material
Dylan Crees
Iowa State University
Philosophy 343 – Dr. Tsou
May 4th, 2016
P2P File Sharing of Copyrighted Material
Introduction
Anyone who owns a computer that has a reliable internet connection can potentially download a
torrent client and participate in peer–to–peer file sharing. Using a web browser to download files
from websites is a lot different than downloading files from peers because instead of obtaining the
files from a web server you are obtaining the files directly from ordinary computers like your own,
hence the name peer–to–peer (P2P). A lot of people use P2P file sharing as way of sharing and
obtaining copyrighted material. In this paper I'll go over some of the details of P2P file sharing, why
it's such a big issue for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Often times popular television shows will be shared less than 24 hours after airing and this
availability plays a crucial role in the amount of people who are actively downloading and sharing.
As of May 4th, 2016 approximately 35,000 people are actively sharing Season 2 Episode 20 of The
Flash television series which aired the previous day on May 3rd. On top of that another 10,000+
people are downloading the same episode, and that's just a single torrent.
Screenshot taken from Kick Ass Torrents homepage (https://kat.cr/tv/).
All of these people are sharing/downloading a single episode of a television series. There are
thousands upon thousands of people sharing and downloading copyrighted material every second.
This includes movies, music, television shows, e–books, computer software, video games, etc. From
2008 to 2014 file sharing in North America increased a substantial 44% (Steele) and since 98.8
percent of all P2P file sharing data is copyrighted, this implies that the illegal sharing of intellectual
property using torrents and P2P file sharing has been climbing steadily. One of the reasons I think
that online piracy is becoming more popular is because it's extremely easy to do and a lot of people
don't even think they're doing anything wrong when downloading copyrighted material from the
internet. There are also an outrageous number of people who participate in online piracy and it's

Distributed Applications & Web Services
Anthill A paper authored by Montresor (2001) outlines a new approach, aptly christened Anthill, for
designing peer–to–peer (P2P) applications based on comparisons to ant colonies. The paper
proposes a framework to assist with the development of fresh protocols for P2P methodologies. The
author considers how there are issues that typically apply to P2P projects such as security and
routing for which conventional algorithm techniques for resolving these issues are deemed
inappropriate. Therefore Anthill is proposed as a framework to support individuals in the
investigation and design of innovative P2P algorithms. The Anthill project was developed using
parallels drawn between P2P systems and colonies of ants. Anthill provides an ... Show more
This means hosting a file allowing a theoretically limitless number of download users is less
expensive as this technique apportions the cost of upload across these users. The paper goes on at
length to explain how BitTorrent works in detail with Cohen scrutinising methods to achieve
successful yet fair to all, downloads. Cohen discusses how researchers have previously attempted to
find realistic and fair techniques to do this. One strategy for fair apportioning of effort is to ensure
each peer's download rate is proportional to their upload rate. However there can be issues with
incomplete downloads because some clients may terminate downloading once they have transferred
the file. A discussion of the technical aspects of BitTorrent and issues is given; this includes
algorithms and strategies, to resolve specific problems. An example cited is choking, which is when
peers disallow downloading from themselves and for which BitTorrent includes choking algorithms
which try to promote "parento efficiency" in an attempt to resolve this. Cohen concludes that
BitTorrent is now widely deployed but this article does cover many issues with the fairness of the
download effort and incomplete downloading as well as relating in detail, solutions and algorithms
that can resolve these issues. Newscast Protocol Voulgaris et

Torrent Freak Research
Today's digital knowledge has made it so easy to perform copyright infringement in order to create
pirated movies. This in turn has increased the amount of illegal digital movie distribution. It's so
easy these days to make perfect copies and then distribute it across global networks. Torrent Freak
research shows multiple copies of movies that are found online. Technology has made it more
tempting than ever to violate the copyright laws without breaking a sweat. Majority of Internet users
think that if it is on the Internet, it's free. But they don't realize that even public display of someone's
work without proper permission is considered Copyright infringement. Displaying it on a website,
putting it on film or transmitting it to the public in any other way are all examples of how movies
are facing piracy issues daily. In spite of that piracy continues to grow at an exponential speed.
Moreover, movies that deal with copyright infringement has grown over the years.
The seriousness of Copyright infringement was also brought to life by the hurt locker case. Voltage
pictures accused almost 25,000 BitTorrent users of illegally downloading or sharing the movie on
file sharing networks. According to Torrent Freak, "If only 10,000 of the alleged infringers pay a
$2,000 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cell phones have progressively developed over the years. We are now able to watch full–length
movies from certain mobile applications. For a while, movie theaters, television and buying and or
renting hard copies was the only way to watch a movie. Majority of society is now using cell phones
and computers to watch movies. With a mobile phone for example, "Movie Box" is a mobile
application that has a library of new pirated movies uploaded everyday. Movie companies now have
to deal with technological convergence of new devices that are able to watch movies completely for
free with different

Persuasive Essay High School
Everybody has a different opinion about every topic. A very opinionated top is if Students students
should receive legal penalty for download intellectual property like movies and music. I think
students should receive legal penalty ,because their are laws about it, it hurts these artists and
industries, and it is stealing To start off, when laws and acts are made they are expected to be
followed. Laws are not made to be broken. Therefore, when they make all these copyright laws and
acts they are also expected to be followed. The penalties should be followed through with as well.
Looking at it on a larger scale it is the same as making a law saying DUI is illegal, but not receiving
a penalty when it happens. If penalties are not given when small laws like these are broken then it
will escalated to greater laws being broken. It will say something about our country as a whole if we
do not fight back against people breaking these laws even if it is just a small law. Many people will
argue that it is not a very big deal because it is not really hurting anything ,but that statement is
false. It hurts industries as a whole, but it also hurts individual artist. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These industries and artists /put hours of hard work and dedication into their content. They also put
so much of their money trying to make something from it. Most people have been brought up
knowing that stealing is wrong, but suddenly it is ok because it is online.That does not make much
sense, and I do not think it is entirely our fault. It is how the world is now. We are so blinded by the
internet, we do not see the wrong in it. People do not realize if they were producing this content and
people were illegally downloading it, they would not think it would be ok. They would fight to give
these people punishment. They would not just turn their shoulder and say it is ok, because they are
the ones putting their hard work and money into this

A Brief Note On Peer And Peer Networks
Peer to Peer networks are one of the most popular of all social media platforms. A peer to peer
network also called p2p, which we will use throughout this investigation, "is a distributed
application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers" (Peer–to–peer, 2014.)[2]
The interest in p2p has steadily been growing since the introduction of Napster in 1999. There are
several different types of p2p networks, platforms and architectures which we will discuss. The p2p
networks while improving still suffer from structural and security vulnerabilities, we will examine
these issues and discuss possible improvements. Discussion Peer to Peer file sharing networks are
dangerous and pose many threats to those who choose to use them. While we know that p2p traffic
consumes almost 70% of all internet traffic and in March 2014 there were 31.7 million unique ip's
using these networks (P2P Still Ranks, 2014.) These networks are popular for making popular and
copyrighted content available, much of the activity that takes place on these networks is either
sensitive or illegal which is why developers have gone a long way to make these networks and their
users as difficult to track and anonymous as possible. Current p2p software such as BitTorrent use
protocols that make it very difficult to determine where traffic is going or coming from (not difficult
enough though.) While malicious activity and attacks through these networks has been improved
upon in recent years, p2p

Torrent Downloads is Piracy
Torrent Downloads
Is copying a digital content and sharing it online count as a crime? Most people will answer ''No''
because people will think they are just copying the same file that they already bought the licenses
for and sharing it to their friends, however, it is going against the copyright law if the company
attached a legal document to inform the user they could not share it for each digital content. Torrent
downloads or what is known on the web Pirate Downloads, works by having a user seeding a
particular content to a website such as Pirate Bay, Torrentz, ExtraTorrent, and many more are
available for the public to leech to their computers. Companies cannot force the law to be
international because people do not agree to banned pirate downloads and it does not have dramatic
effect on all international governments. Pirate download are becoming threat to media production
companies, companies loss mass amount money, people are getting digital products for free, and in
addition, companies will always be the first source to download the digital content.
When I speak about piracy, I mean the act of copying and sharing data online videos, software,
music etc. Torrent downloads are becoming threat to media production companies because
companies put a lot of time and effort to release a good song or a music video and for a website to
buy one for few dollars and just sharing it for people across the world who did not pay for it makes
the company lose few millions. On the

Essay about Bit Torrents: A New Technology
Bit Torrents Are a New Technology "Bit torrent is nothing more than a file downloading
technology" is quoted in large font on the right side of website askleo.com in the article written by
Dr. Leo Notemboom. The Article is titled "Is It Illegal to Download Torrent Files." The writer
summarizes what bit torrent technology is and how the law could apply to them. Overall the article
is well informing to readers about bit torrents and Leo Notenboom's interpretation of copyright laws.
Also the article is very interesting and could arise some interesting questions to readers that relate to
the topic. Today many people use bit torrent technology to share music, movies, software
applications and more. Large Amounts of these files contained ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The answer is no. downloading bit torrent files is not illegal. The article will give a great example of
how to use a bit torrent in a legal fashion. Many Linux distributions are often made available as
torrents. But don't become confused. Bit torrent is a technology to help downloading and sharing
files become efficient. "Copying a file to your machine is not illegal" the article states. Some people
do not realize that if the information contained in the bit torrent file. Like a music or movie file is
protected by copyright laws then it most definitely is illegal. That is right some of the same files you
put on your iPod could be potentially illegal. The article informs the readers to this. PC users could
become unaware these files are harmful and break the law unknowingly. The article is concise and
to the point. The author wrote this way on purpose. The general reader can only stay interested so
long. Often time's articles of length posted on the internet seldom get read. Because the user is
looking for a fast answer or short article to fill their need for information. Fancy graphics and
advertisements grab reader's attention away from the article. The writer took this into consideration
when writing the article that way more people would read it. Leo Notenboom's writing does the job
of quickly informing the reader of an issue they could relate to on a daily basis when using the
computer. Some issues were not expanded on and could leave the

Ptp Essay
Describe how browsers use plug–ins. See page 295. (1 point)
Browser's plug–ins help browser be able to work with file formats. People can download plug–ins
from the Internet, while looking for the plug–ins, people need to use their browsers to find the
correct version plug–ins to let them work.
2. Explain why cookies are useful in an environment that is based on a stateless protocol, and
provide some concrete examples of their use. See page 296 (2 points)
Stateless protocol means while people are visiting a webpage, the webpage does not record it.
The cookie is used to keep the track of your activities, which means it records everything you click,
and also your purchases.
Examples: When you go to Baidu and look for something, there will be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Post: Use some file transfer utilities like FileZilla.
5. List the four most commonly used styles of citation and demonstrate how to correctly format a
citation to a Web page using each style. (1 point)
APA, Chicago, MLA, Turabian (Different in–text citations same order as here).
APA:
You Earned It. (2015, July 7). Quotes: creativity and innovation in the work place. Retrieved from
https://youearnedit.com/blog/quotes–creativity–and–innovation–in–the–workplace/ Chicago
Smith, Andrea, "Boarding School Abuses, Human Rights, and Reparations." Social Justice 31, no.
4 (2004): 89–102. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29768278.
MLA:
Ambrose, Anthony. Letter. New England Journal of Medicine 337.2 (1997): 128. Print.
Turabian:
Franklin, John Hope. 1985. George Washington Williams: A biography. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
6. Explain two ways that shopping carts can work with cookies. (2 points)
Online shopping website might use your cookies to record the items that you put into shopping
carts. Online shopping website may use cookie to identify you as a single shopper, and differ you
from the others.
7. List three threats to the security of credit card numbers and other sensitive data during ecommerce
transactions. Describe how the following e–commerce technologies work: SSL and person–to–
person payment systems. (3 points)
Stolen credit card: Stealer might be able to use your credit card.
Hacked: Hacker might get your personal information through your credit card.
Illegal

Essay on The Cost of Illegal Downloading
At the end of the 20th century, file sharing and illegal downloading through Napster were the
biggest hits among audiences everywhere. Because of this, many people started to believe that the
music industry was failing due to declining CD sales. Although a valid statement, the music industry
is not failing; instead, it is changing in many aspects due to file sharing and illegal downloading.
Music is always evolving in new and innovative ways, regardless of the minor comeback vinyl
records have made. Today, digital files are the most popular form of obtaining music. When one has
a digital file of music, he/she is able to share with others without changing the file, in terms of
quality. What makes this possible is the binary coding that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
An article by CBS said, "Jurors ordered Jammie Thomas, 30, to pay the six record companies that
sued her $9,250 for each of 24 songs they focused on in the case. They had alleged she shared 1,702
songs online in violation of their copyrights." Although the consequences are harsh, the chances of
getting caught with the act are so slim because there are so many people sharing smaller amounts of
files to other peers. It seems to be that this type of change of listening and obtaining music is
inevitable because there are just so many benefits that outweigh the negative aspects.
The music industry is changing in the respect that single songs and playlists are dominating entire
albums. In other words, more people prefer to purchase individual songs by other artists rather than
purchasing entire albums. What made this possible was the creation of iTunes and its music store,
but of course an iPod is necessary with the two. With the iTunes music store, one has the option to
either buy an entire album, typically for $9.99, or purchase individual songs for $.99 each. Listeners
can also preview the songs up to ninety seconds, which can either make or break the decision to buy
the song or album. If one were to purchase the individual songs, they would essentially be saving
more money, which is more appealing. It brings up the question, "Who would not want to purchase
only the good songs from an album for a cheaper

Hardee Transportation Case Study 5-1 Essay example
Case Study 5–1 Hardee Transportation Student Name TLMT311, American Military University
Professor August 16, 2012 Hardee Transportation Case Study Issues: Hardee Freight Transportation
pickup and delivery (PUD) customers have implemented new hours for their drivers, limiting each
driver to a 14 hour duty day. The biggest issue is that Hardee's fright lanes has its hands full with
requests from the largest customer, and customer pickup and delivery (PUD) operations are set to
reflect the previews 10 hours of maximum drive time. Analysis of Alternatives: Hardee Freight
Transportation has three choices in order to cope with changes of the new operating hours. One
option would be to reorganized peddle runs in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
170). On the upside, shippers will feel the pressure the carriers are feeling with the change of
working hours, and will be more likely to find a way to improve loading and unloading times. Final
Recommendation: The best path to follow would be to implement all three options. Hardee Freight
Transportation needs to make changes to current network delivery routes in order to reduce
bobtailing to shipper's location and increase paddle time. Coordinating with shippers to reduce
upload and download will benefit both Hardee and its customers. Implementation: To implement the
previous options, Hardee will have to make an assessment to current delivery routes, customer
locations, and type of vehicles at hand in order to come up with a better network that will decrease
number of times a driver has to bobtail to the shipper's location and increase paddle time. Hardee's
sales personnel will have to work closely with shippers in order to reduce loading and uploading
time, more specifically, set a certain amount of time allotted for this operation. Also, Hardee should
set a detention charge if the shipper fails to meet the allotted time for loading and unloading trucks.
Finally, Hardee could offer a lower rate as an incentive for shippers to work on expediting loading
and unloading operations at their

Kant's Groundwork Of The Metaphysics Of Morals
P2P file–sharing: downloading illegal content such as movie, music, and etc. No matter how one
rationalize their own actions, anyone could agree that stealing is consider wrong. Furthermore, our
society have become habituated to P2P file sharing and the idea of distributing and downloading
free content for themselves. What would Kant think about P2P file–sharers? In Kant's Groundwork
of the Metaphysics of Morals, I believe that Kant would disapprove of P2P file sharing. If P2P file–
sharing became or was a Universalized Maxim, no rational being would not want to live in such a
world. Persons, such as those who work in the movie and music industry, would be simply used as a
Mean for one's own End, which then be at variance with Kant's fundamental ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
First, this proposes that an individual should change their Maxims, where additionally other rational
beings would be willing to live in that 'Hypothetical world' also, if our Maxim was ever to become
universalized. Second, the maxim: I will download media content using P2P file sharing programs,
could be alter. It would not be left to chance to other individuals in this manner, it would evolve to
our: Imperfect duty. Third, if we were to change our maxim to become: I will only download media
content using P2P file sharing programs and tools if and only if they were given authorization to
allow me. Kant, believes rational beings would want to live in this new alter hypothetical world,
because both music, movie producers, and file–sharing users can exist together willingly to
accordance of the law.
Kant accepts that not all maxims are so misrepresented that no rational being would want to live in.
However, all rational beings attempt to rationalize and universalized a maxim. Kant states, "Some
actions are so constituted that their maxim cannot even be thought without contradiction as a
universal law of nature, far less could one will that it should become such." (4:424). In this case, it
would be a Contradiction in thought. Kant approves that it is an individual's perfect duty to not act
on purely just Maxims in that are contradictions when attempted to become

P2p Vs. P2p Technology
In general, peer–to–peer (P2P) is referring to a network that connected all the computers on the
same network and allowing them to share the resources directly without going through a separate
server. While file sharing is means making the file for others individuals to access and download.
Over the past few years, P2P technology has been widely used in file sharing. It can be used to share
a numbers type of files on the Internet, such as text files, music, movies, games, computer software,
etc. In P2P technology, the users do not need to upload the file they intent to share to a centralized
server [1]. File sharing process can be more simple and easy by storing a file on a computer's shared
folder, which can be accessed by others on the networks. The shared file is then split into different
parts and then transfers to other online users parts by parts. In other words, this can increase the
speed of sharing files between multiple users as different parts of the file are collected from different
users at the same time. The users have to download P2P file sharing application in order to transfer
file on P2P networks. The first developed and famous P2P file sharing application is Napster. There
are numbers of P2P files sharing applications in the market, such as BitTorrent, uTorrent, LimeZilla,
Popcorn Time, etc.
In addition, P2P technology is also useful for direct communication between computers. P2P
technology enable two computer on networks to connected to each other to

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