Early RomeI. The Beginnings of RomeII. Family and Society (Roman Family Values)III. Early Republican Political Structure I. Beginnings of Rome 1 Differentiating between Myth, Legend, and History Prehistoric Archaeological Evidence 2 Founding Myths (Historic Source: Livy First Century BCE) Aeneas (Legendary Ancestor) Romulus and Remus (Founders of Rome) 753 BCE Lucretia (Revolt against the king Lucius Tarquinus Superbus) 509 BCE; Founding of the Republic Myth: Traditional story of supposedly historical/past events that reveal or maintain the world view of a people or society Aeneas arriving in Latium. * Romulus and Remus suckling from the she-wolf. * Lucretia taking her life. * The rape of Lucretia. * II. Family and Society1. A Patriarchal SocietyGaius Julius Caesar; gens=clan (For Caesar the gens Julia)Familia=household; Rule of the Father (paterfamilias) 2. Piety (Pietas)=selfless concern and regard for parents and ancestors (ancestral spirits)3. Monitoring Morality: Censors, honor, infamy4. Patron-Client Relations: Informal political networks of personal interdependence III. Early Republican Political Structure1 Patricians and Plebians2 Three-part systemConsuls (2)Held imperium (the right to command; executive powers; one year term)Senate (~300); council of elders (patricians)Assemblies (Century and Tribal)3 Struggle of the Orders 3. Struggle of the OrdersEstablishment of the Office of Tribune (494 BCE) Spokesmen for the PlebiansCouncil of the Plebians (471 BCE)Intermarriage allowed (445 BCE)Consulship open to Plebians (367 BCE)Laws passed in the Council of Plebians binding for all Romans (287 BCE) IV. Expansion of the Republic1. Coalition of Latin speaking cities (Central Italy)2. Defeat of Latin Allies (338 BCE)Extension of partial and full citizenship3. Punic Wars Against CarthageSecond Punic War (218-201 BCE)First Contact with Hellenistic Kingdoms War with Macedonia 200 BCEWar with Seleucid Monarch 191 BCE The End of the Republic: Victory Will Eat Itself (133-31 BCE) Why did the Republic end after over 450 years? The victories of the Roman Republic destroyed the institutions of the Republic “Trying to govern these sprawling territories with institutions and social traditions suited for a city-state overwhelmed the Roman Republic and led to the establishment of a new form of government.” I. The Late Republic and Its ProblemsII. Causation: A modern historical diagnosis I. The Late Republic and Its Problems 1. Polarization of wealth; large landed estates 2. Political conflict between Senatorial factions: “Optimates” versus “Populares” Tiberius Gracchus (163-133 BCE) Gaius Gracchus 3. The size of the city of Rome and the “Mob”: Bread and Circuses 4. Increasing importance and influence of generals Marius (157-86 BCE) and Sulla (138-78 BCE) II. Causation: A Modern Historical Diagnosis1. Growth of Empire and Wealth for a Few2. Generals as Politicians and Dictators: ...

1. Early RomeI. The Beginnings of RomeII. Family and Society
(Roman Family Values)III. Early Republican Political Structure
I. Beginnings of Rome
1 Differentiating between Myth, Legend, and History
Prehistoric Archaeological Evidence
2 Founding Myths (Historic Source: Livy First Century BCE)
Aeneas (Legendary Ancestor)
Romulus and Remus (Founders of Rome) 753 BCE
Lucretia (Revolt against the king Lucius Tarquinus
Superbus) 509 BCE; Founding of the Republic
Myth: Traditional story of supposedly historical/past events that
reveal or maintain the world view of a people or society
Aeneas arriving in Latium.

2. *
Romulus and Remus suckling from the she-wolf.
*
Lucretia taking her life.
*
The rape of Lucretia.
*
II. Family and Society1. A Patriarchal SocietyGaius Julius
Caesar; gens=clan (For Caesar the gens
Julia)Familia=household; Rule of the Father (paterfamilias) 2.
Piety (Pietas)=selfless concern and regard for parents and
ancestors (ancestral spirits)3. Monitoring Morality: Censors,
honor, infamy4. Patron-Client Relations: Informal political
networks of personal interdependence

3. III. Early Republican Political Structure1 Patricians and
Plebians2 Three-part systemConsuls (2)Held imperium (the
right to command; executive powers; one year term)Senate
(~300); council of elders (patricians)Assemblies (Century and
Tribal)3 Struggle of the Orders
3. Struggle of the OrdersEstablishment of the Office of Tribune
(494 BCE) Spokesmen for the PlebiansCouncil of the Plebians
(471 BCE)Intermarriage allowed (445 BCE)Consulship open to
Plebians (367 BCE)Laws passed in the Council of Plebians
binding for all Romans (287 BCE)
IV. Expansion of the Republic1. Coalition of Latin speaking
cities (Central Italy)2. Defeat of Latin Allies (338
BCE)Extension of partial and full citizenship3. Punic Wars
Against CarthageSecond Punic War (218-201 BCE)First Contact
with Hellenistic Kingdoms War with Macedonia 200 BCEWar
with Seleucid Monarch 191 BCE
The End of the Republic: Victory Will Eat Itself (133-31 BCE)
Why did the Republic end after over 450 years?

4. The victories of the Roman Republic destroyed the institutions
of the Republic
“Trying to govern these sprawling territories with institutions
and social traditions suited for a city-state overwhelmed the
Roman Republic and led to the establishment of a new form of
government.”
I. The Late Republic and Its ProblemsII. Causation: A modern
historical diagnosis
I. The Late Republic and Its Problems
1. Polarization of wealth; large landed estates
2. Political conflict between Senatorial factions: “Optimates”
versus “Populares”
Tiberius Gracchus (163-133 BCE)
Gaius Gracchus
3. The size of the city of Rome and the “Mob”: Bread and
Circuses
4. Increasing importance and influence of generals
Marius (157-86 BCE) and Sulla (138-78 BCE)
II. Causation: A Modern Historical Diagnosis1. Growth of
Empire and Wealth for a Few2. Generals as Politicians and
Dictators: Marius and Sulla (dictator 82-80 BCE)3. Civil Wars

5. and the End of the RepublicFirst Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus,
Julius Caesar (Caesar’s Dictatorship 45-44 BCE)Julius Caesar
Assassinated 44 BCESecond Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc
Antony, LepidiusDominance of Octavian (Augustus)