4476 4480.output

* GB784883 (A)
Description: GB784883 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Apparatus for extracting air from fibre suspensions
Description of GB784883 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION "'Apparatus for Extracting ALr from Fibre
Suspensions '
We, ESCEIER WYSS G.m.b.H, a German
Company, of Ravensburg, Wtirttemberg,
Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:
This invention relates to apparatus for extracting air from fibre
suspensions such as wood pulp cellulose or paper.
The air contained in fibre suspensions generally leads to the
formation of foam on the surface of pulp-water channels, containers
and the like. It has a particularly undesirable effect in the
manufacture of paper, in that light spots are produced in the paper
sheet when air bubbles are carried along with the fibres and reach the
sheetforming part of the sieve. A fibre suspension having a high air
content therefore impairs the look-through of the paper sheet and
consequently the quality of the paper. Moreover, it frequently
necessitates a reduction of the working speed, whereby the production
falls and the cost of manufacture of the paper is increased. Such
difficulties have arisen ever since paper has been- manufactured on
paper machines. They are promoted by the sizing, by various colours,
by the water circulating system commonly employed in paper machines,
by cataracts in the path of the pulp water, by leaky stuffing boxes in
pulp pumps, by machine chests running too fast and by many other
factors.
As long as the quantities of air floating as foam on the surface are
not too great, the foam can be destroyed by means of fine water jets
sprayed on to the foam from socalled foam-destroying nozzles, but this
is impossible in the case of very finely divided air in the form of

tiny bubbles adhering to the fibres. Such air occlusions are promoted
by the modern highspeed working-up machines, such as pulpers and
refiners, and the effects are naturally more unfavourable in
proportion as the working speed of the paper machine on which this
fibre suspension is to be worked up into paper is higher.
None of the foam-preventing media, such as petroleum, beater oils and
the like are of any use in such cases, quite apart from the fact that
they cannot be employed with all papers and that the continuous use
thereof is a costly matter. It has therefore already been proposed to
remove the foam or the occluded air by means of a vacuum treatment,
and a number of methods of this type have become known. In such cases,
the fibre suspension is finely atomised in a vacuum, for example, and
projected against baffle plates, whereby an air extraction is
effected.
However, the apparatus necessary for this purpose is very costly, so
that the expenditure for the proposed purpose is disproportionately
high. In a further known method, the uppermost liquid layer is
withdrawn to gether with the air or with the foam at the point to
which the vacuum is applied, and this liquid layer is fed back to the
stream of pulp without losses before the defoamer.
The corresponding arrangement is of very simple construction, but in
applying this arrangement the disadvantage has been encountered that
the air removal is possible only up to a particular extent, and it has
been found that very finely divided air bubbles are still present on
the fibres.
The invention has as its aim to obviate this disadvantage and
according to the invention, the air-extracting apparatus comprises a
vacuum chamber from which the extracted air is withdrawn together with
a part of the fibre suspension itself. In addition, means are provided
within the vacuum chamber for influencing the fibre suspension by
vibration in order to facilitate the separation of the fibres from the
air bubbles adhering thereto.
Various constructional forms of the subject of the invention are
illustrated by way of example in the drawings, in which:
Figure 1 shows an arrangement according to the invention in
combination with the pulp inlet of a Fourdrinier type paper-making
machine;
Figure 2 shows the vibrating device provided in the arrangement
according to Figure
1, in section along the line II--II of Figure 1;
Figures 3 to 5 show modifications of the construction of the vibrating
device in the arrangement according to Figure 1;
Figure 6 is a section along the line VI-VI of Figure 5;
Figure 7 is an air-extracting device with the vibrating device

constructed as a vibrating partition;
Figure 8 is a fragmentary section along the line VIlI-VIlI of Figure
7;
Figure 9 shows a further constructional form of the air extracting
device with a vibrating device; and
Figure 10 is an elevation of the perforated disc of the arrangemant
according to
Figure 9.
Figure 1 shows a breast box for a Fourdrinier type paper-making
machine, the fibre suspension flowing from a container 1 to a flow
distributor 2, from- which it flows into a vacuum chamber 3. The
vacuum in this chamber is so produced-by means of a pump 4 that not
only the air liberated in the vacuum chamber 3, but also a part of the
fibre suspension is always withdrawn and forced into a receptacle 5,
whence this withdrawn part of the fibre suspension flows back into the
container 1 through a pipe 6. A forward part 7 of the breast box is
open at the bottom, and the breast box communicates with the container
1 through the vacuum chamber 3. The accumulation of substance in the
breast box is therefore adjusted in accordance with the fibre
suspension flowing thereto from a channel 8 and in accordance with the
adjustment of an outlet lin 9 and bears no direct relation to the
height of the fibre suspension in the vacuum receptable 3, which is
determined by the vacuum.
In order to intensify the separation of air in the vacuum chamber 3,
there is disposed below the level of the suspension in the region of
the point of application of the vacuum a rotating perforated cylinder
10 which in itself vibrates the fibre suspension by its rotational
movement. The cylinder 10 is driven by a motor 11 in accordance with
Figure 2, but in addition a vibration in the axial direction is
imparted thereto by a vibrator 12.
According to Figure 3, round discs 14 are disposed at intervals on a
rotating shaft in place of the perforated roller. This rotating shaft
and the discs mounted thereon are also vibrated at high frequency in
the axial direction by the vibrator 12.
Figure 4 shows an arrangement in which the fibre suspension is
influenced by means of sound waves. For this purpose, two devices 15
generating sound waves or ultrasonic waves are oppositely disposed in
the region of the application of the vacuum in the suction chamber.
According to Figures 5 and - 6, the fibre suspension is influenced by
plates 16 which are designed in comb-like form along one edge anci are
mounted on a shaft 17. The said shaft and plates are vibrated at high
frequency by a vibrator 18.
In the arrangement illustrated in Figure 1 nozzle spray tunes 19, 20
are also provided in the vacuum chamber 3 and above the container 5.

In the air-extracting arrangement according to Figures 7 and 8, a
rising partition 21 is so constructed as to be able to vibrate as a
whole and thus to influence the fibre suspension. The partition 21 is
connected to the side walls 22 and to the breast board 23 by soft
rubber cushions 24 or similar elastic means. The vibration of the
partition 21 is produced by a rotating unbalanced element 25, but this
partition may also be so constructed as to incorporate an -electric
motor provided with an unbalanced element or any other
vibration-producing member. To prevent flaking, a baffle member 26 of
peardrop form and a rotating perforated cylinder 27 are provided in
the flow channels. Alternatively, for example, a number of baffle
elements or perforated cylinders may be provided.
Figures 9 and 10 show a constructional form of the air-extracting
arrangement, in which the fibre suspension to be treated is sucked
upwardly from a channel 28 into a vacuum chamber 29 by means of the
vacuum device. A perforated plate 30 is disposed in the region of the
application of the vacuum below the liquid level. The said perforated
plate is vibrated at high frequency by vibrator 31 and thus influences
the fibre suspension. A fibre suspension having a high air content
travels over an overflow 32 and is withdrawn through a pipe 33 by
means of a vacuum pump not shown, while the fibre suspension freed
from air and gas is deflected through a descending tube 34 into a duct
35, through which it flows to its destination.
As a result of the aforesaid influencing of the fibre suspension by
vibrations, which can be carried out in various ways the connection
between the fibres and the extremely fine air bubbles adhering thereto
is loosened, and the air bubbles are then forced by the vacuum to the
surface of the fibre suspension whence they are withdrawn by suction
with a part of the fibre suspension. The air can thus be removed from
the fibre suspension at relatively low cost to such an extent that
even when the pulp is worked up in such a manner as to promote the
absorption of air an air-free fibre suspension reaches the paper
machine, in which completely satisfactory working is thus rendered
possible.
What me claim is:
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* GB784884 (A)
Description: GB784884 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in and relating to methods of separating metallic aluminium
from slags and drosses
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of filing Complete Specification June 18, 1956.
Application Date June 30, 1955.
784,884 No 18883/55.
Complete Specification Published Oct 16, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 82 ( 1), 17.
International Classification: -C 22 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in and relating to methods of Separating Metallic
Aluminium from Slags and Drosses LIMITED, a registered British
company, of Norton Canes, Cannock, Staffordshire, and JOHIN OWEN
EDWARDS, B Sc, a British subject, of the company's address, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
paiticularly described in and by the following statement:This
invention relates to a method of wet separation of metallic aluminium
from slagsm and drosses and the like produced by the melting of
aluminium and/or aluminium alloy, and aluminium and/or aluminium alloy
scrap, from aluminium oxide, carbide and the residue of various
chemicals normally used as fluxes in the melting of aluminium and its
alloys.
Owing to the extreme affinity of aluminium for oxygen, particularly in

the molten state, it is usual to cover the surface of the molten metal
with a flux to prevent oxygen from coming into contact directly with
it Two types of fluxes are used, one consisting of high melting point
chemicals such as sodium aluminium fluoride, calcium fluoride and
aluminium oxide in powder form, the other consisting of low melting
point water-soluble chemicals such as sodium chloride, potassium
chloride and calcium chloride, which, at the temperatures used in the
melting of aluminium, fuse and form a liquid salt cover on the surface
of the metal.
It is this second type of molten chemicals to which this invention
particularly relates, as it is found that owing to their contamination
and other factors, they have the property of holding in suspense
globules of molten aluminium of varying sizes It is usually found that
when this slag is removed from the furnace, which is generally done in
a liquid state, and allowed to solidify, a considerable quantity of
aluminium (from 5 % to 25 %) is retained in this solidified slag.
The primary object of the present invention is to provide a simple and
inexpensive method lj Price 35 6 dfl for removing the metallic
aluminium and aluminium alloy from the solidified slag.
According to the present invention, a 50 method of treating a mass of
such solidified aluminium slag consists in supporting it on a
perforated or porous member either in one piece or by breaking it down
into smaller pieces, and then washing either the whole or 55 the
broken pieces of slag in water, with or without some form of agitation
of the water.
According to experiments, we have successfully used a plate having a
mesh of 3/16 " opening After a period of immersion in a 60 water
container which may vary according to the size of the slag or pieces
of slag, the plate is removed from the water, or the water is removed
from the container by draining, pumping or similar suitable method It
is found 65 that the low melting point chemicals used for the fluxing
operation have been dissolved, leaving a residue consisting
substantially of particles of aluminium and aluminium alloys on the
mesh 70 According to one method of treatment, cooled and crushed slag,
say 3 tons of size 6 " and less, is placed on a perforated metal floor
which is situated about two thirds of the way up from the bottom of a
water tank of approxi 75 mately 3000 gallons capacity After twentyfour
hours the water, and finely divided sludge which has passed through
the mesh, is drained off and the residual particles of aluminium on
the grid are removed and, after drying, if 80 necessary can then be
remelted in a suitable furnace and cast into ingot form.
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* GB784885 (A)
Description: GB784885 (A)
No title available
PAILTENT SPECIFICATION
7845885 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification July I,
1955.
E Be No 19183/55.
Application made in Germany on July 1, 1954,'.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 37, EC(IC 1: 1 D 1 l: 2: 4 X).
International Classification: EH Odl.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvernents a Y or relating to Devices for -1 'roduci Rig Haill
Voltages We, SIEMENS-SCRUCK Ep TW Epu E Aic TENGESELLSCHAFT, a German
Company, of Berlin and Erlangen, Germany, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to a device for producing a Hall voltage
comprising a resistance member.
If a current I flows through a resistance member and the latter is
subjected to a magnetic field having a component H perpendicular to
the direction of flow of the current, the socalled Hall voltage may be
derived from auxiliary electrodes suitably located on the member This
Hall voltage is proportional to the product of IH The auxiliary
electrodes, as distinct from the electrodes which introduce the
current into the member, will hereinafter be called Hall electrodes
The basic effect concerned here is the long known Hall effect, and, as

known, the Hall voltage is equal to the mentioned product IH
multiplied by the Hall constant which depends on the nature of the
substance of the member The Hall effect is particularly great in the
case of bismuth and the semi-conductor germanium, and such substances
have in recent years been the subject of special research By
introducing suitable chemical impurities into germanium it has been
possible to produce germanium resistance members having Hall constants
about 105 times greater than those of bismuth Proposals have been made
to use the Hall voltage for technical purposes more especially for
measuring purposes, but general technical application has hitherto
been unsuccessful because of the fact that it has only been possible
to utilise the Hall voltage in germanium if the Hall voltage circuit
is unloaded.
In testing the Hall effect of a germanium member, it has been found
that when a magnetic field H varying in time acts on the member, a
disturbing component proportional d H to may sometimes arise in the
Hall circuit.
dt lPio 39 M k C' An arrangement is already known, by means of which
it is possible to avoid the disturbing component For this purpose, a
conductor designed in the form of a flat strip is employed 50 which is
disposed between one pole of an associated 'nagnetic arrangement
producing the field and the resistance member and connected to one
Hall electrode thereof The conductor is rotatably mounted at one end,
and the dis 55 turbing component may be zeroised by accurate
adjustment of the angle of rotation.
It is an object of the present invention to reduce the expenditure
involved as compared with known arrangements, and to provide a 60 Hall
circuit free from any inductive component with substantially simpler
means than in known arrangements.
According to the present invention there is provided a device for
producing a Hall voltage, 65 comprising a resistance member formed of
a semi-conductor compound of high carrier mobility and from which a
Hall voltage can be derived when subjected to a magnetic field whilst
passing an electric current, current elec 70 trodes on said member for
passing said electric current through said member, a pair of Hall
electrodes on said member for deriving said Hall voltage, means for
subjecting said member to a magnetic field which extends in one par 75
ticular direction through said member, a first lead wire having one
end connected to or constituting one Hall electrode, and a second lead
wire having one end connected to or constituting the other Hall
electrode, said first lead wire 80 being led to a point where it
substantially meets said other Hall electrode through a plane
substantially parallel to said particular direction the parts of said
lead wires extending away from said points being twisted together to

sub 85 stantially prevent inductive efects therein due to said
magnetic field.
The choice of the particular arrangement of the lead wires just
referred to is based upon the discovery that, assuming a homogeneous
90 magnetic field, the magnetic field when varying in time generates a
voltage in the Hall circuit if the leads to the Hall electrodes
effectively link the field.
fU,, The present device is of particular importance when it includes
one of the recently developed resistance members consisting of
semi-conducting compounds having highcarrier mobility of about 6000
cmn/volt sec.
and more These include compounds of one of the elements aluminium,
gallium or indium of the third group, sub-group b, with one of the
elements phosphorus, arsenic and antimony of the fifth group,
sub-group b& or the f pediodic system of the elements Semi-conducting
compounds of this type are mentioned in the Specification of Patent
Application No 739,047 and are distinguished by relatively high Hall
constants The particular advantage over the resistance members
hitherto employed to utilise the Hall effect, however, resides in that
compounds of the aforesaid elements permit of providing Hall circuits
which are capable of being so highly loaded that power-absorbing
measuring instruments and other loads, such for example as relays,
magnetic amplifiers and the like, may be directly operated The " Hall
generators " thus provided therefore constitute a new departure in the
measuring, controlling and regulating field, by means of which
problems can in many cases be solved in a simpler and more
advantageous manner than has hitherto been possible with other means
However these circumstances necessitate that the Hall generators
should be as simple and as cheap as possible and should in addition
operate without disturbance, in order that technical applications may
not be precluded ab,aiiio by complicated steps and high expenditure.
It is particularly advantageous to so design the Hall electrodes that
they engage the resistance member over an area thereof or along a
linear" surface thereof in contrast to making " point" contact
therewith.
In contrast to Hall electrodes having point contact, these permit a
subsequent balance in cases in which a small residual inductive
component remains during the leading-out and positioning of the lead
wires forming the Hall electrodes, for example as a result of faults
in manufacture This balance is rendered possible by virtue of the fact
that the end portions of the resistance member which are intended for
the connection of the Hall electrodes are coated from the outset with
a conductive metal layer By subsequent removal of a part of one
electrode coating or the other, the size of the area effective for the

induction can readily be varied and balanced to a minimum Thereafter,
the electrodes in their final form are preferably provided with an
insulating protective layer Naturally, balancing by subsequent
increase of the area of a Hall electrode would also be possible An
advantage of Hall electrodes designed in this way arises when a rapid
and serial production of high-quality Hall generators is desired,
since it is possible to fix the lead wires leading to the collecting
points for the Hall voltage, in the above-described manner, for
example by means of an adhesive or by embedding them in a hardening
synthetic resin or the like, and nevertheless to elfect a balance
which substantially cannot be destroyed by external influences 70 For
a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same may
be carried into effect, reference will now be made to the accompanying
drawing which shows diagrammatically an electric resistance member
Refer 75 ring now to the drawing, a resistance member 1 is shown in
the form of a small plate of rectangular form The member is assumed ro
oe inserted in the air-gap of a magnetic evice, lnot shown, producing
a field B indi 80 cated by an arrow The resistance member has two
current electrodes 2 and 3 in surface contact therewith, to each of
which there is connected a lead-in wire 4, 5 extending laterally
around the resistance member 1 There 85 flows tiurough the lead wires
4 and 5 a current I,, which emanates from a suitable current source
not shown Lead wires for receiving a Eail voltage Ul H are provided,
the ends of the wires constituting the Hall electrodes and 90 being
designated by 6 and 7 respectively The i Hall electrodes are in point
contact with the member and are disposed at the centre thereof, on the
front and rear faces respectively, for example by soldering The lead
wires may be 95 connected to a measuring, controlling, regulating or
like device, not shown.
The lead wire of the rear Hall electrode 6 is insulated from the
member and passed through the air gap of the magnetic device in 100
the direction of the point of connection of the lead wire of the other
Hall electrode 7, and is then twisted together with the other lead
wire to extend away from the member In order that the inductive effect
due to the flux 105 or stray flux of the magnetic field may be
prevented, the two lead wires, instead of being twisted, may be
disposed one above the other in the direction of the flux It is
preferred to extend the lead wire, the end of which 110 constitutes
the Hall electrode 6, to the other tapping point for the Hall voltage
along the shortest possible path, that is to say, to extend it
adjacent the resistance member 1, whereby a particularly flat
constructional form for accom 115 modation in a narrow air-gap, as
well as a fixed positioning of this lead wire, is rendered possible If
the lead wires are lacquered, other insulation with respect to the

resistance member is generally unnecessary On the 120 other hand, in
some cases, especially when the resistance member is so arranged in
the air-gap of the magnetic device that it can be moved or withdrawn,
an intermediate layer of insulation may be employed, for example in
the form of a 125 thin insulating foil In all cases, it is
particularly advantageous to embed at least the centre portion of the
resistance member and the lead wires associated with the current and
Hall electrodes in an insulating mass which at the 13 ( 784,885 or
constituting one Hall electrode, and a second lead wire having one end
connected to or constituting the other Hall electrode, said first lead
wire being led to a point where it substantially meets said other Hall
electrode through a plane substantially parallel to said particular
direction the parts of said lead wires extending away from said point
being twisted together to substantially prevent inductive effects
therein due to said magnetic field.
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* GB784886 (A)
Description: GB784886 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in or relating to ruminant feeds

284,886 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification July 4,
1955.
No 19278/55.
Application made in United States of America on Feb 17, 1955.
The inventors of this invention in the sense of being the actual
devisers thereof within the meaning of Section 16 of the Patents Act
1949 are Philip Carlton Anderson and Janet Lorraine Cooper Rapp, of R
F D.
1, Crete, Nebraska, United States of America and 430 Ivy Avenue,
Crete, Nebraska, United States of America, respectively, both citizens
of the United States of America.
Index at Acceptance: -Class 5 ( 2), J 3 F 2.
International Classification: -A 23 k.
CGMPILETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Ruminant Feeds We, FEED SE Rn VIC Er
COR PORATION, a corporation of the State of Nebraska, United States of
America, of Box 348, Crete, Nebraska, United States of America, do
hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be
granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:-
The present invention relates to an improved feed product for feeding
ruminants and to a novel feed supplement therefor.
Ruminants include cattle, sheep, camels, goats and bison For purposes
of illustrating our invention, it will be specifically exemplified in
connection with its application to cattle.
As is well known, the raising of cattle for meat production is beset
by a number of problems One of the chief problems in this connection
is the most economical utilization of feed ingested by the cattle.
The normal processing reriod required in raising a new-born calf to a
slaughter-size animal is about 33 months During part of this period
the cattle are fed naturallyoccurring, relatively expensive, nitrogen
containing products, such as linseed meal In addition to their costs,
the use of such products is disadvantageous because it involves a
deterioration of the quality of land, which is a factor of increasing
concern to many, not only in the U S A but elsewhere.
With this problem in mind, various feed supplements have been
suggested.
They have met with varying degrees of success Indeed, the best
previous results of which we are aware involve a 27 month cattle
processing period the final feeding phase being an 80-day grai-feeding
operation for preparation of the animal to slaughter stage i Also, so

far as we are lPrice 3 s 6 d l aware none of the prior feed
supplements has been formulated with reference to the 0-R potential
control of microfloral respiration We have made the discovery that
feeds which are adapted to take into consideration these factors
result in maximum production of meat by cattle in minimum periods at
economic costs More particularly, we have discovered that the
monohydric alcohol, ethanol, has the unexpected property, when
incorporated in a feed supplement of maintaining a low O-R potential,
in the rumen We have discovered that the rumen should have an 0-R
potential from -0 4 to -0 2 volts.
By the term 0-R potential, also known as oxidation reduction
potential, we refer to the measurement of the readiness with which a
substance takes up or parts with electrons, the loss of electrons
being oxidation and the acquisition of electrons being reduction In
the rumen, where many substances are present, the 0-R potential is the
net or combined effect of all the oxidizing and reducing iifluences
present therein.
We have tested our findings with various sources of non-protein
nitrogen, and with various sources of molasses, and have used various
sources of roughage or forage as co-fed material In all cases, we have
obtained satisfactory results We have also found our compositions to
be compatible with other feedstuffs commonly used for cattle and sheep
when co-fed with such feedstuffs.
In accordance with the foregoing an object of the invention is the
provision of a composition for use as a feed supplement in order to
obtain maximumn economic food production from the ruminants in minimum
periods Another object of this invention is to increase the
utilization by ruminants of materials such as nitroPrice 33 p 784,886
genous materials, and cellulose and other inexpensive natural ruminant
feedstuftis.
According to the present invention a feed for ruminants contains added
ethanol in an amount effective to increase the nitrogen-retention
ability of ruminants.
The foregoing and other objects have been attained in accordance with
our present invention Aye Incorporate ethanol in a ruminant feed
supplement by mixing it with other substances which are also
nutritionally advantageous to the ruminant and its syinbiotic
microflora.
This supplement can be fed directly to ruminants or it can be mixed
with molasses and or minerals and /or xitamins to form a more complex
supplement.
Any grain alcohol or a synthetic ethanol, with or without suitable
denaturants, can be used One suitable denatarant is Formula SDA 35 A
(Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division, Internal Revenue Service U S

Treasury Department) The composition of said Formula SDA:3 5 A is 5
gallons of ethyl acetate to every 100 gallons of ethanol, oh a 190
proof basis The terms " grain alcohol and " synthetic alcohol" refer
to a substance of identical chemical constitution (C 2115 Ol),
differing only as respects the sources of the substance, the former
being obtained by fermentation of suitable grains, and the latter by
chemical synthetic methods Denaturants, where employed, should, of
course, be non-toxic to cattle but should render the alcohol unfit for
human consumption where local law requires.
We have incorporated ethanol in feed supplements containing nitrogen
compounds, such as urea, ammonia, ammonium propionate, and ammonium
phosphate; and phosphoric acid; molasses.
vitamins A, D, E and trace minerals per se or in admixture Sufficient
agitation is required to effect homogeneous mixing.
By our present invention, we have succeeded in reducing in an economic
manner the aforesaid processing period to 1; 5 months and this result
has been attained by the use of a synthetic source of nitrogen instead
of naturally grown nitrogen products, thus conserving the nitrogen in
the soil for the use of crops for human consumption.
We are aware that ethyl alcohol is a common article of commerce and
also that distillery slop, a by-product of the production of alcohol
by fermentation processes, has found some use in the feeding of
animals However, though we have made diligent search therefor, we have
failed to find any suggestion that ethanol could be incorporated in
feed supplements for ruminants with its consequent unexpected
advantages Furthermore as to the use of distillery slop in animal
feeds, the prime object of the process in which the slop is formed is
to avoid any residual ethyl alcohol remaining in the slop It has 70
never been suggested to employ such slop in conjunction with low
quality proteins such as peanut oil meal and cottonseed oil meal, and
sv-containig ynthetic substances such as urea and other substances, 75
hereinafter specifically noted, as comnponents of feed supplements Nor
has any disclosure concerning distiller slop enabled the attaimnent of
the above-indicated advantageous results A Ve have 80 further found
that the incorporation of ethyl alcohol in feeds for ruminants does
not result in overheating on the part of the ruminants and, indeed,
the surprising' result has been observed that even 85 when fed free
choice, i e practically unlimited quantities of ethanol-containing
feed supplement are offered to the cattle, the latter ingest only such
quantities of such feed supplements as can be utilized 90 by the rumen
microflora to yield optimllul growth conditions It appears, therefore,
that ruminants have the ability to use the ethanol in
ethanol-containing feed supplements in a unique manner 95 An idea of
the complexity of the plobleni of developing feed supplements for

ruminants can be gleaned from a consideration of some of the
recluirements of any additive intended for incorporation in 100 the
feed These requirements include:1 The additive should not be so
palatable to the ruminant that the latter will over-indulge to its
detriment.
2 The additive should assist the 105 ruminant's symbiotic digestive
system so as to increase the appetite of the ruminant for inexpensive
roughage, such as corin cobls.
3 The additives should preferably be a 110 liquid so as to be in
hanmonv with the known advantages of liquid feeds.
4 The additive should not contribute any residues in the ruminant
which have toxic e-Sects on man Certain animal her 115 mones are
disadvantageous in this respect.
The additive should not cause a downgrading of carcass grades but
desirably improve them Certain thiol compounds and certain anital
hormnones are 120 deleterious in this regard.
6 The additive should not cause the feed to be less palatable.
7 The additive should be non-toxic to the ruminant and its microlfora
in the 125 amounts ingested.
S The additive must be comptibhle withl the other ingredients in the
feed supplement and not cause deterioration during periods of storage
130 :784,; 886 9 The additive must be economically feasible in the
amounts employed.
We have found that ruminants being fed ground corn cobs choose to
ingest /1 pound of ethanol per 100 pounds of bodyweight per day after
getting " on feed ".
We have further determined that this level best promotes optimum
conditions in the rumen.
The state of oxidation of the protein and roughage which the feeder
intends to supplement with the ethanol-containing mixture affects the
per cent of ethanol of the dry substance in the ration which produces
optimum results Those cattle offered roughage in a low (reduced) state
of oxidation will choose to consume less ethanol than those with
roughage in a high state of oxidation Protein affects the ethanol
requirement in a like manner.
For the well-being of ruminants a gradual changing of their ration
from an ethanol-free ration to one containing ethanol is important
Normally, each animal will refuse to change its feed rapidly and will
make the adjustment itself providing it is given sufficient freedom of
selection of feedstuff to permit it to do so.
In view of the varied conditions under which our present invention may
be utilized it is not possible to set forth with the desired
exactitude and certainty the proportions in which the various feed
components may be employed This will be readily appreciated when one

considers that the ethanol may be incorporated with one or more
components to produce a partial feed supplement (Example 3) or a total
feed supplement (Example 1, B).
Then too, the cattle may be fed, free choice, one feed supplement
(Example 7) along with other parts of the ration, or they may be
similarly fed two feed supplements (Example 1) along with other parts
of the ration If desired, the supplement may be incorporated with
roughage and fed to the cattle in that manner (Example 6) Since the
identity and nature of co-fed proteins and the solubility and
fermentability of co-fed carbohydrates also vary it will be understood
that the compositions of our present invention will advantageously
vary also.
In spite of the numerous factors mentioned, the practical utilization
of our inventive concept is easy of attainment.
This is particularly true when cattle are fed free choice For example,
assume it is desired to feed cattle with 2 feed supplements, as A and
B in Example 1, along with grain, silage or roughage The two
supplements and the co-fed substances are fed free choice The cattle
will select in a short period a certain ratio of A and B which ratio
will be found to fit its needs best If the cattle consume only the
supplement B (containing alcohol) the question arises as to whether
the cattle have a sufficient ratio of ethanol to N-containing 70
substance for their needs This can be easily ascertained by increasing
the ethanol content until both supplements are being consumed by the
cattle Once the proper balance of the two feed supplements 75 has been
ascertained it is a simple matter of arithmetic to calculate the
proportions of the various ingredients of the cattle s ration actually
being ingested Then, if desired, the two supplements can be com 80
bined into one, using the arithmetical data obtained; and the cattle
may then be fed free choice with one feed supplement and co-fed
materials; or the feed supplement and co-fed materials may be mixed 85
together in the calculated amounts and fed in admixture to the cattle.
Ih general, employing the aforementioned methods, we have found that
amounts of ethanol from 1 to 12 parts by 90 weight can be employed
with 10 parts of urea to give satisfactory results Excellent results
have been obtained with from 4 to 6 parts of ethanol to 10 parts of
urea.
Molasses can be employed in amounts 95 from about 70-175 parts by
weight to 10 parts of urea to give satisfactory results but we prefer
to employ from 80 160 parts for best results Phosphoric acid can be
employed in amounts ranging from 100 about to 5 parts by weight to 10
' parts of urea advantageously Minerals, water, vitamins and other
special purpose additives can be employed in desired amounts.
While we have mentioned urea, 105 molasses and phosphoric acid

hereinabove it will be understood that other materials may be used in
their places in equivalent amounts In place of urea, for example, we
may employ other substances which we 110 term as synthetic sources of
nitrogen.
They include ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium
propionate.
In general, any non-protein N-contain 115 ing compound the molecular
construction of which does not require living metabolism for its
formation and which when hydrolysed or enzymatically split in the
rumen yields ammonia, may be used and 120 is herein termed a synthetic
source of nitrogen.
Molasses in its various commercial forms has been found to be usable
in accordance with our invention Specific 125 examples of such forms
include beet final molasses, black strap molasses, citrus molasses,
corn molasses and wood molasses.
As examples of minerals employe in 130 784,886 molasses as aforesaid
differ in various respects from one another, for example, as respect
the relative amounts of amino acids, and the kind and amount of
minerals.
In place of phosphoric acid, we may employ its nutritional equivalents
such as ammonium phosphate, sodium phosphate and calcium phosphate.
As example of minerals employed in small amounts in accordance with
our invention we mention potassium iodide, sodium iodide, zinc
sulphate, zinc carbonate, or any zinc salt the anion of which is
compatible in the rumeh, for example, zinc acetate Corresponding
copper, cobalt, manganese, magnesium, or iron compounds may be used in
addition to the zinc compounds.
All vitamins tried by us have been found to be usable in conjuction
with our present invention Example of such vitamins include A, B
(series), C, D and E.
The following examples, in which parts are by weight, are given in
order to illustrate how products according to the invention may be
used.
Exoir L Er 1 Six head of cattle were fed ground corn cobs, ground
limestone, and 2 liquid supplements, each item fed separately free
choice Supplement A consisted of:parts mnolasses, black strap 10,,
-urea 3,, -phosphoric acid t 7 i 5 %) 61,, -water To each 100 pounds
of the above mix minerals and vitamin A were added as follows:Ferrous
sulfate containing Zinc,,,, Mlanganese,, Copper Cobalt Potassium
iodide,, Vitamin A,, % -36 % /, 26 % 1 _ 501 31 % 76 % Fe Zn Mn Cu Co
I gins.
9.275,, 9 612, 1 667, 0 045;,, O 685 1,000,000 I U.
Supplement B consisted of supplement A mixed with ethanol as follows:
to each 100 parts by weight of supplement A, add 8 parts by weight of

95 per cent ethanol.
The cattle were put " on feed " with supplement A only Supplement B
was then introduced; whereupon, the catttle gradually increased their
intake of supplement B from zero to a fixed ratio of the two
supplements This ratio was two pounds of supplement A for each five
pounds of supplement B The cattle continued to select this ratio over
several weeks ( 40 days).
The cattle appeared in good health and had made good gains.
EXAMPLE 2
Six head of cattle were fed the following daily ration:Alfalfa hay, 3
pounds Ground corn cobs, free choice Supplement A (same as Example 1),
free choice The cattle consumed 11 gallons of water a day per head at
the start of this experiment Supplement B (Example 1) was then
separately introduced free choice in addition to the other substances.
The cattle gradually increased their intake of supplement B from near
zero to a fixed ratio of supplement A to supplement B This ratio was
how one part of supplement B to two parts of supplement A.
The water consumed dropped to less than 6 gallons per head per day at
which level it was maintained for several weeks ( 40 days).
The cattle were in good health and had made good gains.
EXAIMPLE 3 pounds of ammonia water containing 16 per cent nitrogen
were mixed with 90 253 pounds of 95 per cent ethanol Thls supplement
was then shipped to an enclosure where the animals were fed on a feed
supplied in troughs where it was incorporated into wet beet pulp (i e
the 95 material left after the sugar solution is expressed from beet
and containing 75 % water) and fed to 10 steers One and three fourths
pounds of the clear liquid supplement was mixed with approximatel 45
100 pounds of the wet beet pulp silage, constituting one steed's daily
ration Ground bone meal and table salt were each fed free choice.
The supplemented silage was more 105 palatable than the uisupplemented
silage and the cattle made excellent gains when fed additional dried
beet pulp which they seemed to relish.
EXA Mx PLE 4 110 A supplement consisting of 100 pounds of ammonia
water containing 13 per cent nitrogen and 25 pounds of aqueous ethanol
containing 95 % ethanol was prepared This supplement was shipped to an
115 animal enclosure as in Example 3 and incorporated into a wet sugar
beet pulp at 784,880 the rate of one and one-quarter pounds of
supplement to 45 pounds of wet silage It was fed to a humber of steers
who also had bone meal and traced mineralized salt offered free choice
Each steer consumed approximately 46 pounds of the mixture per day.
The wet pulp silage with the added supplement was more palatable than
unsupplemented silage and the cattle made excellent gains when fed
additional dried beet pulp which they ate with evident relish.
EXAMP Lr E i 5 Six head of cattle were initially fed the following

ration for 5 days:Dried prairie hay, free choice Bone meal, free
choice Common table salt, free choice Supplement (C) consisting of: 90
per cent molasses, and 10 per cent urea, free choice Then the cattle
were offered the following supplement free choice, in addition to the
foregoing ration: Supplement (D):
parts of supplement C by weight and parts of 95 per cent ethanol by
weight.
The cattle gradually changed ration over a 2 day period until they
were eating only supplement D and would wait for the supplement D
container to be filled at the regular daily time ratlier than eat
supplement C The cattle consumed one and eight-tenths pounds of
supplement per head per day and gained one and fourtenths pounds per
head per day over a six weeks period when own supplement D.
Ex Am PL 6 A supplement consisting of two parts of urea, one part of
95 per cent ethanol and four parts of water was shipped to a feeder
who mixed it with molasses in a ratio of ten parts of supplement to 20
parts of molasses Hte then fed this mixture to 10 steers at the rate
of 2 pounds of molasses-urea-ethanol mixture per head per day, admixed
with 20 pounds of ground corn on the cob after it has been shucked The
cattle were put " oh full feed " (given free access to unlimited
amounts of the mixed feed) in only three days and continued to make
excellent gains and appeared to thrive and to be well satisfied
throughout the whole feeding period.
Ex AMPLE 7 A supplement consisting of 10 parts of urea, 6 parts of 95
% ethanol, 4 parts of phosphoric acid ( 75 %) and 10 parts of water
was shipped in cold weather ( 20 F.) to a feed manufacturer who mixed
this clear liquid mixture with 80 Brix molasses in the ratio of 3
parts of clear liquid to 7 parts of molasses.
The resulting supplement was fed to 8 65 head of cattle, free choice,
weighing about 600 pounds each Western prairie hay was fed free
choice.
The cattle consumed 2 9 pounds perhead per'day of supplement and made
gains com 70 parable to those experienced with good quality feed lot
rations composed principally of grain It was found that the average
daily gain was 1 8 pounds per head per day for a 60 ' day period 75 As
above indicated, the formulations within the scope of this invention
are based on considerations involving the O-R potential as it
influences microfloral respiration While we believe that these 80
considerations are valid it is understood that we do not wish to be
limited to the theoretical concepts involved Nevertheless, as
aforesaid, we do believe it will aid in an understanding of our
present inven 85 tion if we relate here some of these theoretical
considerations which we believe to be applicable.
The science of nutrition consists of an understanding of the chemical

composi 90 tion of all food taken by the organism with an inspection
to insure that provision is made for all the needs of that organism.
Some of this food must be oxidized to provide energy for the necessary
activities of 95 the animal Producers of livestock are interested in
having the remainder of the food retained, that is, utilized in the
most efficient manner to build new protoplasm.
The nutrition of ruminants, furthermore, 100 is dependent upon the
microflora inhabiting the rumen, because these microorganims digest
and assimilate or discard all food entering the rumea Later, in the
abomasum these microorganisms are in 105 turn digested by the host
Therefore, it is necessary to cultivate nutritionally a microfloral
crop which when hydrolyzed and assimilated provides all of the
nutritional substances necessary for optimum 110 metabolism of the
host animal Furthermore, the rumen microorganisms, under suitable
conditions synthesize proteins, fats, and certain vitamins from
elements and compounds provided them in the diet 115 of their host The
science of the nutrition of ruminants, therefore, includes an
understanding of the proper chemical conditions within the rumen,
because even though the organisms of the microflora 120 are chemically
capable of synthesizihg certain molecules their level of production,
efficiencyv, and/or rate of synthesis is drastically influenced by
certain dietary constituents Observations of the rumen 125 svymbionts
show that thev are facultative, that is, they are capable of carryihn
on either aerobic or anaerobic respiration.
The microorganisms, however, cannot 784,886 sufficiently synthesize
some of the amino acids needed from urea and carbohydrate when living
aerobically, lacking unoxidized hydrogen In order to obtain the
necessary unoxidized hydrogen, the medium is made more anaerobic by
the host by increasing water ingestion.
Ethanol is then produced by glucose fermentation The fermentation of
glucose to alcohols also produces large quantities of certain
non-desirable by-products which are utilized but little by the
ruminant or its microflora and therefore constitute lost nutrients of
substantial magnitude These losses are lessened if ethanol which is
rich in hydrogen is present in the original food ingested, thereby
minimizing this anaerobic respiration which is otherwise necessary to
produce the ethanol required for aerobic synthesis The different water
requirements of the ruminant can be observed by adding or withdrawing
the ethanol This conservation of water is especially important where
drought conditions prevail.
Natural plant proteins are made up of a number of kinds of amino acids
in varying proportions Some amino acids are richer in unoxidized
hydrogen than others Therefore some proteins are richer in unoxidized
hydrogen than others.

Hence protein may be in a relatively high or low state of oxidation
Urea is a conimparatively poor source of unoxidized hydrogen Hydrogen
is made available from the ethanol by coenzymne I (cozymase) in the
presence of certain proteins resulting in acetaldehyde which is
further oxidized or used in protein synthesis:C,2 HOH + coenzyme I
protein CHECHO + (coenzyme I + 2 H) (ethanol) " (acetaldehyde)
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB784887 (A)
Description: GB784887 (A) ? 1957-10-16
'spot-type' disk brake
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
DE1146712 (B) FR1126226 (A)
DE1146712 (B) FR1126226 (A) less
784,887 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification July 7,

1955.
No 19700/55 X Applcationr Mae in' Germany on Aug 10, 1954.
I / Complete Specification Published Oct16, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 103 ( 1), E 2 N 1 A( 1: 4 A 2 5), E 2 Nl D(
1: 2 B: 5: 6 A 61 B 6 C 1: 6 C 3: 12: 15), E 2 N 1 E 5, F 1 C 2 X.
International Classification:-B 61 h.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION "'Spot-type' Disk Brake" We, HEI Nz TEVES and
ERNST AUGUST TEVES, both German Citizens, trading as ALFRED TEVES
MASCHINEN und AMATURENFABRIK KG, of 41-53, Rebst Ocker Strasse,
Frankfurt/Main, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, and the
method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in
and by the following statement: -
The invention relates to a "spot-type" disc brake which can be
arranged in small wheels.
The brake differs from other forms of construction in that instead of
a saddle made of light metal, provided with lining segments of
friction material, and embracing the rotating disc, two pressure
plates, for example sheet metal pressings, are used according to the
invention as lining carriers.
One of the lining carrier pressure plates is then fitted to a pin
sliding in the stationary brake carrier and fast with the piston in
the wheel cylinder, while the other lining carrier pressure plate is
fast with the axially displaceable wheel cylinder Avoidance of saddle
construction makes it possible to accommodate the brake in wheels of
relatively small diameter A further advantage of the form of
construction according to the invention lies in the fact that unsprung
mass is reduced.
The accompanying drawings show a constructional example of the
arrangement according to the invention in which:Fig 1 shows an
elevation of the brake, Fig 2 shows a section A-A through Fig.
3.
Fig 3 shows a section B-B through Fig.
1.
Lining carrier pressure plates 2 and 3 are arranged on both sides of
the brake disc 1.
The lining carrier pressure plate 2 is fitted at one end to the pin 4,
which is fast with the piston 5 in the wheel brake cylinder 6, and
slidingly supported in the stationary brake carrier 7 The hand brake
lever 8 is r P; N arranged pivotably and axially displaceably about
the piston rod 9 The piston rod 9, the piston 5 and the pin 4 can be
made in one piece The piston 5 is provided with chamfered portions 10
The annular space 50 11 thus formed is filled with pressure means when
the brake is operated The brake is provided with a second wheel brake
cylinder 12 similar to cylinder 6 and acting on the other end of the

pressure plate 2, see Fig 3 55 The cylinder 12 is similarly provided
with a rotatable and axially slidable hand brake lever 13.
The "spot-type" disc brake according to the invention operates as
follows: When the 60 brake is operated, pressure means is fed into the
annular space 11 The pressure which builds up there acts on the piston
5 and displaces it to the right, and thus also the pin 4, which causes
the brake lining carried by the 65 pressure plate 2 to be pressed
against the brake disc 1 The pressure simultaneously acts on the
annular surface 14 in the housing of the wheel brake cylinder 6 The
wheel cylinder housing arranged in axially movable 70 manner on the
piston rod is displaced by the pressure developed in the direction of
the brake disc 1, which causes the brake lining carried by pressure
plate 3 attached to the brake cylinder to be pressed against the 75
brake disc.
In addition to the hydraulic brake a -mechanical brake in the form of
a locking hand brake is arranged The wheel brake cylinders 6 and 12
and the brake levers 8 80 and 13 are provided on one side with conical
cut-outs 15 and 16, and communicate via balls 17 carried in the
cut-outs Mutual rotation of the two parts causes the balls to run up
the oblique portions, so that the two 85 brake lining carrier pressure
plates are pressed against the brake disc,
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* Terms of use
* 5.8.23.4; 93p

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