This study has been carried out to evaluate the method of design of the composite column of reinforced concrete
and steel structural sections in the international Codes. Studying and verifying the limit of the ratio of steel
section area to total gross section area is the important aim of this research. AISC, 2005 was specifying this limit
by 1.0%. Various ratios of steel core area to total gross section area were studied along with rang of concrete
strength by the help of finite element software. The results show that the ratio of the steel core area to the total
gross section area (As/Ag) should be replaced by the ratio of the ultimate capacity of the steel core to the total
ultimate capacity of the complete composite section (Pys/P0). The new ratio takes into account the effect of
relative strength between steel and concrete. The proposed limit for (Pys/P0) is between (25%) to (30%).
Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS), network congestion, Ordinal Optimiz...IJERA Editor
IS 800 in 2007, follows Limit State Design method for general construction for steel but provision for limit state design of light gauge cold form steel has not been made in it. IS 801-1975 provides the guild lines for use of cold formed light gauge steel structural members in general building construction which follows working stress design. This code is under revision. In this paper, in order to understand limit strength of light gauge cold form steel section in flexure a finite element analyses has been carried out on light gauge cold form built up I sections with different heights and thicknesses to asses limit load and modes of failure. Elastic and inelastic flexural strength and deformation behavior have been studied and finally a parametric study was undertaken to understand the influence of height, thickness on its structural behavior. It has been observed that light gauge cold form section with low H/t aspect ratio posses higher ratios of limiting load to elastic load.
Study & Analysis of Knuckle Joint with the Replacement of Material by Using T...IJERA Editor
The rapid growth of technology in recent decades has led to the reduction of cost and weight of materials. The modified system has become popular in industry as well as in research. As a result, this there are reduction in accident and safety has increased. Many systems used in industries use knuckle joint which is combination of two materials: cast iron and stainless steel. Here we are proposing the modification of one of the material that is changing cast iron into a composite polymer material. The proposed system has many advantages over other system such as making the device, simpler and having maximum safety and is ecofriendly. The analysis of the system proves all the above features mention above. The reason for considering polymer is that property of polymer is mostly similar to the property of metal. Composite polymers are characterized by a high flexibility material. The revolutionary evolution in technologies in last year allowed reducing stress and strain. In the present work ANSYS 13 has been used for analysis of knuckle joint with modified material and varying loads.
Optimization of Pre Engineered BuildingsIJERA Editor
Pre-engineered buildings have become quite popular in the last few years. The main advantages are speed of construction and good control over quality. However there is not much information on its economy. There are several parameters like the inclination of the gable, spans, bay spacing, which control the cost of the structure. In the present paper the above parameters are varied systematically and in each case the gable frame designed for the common loads DL, LL, EQ, and WL. The quantity in each case is obtained and finally the structure which regulates the lowest quantity of steel is recommended.
Study of Effect of Friction on the Pin of Pantograph Mechanismijtsrd
The research paper study the equivalent stress and shear stress generated on the pin due to friction between pin and links of a pantograph mechanism. The pin is subjected to biaxial loading of varying magnitude. The analysis comprises CAD model and simulated using a FEM solver. Materials of pin and links are selected considering real life applications and their coefficient of friction values are referred from variety of sources. Both static and dynamic coefficient of friction values are taken into consideration for analysis. Results thus obtained are tabulated and graphically demonstrated for better understanding of the outcomes. Chetan Rajoria | Ayush Johri | Harshit Nangia | Abhinav Goswami | Alok Shukla | Ajeet Kumar Yadav ""Study of Effect of Friction on the Pin of Pantograph Mechanism"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23288.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23288/study-of-effect-of-friction-on-the-pin-of-pantograph-mechanism/chetan-rajoria
Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS), network congestion, Ordinal Optimiz...IJERA Editor
IS 800 in 2007, follows Limit State Design method for general construction for steel but provision for limit state design of light gauge cold form steel has not been made in it. IS 801-1975 provides the guild lines for use of cold formed light gauge steel structural members in general building construction which follows working stress design. This code is under revision. In this paper, in order to understand limit strength of light gauge cold form steel section in flexure a finite element analyses has been carried out on light gauge cold form built up I sections with different heights and thicknesses to asses limit load and modes of failure. Elastic and inelastic flexural strength and deformation behavior have been studied and finally a parametric study was undertaken to understand the influence of height, thickness on its structural behavior. It has been observed that light gauge cold form section with low H/t aspect ratio posses higher ratios of limiting load to elastic load.
Study & Analysis of Knuckle Joint with the Replacement of Material by Using T...IJERA Editor
The rapid growth of technology in recent decades has led to the reduction of cost and weight of materials. The modified system has become popular in industry as well as in research. As a result, this there are reduction in accident and safety has increased. Many systems used in industries use knuckle joint which is combination of two materials: cast iron and stainless steel. Here we are proposing the modification of one of the material that is changing cast iron into a composite polymer material. The proposed system has many advantages over other system such as making the device, simpler and having maximum safety and is ecofriendly. The analysis of the system proves all the above features mention above. The reason for considering polymer is that property of polymer is mostly similar to the property of metal. Composite polymers are characterized by a high flexibility material. The revolutionary evolution in technologies in last year allowed reducing stress and strain. In the present work ANSYS 13 has been used for analysis of knuckle joint with modified material and varying loads.
Optimization of Pre Engineered BuildingsIJERA Editor
Pre-engineered buildings have become quite popular in the last few years. The main advantages are speed of construction and good control over quality. However there is not much information on its economy. There are several parameters like the inclination of the gable, spans, bay spacing, which control the cost of the structure. In the present paper the above parameters are varied systematically and in each case the gable frame designed for the common loads DL, LL, EQ, and WL. The quantity in each case is obtained and finally the structure which regulates the lowest quantity of steel is recommended.
Study of Effect of Friction on the Pin of Pantograph Mechanismijtsrd
The research paper study the equivalent stress and shear stress generated on the pin due to friction between pin and links of a pantograph mechanism. The pin is subjected to biaxial loading of varying magnitude. The analysis comprises CAD model and simulated using a FEM solver. Materials of pin and links are selected considering real life applications and their coefficient of friction values are referred from variety of sources. Both static and dynamic coefficient of friction values are taken into consideration for analysis. Results thus obtained are tabulated and graphically demonstrated for better understanding of the outcomes. Chetan Rajoria | Ayush Johri | Harshit Nangia | Abhinav Goswami | Alok Shukla | Ajeet Kumar Yadav ""Study of Effect of Friction on the Pin of Pantograph Mechanism"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23288.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23288/study-of-effect-of-friction-on-the-pin-of-pantograph-mechanism/chetan-rajoria
Determination of Elastic Behavior of RCC Section by Experimentation and Valid...IJERA Editor
Experimental and Analytical study is conducted to check the elastic behavior of RCC and Fiber reinforced RCC
section. Standard size and shapes of specimen s are casted with combination of RCC with and without steel
fibers. Percentage of FRC is varied from 0.5% to 1.5% in RCC specimen. Elastic behavior of the specimen
tested and studied for different loading conditions (Axial and Flexural). Observed results are plotted in different
formats and validated using FEA.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental analysis to compare the deflection of steel beam with and withou...eSAT Journals
Abstract As a result of decreasing the cost of steel structures and increasing the stiffness of steel members, several new methods have been adopted. Castellated beams are one of the solutions .Castellated beams refer to a metal beam in which the web portion is firstly divided by a zigzag cut along its lengthwise direction and then welding together its two halves. During welding, the two halves are joined together in such a way that holes are formed in the web portion. This increases the depth of the section and thereby its strength. Castellation means holes. Openings are provided in web portion for the allowance of passage of services through the beam. As the provisions are provided through the web portions, it will help to reduce the effective floor depth. For roofs supported by cambered beams, aesthetic beauty may be considered as an advantage. As castellated beams are same as that of a solid beam, its erection is not a difficult task. In this paper, experimental analysis was conducted to compare the deflection of steel beam without web opening and castellated beam having hexagonal and circular opening. ISMB 150 was selected as the parent section and was used for the fabrication of castellated beams with hexagonal openings and circular openings (cellular beam). Experimental analysis was performed and from that the better shape was determined. Experimental analysis showed that castellated beams having hexagonal openings have more load carrying capacity and lesser deflection as compared to solid beam and beam with circular openings. Keywords: Castellated beam, Deflection, Web opening, Cellular beam
Transport properties of Gum mediated synthesis of Indium Oxide (In2O3) Nano f...IJERA Editor
Two- Step method has been applied to prepare stable In2O3 nano fluids in Ethylene Glycol with PVP (Polyvinyl pyrrolidone) used as stabilizing agent having In2O3 concentrations of 1% by volume, where the In2O3 nano particles are obtained by biosynthesis of Indium (III) Acetyl Acetonate and Gum Acacia. Since the two-step method is more versatile as it provides the opportunity to disperse a wide variety of nano particles in different types of base fluids. The nano fluids were characterised by UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, EDAX, and TEM, and systematically investigated for Thermal conductivity (TC), density, viscosity, specific gravity and electrical conductivity for different polymer concentrations. The size of nano particles was found to be in the range of 5-30nm for two different nano particle to PVP ratios. For higher concentration of polymer in nano fluid, nano particles were 20nm in size showing increase in Thermal conductivity but a decrease in density and viscosity which is due to the polymer structure around nano particles. It is observed that the viscosity, density & specific gravity increases with the increase in PVP concentration and decreases with temperature. The thermal conductivity measurements of nano fluids show substantial increment relative to the base fluid (Ethylene glycol). Effect of PVP Polymer on viscosity, density, specific gravity can have a significant effect on magnitude and behaviour of the Thermal conductivity enhancement confirming the Newtonian behaviour of nano fluid. This offers tremendous scope for developing compact and effective heat transfer equipment. An enhancement of 20-25% for 1:5 volume concentration are observed at an average voltage of 60V when compared with EG (Ethylene glycol) at the same voltage. This method is simple, fast and reliable for the synthesis of Newtonian nano fluids containing In2O3 nano particles.
A Fuzzy Inventory Model with Perishable and Aging ItemsIJERA Editor
A parametric multi-period inventory model for perishable items considered in this paper. Each item in the stock perishes in a given period of time with some uncertainty. A model derived for recursive unnormalized conditional distributions of {} given the information accumulated about the inventory level- surviving items processes.
Design, Fabrication and Testing Of Flapping Wing Micro Air VehicleIJERA Editor
Flapping flight has the potential to revolutionize micro air vehicles (MAVs) due to increased aerodynamic
performance, improved maneuverability and hover capabilities. The purpose of this project is to design and
fabrication of flapping wing micro air vehicle. The designed MAV will have a wing span of 40cm. The drive
mechanism will be a gear mechanism to drive the flapping wing MAV, along with one actuator. Initially, a
preliminary design of flapping wing MAV is drawn and necessary calculation for the lift calculation has been
done. Later a CAD model is drawn in CATIA V5 software. Finally we tested by Flying.
A Framework for Curved Videotext Detection and ExtractionIJERA Editor
Proposed approach explores a new framework for curved video text detection and extraction. The algorithm first utilizes a Gaussian filter based Color Edge Enhancement followed by a Gray level Co-occurrence matrix feature extraction method for text detection. Secondly, a Connected Component filtering method is utilized to generate clear localization result and at last, a Round Scan method is performed to extract curved text and generate binary result for recognition by OCR. Experiments on various curved video data and Hua’s horizontal video text dataset shows the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.
Determination of Elastic Behavior of RCC Section by Experimentation and Valid...IJERA Editor
Experimental and Analytical study is conducted to check the elastic behavior of RCC and Fiber reinforced RCC
section. Standard size and shapes of specimen s are casted with combination of RCC with and without steel
fibers. Percentage of FRC is varied from 0.5% to 1.5% in RCC specimen. Elastic behavior of the specimen
tested and studied for different loading conditions (Axial and Flexural). Observed results are plotted in different
formats and validated using FEA.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental analysis to compare the deflection of steel beam with and withou...eSAT Journals
Abstract As a result of decreasing the cost of steel structures and increasing the stiffness of steel members, several new methods have been adopted. Castellated beams are one of the solutions .Castellated beams refer to a metal beam in which the web portion is firstly divided by a zigzag cut along its lengthwise direction and then welding together its two halves. During welding, the two halves are joined together in such a way that holes are formed in the web portion. This increases the depth of the section and thereby its strength. Castellation means holes. Openings are provided in web portion for the allowance of passage of services through the beam. As the provisions are provided through the web portions, it will help to reduce the effective floor depth. For roofs supported by cambered beams, aesthetic beauty may be considered as an advantage. As castellated beams are same as that of a solid beam, its erection is not a difficult task. In this paper, experimental analysis was conducted to compare the deflection of steel beam without web opening and castellated beam having hexagonal and circular opening. ISMB 150 was selected as the parent section and was used for the fabrication of castellated beams with hexagonal openings and circular openings (cellular beam). Experimental analysis was performed and from that the better shape was determined. Experimental analysis showed that castellated beams having hexagonal openings have more load carrying capacity and lesser deflection as compared to solid beam and beam with circular openings. Keywords: Castellated beam, Deflection, Web opening, Cellular beam
Transport properties of Gum mediated synthesis of Indium Oxide (In2O3) Nano f...IJERA Editor
Two- Step method has been applied to prepare stable In2O3 nano fluids in Ethylene Glycol with PVP (Polyvinyl pyrrolidone) used as stabilizing agent having In2O3 concentrations of 1% by volume, where the In2O3 nano particles are obtained by biosynthesis of Indium (III) Acetyl Acetonate and Gum Acacia. Since the two-step method is more versatile as it provides the opportunity to disperse a wide variety of nano particles in different types of base fluids. The nano fluids were characterised by UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, EDAX, and TEM, and systematically investigated for Thermal conductivity (TC), density, viscosity, specific gravity and electrical conductivity for different polymer concentrations. The size of nano particles was found to be in the range of 5-30nm for two different nano particle to PVP ratios. For higher concentration of polymer in nano fluid, nano particles were 20nm in size showing increase in Thermal conductivity but a decrease in density and viscosity which is due to the polymer structure around nano particles. It is observed that the viscosity, density & specific gravity increases with the increase in PVP concentration and decreases with temperature. The thermal conductivity measurements of nano fluids show substantial increment relative to the base fluid (Ethylene glycol). Effect of PVP Polymer on viscosity, density, specific gravity can have a significant effect on magnitude and behaviour of the Thermal conductivity enhancement confirming the Newtonian behaviour of nano fluid. This offers tremendous scope for developing compact and effective heat transfer equipment. An enhancement of 20-25% for 1:5 volume concentration are observed at an average voltage of 60V when compared with EG (Ethylene glycol) at the same voltage. This method is simple, fast and reliable for the synthesis of Newtonian nano fluids containing In2O3 nano particles.
A Fuzzy Inventory Model with Perishable and Aging ItemsIJERA Editor
A parametric multi-period inventory model for perishable items considered in this paper. Each item in the stock perishes in a given period of time with some uncertainty. A model derived for recursive unnormalized conditional distributions of {} given the information accumulated about the inventory level- surviving items processes.
Design, Fabrication and Testing Of Flapping Wing Micro Air VehicleIJERA Editor
Flapping flight has the potential to revolutionize micro air vehicles (MAVs) due to increased aerodynamic
performance, improved maneuverability and hover capabilities. The purpose of this project is to design and
fabrication of flapping wing micro air vehicle. The designed MAV will have a wing span of 40cm. The drive
mechanism will be a gear mechanism to drive the flapping wing MAV, along with one actuator. Initially, a
preliminary design of flapping wing MAV is drawn and necessary calculation for the lift calculation has been
done. Later a CAD model is drawn in CATIA V5 software. Finally we tested by Flying.
A Framework for Curved Videotext Detection and ExtractionIJERA Editor
Proposed approach explores a new framework for curved video text detection and extraction. The algorithm first utilizes a Gaussian filter based Color Edge Enhancement followed by a Gray level Co-occurrence matrix feature extraction method for text detection. Secondly, a Connected Component filtering method is utilized to generate clear localization result and at last, a Round Scan method is performed to extract curved text and generate binary result for recognition by OCR. Experiments on various curved video data and Hua’s horizontal video text dataset shows the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.
The idea of backpacking is just amazing but packing is quite stressful especially for a fashionista. Minimalistic packing is what I advocate for.here is a simple list every woman can use.
Připravený balíček léčitele pro jednoduchou hru postavy. Překontrolujte si, jestli máte dané zbraně. Pokud ne, klidně si upravte balíček k vašemu obrazu.
Fibre channel and nv me trusted meets fastPoulSmith
Technological advances in the enterprise data center involving Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe)-based Solid-State Storage (SSS) devices are allowing many folks to change their perception of Fibre Channel.
Limit Strength Prediction of Light Gauge Steel I Section by Finite Element Me...IJERA Editor
IS 800 in 2007, follows Limit State Design method for general construction for steel but provision for limit state design of light gauge cold form steel has not been made in it. IS 801-1975 provides the guild lines for use of cold formed light gauge steel structural members in general building construction which follows working stress design. This code is under revision. In this paper, in order to understand limit strength of light gauge cold form steel section in flexure a finite element analyses has been carried out on light gauge cold form built up I sections with different heights and thicknesses to asses limit load and modes of failure. Elastic and inelastic flexural strength and deformation behavior have been studied and finally a parametric study was undertaken to understand the influence of height, thickness on its structural behavior. It has been observed that light gauge cold form section with low H/t aspect ratio posses higher ratios of limiting load to elastic load.
Design and development of a multi configuration beam vibration test setupIAEME Publication
Over last few decades, significant work in the area of beam vibrations is reported. Uses of classical beam theories have been implemented to study the modal characteristics viz. mode shapes, frequency and damping. The change of modal characteristics provides an indication of structural condition based on changes in frequencies and mode shapes of vibration.
Page 6 of 8Engineering Materials ScienceMetals LabLEEDS .docxbunyansaturnina
Page 6 of 8Engineering Materials Science
Metals Lab
LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT & ENGINEERING
Course: BSc (Hons) Civil Engineering BEng (Hons) Civil Engineering
HND Civil Engineering
Laboratory Experiment:
Stress-Strain Behaviour of Mild Steel and High Yield Steel bars.
Associated Module(s)
Level 4 Engineering Materials Science
Object of Experiment
To investigate the stress-strain behaviour of the above materials.
Theory/Analysis
A knowledge of the behaviour of structural steel under load is essential to ensure structural collapse does not occur and that serviceability requirements are achieved. In these respects the following mechanical properties of a material are required:-
1. The yield stress, σy (or 0.2% proof stress)
2. The Elastic (or Young’s) Modulus, E
3. The maximum tensile strength, σmax
4. The stress at failure, ie the fracture stress, σf
5. The % elongation at failure
Apparatus
1. 500kN Denison Testing Machine
2. Extensometer and Denison extension gauge (measures cross head movement)
3. Grade 250 plain round mild steel bar, 20mm diameter
Characteristic strength = 250 N/mm²
Conforms to BS 4449.
4. Grade 460 deformed high yield steel.
Reinforcing bar, T16, 16mm diameter.
Characteristic strength = 460 N/mm²
Conforms to BS 4449.
Method
Each of the bars in turn is placed in the jaws of the testing machine.
The 50mm extensometer is attached to the bar and zeroed.
Load is applied and recorded in increments up to failure. For each load increment, extension readings from the extensometer and the Denison extension gauge are noted.
At the yield point, the extensometer is removed to prevent damage to it and readings continue on the Denison extension gauge.
The load at failure and the manner of failure are noted.
See the Figure below showing the Test Setup.
(
L
G
values; L
G
= 100 mm for the plain
round
bar, and L
G
= 80 mm for the deformed
high yield
bar
) (
L
G
,
gauge length of the samples
) (
P = the tensile force applied to bars from Dennison testing machine
) (
P
) (
Extension of the sample bars is measured by:
the
Dennison (on-board) extension gauge which monitors cross-head
movement
. This effectively gives sample extension readings from the start of the test (P = 0) through to failure.
An extensometer gauge. This is accurate only over the initial linear-elastic phase of the test.
) (
P
)
Each student should prepare and submit a laboratory report, the results and discussion sections are outlined below:a) Results and Calculations
Readings of load (P), against extension (e), have been recorded for each specimen tested and provided to you (appended at the end of this laboratory briefing document).
Knowing the original bar diameters (d), load data can converted to stress (σ) by dividing each load reading by the appropriate cross sectional area.
Strain values are determined by dividing the extension (e) data by the appropriate gauge length for each bar (LG); the g.
Finite element analysis of aluminium alloys for their vibration characteristicseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
SLIDING WEAR OF AA6061/CARBON BLACK METAL MATRIX COMPOSITESIAEME Publication
In this study, the effects of carbon black amount on fracture and wear behaviors of AA6061-carbon black metal matrix composites produced by stir casting route were investigated. Wear tests were performed in a pin on type wear apparatus under different loads of 10, 20, 30 N with different sliding speeds of 2, 3 and 4 m/s, at three different sliding distances of 500, 750 and 1000 m. The design of experiments was carried out as per Taguchi technique. Wear rate function was determined in terms of volume fraction, normal load, sliding speed and sliding distance. It was found that there was a good agreement between the theoretical and the experimental value of wear rate. Maximum sliding wear of 68.72% was attributed sliding distance. Sliding wear resistance increases by 42.56% for AA6061/30%CB metal matrix composites as compared to the matrix alloy AA6061
PROBABILISTIC DESIGN AND RANDOM OPTIMIZATION OF HOLLOW CIRCULAR COMPOSITE STR...IAEME Publication
This study represents simulation of hollow circular composite beam by using Monte Carlo method i.e. direct sampling. A three dimensional transient analysis of large displacement type has been carried out. Finite element analysis of hollow circular composite structure has been carried out and uncertainty in bending stress is analyzed. More over optimization of selected design variables has been carried out by using random optimization method.
DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR USING FINITE ELEMENT AN...IAEME Publication
An electrostatic precipitator is designed to trap and remove dust particles from the exhaust gas. The computer aided design and finite element analysis of electrostatic precipitator cone structure has been carried out. For static structure analysis two models (Model A and Model B) is being
considered having horizontal and vertical stiffener arrangement.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Assessment the Limit of Steel Core Area in the Encased Composite Column
1. A El-Moniem M. Amin et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 3) January 2016, pp.72-78
www.ijera.com 72|P a g e
Assessment the Limit of Steel Core Area in the Encased
Composite Column
Abd El-Moniem M. Amin1
; Ashraf M. Fadel2
; Sameh M. Gaawan3
; Reda A.
Darwish4
1
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Helwan, Egypt.
2
Professor, Institute of Structures and Metallic Construction, HBRC, Egypt.
3
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Helwan, Egypt.
4
Postgraduate student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Helwan, Egypt.
Abstract
This study has been carried out to evaluate the method of design of the composite column of reinforced concrete
and steel structural sections in the international Codes. Studying and verifying the limit of the ratio of steel
section area to total gross section area is the important aim of this research. AISC, 2005 was specifying this limit
by 1.0%. Various ratios of steel core area to total gross section area were studied along with rang of concrete
strength by the help of finite element software. The results show that the ratio of the steel core area to the total
gross section area (As/Ag) should be replaced by the ratio of the ultimate capacity of the steel core to the total
ultimate capacity of the complete composite section (Pys/P0). The new ratio takes into account the effect of
relative strength between steel and concrete. The proposed limit for (Pys/P0) is between (25%) to (30%).
Keywords: Composite column; Encased section; Steel; Concrete; Finite element method
I. Introduction:
According to American Institute of Steel
Construction AISC (LRFD), 2005 there are five
limits should be satisfied by any column section to be
covered by this code. The ratio of the steel core area
to the gross section area is one of the important
limitations specifying the range of code work. The
code limit the As/Ag by 1.0% thus the composite
columns sections with As/Ag less than 1.0% should
be designed as a normal reinforced concrete column
and the steel core will work as concentrate steel
reinforcement consequently these columns will
follow the terms and clauses of the ACI code.
This limit will be assessed by studying the results of
the finite element models and compare them with the
capacity of these section based on AISC
II. Finite Element Models
Sixty models have been performed to study the
effect of the steel core area ratio to the total gross
section area of the encased section.
The model naming convention reflects the steel ratio
and concrete strength e.g., (C-6.58-35) refers to a
section with a steel core ratio of As/Ag = 6.58% and
concrete strength = 35Mpa).
All the models have the same cross section as
illustrates in adjacent figure.
Variables Considered
Generally there are number of variables
governing the capacity of the encased column
sections such as; the height of the column, the
dimensions of the concrete encasement, the area of
the steel reinforcement, the area of the steel core, the
strength of the concrete encasement, the strength of
steel core and the strength of the steel reinforcement
bars. The variables considered in this study are the
area of the steel Core and the strength of the concrete
encasement. The other variables are assumed to be
constant.
Values of these constant variables shown in tables (1)
& (2).
Property Description Value Units
EX Elasticity Modulus 200,000 Mpa
NUXY
Poisson’s ratio in
XY
0.3
Dimensio
n Less
SIGYLD Yield Stress 345 Mpa
ETAN Tangent Modulus 4200 Mpa
DENS Mass Density 7850 Kg/m3
Table (1) Steel Material Properties
Property Description
Valu
e
Units
NUXY
Poisson’s
ratio in XY
0.2
Dimension
Less
DENS Mass Density 2400 Kg/m3
Table (2) Concrete Material Properties
Figure (4-2): Model Cross Section
700
700
Steel Section
12T25
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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The values of the stress-strain curve of concrete
material are based on smeared crack approach. We
can summarize the curve for each group as shown in
tables (3) & (4) and figure (1) and the smeared crack
approach as illustrate in table (6).
Group (1)
fc' = 25 (Mpa)
Group (2)
fc' = 30 (Mpa)
Group (3)
fc' = 35 (Mpa)
x 10-3
Mpa
x 10-3
Mpa
x 10-3
Mpa
-0.13 -3.2 -0.13 -3.5 -0.13 -3.7
0.32 7.5 0.35 9.0 0.38 10.5
0.77 16.0 0.84 19.2 0.91 22.4
1.22 21.6 1.33 25.9 1.44 30.2
1.66 24.3 1.82 29.2 1.97 34.0
2.11 25.0 2.32 30.0 2.50 35.0
Table (3) Concrete Stress-Strain Values for (Groups
1, 2 & 3)
Group (4)
fc' = 40 (Mpa)
Group (5)
fc' = 45 (Mpa)
Group (6)
fc' = 50 (Mpa)
x 10-3
Mpa
x 10-3
Mpa
x 10-3
Mpa
-0.13 -4.0 -0.13 -4.2 -0.13 -4.5
0.40 12.0 0.43 13.5 0.45 15.0
0.97 25.6 1.03 28.8 1.08 32.0
1.54 34.6 1.63 38.9 1.72 43.2
2.11 38.9 2.23 43.7 2.35 48.6
2.67 40.0 2.84 45.0 2.99 50.0
Table (4-4) Concrete Stress-Strain Values for
(Groups 4, 5 & 6)
The models have been divided to six groups each
group have different concrete strength (25, 30, 35,
40, 45, and 50 Mpa). Each group has ten specimens
with different steel section profiles to produce a
range of As/Ag from 0.57% to 9.76 as shown in
tables (5).
Model
Name
Steel
Section
As As/Ag
mm2
%
1 C-0.57-25 W10x15 2800 0.58
2 C-0.86-25 W10x22 4200 0.85
3 C-1.00-25 W10x26 4900 1.00
4 C-1.16-25 W10x30 5700 1.16
5 C-2.55-25 W10x66 12500 2.55
6 C-3.35-25 W10x89 16900 3.45
7 C-5.24-25 W12x136 25700 5.25
8 C-6.59-25 W12x170 32300 6.58
9 C-8.14-25 W12x210 39900 8.14
10 C-9.76-25 W12x252 47800 9.76
Table (5) As/Ag for specimens of each groups
Figure (1) shows the stress-strain curves for all groups.
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The Strain The Stress ()
T = fT/Ec = 1.32 e-4
fT = 0.632 fc
’
E = fE/Ec = 6.34 e-5
( fc
’
) fE = 0.3 fc
’
1 = E + ¼ (0 - E) f1 = (Ec.1)/(1+(1/0)2
)
2 = E + ½ (0 - E) f2 = (Ec.2)/(1+(2/0)2
)
3 = E + ¾ (0 - E) f3 = (Ec.3)/(1+(3/0)2
)
0 = 2.fc
’
/Ec = 4.23 e-4
( fc
’
) fc
’
Since, Ec fc
’
Table (6) Stress-Strain equations based on the smeared crack approach
III. Results and Discussions
A nonlinear analysis had been performed for all
the models to get the failure load (P, FE Model), and in
same time the maximum capacity load according to
AISC-LRFD, 2005 (Pn, AISC) had been calculated.
The results of both (P, FE Model) & (Pn, AISC) for
each group are tabulating against two reference
values as shown in tables (7) & (8) and figures from
(2) to (14):
1. The ratio of the steel core area to the total gross
section area (As/Ag)
2. The ratio of the ultimate capacity of the steel
core to the total ultimate capacity of the
complete composite section (Pys/P0) (Where; Pys
= As. Fy and P0 = As . Fy + Asr . Fyr + 0.85fc’.Ac)
For each group the range of (As/Ag) values will
be the same (0.57, 0.86, 1.00, 1.16, 2.55, 3.35, 5.24,
6.59, 8.14 & 9.76%).
However, the range of (Pys/P0) values for each group
will be function of the concrete strength, which
differs from group to group.
As /
Ag
Group (1) Group (2) Group (3) Group (4) Group (5) Group (6)
Pn,AISC
(KN)
P,FE Model
(KN)
Pn,AISC
(KN)
P,FE Model
(KN)
Pn,AISC
(KN)
P,FE Model
(KN)
Pn,AISC
(KN)
P,FE Model
(KN)
Pn,AISC
(KN)
P,FE Model
(KN)
Pn,AISC
(KN)
P,FE
Model
(KN)
0.57% 9,721 11,763 10,902 13,455 11,935 14,890 12,993 16,484 13,812 17,573 14,633 18,713
0.86% 9,860 11,685 11,043 13,347 12,069 14,728 13,074 16,145 13,999 17,443 14,928 18,824
1.00% 10,008 11,829 11,202 13,505 12,258 14,946 13,125 16,006 13,939 17,011 14,745 18,063
1.16% 10,171 11,992 11,375 13,680 12,336 14,873 13,313 16,185 14,166 17,264 14,954 18,249
2.55% 11,304 12,378 12,563 14,031 13,930 16,006 14,993 17,351 15,943 18,492 16,922 19,751
3.45% 12,099 12,922 13,396 14,593 14,582 16,084 15,566 17,182 16,859 19,015 17,804 20,117
5.24% 14,579 15,541 16,019 17,418 17,165 18,708 18,295 20,006 19,568 21,658 20,591 22,796
6.59% 16,339 17,499 17,877 19,530 19,074 20,887 20,279 22,291 21,478 23,718 22,572 24,949
8.14% 18,221 19,405 19,827 21,538 21,086 22,967 22,344 24,431 23,541 25,796 24,672 27,046
9.76% 20,310 21,651 22,000 23,921 23,183 25,140 24,514 26,715 25,782 28,188 26,975 29,521
Table (7) The Results of all groups (1 of 2)
As /
Ag
Group (1) Group (2) Group (3) Group (4) Group (5) Group (6)
Pys /
P,FE
Model / Pys /
P,FE
Model / Pys /
P,FE
Model / Pys /
P,FE
Model / Pys /
P,FE
Model / Pys /
P,FE
Model /
P0 Pn,AISC P0 Pn,AISC P0 Pn,AISC P0 Pn,AISC P0 Pn,AISC P0 Pn,AISC
0.57% 0.071 1.210 0.062 1.234 0.055 1.248 0.049 1.269 0.044 1.272 0.040 1.279
0.86% 0.103 1.185 0.090 1.209 0.080 1.220 0.072 1.235 0.065 1.246 0.060 1.261
1.00% 0.118 1.182 0.103 1.206 0.092 1.219 0.083 1.220 0.075 1.220 0.069 1.225
1.16% 0.135 1.179 0.118 1.203 0.106 1.206 0.095 1.216 0.087 1.219 0.079 1.220
2.55% 0.257 1.095 0.230 1.117 0.208 1.149 0.189 1.157 0.174 1.160 0.161 1.167
3.45% 0.320 1.068 0.289 1.089 0.263 1.103 0.241 1.104 0.223 1.128 0.207 1.130
5.24% 0.421 1.066 0.386 1.087 0.355 1.090 0.330 1.094 0.307 1.107 0.288 1.107
6.59% 0.481 1.071 0.444 1.092 0.412 1.095 0.385 1.099 0.361 1.104 0.340 1.105
8.14% 0.537 1.065 0.500 1.086 0.468 1.089 0.440 1.093 0.415 1.096 0.392 1.096
9.76% 0.585 1.066 0.549 1.087 0.517 1.084 0.488 1.090 0.463 1.093 0.440 1.094
Table (8) The Results of all groups (2 of 2)
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Figure (2) shows the result of study (As/Ag) for
Group (1)
Figure (3) shows the result of study (As/Ag) for
Group (2)
Figure (4) shows the result of study (As/Ag) for
Group (3)
Figure (5) shows the result of study (As/Ag) for
Group (4)
Figure (6) shows the result of study (As/Ag) for
Group (5)
Figure (7) shows the result of study (As/Ag) for
Group (6)
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Figure (8) shows the result of study (Pys/P0) for
Group (1)
Figure (9) shows the result of study (Pys/P0) for
Group (2)
Figure (10) shows the result of study (Pys/P0) for
Group (3)
Figure (11) shows the result of study (Pys/P0) for
Group (4)
Figure (12) shows the result of study (Pys/P0) for
Group (5)
Figure (13) shows the result of study (Pys/P0) for
Group (6)
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Figure (14) shows the result of study (Pys/P0) for all Groups in one graph
According to the figures of (As/Ag) against (P, FE
Model) & (Pn,AISC) it is observed that for all values of
(As/Ag) more than certain limit, the curves of (Pn,
AISC) were spaced constantly from the curves of (P, FE
Model). For the values of (As/Ag) less than this limit,
the curves of the (Pn, AISC) were deviated from the
curves of (P, FE Model).
This limit is specifying the borderline for the
range of application of the code. For the values of
(As/Ag) more than this limit, the code results were
matching with finite element results. However, for
(As/Ag) values less than this limit the results of code
were not matching with the finite element results.
The limit of (As/Ag) ranges from (1.9%) for
group (1) to (4.2%) for group (6). Which means that
limit differs from a group to another and the change
in concrete strength and consequently the relative
strength between steel core and concrete encasement
will lead to change in the limit value.
The results of the figures (Pys/P0) against (P, FE
Model) & (Pn,AISC) is showing that there is a limit of
(Pys/P0), For the values of (Pys/P0) more than this limit
the results of the code are matching with the finite
element results and beyond this limit the results of
the code are not matching with finite element results.
The limit of (Pys/P0) was the same for all groups and
its value ranged between (0.25) to (0.3). Figure (4-
16) illustrates the relations between (Pys/P0) and the
normalized curves for (P, FE Model / Pn, AISC) and was
leading to the same limit.
According to the AISC code this limit are
specifying by the ratio of (As/Ag) and equals 1.0%.
The results obtained from the finite element analysis
were showing that the ratio of (As/Ag) are ignoring
the effect of the relative strength of the steel core
with respect to the strength of the concrete and steel
reinforcement.
For more explanation, if there are two encased
columns with the same (As/Ag) ratio and the steel
core of the first column has a poor steel strength and
the other column has a steel core with high steel
strength and all the other parameters are the same. It
is not accurate to assume that both columns will have
the same classification against code limit of
application regardless the effects of the relative
strength. If we use the ratio of (Pys/P0) to specify the
limit of codes application, it will consider the relative
strength for the components of the encased sections.
IV. CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
From The results obtained, we can conclude the
following:
Specifying the limit on which the composite
actions between the steel and concrete will start
to be significant, cannot be accurate enough if
we use a ratio of steel core area to the gross
section area (As/Ag) as a reference.
The ratio of the ultimate capacity of the steel
core to the total ultimate capacity of the
complete composite section (Pys/P0) will be
efficiently representing this limit.
It is suggested to change the limit of the ratio of
steel core area to the gross section area (As/Ag)
to be the ratio of the ultimate capacity of the
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steel core to the total ultimate capacity of the
complete composite section (Pys/P0).
The limit for the ratio of (Pys/P0) can be specified
with a value between (25 to 30%).
References
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[5.] K. M. Yee, Dr H. Shakir-Khalil and R.
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[6.] Min-Lang Lin and Keh-Chyuan Tsai,
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[8.] S. A. Mirza, F. and E. A. Lacroix,
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[9.] S.F. Chen, J. G. Teng, and S. L. Chen,
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[10.] Sherif El-Tawil, and Gregory G. Deierlein,
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