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1. Marine biodiversity conservation based on integrated coastal zone management
(ICZM)dA case study in Quanzhou Bay, Fujian, China
Chen Bin, Huang Hao*, Yu Weiwei, Zheng Senlin, Wang Jinkeng, Jiang Jinlong
The Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration People’s Republic of China, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Available online 24 October 2009
a b s t r a c t
Marine biodiversity conservation is a common issue in the world. Due to rapid economic development in
coastal area in China, marine biodiversity conservation faces great pressure. In this paper, the idea of the
integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) was applied as a framework in marine biodiversity
conservation. At first, the relationship between integrated coastal zone management and the marine
biodiversity conservation was discussed. Then, as a case study in Fujian Quanzhou bay, a set of strategies
on marine biodiversity conservation based on ICZM were put forward, which included how to define
management boundary of marine biodiversity conservation, the impact assessment model of human
activities in the coastal area on marine biodiversity, the planning and management of marine biodi-
versity conservation, and the monitoring system of the marine biodiversity. Finally, the framework of the
comprehensive decision support system based on GIS was suggested.
Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) is a continuous
and dynamic process which is utilized to determine policy and
management strategy that solve the contradiction in the utiliza-
tion of coastal zone resources and limit the impact of human
activity on coastal zone environment [1]. One of the primary aims
of ICZM is to sustainably maintain a high level of biodiversity and
protect vital habitats. In 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable
Development and the Convention of Biodiversity adopted the
target to significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by the
year 2010 [2]. Due to the complexity of biodiversity conservation,
the partial and non-systematic methods, which are in simple
consideration of sea excluding basin-wide area, single department
rather than wide participation of stakeholders, were proved inef-
fective. In this background, both ICZM and establishment of
marine natural reserve are widely acknowledged as most effective
measure for marine biodiversity conservation. Many countries
have considered adopting the ICZM methods to solve the
conversation issue of biodiversity. As the management measure of
marine environment, resources and biodiversity, ICZM is acquiring
increasing success [11].
China is of abundant marine biodiversity, with 22,561 marine
species recorded [7], among which the coastal zone is especially
of rich biodiversity. However, 40% of population dwells in coastal
zones with only 13% of total nation’s land area, and the GDP of
coastal zones takes up 60% of the whole, which bring on
unprecedented pressure toward the marine biodiversity conser-
vation in coastal zones [12]. Urbanization and reclamations lead
to a large amount loss of habitat; the development of coastal
agriculture and industry results in marine pollution from basins
and regional areas; overfishing causes the fish resources to
decline directly, and decrease of marine biodiversity; invasion of
alien species push out aboriginal species to distinct and sabotage
the genetic diversity [3,13]. Enormous population and drastic
human activity are the main destructive factors of biodiversity,
and biodiversity conservation is to preserve and restore biodi-
versity through limits and adjustment of human activities.
Therefore, the biodiversity conservation is to coordinate the
unbalanced correlation between human and nature, and the aim
is to retain harmonious and sustainable development between
human and nature [8].
Although marine biodiversity conservation is a primary goal of
ICZM, it is still difficult to find the equilibrium point between
biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of resource,
and the potential of ICZM to maintain and increase biodiversity is
to be discovered. With the economic development in coastal
zones, the conservation of marine biodiversity faces more severe
situation. It is quite urgent and necessary to establish a set of
available techniques and methods based on ICZM in the coastal
zones in China, in view that ICZM is the most effective measure
for marine biodiversity conservation. This paper present the
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ86 592 2195975; fax: þ86 592 2195285.
E-mail address: haotio@yahoo.cn (H. Hao).
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Ocean & Coastal Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ocecoaman
0964-5691/$ – see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2009.10.006
Ocean & Coastal Management 52 (2009) 612–619

2. specific methods and technique of marine biodiversity conserva-
tion based on ICZM in Quanzhou Bay in Fujian, which included
the boundary of marine biodiversity conservation, the impact
assessment model of human activities in the coastal area on
marine biodiversity, the planning and management of marine
biodiversity conservation based on ICZM theories, the monitoring
system of the marine biodiversity and comprehensive decision
support system. Detailed logic diagram can be referred in Fig. 1.
2. The study area and the determination of management
boundary of biodiversity conservation
2.1. The study area
The research area Quanzhou Bay (Fig. 2), locates in the southeast
coastal zone of Fujian province, with total bay area of 128 km2
,
which is an important bay in Fujian coast. A few rivers flow into this
bay, and Jinjiang River is the largest river system around Quanzhou
Bay, with 5629 km2
basin area. There are estuary wetlands,
mangrove, shallow sea and other ecosystems [4].
The entire inner bay has been designated as ‘‘Quanzhou Bay
Estuarine Wetland Provincial Nature Reserve’’, in order to protect
wetland ecosystems and biodiversity. Biodiversity is rich in
Quanzhou Bay. Investigation in 2008 and 2009 shows that there is
a record of 76 species of epibenthos, 228 species of intertidal
macrobenthos, 134 species of zooplankton, 212 species of phyto-
plankton, 83 species of waterbirds, and 351 species of wetland
plant. There are many species designated as national protection
species, such as Chinese white dolphin and Chinese sturgeon
designated as national first class protection animals, and 9 species
of cetaceans, 5 species of sea turtles and amphioxus designated as
national second class protection species [6]. According to the
investigation on waterbird by the month in 2008, Quanzhou Bay
supports 71,551 waterbirds, which is far more than the criteria for
Identifying Wetlands of International Importance that it regularly
supports 20,000 or more waterbirds. And moreover, the individuals
of species in danger, such as Baikal Teal, Saunders’s Gull, Swinhoe’s
Egret, Eurasian Curlew, Terek Sandpiper, Kentish Plover, and
Mongolian Plover, were more than or nearly 1% of the individuals in
a population. According to Criteria for Identifying Wetlands of
Determination of management boundaries of biodiversity conservation
Background survey
Comprehensive impact assessment of human activity in coastal zones on biodiversity
Planning of marine bio-diversity protection based on ICZM
Management system of marine biodiversity conservation
Comprehensive decision support system
Establishment of monitoring network
for marine biodiversity
Fig. 1. Approaches of marine biodiversity conservation based on ICZM.
Fig. 2. Demonstration of study area.
C. Bin et al. / Ocean & Coastal Management 52 (2009) 612–619 613

3. International Importance, Quanzhou Bay is the wetland of Inter-
national Importance under the Ramsar Convention.
The surrounding area of Quanzhou Bay includes Licheng
District, Fengze District, Huian County, Jinjiang County, Shishi
County. This region is one of the most active and fast-growing
regions in China. The environment of coast zone around Quanzhou
bay is seriously threatened by the swift urbanization, large number
of enterprises and factories. Reclamation area has reached
27.5 Â106
km2
, accounting for 38.9% of tidal flat area of Quanzhou
Bay; invasion of alien species – Spartina alterniflora has resulted in
ecological disaster, with the Spartina alterniflora area in the bay
reaching to 2.7 Â 106
km2
. Marine biodiversity in Quanzhou bay is
in urgent danger.
2.2. Determination of management boundary for biodiversity
conservation
Coastal zone is a definite natural geographical unit with clear
boundary. The area under management includes four regions:
inland regions, which pass their influence toward sea by rivers;
coastal regions, including marshlands, wetlands and others close to
sea, and human activities in this regions can affect the nearby sea
directly; coastal sea, such as estuaries, atoll lakes, and shallow seas,
and in this regions, activities from land have dominant effects;
neritic sea, which is sea water inside the continental shelf. Active
land-sea interactions in this region make it a vital habitat for many
marine species and it is also a significant dwelling and activity place
for human [14].
Although ICZM regions can be divided into the four subareas
above theoretically, great obstacles still exist in the management of
such wide area, and the boundaries of ICZM should be adapted to
the local conditions. Especially the inland area, if we consider the
area that affects the coast, the total basin area will be more times
than the coastal area, and the extent will be beyond our manage-
ment. And that is unrealistic in the coastal management. In this
paper, therefore, we cover the areas downstream to the biggest
dam of the basin. Table 1 shows the area difference between the
coastal management boundaries in the Quanzhou Bay. In Table 1,
the coastal region is the area of coastal line and the coastal extend
to the land about 10 km, it includes marshlands, wetlands and
others close to sea. The study area was shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
3. Integrated impact assessment of marine biodiversity
After the boundary was determined, the impact from human
activities on marine biodiversity should be assessed. Integrated
assessment is a process of exchange and participation of multi-
subjects, which absorbs knowledge from several subjects for better
explanation of complex phenomena [10]. In practice of ICZM,
a comprehensive assessment system is needed to give the decision
makers related information, which combines geographical model
with social-economical model to explains why and how the human
activities influence marine biodiversity, so as to provide scientific
evidence for later planning and management.
3.1. Selection of assessment model
DPSIR (drive-pressure-state-impact-response) mode is selected
in this paper (Fig. 5). DPSIR model is a medium of information flow
and response, which provides regulators with timely information
of coastal zone biodiversity state and the trends, so as to regulate
the behaviour of resource user, and give the best configuration of
resources in coastal zones.
3.2. Assessment indicator
The indicator system primarily aims to report to society and
decision makers the current state and latest trend of coastal zone
management, including sustainable utilization of biodiversity,
social-economical pressure, opportunities and related institutional
problems. The indicator system should be simple and capable of
Table 1
Comparison between coastal management boundaries in Quanzhou Bay.
Coastal management
boundary
Area including
the whole Jin
Basin (km2
)
% Areas only include
the downstream
to the Jin Dam km2
%
Inland regions 5525.65 95.38 1314.37 83.07
Coastal regions 104.02 1.80 104.02 6.57
Coastal sea 64.68 1.12 64.68 4.09
Neritic sea 99.21 1.71 99.21 6.27
Total area 5793.56 100.00 1582.28 100.00
Fig. 3. Management boundary for biodiversity conservation in Quanzhou Bay.
Fig. 4. Administrative regions included in the study area.
C. Bin et al. / Ocean & Coastal Management 52 (2009) 612–619614

4. communication. Twenty four indexes are selected based on DPSIR
model, specified in Table 2.
3.3. Mechanism of marine biodiversity change
Pressure, state and response are dependent processes in
conservation and management of biodiversity, so the model rep-
resenting their correlations should be developed. And this kind of
model can be used in data analysis to establish connections of
components in the cycles of eco-system, so as to find out the drive
mechanism of biodiversity change. Owing to the close relationship
between biodiversity and habitats, pressure and response affect
biodiversity mainly through changes of quality and quantity in
habitat. And one primary goal of ICZM is to sustain high level of
biodiversity and their habitat. Thus the model should analyze the
quantitative and qualitative changes of the habitat under all kinds
of human pressure, and the impact on marine species which rely on
the habitat.
The establishment of the model can be divided into two
processes: (1) It is more and more recognized that the preservation
of biodiversity is only to achieve through the establishment of
mosaic of suitable habitat patches at the landscape scale [9]. It’s
necessary to analyze the impact of human activities on different
patches which can be helpful for decision-makers to optimize the
mosaic of habitat patches for protecting biodiversity. Thus, what
should be done firstly is to divide the study area into different
habitat patches by remote-sensing and GIS tools, and put the
quantitative information of indicators listed in Table 2 into every
patch (pollution, reclamation, invasion of alien species, overfishing
and so on); (2) Secondly, based on the field investigation, related
biodiversity information should be put into every habitat patch to
analyze the correlation between marine biodiversity (State) and
human activities (Pressure) . Then, the relationship model of
human activity pressure and biodiversity was developed multi-
variant analysis and other bio-statistical methods, and the model
can be utilized to analyze the impact of major pressure on marine
biodiversity in Quanzhou Bay. In the meanwhile, some simulation
experiment in the lab is needed for verification.
4. Planning of biodiversity conservation based on ICZM
4.1. General idea of biodiversity conservation planning
According to Chun Thia-Eng, the keys of ICZM are planning and
management of environment, and cooperating relative institutions
for the same objective. The general target of integrated coastal zone
Eliminate
Improve
etanimilE
Produce Induce
Trigger
Change
Impact
Drive (D) Pressure (P) State (S) Impact (I)
Population
Drivers and
Economic
Drivers
Habitats loss,
Pollution,
Invasion of alien
species,
Overfishing
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem
diversity
uqeRirtnem
Response (R)
imilEntae
Social Response
Economical Response
Environmental Response
Social
Economic and
Ecological
Impact
Fig. 5. Impact assessment model of biodiversity based on DPSIR.
Table 2
Indicator system of biodiversity assessment based on DPSIR in Quanzhou Bay.
First class indicators Second class indicators Third class indicators Unit
Drive indicators Population Population density Persons/km2
Economical drive GDP per capita in coastal zones $/capita
Pressure indicators Habitat destruction Percentage of natural landscape to artificial landscape %
Fragmentation index of landscape
Pollution Sewage in collection area and total quantity of contaminants 10,000 tons
Over standard rate of heavy metal in sea water %
Eutrophication index of sea water
Integrated index of sediment quality
Invasion of alien species Percentage of area dominated by main alien species in habitat %
Ratio of alien species to native species %
Fishery Annual change of fishery outputs %
State indicators Ecosystem (Biological communities) Change rate of bird species in wetlands %
Change rate of floral species in tidal flat %
Change rate plankton species %
Change rate of benthos species in tidal flat %
Species Quantity and distribution change rate of sensitive Species %
Genes genetic diversity Chang rate of remark species %
Impact indicators Social-economic level Income growth rate of neighboring dwellers %
Ecological environment Numbers of red tides and aqua-cultural disease Times/year
Response indicators Social response Activity budget for environmental protection education 10,00 $
Economical response Ratio of marine environmental investments to GDP %
Ratio of scientific research funds to GDP %
Environmental response Ratio of qualified sewage discharge in coastal industries %
Coastal zone reserve coverage %
C. Bin et al. / Ocean & Coastal Management 52 (2009) 612–619 615

5. management is to ensure the optimal and sustainable utilization of
natural resources in coastal zones, to constantly maintain the
biodiversity. Therefore, resource management and biodiversity
conservation, which are the primary motive of integration coastal
zone management and planning, are not incompatible with
economic growth. Because the coastal zones cover land and sea,
management and planning of sea-land integrated is quite impor-
tant [5]. Based on above principles of coastal zone management, the
scheme of studying the biodiversity conservation is: Set up the
target of planning/divide the ecological function zones/control
the total load of pollutants into the sea/measures of ecological
protection and ecological construction.
4.2. Set up the targets of planning
According to the result of biodiversity impact assessment, the
target of planning is set up from the perspectives of pressure
reducing and biodiversity conservation capacity building against
the artificial pressure on the biodiversity, which cover short-term,
mid-term and long-term targets. Thus, measurable indexes are set
for the demonstration areas, so that, the planning effects can be
checkout in future. The specific planning indexes were pick up and
extended from the response indexes of DPSIR above.
4.3. Divide ecological function zone
Ecological function region is to be divided into different sub
ecological function zones according to the ecosystem factors and
regional features in study area, the sensitivity of ecological envi-
ronment and spatial distribution law of ecological service function.
In management of biodiversity conservation, the dividing of
ecological function region in mainly to provide the basis for the
control of the total load of pollutants and setting up the target for
sub ecological function zones of biodiversity conservation.
Main contents of regionalization of ecological function zone
include: (1) Investigate and analyze the structure, process and
spatial distribution pattern of the ecosystem; (2)Find out the
problems, reasons and their spatial distribution pattern in
ecosystem; (3)Evaluate the ecological service function of different
kinds of ecosystems and its effect on social and economical
development; (4)Analyze the sensitivity of ecological environment
and highly sensitive ecosystem; (5)Bring forward the regionaliza-
tion of ecological function, and define the ecosystem and social and
economical functions of different regions.
For detailed processing of regionalization of ecological function
refer to Fig. 6. And the result for ecological function region in
QuanZhou Bay is shown in Fig. 7.
4.4. Total pollutants load control
Putting forward the plan of total pollutants load control is to
alleviate the effects of pollutants on biodiversity. It is influenced by
four main inter-related factors, which are economic development,
environment status, marine environment capacity, acceptable goal
of marine environment, and so on.
Fig. 8 is the technical route of planning for the total pollutant load
control of Quanzhou Bay. Firstly, the goal of the marine environment
conservation is set up according to planning of social and economical
development and the regionalization of ecological function of the
Quanzhou Bay. Secondly, the numerical model was established to
calculate the total maximum load capacity of Quanzhou Bay, and
then, the reasonable outlets for waste water discharge were chosen
and the maximum load of each outlet was calculated based on the
hydrodynamic situation and other environment situation of the
Quanzhou Bay. Finally, the countermeasures on the total pollutant
load control of the Quanzhou Bay were formulated.
4.5. Ecological protection and construction
According to the result of ecological function regionalization,
the scheme for sensitive ecosystem conservation and construction,
the key resource exploitation areas management, coastal urban
ecosystem construction, agricultural and suburban environment
protection were put forward.
Index and basis for Regionalization
Dividing the ecological function zone
Analyze the sensitivity of
ecological environment
Evaluate the ecological
service function
Result of regionalization and drawing
of plot
Making the ecological regionalization
scheme according to planning target
Investigate the current situation
of ecological environment
Fig. 6. Regionalization of ecological function.
Fig. 7. Ecological function region in QuanZhou Bay.
C. Bin et al. / Ocean & Coastal Management 52 (2009) 612–619616

6. 5. Management system of biodiversity conservation
5.1. Management framework of biodiversity conservation
Natural division of Coastal zone is usually different from
administrative division. Sometimes, ICZM may concern different
administrative districts or countries. Therefore the cooperation
among different departments and districts are inevitable in actual
operation. To a great extent, the success of management relies on
cooperation among departments, which requires that resource
administrators, environment planners, decision makers and
government officers must regard the coast zone as an open and
public area to carry out the coastal zone planning and management
according to coastal natural features.
Using the method of integrated and multi-department in
management and planning is beneficial for achieving the target of
optimizing the resource protection and economic development.
Usually these departments are agriculture, forestry, fishery, energy,
Biochemical degradation rate of
pollutants
Establishment of numeric
model of water quality and its
calibration and verification
protection goal of sea water
quality
Analysis of planning
of the social economy
development
Analysis of ecological
function zone
Calculate the total maximum load capacity of Quanzhou Bay
Choose reasonable outlets for waste water discharge and
calculate the maximum load of each outlet
Put forward the countermeasures of total pollutant load control
Fig. 8. Framework of the total pollutant load control of Quanzhou Bay.
Relevant functional
department (marine
and fishery bureau,
land bureau, EPA)
ICZM committee
Specialist representative,
community resident,
privately owned institution,
public group (NGO)
Establish the management plan
Actualize the management plan and
measurements
Monitoring system of ocean biodiversity
conservation
Evaluate the effect of marine biodiversity
conservation management
Response: pollution control,
habitat restoration and
rehabilitation, etc
Status: genetic level,
ecological level, species
level
Pressure: pollution,
overfishing, habitat
fragmentation, etc
Biodiversity analysis based on PSR model
General requirement for biodiversity conservation
and sustainable development
Fig. 9. Management framework of biodiversity conservation.
C. Bin et al. / Ocean & Coastal Management 52 (2009) 612–619 617

7. Table 3
Monitoring network of biodiversity conservation in Quanzhou Bay.
Catalog Items Contents Methods Frequency
Pressure monitoring Habitat loss Land use and plant coverage change
and landscape change
RS and GIS 1 time/year
Alien species invasion Category and distribution of alien
species
Field investigation and RS 1 time/year
Pollution Category, concentration, and amount of
pollutants
Field investigation and
model simulation
3 times/year (separately in high
flow, normal and dry flow
period)
Aquaculture and fishery Category, area and distribution of
aquaculture; output and sorts of fishery
Field investigation and
statistical data
1 time/year
Status monitoring Water quality status Salinity, pH, DO, COD, DIN, DIP, oil,
chlorophyll–a, heavy metals
Field investigation and
consecutive observation of
ecobuoy
Field investigation, 3 times/year
ecobuoy consecutive
observation in every half-hour
or 4 h
Sediment environmental
chemistry
Oil, organic carbon, sulfide, heavy
metal, PAHs, PCBs, and persistent
organic pollutants, etc
Field investigation 1 time/year
Seabirds Sorts, quantity and distribution of birds Field investigation 1 time/month
Wetland vegetation Main sorts and distribution Field investigation remote
sensing
1 time/year
Planktons Sorts, quantity and distribution of
plankton animals and plants
Field investigation 4 times/year (one time in each
season)
Intertidal and neritic
benthos
Sorts, quantity and distribution of large
benthos
Field investigation 2 time/year (one in Spring and
one in Autumn)
Nektons Sorts, quantity and distribution of
nektons
Field investigation 2 time/year (one in Spring and
one in Autumn)
Respond monitoring Actual performance of
policy and regulation
Policy and regulation related to
biodiversity conservation
Survey 1 time/year
Ecological restoration Fund in ecological restoration Survey 1 time/year
Expression Layer
Visualization and decision support User Interactivities by InternetUser Interactivities by LAN
Data Layer
Geograph
ic Data
Chemical
Data
Biological
Data
Meteorology
and
Hydrological
Data
GIS Database Management System
Engine of Access, SQL Server, Geodatabase
Dividing ecological functional zone
Impact assessment of
overfishing on biodiversity
Impact assessment of alien
species on biodiversity
Impact assessment of
pollution on biodiversity
Impact assessment of Habitat
lossonbiodiversity
Planing on Biodiversity Conservation
Socio-econ
omic Data
Function Layer
Comprehensive impact assessment of Human Activities on Marin Biodiversity
Eco-buoy
Data
Data standardizing and formatting
Database of research results
Primary Data
Fig. 10. Overall structural diagram of decision support system.
C. Bin et al. / Ocean & Coastal Management 52 (2009) 612–619618

8. communication, manufacture, tourism, real estate, military and
public health.
Based on the above consideration, the initial management
system of biodiversity conservation is as shown in Fig. 9.
5.2. Management plan of marine biodiversity conservation
(1) The objectives of management plan
The management plan is to define the specific target of biodi-
versity conservation, and find out the problems that should be
solved primarily in biodiversity conservation and allocation of
resources, which provides the policy guidance of economic devel-
opment and ecological protection in Quanzhou Bay.
(2) The contents of management plan
1. Set up and refine the short-term and long-term targets of
biodiversity conservation in coastal zone (the target must be
specific, measurable, purposeful, reasonable and with a time
limit)
2. Put forward the solution according to the analysis of
threatening factors, such as carrying out the total pollutants
control, laying out the spatial planning in coastal zone, etc.;
3. Make up the action plan of specific target (relations between
action and target);
4. Time arrangement for realizing the target in a five-year
stage;
5. List the resources that the action needs (human resource,
property, finance), and five-year budget;
6. Effect evaluation of action and output and adaptive
management policy.
6. Monitoring network of biodiversity conservation
Establishment of the monitoring network of biodiversity conser-
vation is to check the level of achieving expected goal. The purpose of
creating the monitoring network of biodiversity conservation is to
provide essential information to administrators on biodiversity
conversation. According to PSR model raised by Committee of
Sustainable Development of UN, the following compulsory questions
referring to biodiversity monitoring should be answered:
What are the pressures that the monitoring ecosystems are
confronted? What is the status of these pressures? Which factors
that affect the biodiversity are changing or have changed? Are the
policies effective?
Base on these, the monitoring system of Quanzhou Bay’s
biodiversity conservation was put forward in Table 3.
7. Integrated decision support system
To better apply the marine biodiversity conservation manage-
ment, we could use the latest technology of spatial information
management, such as systematic engineering, multi-objective
decision and 3S technology. Information decision support system
adopts the three-layer structure (as shown in Fig. 10), the data
service layer, function service layer and results expression layer.
The data service layer is foundation, function service layer is the
core and results expression layer is the outward manifestation of
previous two layers.
Acknowledgements
The work described in this paper was supported by the Marine
Public Welfare Project of China entitled ‘‘Marine Biodiversity
Conservation and Demonstration Based on ICZM’’ (No.20070529)
and the Natural Sciences Foundation of China (40706042).
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