Presentation slides about Open Educational Resources, from "ConnEcTEd IO 7-Webinar: Digital Transformation in Foreign Language Teacher Education: OERs and virtual formats in (international) teacher education." as a part of Erasmus+ "Coherence in European Teacher Education: Creating transnational communities of practice through virtual scenarios" project.

1. What is and
why should I (re)use it?
Ivana Bosnić
University of Zagreb
FER

2. Creative Commons BY 4.0 International
You are free to:
• Share — copy and redistribute the material in
any medium or format
• Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the
material
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long
as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
• Attribution — You must give appropriate credit,
provide a link to the license, and indicate if
changes were made. You may do so in any
reasonable manner, but not in any way that
suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
• No additional restrictions — You may not apply
legal terms or technological measures that legally
restrict others from doing anything the license
permits.
2

3. Why am I here?
• University of Zagreb
• FER - Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing
• Associate Professor of Computing
• E-learning
• Global software engineering
• Web technologies
• Open systems and technologies
• Anything with the title „Open”...
3

4. Disclaimer
• I am (just)
an engineer
:-)
4

5. Why are you here?
• You are – (future?) teachers?
• If not. you are surely interested in education?
• I suppose you use some kind of
educational resources?
• Hopefully you think that you
can’t/won’t/shouldn’t
do everything alone?
5

6. What can an educational resource be?
• Text
• Web pages
• Images, presentations, audio, video
• Textbooks
• Animations, simulations
• Questions, assignments, quizzes
• Lesson plans
• Whole courses
• …
6

7. If I would ask you...
• How do you obtain
your educational resources?
• How do you use
the obtained educational resources?
• How do you change
the obtained educational resources?
7

8. If I would ask you...
Do you use
open
educational
resources?
8

9. Today ...
• Special kind of educational resources
9

10. OER definitions?
• teaching, learning and research materials
• that make use of appropriate tools,
• such as open licensing,
• to permit their
• free reuse
• continuous improvement and
• repurposing by others for educational purposes.
UNESCO, 2019
10

11. Highly usable content
1. easily sourced
2. durable and maintained
3. a degree of quality assurance
4. free from legal restrictions
5. available at an appropriate cost
6. in formats that are accessible and ubiquitous
within that community
7. in media that present intelligible representations
in terms of language etc.
8. easily repurposed
9. of a critical ‘size’
10. presentable in a context that is meaningful for the practitioner
11. show how they will engage the learner
12. reused in a range of educational models
A. Littlejohn: Characterising effective eLearning resources (2008)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2006.08.004
11

12. Reusing the content
• Educational content is rarely created
„from scratch”
• Content reuse!
• Our own content
• Someone else’s content
12

13. How much reuse?
Do you prefer:
Classic OR Specialized
building bricks? 13

14. Reusability paradox
Higher
pedagogical value and context
Lower
reuse potential 
Usability paradox (David Wiley)
„However, it would appear that the least desirable relationship possible exists between the potential for
learning object reuse and the ease with which that reuse can be automated: the more reusable a learning
object is, the harder its use is to automate. Identically, the less reusable a learning object is, the easier its
use is to automate.„
http://opencontent.org/docs/paradox.html
Forgetting Our History: From the Usability Paradox to the
Remix Hypothesis
https://opencontent.org/blog/archives/3854
14

15. Reusability paradox
• 3 choices:
• No-context resources:
• Easy to reuse, but with low teaching value
• High-context resources:
• High teaching value, but hard to reuse
• Somewhere in the middle:
• „neither fish nor flesh”
• 4. choice?
15

16. Open educational resources
• Any educational resources, which is
licensed to support 5R activities:
• Retain - the right to make, own, and control copies of the
content (e.g., download, duplicate, store, and manage)
• Reuse - the right to use the content in a wide range of ways
(e.g., in a class, in a study group, on a website, in a video)
• Revise - the right to adapt, adjust, modify, or alter the
content itself (e.g., translate the content into another language)
• Remix - the right to combine the original or revised content
with other material to create something new (e.g., incorporate
the content into a mashup)
• Redistribute - the right to share copies of the original
content, your revisions, or your remixes with others (e.g., give a
copy of the content to a friend) 16

17. By OECx: TESS101x Enhancing teacher education through OER: Tess-India, CC BY
17

18. Quick question:
• What’s the opposite of
open educational resources?
• Traditionally licensed educational resources
• The price is lowering...
• „we become like OER”
• OER solves the question of usage/reuse rights,
not the question of price!
• FREE OPEN
18

19. OER is not a joke …
• EU:
• „…to increase the supply of quality OER and other
digital educational materials in different languages,
to develop new business models and to develop
technical solutions which provide transparent
information on copyrights and open licenses to users
of digital educational resources”
• „to improve the attractiveness and visibility of
quality OERs produced in the EU”
• „Member States and education institutions should:
• Stimulate open access policies for publicly-funded
educational materials
• Encourage formal education and training institutions to
include digital content, including OERs, among the
recommended educational materials”
• https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/European_Union:_Erasmus:_Opening_Up_Educ
ation 19

20. 20

21. Any problems?
TECHNOLOGICAL
LEGAL 21

22. Technical issues with reuse
• Access to Editing Tools
• Level of Expertise Required
• Meaningfully Editable
• Self-Sourced
http://opencontent.org/definition/
22

23. Examples of technological issues
• Text editing?
• PDF format
• Image editing?
• example: format SVG
• https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/How_To_Assemble_A
_Desktop_PC/Choosing_the_parts
• Video editing?
• Animations and games editing?
23

24. 24
By Gustavb - Own work,
CC BY 2.5

25. 25

26. Legal issues
• Whatever you create is copyright work
• ... And „All Rights Reserved” usually applies
• USA: Fair use
• What exactly you are allowed to do?
• (everything not forbidden is allowed)
• Europe? (Croatia)
• (everything not allowed is forbidden)
26

27. Maybe I would like to...
• ... Give up some of my rights?
• As copyrighted world can be very tiresome
• ... Give the permission in advance?
• Instead of permitting each request individually
27

28. 28

29. Creative Commons
• elements
• BY = Attribution
• NC = NonCommercial
• SA = ShareAlike
• ND = NoDerivs
• combinations
29

30. Where to find CC-licensed content?
• Openverse
• https://wordpress.org/openverse/
• Google Images
• Usage Rights filter
30

31. How to share your work with others?
• https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/
31

32. 32

33. 33

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40. 40

41. 41

42. Creative Commons BY 4.0 International
You are free to:
• Share — copy and redistribute the material in any
medium or format
• Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the
material
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you
follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
• Attribution — You must give appropriate credit,
provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes
were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner,
but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses
you or your use.
• No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal
terms or technological measures that legally restrict
others from doing anything the license permits.
42

43. Who can read a Creative Commons license?
• Lawyers
• Mortal people :-)
• Computers
About the Licenses by Creative Commons, CC-BY 4.0 International
43

44. Reading a CC-license – mortal people? :-)
• https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
44

45. Reading a CC-license – lawyers
• https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
45

46. Reading a CC-license - computers
Let’s leave this to techies.... ;-)
46

47. How to reference the reused work?
• CC0 – Public Domain
• No need to reference anything
• Any other CC-license: at least BY - attribution
• In many cases, the text to put is provided
• CC 4.0 – you can put the references in some Credits
• TASL: Title, Author, Source, License
• "Best practices for attribution"
• https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Best_practic
es_for_attribution
47

48. 48

49. Some help from WikiMedia
49

50. CreativeCommons overview
• Useful infographic:
• Creative Commons –
The Ultimate Guide by foter.com
• https://foter.com/blog/how-to-attribute-creative-
commons-photos/
• https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
f/fb/Foter_Creative_Commons_license_diagram.jpg
50

51. CC-combinations
51

52. Some examples...
52

53. Example – our lectures
53

54. Example: MOOCs
• https://www.open.edu/openlearn/
54

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57. Example: Textbooks
• OpenStax - https://openstax.org/
• Free books. No catch.
• High-quality, reviewed textbooks
• 42 textbooks
• 6 million students from 140 countries
• Used in 70 % of US universities
• Huge savings in money – but money is not everything :-)
57

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60. 60

61. Example: More textbooks
• Open Textbook Library
• https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/
• Authoring Open Textbooks:
• https://pressbooks.pub/authoropen/
• Modifying an Open Textbook:
• https://pressbooks.pub/oenmodify/
• Example: Textbooks about languages and
linguistics
61

62. 62

63. Example – How to become „famous”? :-)
63

64. Example – H5P
• H5P – „Create, share and reuse
interactive HTML5 content
in your browser”
64

65. Example – H5P
65

66. Example – H5P
66

67. Example – H5P
67

68. Example – H5P
68

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72. 72

73. Example – H5P
• H5P – „Create, share and reuse
interactive HTML5 content
in your browser”
• Create
Richer HTML5 Content in
Existing Publishing Platforms
• Share
Content Seamlessly Across Any H5P Capable Site
• Reuse and modify
Content in Your Browser at Any Time
73

74. Example – H5P
• H5P is free and open source
• h5p.org -> community website
• h5p.com -> paid service platform
• If you use:
• Moodle, WordPress, Drupal,
• Blackboard, Canvar, Brightspace
• You’re good to go! No hassle!
74

75. Example – H5P: Reusing
75
Self-sourced!!!

76. 76

77. Phases of „Open” content:
History (25-30 years):
1. Put the content on the Web
2. Put free content on the Web
3. Put free content on the Web with an open
license (CC or similar)
4. Put free content on the Web with an open
license (CC or similar), liberal enough to easily
integrate, reuse, remix the content
77
Where am
I today?

78. • VIDEO: Turning a Resource into an Open
Educational Resource (5 min)
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turning_a_Resourc
e_into_an_Open_Educational_Resource.webm
78

79. Instead of the conclusion...
79

80. Instead of the conclusion...
1) Open is not (only) free
2) Aim for all five Rs:
• Retain, Reuse, Revise, Remix, Redistribute
3) Help the others to revise and remix your content
4) Do not be afraid of being open
80

81. ivana bosnic @ fer hr
Twitter: @ivki
Slideshare: ibosnic
81