A) Analyze and fully explain how the Romans’ economy, politics, and cultures transformed from the time of the Republic to the end of Pax-Romana. In doing so, you should begin with the formation of the Roman Republic (how it functioned, its law and religion, its military and economic expansion.) Continue your discussion with the rise of Julius Caesar and the establishment of Pax-Romana along with its economical, societal (including religions) and intellectual achievements. Roman empire and the Han dynasty in 2nd century! Gaius Julius Caesar (101-44BCE) Pompey ‘the Great’ (106-48 BCE) Rome and Mediterranean Unity: Government of divine kingdom! Civil War (49-44 BCE) Roman Aqueduct Rome and Mediterranean Unity Pax-Romana (Roman Peace) Beginning with the accession of Augustus in 27 BCE, this era in Roman history lasted until 180 CE, the death of Marcus Aurelius. Imperial decline and barbarian invasions: 1. Decline of the empires in the 3rd. and 4th.centuries CE. 2. Three problems that afflicted the Roman empire: A. Roman empire grew in territory and population beyond the limits of what its economic resources could support. I. Expansion of bureaucracy and army II. War with Persians III. Higher taxation 2. Three problems that afflicted the Roman empire: A. Roman empire grew in territory and population beyond the limits of what its economic resources could support. II. War with Persians III. Higher taxation Roman bridge, 1st. century Roman bath Roman aqueduct B. Lack of technological progress I. Not much progress in basic technology I. Slave labor Roman cage cup Roman stone paved road Roman siege engine Catapult Crane for medium load Roman crane machine Spartacus, the Slaves Revolt - 73 BCE. Slaves were an important economic good and entity in the Roman Empire. They were sold on the slave markets like cattle or any other good. Roman slaves and the Slave market. Slave labor is ultimately self-defeating! Why? Roman Villa and Latifundia Christianity Constantine signed the Edict of Milan (religious toleration) in 313 after assuming his position in 306 CE. Imperial decline and barbarian invasions: C. Widening gap between the rich and the poor I. No loyalty or support of common people The crisis of the 3rd century: a) Political, after the assassination of emperor Alexander Severus in 235CE.Hyperinflation, devaluation of currencies. A silver coin had less silver, but more bronze and copperTrade network break down Tetrarchy (leadership of four) Caesar=junior emperor Augustus=senior emperor Emperor Diocletian, 293CE Imperial decline and barbarian invasions: C. Widening gap between the rich and the poor I. No loyalty or support of common people II. More problems in the western part of the empire Emperor Constantine I, moved the capital to Byzantium (Constantinople ) in 330CE. Emperor Valentinian I (364-375CE) appointed h.

1. A) Analyze and fully explain how the Romans’ economy,
politics, and cultures transformed from the time of the Republic
to the end of Pax-Romana. In doing so, you should begin with
the formation of the Roman Republic (how it functioned, its law
and religion, its military and economic expansion.) Continue
your discussion with the rise of Julius Caesar and the
establishment of Pax-Romana along with its economical,
societal (including religions) and intellectual achievements.
Roman empire and the Han dynasty in 2nd century!
Gaius Julius Caesar (101-44BCE)
Pompey ‘the Great’ (106-48 BCE)
Rome and Mediterranean Unity:
Government of divine kingdom!
Civil War (49-44 BCE)
Roman Aqueduct
Rome and Mediterranean Unity
Pax-Romana (Roman Peace)

2. Beginning with the accession of Augustus in 27 BCE, this era in
Roman history lasted until 180 CE, the death of Marcus
Aurelius.
Imperial decline and barbarian invasions:
1. Decline of the empires in the 3rd. and 4th.centuries CE.
2. Three problems that afflicted the Roman empire:
A. Roman empire grew in territory and population beyond
the limits of what its economic resources could support.
I. Expansion of bureaucracy and army
II. War with Persians
III. Higher taxation
2. Three problems that afflicted the Roman empire:
A. Roman empire grew in territory and population beyond
the limits of what its economic resources could support.
II. War with Persians
III. Higher taxation

3. Roman bridge, 1st. century
Roman bath
Roman aqueduct
B. Lack of technological progress
I. Not much progress in basic technology
I. Slave labor
Roman cage cup
Roman stone paved road
Roman siege engine
Catapult
Crane for medium load
Roman crane machine
Spartacus, the Slaves Revolt - 73 BCE.
Slaves were an important economic good and entity in the
Roman Empire. They were sold on the slave markets like cattle
or any other good.
Roman slaves and the Slave market.

4. Slave labor is ultimately self-defeating!
Why?
Roman Villa and Latifundia
Christianity
Constantine signed the Edict of Milan (religious toleration) in
313 after assuming his position in 306 CE.
Imperial decline and barbarian invasions:
C. Widening gap between the rich and the poor
I. No loyalty or support of common people
The crisis of the 3rd century:
a) Political, after the assassination of emperor Alexander
Severus in 235CE.Hyperinflation, devaluation of currencies. A
silver coin had less silver, but more bronze and copperTrade
network break down
Tetrarchy (leadership of four)
Caesar=junior emperor
Augustus=senior emperor
Emperor Diocletian, 293CE

5. Imperial decline and barbarian invasions:
C. Widening gap between the rich and the poor
I. No loyalty or support of common people
II. More problems in the western part of the empire
Emperor Constantine I, moved the capital to Byzantium
(Constantinople ) in 330CE.
Emperor Valentinian I (364-375CE) appointed his brother
Valens (364-375) as the co- ruler.
Xiongnu
Attila died in 453
Imperial decline and barbarian invasions:
1. Decline of the empires in the 3rd. and 4th.centuries CE.
Rise of Attila the Hun (died in453)
Imperial decline and barbarian invasions:
3. Invasions of barbarians from the West:
A. Movements of the nomadic people against China and
India

6. B. Germanic people
Germanic tribes:
Saxon, Jutes, Angles, Thuringians, Alamanni, Suebi, Franks,
Daner (Denish), Suiones (Swedes), Burgandians, Visigoths,
Thervings, Ostrogoths, Rugians, Vandals, Heruli