The design of earthing system for 230 kV substation is challenging task. A safety is one major concern in the operation and design of an electrical power system. This Paper is to provide information pertinent to safe earthing practice in substation design and to establish the safe limits of potential difference under normal and fault conditions. Substation earthing system design requires calculating of parameter such as touch and step voltage criteria for safety, grid resistance, maximum grid current, earth resistance, minimum conductor size and electrode size, maximum fault current level and soil resistivity. Soil resistivity is a major factor influencing substation grid design. In this paper, design of earthing grid for Square configuration to obtain the minimum cost and safety. Finally, simulation results were carried out using ETAP 12.6 software. This paper mentions the method proposed for substation earthing is in accordance with IEEE Std 80 2000. Khin Thuzar Soe | Thet Mon Aye | Aye Aye Mon "Design of Earthing System for 230 kV High Voltage Substation by ETAP 12.6 Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26747.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26747/design-of-earthing-system-for-230-kv-high-voltage-substation-by-etap-126-software/khin-thuzar-soe

1. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 3 Issue 5, August 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26747 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 1840
Design of Earthing System for 230 kV
High Voltage Substation by ETAP 12.6 Software
Khin Thuzar Soe1, Thet Mon Aye2, Aye Aye Mon3
1Professor, 2Lecturer, 3Assistant Lecturer
1, 2, 3Department of Electrical Power Engineering, West Yangon Technological University, Yangon, Myanmar
How to cite this paper: Khin Thuzar Soe |
Thet Mon Aye | Aye Aye Mon "Design of
Earthing System for 230 kV High Voltage
Substation by ETAP 12.6 Software"
Published in
International
Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research
and Development
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
6470, Volume-3 |
Issue-5, August
2019, pp.1840-1843,
https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd26747
Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and
International Journal ofTrend inScientific
Research and Development Journal. This
is an Open Access article distributed
under the terms of
the Creative
Commons Attribution
License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by
/4.0)
ABSTRACT
The design of earthing system for 230 kV substation is challenging task. A
safety is one major concern in the operation and design of an electrical power
system. This Paper is to provide information pertinent to safe earthing
practice in substation design and to establish the safe limits of potential
difference under normal and fault conditions. Substation earthing system
design requires calculating of parameter such as touch and step voltage
criteria for safety, grid resistance, maximum grid current, earth resistance,
minimum conductor size and electrode size, maximum fault current level and
soil resistivity. Soil resistivity is a major factor influencing substation grid
design. In this paper, design of earthing grid for Squareconfigurationtoobtain
the minimum cost and safety. Finally,simulationresults werecarriedoutusing
ETAP 12.6 software. This paper mentions the method proposed forsubstation
earthing is in accordance with IEEE Std 80-2000.
KEYWORDS: Substation design, touch and step voltage, soil resistivity, ETAP12.6
software, grounding grid
I. INTRODUCTION
Substation earthing system is very importantfor electric powersystemnotonly
to provide the protection of people working in the vicinity of earthed facilities
and equipment against danger of electric shock but also to maintain proper
function of electrical system.
The main function of earthing system in substation include;
the first one is the ability carrying the electric currents into
earth under normal and fault conditions without exceeding
operating and exposed to the danger of electric shock [2].
The second is how this grounding system ensures that the
person in the vicinity of grounded facilities is not exposed to
the danger of electric shock. Designing grounding systems,
building them and putting them in operation is a difficult
task. The soil where the grounding system will be installed
will generally be non-uniform. The flow of the earth system,
cause voltage gradients ground level which cases different
parts of the earth and the reference (ground round). (The
ground potential rise (GPR) can be minimized by providing
low resistance path to ground.) Due to the different in soil
characteristics at each substation, ground grid design must
carefully be done to gain acceptable safety as well as optimal
investment. In this paper, ground grid design without rods
and with rods was carried out [3]. The vertical rods
considered but authorities only as total length conductor’s
earth system optimization point are variable.
A vertical rod is more effective electrode than a horizontal
rod. Because, vertical ground rods dischargethegridcurrent
in the soil at sufficient depth. That, the ground potential rise
(GPR) can be minimized by providing low resistance path to
ground. Therefore, by using proper conductor andelectrode
size, earthing system may be able to overcome lightening
effects. The grounding system of the substation should
ensure the safe and reliable operation of power systems and
guarantee a human being safety inthesituationofgrounding
fault in the power system [2]. Study of unequally spaced
grounding grids and optimum grounding grid design by
using an evolutionary algorithm is considered. From the
past, ground grid design without rods and with rods was
carried out.
Multiple driven electrodes are, everything being equal,more
effective than equivalent ground grids made of horizontal
conductors. This is true even when soil is uniform.However,
when lower layer resistivity is high, the horizontal
conductors are more effective because they reduce
significantly the touch voltages Optimization design of
substation grounding grid based on genetic algorithm is
discussed [4].
II. DESIGN OBJECTIVES
According to IEEE Std 80-2000 there are two main design
goals to be achieved by any substation grounding system
under normal as well as fault conditions. These goals are:
 To provide means to dissipate electric currents into the
earth without exceeding any operating and equipment
limits.
 To assure that a person in the vicinity of grounded
facilities is not exposed to the danger of critical electric
shock.
IJTSRD26747

2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26747 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 1841
III. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
The design procedure block diagram in Figure 1 is the sort
earthing studies of powernetworksandthealgorithmcanbe
expressed as follows:
Input data 𝜌,A
Compute the conductor size
Compute Touch and Step Voltage
Etouch,Estep
Compute first design of Grid D,n,L,h
Compute Grid Resistance Rg,Lc, Lr
Compute fault Current IG,If
Compute mesh and step voltage
Em,Es,Ki,Ks,Km,Kii,Kh
Detail design
Modify design D,n,LT
Em < Etouch
Es < Estep
ComputeIGRg<Etouch
Yes
No
Figure1. Block Diagram for Earthing Network Design
IV. STEPS OF DESIGN
 Step 1: Start
 Step 2: Substation Data
Data will be collected and important data from
substation.
 Step 3: Calculation of conductor size
Cross section used for wireless networks based on land-
related equations, it is calculated and determined flow error
(3I0) the maximum amount must be injected into the
network during the probable future developments and
continuing up to times short circuit current (tf), which
includes the protection of backup is to be determined
equations 1 and 2.
)XXj(X)RR(R3R
V
3I
021021f
0

 (1)



















a0
m0
rrc
2mm
TK
TK
ln
ραt
4
10TCAP
I
A (2)
 Step 4: Calculation of Tolerable step voltage and touch
voltage are based on (3 _ 6).
s
ssstep,50
t
0.116
)ρC6(1000E  (3)
s
ssstep,70
t
0.157
)ρC6(1000E  (4)
s
sstouch,50
t
0.116
)ρC1.5(1000E  (5)
s
sstouch,70
t
0.157
)ρC5.1(1000E  (6)
 Step 5: Preliminary design parameters like distance
between equally spaced conductors, grid burial depth,
total length of horizontal conductors and number of
parallel conductors in one direction are determined.
 Step 6: The grid resistance is determined by equation 7.












A
20h1
1
(1
20A
1
L
1
ρR
T
g (7)
 Step 7: Calculation of grid current
The maximum grid current is determined by combining
decrement factor and symmetrical grid current is given by
equation 8 and 9.
f0g S3II  (8)
)I(3SDI 0ffG  (9)
 Step 8: Calculation of the product of maximum grid
current and grid resistance
If it is less than the touch voltage,
touchgG ERI  (10)
 Step 9: The mesh voltage and step voltage are
determined by equation 11 and 12.
m
imG
m
L
KKIρ
E  (11)
S
GiS
s
L
IKKρ
E  (12)
 Step 10: If the calculated mesh voltage is less than the
touch voltage then proceeds for step 9, otherwise
modify the design.
 Step 11: If the calculated step voltage is less than the
step voltage then proceeds for detailed design,
otherwise modify the design.
 Step 12: After calculating and determined all required
grid parameters detailed design is prepared.
V. SIMULATION AND TESTING RESULTS
The design of a substation groundingsystemis verycomplex
due to the number of involved phenomena. One of them
comes from the fact that lightning influences the local
resistivity of the soil given, whenlightningoccurs, non-linear
phenomena appear in the soil.

3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26747 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 1842
Figure2. Square Grounding Grid without Rods
Figure3. Touch and step Voltage Value in ETAP
Simulation
Nevertheless, this is not the only difference regarding the
low frequency case. Indeed, the high frequency response of
both grounding grids and human body are not the same for
fast transients and power frequency. In this section
simulations are carried out in order to verify the results
obtained through manual calculations. A software known as
ETAP PowerStation is used for the simulations. The
objectives of the program are:
 To provide a low cost computer program running on a
personal computer.
 To provide an easy to use, but technically acceptable
solution to the complex problem of grounding grid
design.
 To design a safe, technically acceptable and
economically viable grounding grid.
Figure4. Square Grounding Grid with Rods
Figure5. Screenshot of ETAP Software
Figure6. Screenshot of ETAP Software
Figure7. Touch and Step Voltage Value in ETAP
Simulation
Table 1Design Parameters
Parameter
Without
Rods
With
Rods
Grid length
Lx 200ft 200ft
Ly 200ft 200ft
Number of
conductor
X-direction 11 11
Y-direction 11 11
Number of Rod - 44
Length of Rod - 30ft
Conductor depth 2ft 2ft
Step Voltage 551.6 461.6
Touch Voltage 923.9 360.2
GPR 5365.5 4592.8
Ground Resistance Rg 0.634 0.543

4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26747 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 1843
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this grounding system for high voltage substation has
been designed and the results are obtained by ETAP
software. Construction of earthing grid is expressed in here.
The step and touch voltages are dangerous for human body.
Human body may get electric shocks from step and touch
voltages. The final design shows that the resultanttouch and
steps voltages are within tolerable regions and no more
enhancements are necessary.Otherdesignmodifications are
useful in obtaining specific results. Rods are only effective in
two layer soils. Reducing the mesh sizeis anadmirabletouch
voltage reduction factor and when accompanied by a
reduction in the overall ground resistant assist in reducing
the step voltage.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author is grateful to her Rector, Dr. Kyi Soe, Rector of
West Yangon Technological University. And also special
thanks to Dr. Min Thu San, Head of Electrical Power
Engineering Department, Dr. Thet Mon Aye, Lecturer, West
Yangon Technological University, Daw Aye Aye Mon,
Assistant Lecturer, West Yangon Technological University.
REFERENCES
[1] F. Dawalibi, D. Mukhedkar, “Optimum Design of
Substation Grounding in a Two Layer Earth Structure,
Part I: Analytical Study “, IEEE Trans, PowerApparatus
and System, Vol. PAS-94, March, 1975, pp. 252 – 261.
[2] F. Dawalibi, D.Mukhedkar, “Optimum Design of
Substation Grounding in a Two Layer Earth Structure,
Part II: Analytical Study”, IEEETrans,PowerApparatus
and System, Vol. PAS-94, March,1975, pp. 262 – 266.
[3] F. Dawalibi, D. Mukhedkar, “Optimum Design of
Substation Grounding in a Two Layer Earth Structure,
Part III: Analytical Study “, IEEE Trans, Power
Apparatus and System, Vol.PAS-94,April1975,pp.267
– 272.
[4] J. L. He, Y. Q. Gao, R. Zeng, W. M. Sun, J. Zou, and Z. C.
Guan,"Optimal Design of Grounding System
Considering the Influence of Seasonal Frozen Soil
Layer”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, Jan.
2005, pp. 107-115.
[5] E. Bendito, A. Carmona, A. M. Encinas,andM.J.Jimenez,
"The Extremal Charges Method in Grounding Grid
Design” , IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 19, Jan.
2004, pp. 118-123.
[6] IEEE Std. 80-2000, “IEEE Guide for Safety in AC
Substation Grounding”, IEEE: InstituteofElectricaland
Electronic Engineers, Inc. New York, 2000.
[7] L. Huang , X. Chen , and H. Yan ,“Study of Unequally
Spaced Grounding Grids”, IEEE Transactions onPower
Delivery, Vol. 10, No.2, April 1995, pp. 716- 722.
[8] Ghoneim Sherif, HirschHolger,ElmorshedyAhdab,and
Amer Rabah, “Optimum Grounding Grid Design by
Using an Evolutionary Algorithm”, IEEE Power
Engineering Society General Meeting,2007,24-28June
2007,pp1-7