1. 9/8/2009
1
European
movement
EEuurrooppeeaann EExxpplloorraattiioonn:
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Crusades (1096-1291 CE)
increased awareness of the rest of the world
by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia
centers of trade grew in northern Italy and
northern France
Black Death (1347-1351 CE)
beginning of the end of feudalism
emergence of a money economy
loss of religious faith, doubts about Church
EEuurrooppeeaann EExxpplloorraattiioonn::
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Renaissance (mid-1400s to mid-1600s)
curiosity about other lands and peoples
guilds encouraged manufacturing and trade
Machiavelli’s influence (monarchs created
bigger armies bureaucracies, collected taxes)
decline of Church’s and nobility’s power
economic revival
Reformation (1500s)
spawned refugees missionaries
competition between Catholic
Protestants
EEuurrooppeeaann EExxpplloorraattiioonn::
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Technological advances
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532) Sextant Better Maps
[Portulan]
15th century
trade routes
European trade routes

2. 9/8/2009
2
European Exploration:
DDiirreecctt CCaauusseess
• Political: Become a world power through gaining
wealth and land. (GLORY)
• Economic: Search for new trade routes with
direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would
enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD)
• Religious: spread Christianity and weaken
Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)
*** The 3 motives reinforce each other ***
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pppppppprrrrrrrreeeeeeee- 11111111444444449999999922222222
explorers

3. 9/8/2009
3
F/I War 1750
EFFECTS
•Europeans reach and settle Americas
•Expanded knowledge of world geography
•Growth of trade, mercantilism and
capitalism
•Indian conflicts over land and impact of
disease on Indian populations
•Introduction of the institution of slavery
•Columbian Exchange
CCoolluummbbiiaann EExxcchhaannggee or the transfer of goods
involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa
* Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes
* Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine
* Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO
* Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis
* Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice
* Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley
* Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats
* Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE
* Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox
* Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria
* Diptheria * Whooping Cough
European Colonization
European Colonization
• Once the New World is discovered, four European
countries begin competing for control of North
America and the world….
• Spain
• France
• The Netherland
• England
• Spanish first to pursue colonization
• Start in Caribbean, then Central and South
America—most important was conquest of Aztecs
by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)
• First permanent colonies in what will become
United States are founded by Spain
– St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to
protect Spanish treasure fleets
PPaatthh ooff CCoonnqquueesstt
CCoolloonniizzaattiioonn
Explorers
Permanent
Settlers
European
Colonial
Empire

4. 9/8/2009
4
Columbus’ CCCooollluuummmbbbuuusss’’’ FFFFoooouuuurrrr VVVVooooyyyyaaaaggggeeeessss
Explorers Sailing From
Hispaniola
• Ponce de Leon
• est. colony at Puerto Rico
• sailed north looking for Fountain of Youth
• discovered Florida for Spain (1508)
• de Coronado
• went north from Mexico, up Colorado River,
saw Grand Canyon (1540)
• de Soto
• through Florida into Carolinas and west
to the Mississippi River (1541)
FFiirrsstt SSppaanniisshh CCoonnqquueessttss:: TThhee AAzztteeccss
Cortes conquered Aztec Empire (1519)
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vs.
FFiirrsstt SSppaanniisshh CCoonnqquueessttss:: TThhee IInnccaass
Pizarro conquered Incan Empire (1532)
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vs.

5. 9/8/2009
5
TTrreeaassuurreess
ffrroomm tthhee AAmmeerriiccaass!!
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PPeenniinnssuullaarreess
SSppaanniisshh
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CCrreeoolleess
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BBllaacckk
mmiixxttuurree..
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aanndd BBllaacckk
mmiixxttuurree
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1. Spanish practice of securing an adequate
and cheap labor supply = FEUDALISM
– “granted” to deserving subjects of the King
2. Conquistador controlled
Indian populations
– required Indians to pay tribute
from their lands
– Indians often rendered personal
services as well
3. In return the conquistador was obligated to
– protect his wards
– instruct them in the Christian faith
– defend their right to live off the land
TThhee IInnfflluueennccee ooff tthhee CCoolloonniiaall
CCaatthhoolliicc CChhuurrcchh
Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Spanish Mission
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•Believed Native
Americans had been
treated harshly by the
Spanish.
•Indians could be
educated and
converted to
Christianized.
•Believed Indian
culture was advanced
as European but in
different ways.
Eventually decimated Indian population.
With support of de Las Casas the King restricted the
system with the New Laws (1542)
Missionaries put in charge of settlements, not
conquistadors (1573)
religious conversions
cultural assimilation
forced labor
continued
under new
system

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6
The
Spanish
Empire
by the
1600’s
• Overworked Native population
• King Philip II spent too much
on religious wars
• Lack of industrial development
• High costs of empire
huge area, distant outposts,
“sea dogs” plundered
• Defeat of the Spanish Armada
(1588) by England
• French settle Quebec (1608)
Montreal (1642) and what would
become Canada
– drawn by fishing whaling
Newfoundland
– took control of St. Lawrence
River access to interior
– developed fur trade with help
of “courier de bois”
French Explorers
• Cartier
reached St. Lawrence River
claimed Eastern Canada for France (1535)
• Samuel de Champlain
“Father of New France”
est. Quebec (1st permanent French colony)
est. settlements and explored Maine,
Montreal Nova Scotia - 1608
French Explorers
• Marquette
Jesuit missionary assigned to Quebec
mastered several Native languages
ventured down much of Mississippi
River, charting its course (1673)
• De La Salle
charted much of the Great Lakes (1679)
claimed Louisiana and MI River Basin
for France (1682-84)

7. 9/8/2009
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• Commercial focus
fur slave trades
Dutch West India Co.
• Sparse settlements
Fort Orange
New Netherland
Connecticut River
Delaware River
• Allied with Iroquois
Dutch Exploration Settlement
• Henry Hudson
• searched for Northwest Passage
• claimed Hudson River
• settlers established New Netherlands
• New Amsterdam (est. 1609)
• part of the Dutch global trade system
• culturally linguistically diverse
• autocratic business-oriented