CONSTRUCTION WASTE RECYCLING

145
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
CONSTRUCTION WASTE RECYCLING
Mohd Aslam 1
, Ketepalli Sravani2
,
1 Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy, Hyderabad India.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy, Hyderabad India.
*Corresponding Author:
Mohd Aslam,
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering,
Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy,
Hyderabad India.
Published: July 11, 2015
Review Type: peer reviewed
Volume: II, Issue : II
Citation: Mohd Aslam , Research Scholar (2015)
"CONSTRUCTION WASTE RECYCLING"
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
Concrete is an artificial material in which the aggregates
are bonded together by the cement when mixed with wa-
ter. With the advancement of technology and increased
field of application of concrete and motors, the strength,
workability, durability and other characteristics of the or-
dinary concrete can be made suitable for any situation.
For this, definite proportions of cement, water, fine aggre-
gates, coarse aggregates, mineral admixtures and chemi-
cal admixtures are required.
INTRODUCTION TO RECYCLED AGGREGATE
In recent years certain countries have considered the reu-
tilization of construction and demolition waster as a new
construction material as being one of the main objectives
with respect to sustainable construction activities. This
thesis focuses on recycling of concrete waste as an ag-
gregate in structural concrete. From the mid 70s many
researchers have dedicated their work to describe the
properties of these kinds of aggregates, the minimum re-
quirements for their utilization in concrete and the prop-
erties of concretes made with recycled aggregates. How-
ever, minor attention has been paid to both the structural
behaviour of recycled aggregate concretes and their du-
rability.
Recycling is the act of processing the used material for
use in creating new product. The usage of natural aggre-
gate is getting more and more intense with the advanced
development in infrastructure area. In order to reduce
the usage of natural aggregate, recycled aggregate can be
used as the replacement materials. Recycled aggregate
are comprised of crushed, graded in organic particles
processed from the materials that have been used in the
constructions and demolition debris. These materials are
generally from building, roads, bridges and sometimes
even from catastrophes, such as wars and earthquakes.
SOURCES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE
Traditionally, Portland concrete aggregate from the dem-
olition construction is used for landfill. But nowadays,
Portland concrete aggregate can be as a new material for
construction usage.
According to recycling of Portland cement concrete, re-
cycled aggregate are mainly produced from the crushing
of Portland concrete pavement and structures building.
It stated that the isolated areas of 1 inch of asphalt con-
crete could be used to produce the recycled aggregate.
The main reason that choosing the structural building as
this source for recycled aggregate is because there is a
huge amount of crushed demolition Portland cement con-
crete can be produced.
Abstract
Indian construction industry is growing at a rate of 9.2% as against the world average of 5.5%.
Construction by nature is not an eco-friendly activity. Construction, renovation and demolition activities lead to the formation of waste.
Growth in construction activities generates construction waste which is fast becoming a serious environmental problem with deadly
consequences. Most of the construction and demolition, waste in our country are not recycled but end up in landfills occupying valu-
able land.
The promotion of environmental management and the mission of sustainable development have exerted the pressure demanding for
the adoption of proper methods to protect the environment across all industries including construction.
Construction waste recycling reduces the demand up on new resources. Cuts down the cost and effort of transport and production. Use
waste which would otherwise be lost to land fill sites.
Waste - Material by-product of human and industrial activity that has no residual value. Need for Comprehensive construction waste
management in every site. Every personnel from the management to the operational level should work for the goal of construction waste
management.
Recycled precast elements and cubes after testing (the aggregate could be relatively clean with only cement paste adhering to it). Demol-
ished concrete building (aggregate could be contaminated with bricks and tiles, sand and dust, timber, plastics, cardboard and paper
and metals). Used as a subtitle for natural coarse aggregates in concrete.
1401-1402

146
APPLICATIONS OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE
Traditionally, the application of recycled aggregate is used
as landfill. Nowadays the application of recycled aggre-
gate areas is wide. The applications are different from
country to country.
CONCRETE KERBS AND GUTTER MIX
Recycled aggregate have been used as concrete and gutter
mix in Australia. According to building innovation &con-
struction technology (1999), stone says that the 10mm
recycled aggregate and blended recycled sand are used for
concrete kerb and gutter mix in the lethally street project
in Sydney.
MATERIALS USED IN CEMENT CONCRETE
The quality of concrete can be achieved by the selection of
suitable materials, admixtures, the choice of mix propor-
tions, w/c ratio and use of proper methods of placement
and curing. All these aspects depend upon material and
admixtures selection.
CEMENT
Cement is a material that has cohesive and adhesive in
the properties in the presence of water. Natural cement
is obtained by burning and crushing the stones contain-
ing clay, carbonate of lime and some amount of carbon-
ate of magnesia. Natural cements resemble very closely
hydraulic lime. It sets very quickly after addition of water.
It is not strong as artificial cement. The artificial cement
was invented by a mansion Joseph Aspidin of England it
is therefore, sometimes referred as Portland cement.
The two basic ingredients of cement are calcareous and
argillaceous products usually containing Lime (62-67%)
and Silica (17-25%) Alumna (3-8%) Calcium Sulphate (3-
4%) Iron Oxide (3-4%) Magnesia (0.1-3%) Sculpture (1-
3%) and Alkalis (0.3-2%)
Ordinary Portland cement is the basic Portland cement
and is the best suited for use in general concrete con-
struction where there is no exposure to sulphates in the
soil or in the ground water. This mixture is grounded,
blended fused in kiln at high temperature of 1400 Celsius
and is the product called clinker is obtained. The clinker
is cooled and grounded to get cement. This cement is pro-
duced in maximum quantity than the other cements be-
cause of its durability and resistance of atmosphere and
other attacks. Grinding Portland clinker with the pos-
sible addition of small quantity of gypsum, water or both
not less than 1% of air entraining elements produces it.
AGGREGATES
COARSE AGGREGATE
The aggregate like sand and brick and stone are inert ma-
terials. Their properties greatly influence the behaviour
of concrete since they occupy about 80% of the total value
of the concrete it is logical to us maximum, of aggregate
since they are less expensive than cement and are freely
are available in natural. They aggregates are classified as
fine aggregate and coarse aggregate and comply with the
requirements of IS 383-1970. Fine aggregates are mate-
rial passing through as IS Sieve that is less than 4.75 mm
gauge beyond which, they are known as coarse aggregate.
For maximum strength and durability, the aggregate
should be packed and cemented as compactly as possible
for this reason the gradation of particle sizes in aggregate
to produce close packing is of considerable importance.
It is necessary that aggregate have good strength, dura-
bility and weather resistance, their surface is free from
impurities such as loam, silt and organic matter which
may weaken the bond with the cement paste and that no
unfavourable chemical reaction takes place between them
and cement.

147
FINE AGGREGATE
Concrete is a composite material, the workability and the
development of strength depend upon the age, the proper-
ties of the constituent materials and their combined ac-
tion. The role of fine aggregate on strength and workabil-
ity has to be deciphered before examining the possibility
of total replacement of fine aggregate.
The purpose of mix proportioning is to produce the re-
quired properties in both plastic and hardened concrete
by the most economical and practical combination of ma-
terials available they has been very little used reported of
vast quantities of wastes have generated by mixing and
quarrying industries only small amount of this waste are
used in road making and in manufacture of building ma-
terials such as light weight aggregate bricks and auto-
claved bricks an attempt is made to study the affect of
rock dust as fine aggregate on the strength and workabil-
ity aspects of concrete mixes.
It is evident that the concrete strength development de-
pends upon the strength of the cement mortar and it’s
synergetic with coarse aggregate. Pebbles as coarse ag-
gregate, due to smooth surface texture impart lower
mortar aggregate bond strength than that imparted by
crushed coarse aggregates. In the present work, fine ag-
gregate consisting of natural sand conforming to grading
zone II of IS 383 – 1970 is used.
ROLE OF FLY ASH IN CEMENT
Fly Ash, known also as pulverized fuel ash is the ash pre-
cipitated electro statically or mechanically from the ex-
haust gases of coal fired power stations to generate elec-
tric power and is the most common artificial pozzolana.
The Fly Ash particles are spherical and its fineness is very
high. Fly Ash is available in large quantities in the coun-
try as a waste product from a number of thermal power
stations and industrial plants using pulverized bitumi-
nous/sub-bituminous coal as fuel for the boilers.
Fly ash also makes substantial contributions to work-
ability, chemical resistance and the environment. To
fully appreciate the benefits of fly ash in concrete must
be understood. Concrete is a composite material, which
essentially consists of two components: aggregates and
cementitious paste.
How fly ash contributes to concrete durability and
strength. Most people don’t realize that durability and
strength are not synonymous when talking about con-
crete. Durability is the ability to maintain integrity and
strength over time .strength is only a measure of the abil-
ity to sustain loads at a given point in time. Two concrete
mixes with equal cylinder strength can vary widely in their
permeability, resistance to chemical attack, resistance to
cracking and general deterioration over time- all of which
are important to durability. Cement normally gains the
great majority of its strength within of 28days ,thus the
reasoning behind specifications normally requiring deter-
mination of 28days strengths as a standard.
RECRON- 3S FIBRE
Recron-3s fibre was used in the present investigation.
Recron-3s fibre is a Polyester synthetic fibre, manufac-
tured by Reliance Industries Limited located at Somajigu-
da; Hyderabad. The recron–3s fibres contribute to crack
control, permeability and flexibility. This improves the
durability of concrete.
Key Benefits of Recron-3s
i. Plane concrete- Non Homogeneous mix

148
ii. Fortified with Recron-3s-Homogeneous mix
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
INTRODUCTION
This experimental programme describes the manufacture
of test specimens, and presents the detail of the test pro-
gram. The experimental program was designed to com-
plete the mechanical properties i.e., compressive strength
and flexural strength of concrete with M25 grade of Re-
cycled and Natural aggregate. Subsequently a part of ce-
ment was replaced by fly ash and Recron-3S fibres that
cause the variations in strength were studied.
3.2 STUDY OF MATERIALS
The material that are used for the current experimental
are
• Cement
• Fine Aggregate
• Natural Coarse Aggregate
• Recycled Coarse Aggregate
• Water
• Recron-3s Fibre
• Fly Ash
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION
The Investigation was carried on M40 grade concrete. The
mix design has done according to IS: 10262-2009 code
method. Required quantities of material are calculated.
Cement, sand, coarse aggregate and fly ash is thoroughly
mixed in dry state manually so as to obtain uniform col-
our. Then the required percentage of additive (Recron-3S)
is added to the water calculated for that particular mix.
This water is added to the dry mix with a view to obtain
uniform mix. The compaction factor test and slump cone
test were carried out and the respective values were re-
corded for all mixes. The cube moulds were kept on table
vibrator and the concrete was poured into the moulds in
3 layers by poking with a tamping rod and vibrated by ta-
ble vibrator. In the beam moulds concrete was poured in
3 layers by poking with tamping rod and needlle vibrator
was used in order to get good compaction.
CASTING AND CURING OF TEST SPECIMENS
The specimens of standard cubes (150mmx150m-
mx150mm) thirty in numbers were caste and standard
beam (1500mmx150mmx230mm) ten in numbers were
caste. Cement was replaced by fly ash by 25% by weight
of cement and they were caste.
MIXING
Measured quantities of coarse aggregate and fine aggre-
gate were spread out over an impervious concrete floor.
The dry ordinary Portland cement (coromandel king) and
fly ash were spread out on the aggregate and mixed thor-
oughly in dry state turning the mixtures over and over
until uniformity of colour was achieved, as shown in
plates. Water was measured exactly by weight and thor-
oughly mixed to obtain homogeneous concrete. The time
of mixing shall be 10-15 minutes.
PLACING OF CUBES
The cube moulds and beam moulds are cleaned and all
care was taken to avoid any irregular dimensions. The
joints between the sections of moulds were coated with
mould oil and a similar coating of mould oil was applied
between the contact surfaces of the bottom of the moulds
and the base plate in order to ensure that no water es-
capes during the filling. The interior surfaces of the as-
sembled moulds were thinly coated with mould oil to
prevent adhesion of the concrete and for easy removal of
moulds after casting. Then the moulds are arranged on
the vibrator platform for casting. The mix was placed in
three layers. Each layer was compacted using table vibra-
tor to dense concrete.
CURING
The test specimens cubes and beams were stored in place
from vibration in moist air at 90% relative humidity. Af-
ter 24 hours the specimens were demoulded and immedi-
ately immersed in clean, fresh water tank for a period of
28days. Curing of Beams were done by placing mats on
them and watering was done in regular intervals keeping
in view that no loss of moisture content from the beams
is lost

149
TESTING PROCEDURE
TESTS FOR WORKABILITY
SLUMP CONE TEST
Slump cone test is a very common test for determination
of workability of concrete. This test was carried out for
both cubes and beams before casting the specimens. The
slump was measured in (mm) as shown in plate, also the
slump values are presented
COMPACTION FACTOR TEST
This test is more accurate than slump cone teat and this
test is used to determine the workability of low water ce-
ment ratio concrete, more accurately. The compaction
factor values are obtained by this test are presented.
TEST FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
On the date of testing i.e., after 28days casting of the
cubes specimens were removed from the water tank and
placed on flat surface for 10 minutes to wipe off the sur-
face water and grit, and also removes the projecting fines
on the surface of the specimens. Before placing the spec-
imen in the testing machine the bearing surface of the
testing machine was wiped clean and the cube specimen
also cleaned. The cube specimen was placed in the ma-
chine, of 2000KN.
TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
GENERAL
Series of tests were carried out on the concrete specimens
to obtain the strength characteristics of fiber concrete
beams for different percentages of recycled and natural
aggregate. This chapter discusses on the results that ob-
tained from the testing. The results such as workability,
Compressive test, Deflection pattern of beams and Crack
pattern compared to that of the conventional beams are
discussed and tabulated
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
In this study, the following tests were conducted to note
the physical properties of the materials i.e., specific grav-
ity, water absorption and fineness modulus.

150
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The specific gravity of the fine aggregate was 2.63 and
coarse aggregate natural was 2.74 and recycled was 2.62
respectively.
WATER ABSORPTION
The water absorption of the fine aggregate was 1.0% and
coarse aggregate natural was 0.826% and recycled was
28.6% respectively.
FINENESS MODULUS
The fineness modulus of the fine aggregate was 3.57 and
coarse aggregate natural was 7.454 and recycled was
7.535 respectively.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATE
SI.NO Property Fine
Aggregate
Natural
Coarse
Aggregate
Recycled
Coarse
Aggregate
1 Specific
gravity
2.55 2.7 2.71
2 Fineness
modulus
3.57 7.454 7.535
3 Water absorp-
tion
1.0% 0.826% 3.67%
4 Bulk density
a)loose
b)compacted
1.80 kg/lt
1498kg/m3
1710kg/m3
1492kg/m3
1712kg/m3
SLUMP AND COMPACTION FACTOR OF NATURAL AG-
GREGATE CONCRETE
SL.NO MIX FIBRE (%) SLUMP(MM) COMPACTION
FACTOR
1. M25 0 80 0.86
SLUMP AND COMPACTION FACTOR OF RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE
SL.NO MIX FIBRE (gm/
cu. m)
SLUMP(MM) COMPACTION
FACTOR
1. M25 900 60 0.88
Showing the slump vs fibre content
showing the compation factor vs fibre content
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF NATURAL AGGREGATE
CONCRETE
S.NO MIX COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH(MPA)
FIBRE (gm/
cu.m)
1. M25 30.00 0
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF RECYCLED AGGRE-
GATE CONCRETE
STRENGTH(MPA)
FIBRE (gm/
cu.m)
1. M25 21.67 0
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF RECYCLED AGGRE-
GATE CONCRETE BY ADDING FIBRES
STRENGTH(MPA)
FIBRE (gm/
cu.m)
1. M25 28.33 900
showing the compressive strength vs fibre content
BEAM DEFLECTION(A)
The load versus mid-span deflection curve of the test
beams of natural aggregate without fiber

151
MOMENT CURVATURE(A)
The moment versus curvature curve of the test beams of
natural aggregate without fibre.
BEAM DEFLECTION(B)
beams of recycled aggregate with 0.25% of fiber
MOMENT CURVATURE (B)
recycled aggregate with 0.25% of fiber
BEAM DEFLECTION(C)
beams of recycled aggregate with 0.50% of fiber
MOMENT CURVATURE(C)
recycled aggregate with 0.50% of fibre
CONCLUSION
In order to reduce the construction waste, during the time
of construction order only the correct amount of raw ma-
terials. Proper care should be taken to ensure the protec-
tion of materials being delivered and stored in the site.
When a structure is being demolished, salvage as much
of the more valuable fittings and materials as possible.
Any suitable substitute for aggregate should be consid-
ered during the construction. It is the duty of an engineer
to revaluvate technical specification for materials where
strength and safety do not have to be compromised to
permit the use of recycled materials. As sorting and recy-
cling facilities become more wide spread and better devel-
oped it will be easier to redirect our waste from landfill.
By using recycled coarse aggregate cost of construction
gets reduced and even gives better strength than natu-
ral coarse aggregate when it is mixed with Fibres and Fly
Ash. This should be more implemented in the future so as
to decrease the waste generated for buildings, etc.
REFERENCES
1. Concrete Technology by M.S.Shetty, S.Chand Publications.
2. L.Y.Shen, D Drew, and C.M. Tam, (2004), Construction
Waste recycling, Journal of Construction Engineering and
Management,4,Vol 130,pp 472-481.
3. Jessica Krippendor(2008), Construction Waste recycling
Journal of Canadian wall and ceiling,pp14-18.
4. Darin Steen(2008),Bios Force builds low cost C&D Landfill,
Journal of Tribal Waste. pp 8-10.
5. Journal on Fibre Reinforced Concrete by N. Banthia
AUTHOR
Mohd Aslam ,
Research Scholar,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Hyderabad India.
Ketepalli Sravani,
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Hyderabad India.

CONSTRUCTION WASTE RECYCLING

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