Benefits Of Urban Community Gardening

Benefits Of Urban Community Gardening
Benefits of Urban Community Gardening
Melinda L. Smith
Charter Oak State College
Research question
What are the significant benefits offered through urban community gardening, which would cause
one to participate in the practice?
Thesis statement
There are many advantages to participation in community gardening because gardening reduces air
pollution and heat islands, helps in crime prevention, and most significant of all can affect one's
health.
Literature Review
Kathleen Wolf and Alicia Robbins presented different benefits in the article "Metro Nature,
Environmental Health and Economic Value" in an effort to present the economic values associated
with exposure to nature outline many of the positive advantages associated with ones exposure to
different elements of nature, such as urban greenspaces. Important health benefits relate to reduced
air pollution and increases to an active lifestyle. The additional physical activity helps to reduce
obesity, lower blood pressure, and produce extended life spans.
In the survey "Allotment Gardening and Health: A Comparative Survey" other positive benefits
associated with gardening are identified. While the article is written to compare the different effects
of allotment gardening compared to those people without allotments, generally the overall
advantages associated with gardening are recognized regardless of whether a gardener is working
with a small group of family members or a larger group of community gardeners.
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Let Medicine Be Thy Food And Let Food Be Thy Medicine
The Greek physician and father of medicine Hippocrates once said "Let medicine be thy food and
let food be thy medicine." This simple statement encompasses my view of many global health
problems that I believe could be resolved utilizing urban agricultural techniques and provide access
to a healthy food source. Medicine has long been aware that an apple a day will keep the doctor
away. Wouldn't it be nice if it could be said that an eggplant a day will keep cancer away? If
individuals change the source that their food is derived from to urban farms it may be possible to
keep many ailments away. Urban agricultural programs also referred to as urban farms or ZFarms,
have the potential to have a positive impact on communities worldwide by affecting eating habits,
social interaction and economic patterns.
2.
Priority: The Global Problem of Hunger in Developing Countries
Statement: Of the 7 billion people in the world approximately one in nine individuals are without
food (World Hunger, 2016). The scarcity of nutrition is associated with exhaustion, absence from
school and disease, however, researchers are finding potential in the use of urban gardening as a
significant link in urban food security (Brown & Jameton, 2000).
Priority: Lower rates of Diabetes Mellitus worldwide
Statement: The global health burden is increasing at an alarming rate with the number of those
affected doubling since 1980 (Global Report on Diabetes, 2016). Self–food production increases the
amount of energy that an individual expends decreasing the amount of time spent in a sedentary
state and decreasing risks associated with diabetes (Bellow, et al, 2003). Additionally, the quality of
food produced in the urban garden helps to low diabetes instances due to a healthier diet.
Priority: Utilize urban farming to increase mental health benefits
Statement: World wide mental disease is third as far as impact on the global burden of disease
(Burden of Mental Illness, 2013). With globalization of urban farming can help those struggling
with mental illness by increasing exposure to plants and outdoor activities which trigger both illness
prevention and healing responses (Bellow, et al, 2003).
Priority: Increase socio–economic status of

Persuasive Letter On Social Justice
Dear Ms. Haynes, As you may know, the fight towards social justice has been going on long
enough. Through recent events such as taking a knee during the national anthem or the white–
supremacist rallies; tension has grown to new heights. Although it may be difficult to fight the issue
of social justice within our divided nation, I believe there is a solution that could help build a
foundation towards equality. An issue that isn't often highlighted is how troubled youth will find
themselves in trouble with the law at a young age and end up being reincarcerated within a vicious
cycle of bad behavior with no positive influences. Another issue that I would like to discuss is food
insecurity within the United States. Primarily in big cities, food insecurity is a problem that must be
addressed in order to provide a healthy future for our community as a whole. A solution I've come
up with is able to tackle both of these issues head–on and hopefully provide a healthier and safer
community for us Colorado residence. It has come to me that the youth that finds themselves lost
within our court systems have not necessarily had the proper influences to allow them to be
productive members of our society. This is why I propose that these teens should be given a second
chance by offering them the chance to help out their community and provide work for the
community gardens in the struggling places of the Denver–Metro area. Given your title as the head
of the Parks and Recreation

The Economic Development Foundation ( Saedf ) Essay
Economics According to the commerce data available from the San Antonio Economic
Development Foundation (SAEDF), the city is the second largest in Texas and seventh largest in the
United States; it has a cost of living around 12% lower than the US average – 92.4 on the cost of
living index (2015). As cited in the SAEDF report, the Milken Institute rated San Antonio one of the
top ten best performing cities; in the same factsheet, CNN Money proclaimed it to be in the top five
fastest growing cities. Demographics: As cited in the SAEDF factsheet, Nielsen SiteReports of 2014
stated that 1,416,000 people call San Antonio home; twenty percent identify as white, ~55%
Hispanic/Latino, ~7% Black, ~1% American Indian, ~2% Asian, <1% Pacific Islander, ~3.5% more
than two races, and ~12% other (2015). The same document notes that English, by a narrow
majority, is the primary language – followed by bilingual English/Spanish. Employment: With an
unemployment rate of about 3.5 percent, there are 1,018,841 employed persons in San Antonio – the
majority work in retail, healthcare and social assistance, hospitality, food service, and government
(USDOL 2016; SAEDF 2015). Taxes: In addition to the Texas sales state tax (6.250%), San
Antonians pay a city tax of 1.250%, a transit tax of 0.500%, and an advanced transportation district
tax of 0.250%, totaling 8.250% in taxes ("Rate Information" n.d.; SAEDF 2015). There is no
individual or corporate state income tax.

Summary Of ' The Power Of Home Gardens '
Austin Matzelle Ms. Martha Silano English 201 OAS September 27 2016
The Power of Home Gardens in America
TEDxDirigo hosted Roger Doiron to provide listeners with his message: A subversive plot: how to
grow a revolution in your own backyard. Throughout his talk, Doiron passionately explains to
listeners how growing a backyard garden can help someone retake control over an aspect of their
life. Their food supply.
"Food is a form of energy, it's what our bodies run on. But it is also a form of power." (Roger
Doiron) Doiron believes that when people venture into building their own gardens, they gain control
over their own diets, health, and pocketbooks. He alludes to how citizens taking this power
subversively undermine the power of corporations usually in charge of the general populations
health and food needs.
"We are in the midst of an obesity epidemic ... and in a parallel world we see that hunger is on the
rise." (Doiron) The next angle Doiron takes is attacking the major problems our planet is facing. The
obesity rates in many countries has been steadily rising, yet hundreds of millions are malnourished.
Our planet's resources are also dwindling, the amount of land we can grow on, our water supply, and
even the genetic diversity of the plants we consume are all under attack due to the inflation of
human populations.
Matzelle 1
With our resources under attack, and many eating too much or too little food, Doiron has faith
that individuals gardening can create a

Urban Community Gardens
Urban areas are known for their large underprivileged minority populations. The word 'urban' has
become synonymous with the phrase "inner city". These reality of terms have been further
strengthened by "white flight" which is defined as "the departure of whites from places (such as
urban neighborhoods or schools) increasingly or predominantly populated by minorities" (Merriam–
Webster). Urban and inner city are often used to describe people who are lazy and insolent. This
feeds directly into harmful stereotypes about minority populations, such as Black men being
unintelligent and lazy human beings who leave their families dependent on welfare. However, the
use of the word "urban" has also invaded popular culture, causing it to be synonymous with the
struggle of Black culture. For example, "urban music" means genres that are primarily created or
popularized by Black people and generates billions of entertainment dollars. Urban has become a
vital thread in society and identified by many as overcoming obstacles to achieve wealth and status.
The "urban" community garden has that same potential. Urban community gardens provide more
then food in the minority ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many community gardens have taught the youth about healthy eating as well as the importance of
community and stewardship. They also offer a low–cost out of school activity which can help to
keep them busy through work that is both educational and physically exerting. A specific example of
such a garden is "Harlem Grown" located in uptown Manhattan, New York. Harlem Grown's
mission is to inspire youth to lead healthy and ambitious lives through mentorship and hands–on
education in urban farming, sustainability, and nutrition. Harlem Grown also operates local urban
farms which are intended to increase access to healthy food for local residents. The program also
raises support for the reclamation of abandoned lots to create urban

What Is The Impact Of Community Gardens In Chicago
With over 100 neighborhoods and around three million people, Chicago is known for its diversity
and culture. But, many communities in Chicago, specifically southern neighborhoods, are food
desserts. These areas where fresh affordable produce is difficult to acquire. Community gardening is
an effort that provides a space to strengthen relationships while simultaneously providing physical
aid to food insecure people. Community gardens have been rising in popularity and for good reason.
These gardens not only provide aid and allow growth for comminutes, but also help combat climate
change and its negative effects. Socially, the impact of community gardens can be extremely
extensive. The effort can create almost an immediate help in providing healthy and nutritional food
to the community as most food grown is free for those who help. A community–based participatory
research study shows that vegetable intake of "several times a day" for adults increased from 18.2%
to 84.8% and children's increased from 24.0% to 64.0%. Community gardens can drastically change
the dietary habits of community members for the better, especially in cases where grocery stores and
markets are not easily accessible. In cases where the produce ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It also states 68% felt more connected with the members involved. Creating a safe environment to
grow and forming community itself helps foster better relationships and connection, making the
individual feel heard and create change. Additionally, it mentions a study that found children
involved in community gardens are more likely to accept people different than themselves. Teaching
these traits at a young age is vital, but it is also something everyone can learn through mutual work
in gardens. Again, building community and having intentional relationships expands perspectives
and develops deeper understandings along with

Disadvantages Of Agriculture
Most of the people of the countryside in the developing nations are farm labourers, cultivators or the
small scale producers of manufactured goods and services. There exists an inverse relation between
the per capita income of a nation and the size of its rural population. Though a large part of the total
population is working and living in rural areas and is engaged in primary activities especially
farming, the share of agriculture in gross domestic product has been minimal which is the main
reason behind the low income generation in countries with large rural population. This phenomenon
clearly draws our attention to one of the most important issues in development i.e. "the
pervasiveness of low agricultural productivity".
There has been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In most of the less developed and developing countries the people involved in agriculture mostly
belong to the lower strata of the society. They are looked down upon and so is their profession
consequently agriculture is not seen as an attractive profession. This biasness takes various forms
out of which the, one which holds utmost importance for the large and small rural cultivators is the
inadequate provision of infrastructure and social overhead capital: crop storage facilities, health
clinics and schools, farm extension services, agricultural research, irrigation canals and farm credit
programs are deficient, if they exist at all. It means that for agricultural sector in general and small
scale agriculture in particular to prosper, it is necessary the above mentioned large scale investment
programs must be financed by the state itself to raise the productivity of agriculture. Given the series
of problems in agricultural sector it may take decades for positive results to show their signs.
The state is less concerned with agriculture as they might not have adequate funds to invest in
agriculture, or they concentrate on short term gains achieved through industries and investment in
the urban areas. Apart from the investment in rural infrastructure to increase productivity,
investment in social sector initiatives like education and health is much needed in the rural areas.
These initiatives will raise the value of human capital and boost the productivity of the

Vertical And Vertical Types Of Vertical Farming
Vertical Farms– Vertical farming is a component of urban agriculture and is the practice of
producing food in vertically stacked layers or vertically inclined surfaces. Advantages of Vertical
Farming Minimum Input – Maximum Output Vertical Farming is a revolutionary approach to
producing high quantities of nutritious and quality fresh food all year round, without relying on
skilled labour, favourable weather, high soil fertility or high water usage. Vertical Farm Systems
growing cycles are consistent and reliable, allowing commercial growers to confidently commit to
delivery schedules and supply contracts. In a well–managed Vertical Farm System, there are no such
thing as 'seasonal crops ' and there are no crop losses. Vertical Farm Systems are fully enclosed and
climate controlled, completely removing external environment factors such as disease, pest or
predator attacks. It also means our farms are not dependent on fertile arable land and can be
established in any climatic region globally irrespective of seasonal daylight hours and extremes in
temperature. The use of high efficiency LED lighting technology ensures minimum power usage for
maximum plant growth. Computer management of photosynthetic wavelengths in harmony with
phase of crop growth further minimises energy use while ensuring optimised crop yields Greatly
reduced energy usage for climate control is the direct result of not requiring sunlight inside the
growing area which enables the use of high thermal

Urban Farming
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Urban agriculture
An urban farm in Chicago
Urban agriculture, urban farming or urban gardening is the practice of cultivating, processing, and
distributing food in or around a village, town, or city.[1] Urban agriculture can also involve animal
husbandry, aquaculture, agroforestry, urban beekeeping, and horticulture. These activities occur in
peri–urban areas as well, and peri–urban agriculture may have different characteristics.[2]
Urban agriculture can reflect varying levels of economic and social development. In the global
north, it often takes the form of a social movement for sustainable communities, where organic
growers, 'foodies,' and 'locavores' form social networks ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A very similar practice came into use during the Great Depression that provided a purpose, a job,
and food to those who would otherwise be without anything during such harsh times. In this case,
these efforts helped to raise spirits socially as well as to boost economic growth. Over 2.8 million
dollars worth of food was produced from the subsistence gardens during the Depression. By the time
of the Second World War, the War/Food Administration set up a National Victory Garden Program
that set out to systematically establish functioning agriculture within cities. With this new plan in
action, as many as 5.5 million Americans took part in the victory garden movement and over 9
million pounds of fruit and vegetables were grown a year, accounting for 44% of U.S.–grown
produce throughout that time.[citation needed]
In 2010, New York City saw the building and opening of the world's largest privately owned and
operated rooftop farm, followed by an even larger location in 2012.[6] Both were a result of
municipal programs such as The Green Roof Tax Abatement Program.[7] and Green Infrastructure
Grant Program[8]
With its past success in mind and with modern technology, urban agriculture today can be something
to help both developed and developing nations.
A tidy front yard flower and vegetable garden in Aretxabaleta, Spain

Perspectives Edit
A vegetable garden in the square in front of the train station in Ezhou, China
Resource and economic

What Is Working Towards A Solution Essay
Working towards a solution
Personal Level
Working towards a solution needs to start at the personal level because in order to change the world,
individuals need to first be willing to change themselves. There are many opportunities to participate
on a personal level to help combat hunger. One way to personally fight hunger and increase food
security is to grow your own produce and produce for your neighbor. By growing personal
vegetables, reliance on grocery stores for fresh produce is taken out of the picture. Less waste is
produced when food is personally grown and it is inexpensive. Serving food at a homeless shelter or
food pantry nearby is another personal way to get involved. Volunteering time is beneficial for both
the volunteer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2017)". The restaurant offers fresh food prepared from scratch using locally sourced ingredients. It
is expected that if a person regularly eats a meal at Bistro163 and cannot pay, they should volunteer
their time as a payment. It is also an expectation that patrons pay more than the suggested price in
order to help others have a meal. It is a pay–it–forward system. Places like Bistro163 address hunger
in a dignified manner while at the same time building relationships throughout the community. If
more communities adopted this idea, areas of food insecurity could turn into places where worrying
about food becomes a thing of the past.
National Level
Communities that work together can create a difference within their own town or state and also on a
national level. Natural disasters have a big impact on people and food security, so providing
emergency assistance is one way a person could have a national effect on fighting hunger. Currently
in the US, many people are facing the effects of hurricane's firsthand. A hurricane makes it
challenging for travel, leaving grocery stores empty and poorly stocked. Many people are willing to
volunteer and travel to places of natural disaster to provide aid to those in need. Organizations such
as the United Methodist Committee on Relief (UMCOR) respond to natural or civil disasters of such
magnitude that a community cannot possibly recover on their

The Species Richness Of Aquatic Macro Invertebrates Among...
Figure 1. The species richness of aquatic macro–invertebrates among three stream types. The same
number of species was found in the forest and urban streams. There was an insignificantly higher
number of species found in the agriculture stream. Figure 2. The biotic index of the three types of
streams was calculated by the sum of total tolerance values divided by the sum of total number of
individuals. The forest stream had the lowest FBI value, followed by the urban stream and the
agriculture stream. Figure 3. The relative frequency of the functional feeding groups of each stream
type. The total number of individuals for each stream was 368, 1334, and 510 for the forest,
agriculture, and urban streams, respectively. The major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, there is a trend in the number of species found in each stream type based on the riparian
habitat. As the amount of organic pollution increased, there should have been a decrease in the
species richness of the streams. Species richness also has an effect on the processing of leaf
material. Less species richness due to organic pollution forces the litter breakdown to be dependent
on microbial activity rather than shredders (Masese et al. 2014). In addition, microbial breakdown of
leaf litter is accelerated by the presence of nutrients, which is high in agricultural streams (Masese et
al. 2014). Therefore, the species richness of the agricultural stream should have been low and leaf
processing would be controlled by bacteria. Although the agricultural stream had the highest species
richness, the relative frequency of shredders was very low compared to the other functional feeding
groups shown in Figure 3. Likewise, due to the organic pollution present in urban streams, it would
be expected to have a low species richness and thus any leaf material would be processed by
microbes as well. Furthermore, the forest stream should have had the highest species richness,
which would in turn impact leaf processing by having the shredders drive leaf litter breakdown
rather than microbes. The Family Biotic Index describes the water quality of a stream by averaging
the tolerance values of all the individuals that were sampled (Hilsenhoff 1988). Based on the
equation,

Sierra Leo Research Paper
2.2.3 RURAL–TO–URBAN MIGRATION OF YOUTH NEGATIVELY AFFECTS RURAL
DEVELOPMENT.
Sierra Leone is undergoing rapid urbanization. Currently 41 percent of the population lives in urban
areas and this was anticipated to increase to 48 percent by 2016. A large portion of the population
migrating to urban areas is youth, frustrated with low productivity and incomes in rural agriculture
and traditional hierarchies in which they feel marginalized. (DfID Sierra Leone) The sense of
marginalization has been exacerbated by negative perceptions of youth after the war, given their
coerced or willing participation in the conflict. In addition, many youth fled or were sent from rural
areas to reside in urban centres during the war. Many of these youth have been

Setting The Table For Urban Agriculture
In his article, "Setting the table for Urban Agriculture," accredited writer, Michael Pollan, expounds
upon Urban Agriculture and it's place in the twenty–first century. Pollan's purpose is to explain to
readers the legal and societal context of Urban Agriculture. He uses a serious tone and real world
examples in order to solidify the idea that Urban Agriculture is an integral part of our "local,
regional, national, and global" food infrastructure. Pollan opens his article by describing the place of
Urban Agriculture dating back to the nineteenth century, stating that, "Through the nineteenth
century, vegetable gardens and farm animals were common features of city life in the United
States." In fact he goes on to say that over time agriculture died out in cities, and that now "a slow
resurgence" has begun to restore agriculture in urban areas which he supports by describing the
growth in many urban hubs. This technique of beginning with the history of Urban Agriculture
allows Pollan to not only start with a broad and understandable aspect of the topic but also to
introduce the reoccurring theme of urbanization to the article. The writer continues his introduction
through the definition of the topic as a whole. Urban Agriculture as defined by Pollan is "a variety of
economic and social activities related to food production, distribution, processing, eating, and
disposal." he follows this up by listing examples of Urban Agriculture in action all of which have
the common

Community Gardening In Nacogdoch
Nacogdoches is a city in Nacogdoches County, Texas, in the United States. It is described as being a
deep East Texas county. Nacogdoches is located approximately 140 miles of Houston, 180 miles
from Dallas and 90 miles from Shreveport. According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2010
Nacogdoches had a population of 32,996 residents. 5,537 of the residents in Nacogdoches make up
the Hispanic or Latino population: 4,742 Mexican, 79 Puerto Rican, 27 Cuban, and 69 other
Hispanic origins. The other 27,459 residents make up all other races that are not of Hispanic or
Latino descent. 82 percent of the Nacogdoches population spoke English while the second highest
speaking language was Spanish. 14 percent of the population spoke Spanish or Spanish ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is indicated that the community development intervention was associated with the involvement of
residents from the communities, relationship building, health benefits, and economic benefits.
Although many of them did not speak English we were able to use non–verbal language and
professionalism to effectively communicate. When the children got out of school and the adults got
off of work I noticed that they would stand around during gardening to pass time and ask questions.
One of the residents that belong to the community was able to come admit that the project motivated
him to clean his yard and take more responsibility for how his community look. In return we were
respectful and grateful for their participation. This project revealed that the relationship building
method allowed the Briar Forest community value their relationship with project

One Nations Addiction to Supermarket Monoculture Essay
Throughout the years there has become an ever increasing gap in knowledge in multiple aspects of
life. One of the most ever present has been a lack in agricultural knowledge and a growing
dependence on corporations and supermarket monoculture to feed the masses. Each new generation
has been coming up with new health and fitness issues that could be caused by the new form of
supermarket monoculture. Every individual must take responsibility for their actions in this food
knowledge crisis and start the change because each step towards a greater understanding and home
grown foods will reap benefits in our countries lifestyles. There seems to be an ignorance
surrounding this issue and when asked most people deny its ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sadly a larger proportion of individuals reach for the potato chips and other processed foods. While
this may not seem like a big deal, the children of those individuals who watch reach for those foods
with each trip to the store begin to pick them up themselves. This causes an issue within the
emerging generation. It is believed that more agricultural teachings in schools would help to get
families to eat more fruits and vegetables.
A study done by Meinen and Friese (et al.) studied how increased interaction with gardens increased
the likelihood of children to try new fruits and vegetables. In this study 28 schools were chosen and
randomly assigned to receive a garden or to be a control. Of the schools that received a garden most
of the students had both a greater understanding of agriculture and how to grow their own food as
well as were choosing fresh fruit over potato chips more often than not. Perhaps the most shocking
result of the experiment that parents of these students noted was that their children were more likely
to try something new, some even asked to get fruits from the supermarket (Meinen 2012). While this
is one step in the correct direction it is not completely there, there is still a lot of work that needs to
be done in fear of what could happen without it.
There are many arguments given to why students need more

Benefits Of Promoting Growing Your Own Food And Its...
Currently, in the Denver Metro area, there are more than 40 school–based community gardens.
These are projects on a much smaller scale than what I'm proposing. The benefits of teaching youth
the importance of growing your own food and its nutritional value would have a positive effect for
decades to come. The Colorado School of Public Health has data on Denver Urban Garden efforts
and how it has led to a tangible, positive change in the community's health and food security.
School–based community gardens help to create a bridge between the school and the surrounding
community by offering space for gardening to students, parents, teachers and neighbors. Teachers
could even have an outdoor classroom where students are given the opportunity ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This program could be partnered with the Denver Public Schools, Denver Urban Gardens, Learning
Landscapes, and Slow Food Denver. Let's start with the guidelines. School and educational based
gardens provide spaces for experimental hands on education. This also allows for incorporating the
full cycle of learning associated with healthy food; from growing, to nutrition, and then to cooking.
The school gardening program would be designed to involve teachers and certain primary
curriculums in subjects such as economics, social studies, and science. This in turn would create
respect for diversity and also promote self–growth. The primary purpose would always be
education. Having the school and the garden be a cohesive program that would be included in the
day–to–day culture of school would promote sustainability with the administration, neighborhood
volunteers, and parents who are all essential to the function of this plan.
Stewardship opportunities for the students could be provided through the outdoor classroom by
utilizing the grounds of the school site. Outdoor classrooms are engaging spaces for children; it
helps them develop both a

Childhood Of A Zambian Farm Family
In a typical Zambian farm family their life revolves around usually crop production, livestock and
fishing. The men often times go out to do the work on the farm, as the women stay behind and care
for the children, and elders. Many women sometimes also carry out sustenance farming. They also
may rely on local crafts, such as basket weaving and pottery, for a source of income. A typical
family in Zambia consists of about 7 people per household if men are the head of the family.
However households that are led by women have about 5 people. However numbers can vary
between households anywhere from 1–40 people. Another factor that is also normal in the everyday
life of a Zambian is that most have between 1–3 orphans. It is not very common to get an education
in Zambia either. In a survey that was previously done out of 4,471 children aged 6 to 18 years old
roughly 21% have never even attended school. There are 3 different bisectors for school. It starts
with primary school which is grade 1–7. Following that they move onto basic school which consists
of grade 8–9. Lastly, there is secondary school from grades 10–12. Most areas in Zambia however
don't even have a secondary school. Higher education in Zambia has increased as the choices for
private universities have dramatically gone up. There are 13 different universities in Zambia also
various nursing schools. Households in Zambia are also drastically food insecure. Most Zambian
diets consist of multiple cereals, predominately

Reflective Argument Paper
The four distinct learning objectives are as follows: First, students are required to be able to adopt a
rhetorical perspective in order to identify, analyze, and describe the various aspects within one's own
discourse community. How I will show this objective is by citing earlier identifications of genre,
conventions, and occasions for writing made in my assignment two. Second, students must produce
writing that draws considerably on concepts from primary or secondary sources. For this objective I
cited my assignment two which includes primary source material and argues a rationalization for
change within a journal. Thirdly, students should show a flexible writing process that adapts to the
different writing situations and tasks. I cite again assignment two, where I examined an article to
argue a change over time. Lastly, the student's writing shows reflective properties to makes choices
and changes in their writing as well as how they might use those same properties to approach a
completely new writing task. For how I achieved this objective I reference the group work I did
which began with an interdisciplinary concept, then Shown within this reflective argument is my
method for reaching the four learning objectives of Wayne State's English 3010 classes. I have
incorporated assignment one, two, and some responses to support my claimed ability.
Learning objective one requires students to accurately identify, describe, and analyze common
rhetorical moves used by our

The City Of The Aztec Empire
When thinking of ancient, urban centers many think of ancient capitals such as Rome, Athens, or
Cairo. However, across the Atlantic Ocean in Central and South America, there were a number of
growing urban centers being built by the Aztec, Mayan, and Incan civilizations. An example of a
Central American urban center is Tenochtitlan. Tenochtitlan was the capital of the ancient Aztec
capital which is located in present–day Mexico–City, Mexico. The development of this ancient city
was dependent on three important factors: favorable ecology, advancing technology, and social
organization. With these three preconditions, the growth of Tenochtitlan as a major urban center and
as the capital of the Aztec's civilization was able to flourish.
Similarly to modern–day real estate, location played a detrimental role in determining whether or
not an urban center could truly develop and flourish. A location with favorable ecology allows for
resources such as agriculture to be produced near or within the city. However, agriculture is not the
only element of ecology that allows for a city to develop. Other ecological elements such as rivers,
lakes, elevation, mineral resource, and building materials are important in determining whether or
not a location has favorable ecology (28). Tenochtitlan is often compared to Europe's Venice due to
its structure and location within the Valley of Mexico. The landscape of the Valley of Mexico
consisted of multiple lakes and "resembled a water–filled

Community Gardens at this University Essay
A Growing University: Community Gardens
Humanity, when striving to create a more perfect world, may have difficulties in choosing a place to
begin. However, in light of the direction much of humanity is quickly going, it seems obvious where
to look. All over the world, urban populations are rapidly growing.
Researchers predict that the time when 50% of the world's population lives in cities is quickly
approaching ("News and Highlights" 1). As urban populations increase, hunger becomes a growing
concern. Thus, it is necessary to restructure the way food is produced in order to more efficiently
feed the world's growing population. The answer lies in urban agriculture.
As a leading university in a growing city, serves as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The vegetables produced would be based on the needs of the local residents. Ethnic foods specific to
the community's needs would also be grown. The garden could be placed on an unused plot of land
owned by the university.
Ideally, the plot would be about 20 sq. ft. This would allow ample space for students to grow a
variety of produce. In addition, separate plots could be set aside for special classes and research
projects. Food produced on the farm would provide a local food source for surrounding residents, as
well as university students, staff, and faculty. The produce would be distributed to the
2
residents of the neighborhood through a Community Supported Agriculture program (CSA).
Each subscriber to the program would receive a certain amount of fresh vegetables each week,
which they would pay for in a monthly fee. Any profits made from the CSA program would be used
to support the garden's operations.
The garden would serve as a model of urban agriculture, an educational tool, and also help
university reach out to the surrounding community. Food production skills are emphasized in many
cities across the world, where urban agriculture is the normal and most practical route for food
production.

Black Culture And Its Effects On Society
Urban areas are known for their large amounts of minority populations while rural areas are usually
associated with people of Caucasian descent. The word 'urban' has become synonymous with the
phrase, inner city. Historically, these terms strengthen the idea of "white flight" which is defined as
"the departure of whites from places (such as urban neighborhoods or schools) increasingly or
predominantly populated by minorities" (Merriam–Webster). Both of these words are often used as
adjectives to describe people who are lazy and insolent. This feeds directly into harmful stereotypes
about minority populations such as black men being unintelligent and lazy human beings who
depend on welfare. These stereotypes do not discuss the fact that ... Show more content on
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Politicians need to be more open to allowing vacant lots to be turned into gardens that can be used
by the community.
As seen by the film Maquilapolis, there are multiple environmental issues that disproportionately
impact oppressed groups. These issues can often be tied to most of the world's relationship with
capitalism. In Maquilapolis, the women are in such a low socioeconomic status that they can't afford
to find another job or move out of their neighborhood. Similarly, food deserts (parts of the country
lacking fresh fruit, vegetables and other healthy foods) are prominent in minority areas because they
don't have the transportation or money for nutritious foods. Recently, it's been discovered that
income isn't the only factor impacting food availability, "Hispanic and Black neighborhood were
still more likely to have smaller corner stores and less likely to have large supermarkets, compared
to their white counterparts. These smaller stores are less likely to have fresh fruits and vegetable,
whole grains, and yogurt, which are commonplace in larger supermarket."
(http://jointcenter.org/blog/food–deserts–more–common–minority–communities) Although urban
community gardens can't provide whole grains and yogurt, they can produce fresh fruits and
vegetables. Just as the factory in Maquilopolis had begun to impact the residents' health, the lack of
healthy food options has caused high rates of heart disease, diabetes and

Persuasive Essay On Genetically Modified Food
At the rate the world is going at now, it is not far fetched to believe that in a few years the world
population could be at ten billion. In order to support all ten billion of these people, actions need to
be taken to ensure everyone will be fed. Some techniques to ensure food security include producing
and supporting the production of genetically modified foods, implicating the practice of urban
farming and aquaculture, better management of wasted foods and educating the general population
on food waste. One solution to help feed the global population is implementing the production of
genetically modified foods. A genetically modified food is an organism in which the genetic material
has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination.
Genetically modified crops have been produced since 1994 and have many benefits to them
compared to regular crops. Many genetically modified crops have been altered so the plant has a
stronger resilience to insects, are more tolerable to herbicides, extreme weather conditions and have
a longer shelf life. With a longer shelf life, the crops are able to be exported to more remote
locations without spoiling, providing food to places that lack the ability to grow their own crops.
Since these crops are more resilient to insects, the amount of toxic bacteria that is added to help
repel the insects is decreased. Plants being stronger and more buoyant to common plant problems
allow farmers to produce

Community Food Security And Food Availability And...
INTRODUCTION
Community food security relates to food availability and accessibility. To be considered community
food secure, all individuals in a community should have access to sufficient amounts of safe,
nutritious, culturally appropriate food that are produced in an environmentally sustainable way
(Desjardins et al, 2002). However, reduced agriculture land due to increased urbanization has
decreased the accessibility of food to the public and has led to food insecurity in many communities
locally and globally. The rising urbanized general public has a limited understanding of food since
food is usually produced some miles away (Iverson et al, 2014). In recent years, the popularity of
urban agriculture and community gardens are raising in many cities in North America (Iverson et al,
2014). A majority of civic politicians come to believe that healthier, safer and fresher food could be
grown in the middle of city at a suitable cost, which can improve food availability, affordability and
accessibility locally (Wong & Hallsworth, 2016). Urban agriculture can improve the access to
healthy food, can develop sustainable food systems, and advance food justice for all people in the
struggling community. It is a solution to address the issue of community food security.
CLAIMS AND EVIDENCE
Urban agriculture can improve the access to healthy food for individuals in the community. There is
real potential for urban agriculture to "empower certain motivated communities to end their

Why Students Should Required Military Service
Students participating in the required military service will find a consecrated strong work ethic and
will fashion a new set of skills that will be required to be industrious in life. The prime focus of
remedial training is to produce quality students that will be ready for college. To be ready for the
future, all remedial training students will learn basic computer coding skills. Financial classes will
be taken by the students, and will cover topics such as credit scores, credit cards, student loans,
mortgages, investments and retirement. According to the Wall Street Journal, "The rate of household
borrowing through car loans, student loans, credit cards, and other types of installment debt other
than mortgages increased in the U.S. in late 2011, which could indicate that consumers are more
willing to borrow or that households have financial stress" (Mitchell). Learning how to manage
debit, while saving for retirement is a dexterity that needs to be taught to young adults. Society will
embrace financial training once installment and revolving debt rates start to decrease while
retirement accounts experience intensification in ending balances. Other important classes that will
be required, will include home economics, auto, wood and metal shop. Students will also learn
plumbing, masonry and electrical skills. Teaching students about solar power, while finding
alternative energy sources will restore the United States manufacturing by significantly lowering
operation

Persuasive Essay On Junk Food
In the food industry today, junk food is fast, easy, and cheap to get, while healthy foods are more
expensive and not nearly everyone has the ability to afford it. Americans are becoming obese and
not enough people put enough effort into changing this for the future. It would be easy to just blame
the fact that there is a McDonald's around every corner, but it truly comes down to each individual
buyer who doesn't know how to make a stop in this. A lot of people cannot support their families
with a healthy dinner so instead they feed them with the dollar menu that is much cheaper and faster.
Robert Kenner created a film in 2008 called Food, Inc. about the faults and dilemmas within the the
food industry. It covers many outlooks on the meat produce, like the chicken houses, the beef and
pork companies, along with the independent family owned businesses. They investigate all types of
methods, the problems they have caused within the past few decades, and attempt to find solutions
in order to improve this way of the system and the impacts each buyer's role is in this situation.
As a consumer, it is agreeable that fast food chains are quick and delicious, but people are forgetting
the quality of local food markets and restaurants. Not many people have gardens, or even buy fresh
produce anymore, which is why so many local businesses are beginning to close down. Very few
places around the nation are attempting to make a change within this society, and some of them are
very successful. From the article "Land of Plenty" in 2011, University of Michigan student, Tyson
Gersh founded a non–profit organization called Michigan Urban Farming Initiative (MUFI), that has
grew into a three acre large garden that has kindly given their vegetables free to the surrounding
neighborhoods over two square miles out. The 50,000 pounds of food can benefit over two thousand
families, and about fifty different other municipalities around the globe have contacted them in order
to know more information to help with their own growing gardens. With years of experience and
research, Gersh hopes to make a change in the food industry; "Industrial cities were built for a world
and an economy and a lifestyle that don't exist anymore, so we're at

India 's Indian Rural Market
Introduction
There is growing realization among marketers about the enormous untapped potential of India's
rural markets. The Indian rural market with its vast size and demand base offers great opportunities
to companies. In India, there are 6,42000 villages . While agriculture used to be the major source of
income in rural areas, over the past 10–12 years, the dominance of agriculture has been rapidly
declining. The contribution of agriculture to India's GDP was less than 20% in 2008–09. There is a
sizeable population of self–employed persons in the hinterland and quite a few of them are into
services such as repair and maintenance of motors and pump sets, televisions and other electrical
appliances, farm equipment, tractors and two wheelers. Some are also engaged in other services like
hospitality, transport, entertainment etc.
The Indian Rural Market
 The Indian rural market is much larger when compared to the urban market in terms of population
and number of households, and also by way of geographic dispersal. The rural market is the new
driving force of the "Indian Consumption Story". With only 31.16% of the Indian population living
in urban areas and 68.84% residing in the villages (Census 2011), it is only a matter of time before
rural India takes its rightful place in the Indian growth story. Faced with a threat of declining growth
rates in future urban markets, businesses have started focusing on the huge and relatively untapped
rural Indian market. The major

The Problem Of Food Insecurity Essay
Food insecurity has been affecting the US population as about more than 23 million Americans,
including 6.5 million children, live in low–income urban and rural neighborhoods that are more than
a mile from a supermarket. These communities are much known since they lack access to
affordable, nutritious food. Vault and healthy food should be affordable; policy or a plan that would
improve our food supply or the health of the population should be put into consideration in order to
enhance the American population's public health.
It is known that food insecurity is one of the major issues in the United States. Politicians have a
great role to reform and speak for the rights of those who do not have a voice. Towns play an
important role in providing access to healthy and affordable food. Establishing a food Security
Council may offer lots of help; and by nominating representatives to speak and consider all the
issues, discuss them, and decide on what 's best for the public. This law may enhance and improve
in order to fight obesity in children and adolescents.
Researchers and experts who have their underlying foundations running somewhere down in the
battle against craving are endeavoring day by day and looking for resolutions to these issues.
Legislative and non–administrative offices have joined to give help and administrations to families
and people needing sustenance and safe spots to devour a sound dinner. Answers for closure this
plague are centered around precaution

The Agricultural Revolution Of Cuba
Although most of the world's food supply comes from rural areas, those areas are the ones with the
most food deficient people. Food production grows more rapidly than does the world's population,
but yet there are still many people who lack access to food. Cuba struggled for a long time to
recover their agricultural systems and produce enough food for even themselves. Today Cuba's
agricultural production is better and more self–sufficient than ever before. Conserving the
environment has growing support and is the future of all agricultural development. The agricultural
revolution of Cuba has inspired other countries to be self–sufficient, to practice a more sustainable
form of agriculture, and to direct farming toward meeting the needs of people within a country,
rather than producing cash crops for export. Policies on global food production threatened the food
security of many countries. First, economically vulnerable countries are subject to the unexpected
changes of the international marketplace, food prices, and heavily subsidized produce from the
global North that undermine the ability of the former to compete. Second, certain crops, like
sugarcane, potato, and corn, are planted to produce biofuels, primarily ethanol, instead of food for
poor populations. Wealthy nations that can afford to buy crops for biofuels inflate market prices for
food, and then the food still goes to the country willing to pay. Third, nations that are based
primarily on exporting products

Global Food Initiative Case Study
Describe your general interest in participating in the research aspect of the UC Global Food
Initiative and highlight any areas that are of special interest to you. See Appendix 1 for summary of
ongoing research.
Conducting research as a part of the UC Global Food Initiative appeals to me because it would be an
excellent way to expand my education and skills outside of the classroom. Topics such as urban
agriculture and food disparities aren't focused on as they should be in the common class/lab, and the
UCGFI would be a great opportunity for me to develop my knowledge on such issues. I also have a
great passion for political advocacy and serving the underserved communities, which is something
that stood out to me while reading the research ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though I don't have a specific career planned out, I plan to combine clinical practice, research,
and political science in caring for the underserved diverse populations of America. It is important to
address the issues in health disparities from multiple points of view, and that is something I want to
incorporate in my future career. To do so, in five years I see myself starting medical school to attain
an M.D–Ph.D. I also want to get a Master's in public health in order to better prepare me as a
potential future policy–maker. In 10 years, I plan to start establishing a career in medicine/research
with an institution that helps increase health equity. I also hope to start setting up my role as a
policy–maker in my community to push for legislation aimed to create awareness and eliminate
health disparities. This fellowship/internship will hopefully build onto the foundation of my future,
for it will help me gain both knowledge and experience in urban planning/public health alongside
faculty that shares the same goals as

Urban Agriculture In Cuba Essay
Sustainability and Security with Urban Agriculture in Cuba Many people know Cuba for its cigars
and rum, both products made from the two major agricultural products grown on the island, but
Cuba has made headlines for something different in the past decade: urban agriculture. Before the
Soviet Bloc collapse in 1989, the bloc "accounted for eighty–five percent of Cuba's trade, and with
its collapse, Cuban imports dropped by seventy–five percent..." (Altieri 131). One of the major
imports from the Soviet Bloc was Russian oil, which fell by almost fifty percent after the collapse
causing Cubans to reassess farming techniques. "Officially called the Special Period in Time of
Peace, the ongoing economic crisis has had a devastating impact on ... Show more content on
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Finally, empresas estatales are "large farms run as state enterprises, many with increasing
decentralization, autonomy, and degrees of profit sharing with workers" (Warwick). Since urban
agriculture began in Cuba, a Spanish speaking country, most of the terms are in Spanish without
English translations as the practice is still becoming popular in English speaking countries. Before
the Special Period, Cuban agriculture relied heavily on chemical pesticides and fertilizers to tend to
the monoculture, mega–farms that only focused heavily exports; however, during the Special Period,
farming techniques shifted to a more sustainable and local production. During the Revolution,
"...pesticide use increased fourfold. By 1989, [the year of the Soviet Bloc collapse] Cuba's
consumption of herbicides and pesticides was close to 34,000 tons per year, and herbicides were
being applied to approximately one–third of the country's cultivated land" (Gonzalez 708). With this
high use of chemical based pest control, Cuba's agricultural system was vulnerable to any changes
in trade relations with the Soviet Bloc. Consequently, when the collapse occurred in 1989, Cuba had
to find new ways to control pests, and the solution contained multiple parts. In the 44th Street
organoponico, "...sorghum is grown all along the periphery of the garden as a trap for bugs... [along
with] companion planting, the practice of planting in bands of different colors to confuse the

Urban Agriculture in and Around Monrovia, Liberia
Urban Agriculture in and around Monrovia, Liberia
Timothy Kortu
Since the end of the war that raged from 1989 to
2003, Liberia has suffered from chronic food insecure and basic socio–economic infrastructure.
Urban urban poverty, improve food security and enhance urban waste management in Monrovia and
other Liberian cities. Recently the government acknowledging food security in the country. rity, due
to the destruction of its agricultural sector agriculture provides a strategy to help reduce
edged the importance of urban agriculture in
Agriculture has always been the key to food security in both urban and rural areas of Liberia. Before
the conflict, approximately 80 percent of the people of Liberia derived their ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Rice and cassava are the main staple food crops in Liberia, and more than 60 percent of the rice
consumed in Liberia is imported (WFP, 2008). But in and around Monrovia families are increasing
their own food production as a way to provide their families with fresh and nutritious food, while a
minority sells their produce on the market.
Agriculture in Monrovia and other cities
Many people, including IDPs, repatriates and rural families migrated to Monrovia
In backyards and small plots on open spaces, families grow vegetables (sweet potato, cabbage,
amaranth, okra, pepper, eggplant, cassava, or corn), and some fruit (mango, papaya) or medicinal
plants. Some households have access to two plots: one near the house for the rainy season and one
on the edge of nearby swamps for the dry season. These home–gardens and small plots are mostly
cultivated by women. Urban agriculture is not new in Liberia. It was practiced for decades in
Monrovia and other Liberian cities before the civil war broke out in 1989, but grew in importance
during and after the conflict. Although many Monrovian citizens are now growing their own food
and the government is positive

Community Garden Review : Project
Community Garden Review
Process
I did not think that this project would amount to much, it was a struggle, and took more effort than
everyone expected. We knew that it would be difficult to get the basics planned, to get donations,
and to finalize details but I did not think it would be that difficult every step of the way. Going to
class most of the semester made me anxious because I knew that it would end in heated arguments
and people leaving upset and not much progress. I do not handle conflict well; it stresses me out and
when everyone begins fighting it leads to me feeling helpless. After this class and this project, I have
learned to handle this stress better and that even though I am a quiet person I can still have a say in
how things are handled. Although the closer to the event we got the easier it was to plan, it was still
chaotic. I think that towards the end of the semester we wanted to do whatever was the simplest and
this actually helped the project. In our brainstorming we covered all different kinds of events to
have–from large and extravagant to backyard barbeque–esque, and the smaller setting seemed to
feel more in–line with what we wanted to achieve. If we had stopped talking and processing when
we thought we had everything figured out, we probably would have spent a lot more money for not
much more experience and it would not have been as successful as the event was. Most of the
details for the event were not decided until right before the work days or

Summary Of Will Allen's The Good Food Revolution
Will Allen's The Good Food Revolution: Growing Healthy Food, People, and Communities is not
just a book about agriculture, it's about life. The book is Will Allen's diary about his past, present
and future. This book is an inspiration. Will Allen writes to show us that our past, might always
come back to haunt us, but the second time it can be a positive experience based on our efforts. In
the following I will provide a summary of the book, describe the importance of the book, and lastly I
will provide a critique on Will Allen's, The Good Food Revolution: Growing Healthy Food, People,
and Communities. As an African American, Allen has not only suffer from racism, but also from the
unfairness in the world of food. He explains how his parents were slaves back in 1920s, and how
that caused him to have a negative view towards agriculture. He states that he never enjoyed
farming during that time. He had always had a passion for agriculture, but there was always
something negative in this path that kept him from enjoying it. Will Allen's love for agriculture,
became the reason why he desired to start his organization, Growing Power. His organization does
not earn profits by harming the poor, it hopes to create an alternative to the nation's centralized
industrial food system. His origination teaches people how to grow food, cook food, and embrace a
way of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Coughlin (1980), "The annual loss of prime agricultural land due to urbanization is
between 390,000 acres and 760,000 acres" (p. 1). Many companies, business, and homes are being
built in areas that were being used for agriculture. Many of the urban farmers don't have a saying on
what is being done by the government. In some cases, with the low economy, many urban farmers
decide to sell their land to get the money they need to

An Expanding World Population And A Degrading Earth
An Expanding World Population & a Degrading Earth The world is currently home to around 7
billion people, but only a century ago there were only about 1.6 billion people living on it. It is
estimated that the world population will soar to approximately 9 or 10 billion within the next forty
years (Lambert 6). Along with the increasing global population, climate change and water scarcity
are also burdening the survival of our planet (Lambert 5). The FAO has warned that agriculture must
produce 70% more food within the next 40 years to feed our expanding population, but the world's
resources and land are dwindling as quickly as the population is expanding (Lambert 5). The world
urban populations have been increasing consistently and are ... Show more content on
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A balance must be achieved as agriculture accounts for 30% of income in developing countries and
without food production, the current world population could not survive (Munesue 9). How is
humanity supposed to feed its future self of 10 billion people without destroying itself through
overuse of its Earth?
Is Food Security a Human Right? There are more hunger related deaths each year throughout the
world than AIDS malaria, and TB combined (Lambert 4). 25,000 people die everyday due to hunger
related deaths (Lambert 4). The International Conference on Nutrition in 1992 and the World Food
Summit in 1996 emphasized the importance of access to safe and nutritious food being recognized
as a fundamental human right (Lusamba 3). It has been an established principle that a country 's rate
of food insecurity is directly related to system of governance (Lambert 7). Democratic societies
have much lower rates of food insecurity than those countries with more authoritarian governments
(Lambert 7). In this paper, food insecurity is defined as a condition in which an individual or
population does not have access to safe culturally appropriate food that meets their caloric and
nutritional needs. This paper is a study of the current state of food insecurity in four different
countries throughout the world. A brief section is devoted to the U.S. as a tool for

The Industrial Revolution Of The Green Revolution
Introduction
To date, historical evidence, from the industrial revolution to the green revolution, show that
agriculture growth has long been the engine of development. This idea has long helped promoting
the capitalist agriculture transition as the only path to rise resident's income (Zhang, et al., 2015) in
order to get people out of poverty. Accordingly, many started celebrating the global rise in incomes
as a success of those policies while the lagging in Africa showed the undermined inequalities and
marginalisation of the most vulnerable categories. Yet, the specificity in Africa is, today, getting
more and more attention as it shows not only the persistence of poverty but a high concentration in
rural areas.
Accordingly, the starting point of this paper is that agriculture growth is definitely necessary but the
management of the transition process and the understanding of the past and the initial interconnected
conditions lead to different path and development patterns beyond the polarized debate between
traditional as pro–poor and the advanced as urban bias. To do so, firstly a study of the different
global patterns of poverty, where it is concentrated, who are the poor and the resulting social
relations is needed. Afterwards, the concept of initial conditions will be explored with a focus on the
role of the initial technical investment in shaping the urban bias development patterns. Finally, the
two previous conditions will be explored with a political economic

Essay on Agriculture Review Questions
Chapter 11 Agriculture Review Questions
1. What events lead to the beginnings of the First Agricultural Revolution? How did the First
Agricultural Revolution lead to the formation of urban areas? (you should incorporate plant
domestication, and animal domestication in your answer)
Events that lead to the beginnings of the First Agricultural Revolution are plant and animal
domestication helped humans settle down. Plant domestication allowed humans to cultivate root
crops and seed crops. Root crops are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the
plants. Seed crops are plants that involve a more complex process in which includes well–timed
harvesting. Animal domestication had advantages such as humans can use ... Show more content on
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The imprint that agriculture makes on the cultural landscape is as you look from the West Coast of
the United States to the East Coast you would see green circles standing out in arid regions of the
country are places where center– pivot irrigation systems circle around a pivot, providing irrigation
to a circle of crops. Then you can also see a checkerboard pattern on the landscape that reflects the
pattern of land ownership in much of the country. Three main Cadastral systems, the method of land
survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined, include township and range
system, metes and bounds and the longlot survey system. Township and range system divides land
into a series of rectangular parcels. The land was bought and sold in a gridlike pattern on the land in
whole, half, or quarter sections. Metes and bounds survey system uses natural features are used to
demarcate irregular parcels of lands. Long– lot survey system divides land into narrow parcels
stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.
4. Discuss the overall changes in agriculture from family farming to commercial agriculture. Be sure
to explain the environmental impacts of commercial agriculture.
Commercial and family farming are two different concepts of farming. Family farms are organic and
healthy yet it is expensive since not much is made in family farms. Commercial farming is the
opposite. Commercial farms use additive, preservatives and also lack sanitation.

The Golden Arches That Rise Into The Sky Essay
The Golden Arches that rise into the sky can be seen at a distance from most any highway, this
landmark is typically followed by the phrase "Welcome to McDonald's, may I take your order?"
These words have been heard by nearly every single child in the U.S. and in the 1990's obesity rates
in America began to rise as these words became evermore familiar. Processed food was beginning to
makes its debut and the need for farmers dropped by 50% as American's consumed more sugar and
less produce (Grace Communications). Living in a family that lives like the average American, it
makes sense why people live this way, it's so convenient and it's loaded with so much crap that it
even tastes pretty good. Most people in my family are overweight, and they spend money on cheap
processed foods to save money and time, but at what cost? Coming to college was a dream come
true in some respects, I could now make my own healthy decisions, cook my own meals, and
explore my love for wholesome, sustainable ingredients. While researching more about the
agricultural means that create the food we consume today, the concept of rooftop gardens continues
to pop–up as an alternative to the food–like substances laced with antibiotics and pesticides that we
eat without second thoughts to the damage it may do to us, the community, or our environment.
Every year more and more people begin to the transition to the concept of Urban Agriculture or
Rooftop gardens in opposition to industrial agriculture. To

The Reform Movement Of Rural Canada During The Nineteenth...
The search for reform in rural Canada during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries reveals a deep
connection between educational movements and social reform. The readings for the first three
weeks of this course have provided an overview of how social reformers during this period were
keen to promote an "urban and modern orientation" to direct social reform movements in rural
Canada. Often, this perspective came into conflict with the needs of the rural society at the time.
Therefore, the widespread discontent within the rural society was illustrated through the various
efforts of social reform in Canada during the 1860s–1960s.
The first set of readings of this course outline the ways in which the hopes of the social reformers
were to promote reform based on an "urban and modern orientation" through movements in
agriculture, social welfare, and education. In doing so, the social reformers encouraged three kinds
of developments: i) the promotion of an "urban orientation" through the reform of "agricultural
education," ii) the promotion reform through social legislation, and finally iii) the promotion of
reform in rural education to "progressive systems of education." Although the reformers saw the
promotion of progressivism as a solution to the various problems within the rural society, the
widespread discontent from the rural society depicted the ways in which the needs of the urbanites
and the rural society came into conflict.
I will explore the ways in which the

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