2. Lakshminarayanan, R, Tiwary and S N, Jadhav. S. M
http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 2 editor@iaeme.com
This group of force is the main implementers of law and order and first to reach the
site of commotion.
This paper is part of first author’s PhD study and continuation to the paper earlier
published in IJARMSS.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Survival is common challenge for the entire living thing in this universe. Each
individual person requires certain basic needs to survive like food, shelter, clothing
etc. To get those essential needs, one requires skills to either produce or procure it.
Produce every basic and essential need is next to impossible. But to procure, one
needs money; that could be earned either by self employment or as an employer with
some organisation. For both such engagements, one expects minimum satisfaction of
job to certain extent.
In their study of correctional staff of Midwestern State Prison Lambert Eric G. et
al found that their job characteristics are more related to their job stress.
Richardson Katherine M. and Rothstein Hannah R. in their study found that the
stress is more a concern for job satisfaction and suggested physiological interventions
that the organisation should introduce to reduce the anxiety of the staff.
In his study Barve B N has found that the urban police are more stressed
occupationally than their rural counter parts.
Bonn & Bonn in their paper said that “Management has to recognize its
responsibility for minimizing stress, thereby reducing ill-health among employees,
including potentially fatal coronary heart disease”
The investigation by Rothmann Sebastiaan on job satisfaction, occupational stress,
burnout and work engagement of police personnel, as well as the relationships
between the constructs on a four-factorial model of work-related wellbeing with the
dimensions: job satisfaction (indicating pleasure vs. displeasure), occupational stress
(indicating anxiety vs. comfort), burnout (indicating fatigue vs. vigour), and
engagement (indicating enthusiasm vs. depression) found that occupational stress was
statistically significantly related to exhaustion and cynicism.
3. METHOD
At the time of study as the non-gazetted population was about 7500 in entire Pune
City Police, the study was further brought down to Pune Police Zone-1, the
population of which was around 872.
Proper prior permission for the study was obtained from Pune Police
Commissioner in November 2007 and as desired by them, draft of the PhD thesis was
also got vetted by the Commissioner in May 2014, before submission to the
University for award of PhD degree.
Minnesota job satisfaction longer version questionnaire was designed to the
requirement with the help of few police officers and staff. A pilot study was also done
before printing the final questionnaire. The questionnaire was printed in bilingual viz
Marathi and English. A copy of the prior permission obtained from the Pune City
Police Commissioner was attached at the end of the questionnaire, so that the police
staff could answer the questions fear free. The questionnaire was designed for
response on five scales, split in to eight sections like demographic information, about
the police organisation, quality of police working life, work-family balance, job
3. Does Gender Influence Stress Level In A Police Job?
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performance factors to job satisfaction, job stress factors to job satisfaction,
rewards/punishments and views and suggestions.
Primary data source was from the questionnaire and the data collected from the
police stations and police commissioner office. Secondary source of data was from
the web sites of Police, Home and other departments of Govt. of India and
Maharashtra.
391 non-gazetted staff from seven police stations of Zone-1 responded, which was
45% of the posted population. Out of this, 327 (84%) were male and rest 64 (16%)
female. A user friendly data entry program was designed in MS Access and each page
of the questionnaire was prepared as a data entry form. The data was then exported to
SPSS for analysis.
Reliability testing, data validation and missing value analysis were also done to
ensure maximum accuracy.
Though the scaling was initially done on five point scale, it was changed to
bipolar positive and negative answers (Yes and No) method by clubbing strongly
agreed and somewhat agreed as Yes and strongly disagreed and somewhat disagreed
as No. The neutral reply was not considered as it was felt that it may influence the
significance level.
Initially the entire raw data was statistically tested question wise for significance
and then gender wise, with the help of SPSS.
Cross tabulation (chi sq) analysis was used for association between gender and job
stress. Within male and female population, stress factors were compared using
Binomial test. 95% confidence interval was reported and p-value < 0.05 was
considered statistically significant.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
All the 10 questions shows dissatisfaction over 60%, except one, when tested on
the total responses. Top most with more than 70% are on Crime rate and Law and
Order problems and the least is on Terrorism factor (55%). Though all the questions
on job stress factors to job satisfaction have shown percentage wise dissatisfaction,
none is statistically significant. (Table-1).
Question 1: Law and order problem has been marked as one among the most stressful
factors for the police staff. Over 70% collectively and gender wise agreed that this
issue is rather stressful during performance of police duty. Though it is not significant
on the total response analysis, it is more significant statistically for both male and
female with < 0.001 p-value.
Question 2: Crime rate tops the list of stressors for the police staff of Pune city
police, 75% for male and 72% for female. Again it is highly significant for both male
(< 0.001) and female (0.002).
Question 3: As known, in today’s policing, bandhobust (VIP visit/security) duties are
quite common and frequent, which are over and above their assigned crime
prevention and detection duties. 67% of both male and female police staff conveyed
their frustration with a significance of < 0.001 and 0.011 respectively.
Question 4: Female police are rather less dissatisfied on this point of communal
environment in policing (55%) than their male counterpart (68%). It is highly
significant only for male with a p-value of < 0.001.
4. Lakshminarayanan, R, Tiwary and S N, Jadhav. S. M
http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 4 editor@iaeme.com
Question 5: Property offence issue is also same like above question 4, with 67% and
53% unhappiness for male and female and highly significant for male with < 0.001.
Question 6: Male police shown significant dissatisfaction in dealing with suicide and
murder cases with 62% and p-value of < 0.001. Female shown least dissatisfaction of
53%, as above, in question 5.
Question 7: Regarding human atrocity cases, again male shown significant discontent
of 65% compared to female 59%. It is only highly significant to male with < 0.001 p-
value.
Question 8: Both male (63%) and female (64%) shown equal displeasure for political
factions/ disputes related cases. This question is highly significant for male (< 0.001)
and female 0.048.
Question 9: For gang war cases, both male and female shown lesser displeasure with
60% and 56%. It is only significant for male with 0.001 p-value.
Question 10: The question on terrorism related cases shows that both male and
female agreed equally with 55% and it is not significant for both.
5. CONCLUSIONS
From the above discussions and Table-1, it is could be interpreted that,
Though all the 10 questions on job stress factors to job satisfaction are dissatisfiers
for the entire population, there was no statistical significance for association between
gender and satisfaction. Overlapping confidence interval between male and female
for all questions shows that there is no significance on total population as a whole.
When done binomial test independently on gender split, all the questions are
percentage wise dissatisfiers for both female and male. But out of 10 questions, male
conveyed their discontent and disagreement for 09 with mostly higher p-value of <
0.001. Female have shown only 04 significant dissatisfiers.
The above study shows that female police are less stressed on the job, than their male
colleagues.
6. LIMITATIONS
The study was done on a smaller segment of a police force of a larger State of the
Country. Result may vary according to the population size, mood and atmosphere at
the time of filling questionnaire and other factors of job satisfaction.
7. SCOPE
There exists scope for further study on similar lines with other Zones of Pune Police,
other district police, rural police, entire Maharashtra Police etc. Larger study could be
undertaken among the entire police force of all the States of the Country and other
Central Paramilitary Police Forces.
5. Does Gender Influence Stress Level In A Police Job?
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Table1Question wise statistical significance test
Is this factor
stressful
Male Female
Yes/
Total
Percentage
(95% CI)
Binomial
p-value
Yes/
Total
Percentage
(95% CI)
Binomial
p-value
Law and Order
problem
222/307 72 (67, 77) <0.001 44/60 73 (60, 84) <0.001
Crime rate 203/270 75 (70, 80) <0.001 38/53 72 (58, 83) 0.002
VIP Visit /
Security
208/309 67 (62, 73) <0.001 42/63 67 (54, 78) 0.008
Communal
environment
186/273 68 (62, 74) <0.001 29/53 55 (40, 68) 0.492
Property offences 183/275 67 (61, 72) <0.001 29/55 53 (39, 66) 0.686
Suicide & Murder
cases
158/254 62 (56, 68) <0.001 30/57 53 (39, 66) 0.691
Human atrocities 173/267 65 (59, 71) <0.001 34/58 59 (45, 71) 0.189
Political factions /
disputes
178/282 63 (57, 69) <0.001 37/58 64 (50, 76) 0.036
Gang war 159/264 60 (54, 66) 0.001 29/52 56 (41, 70) 0.405
Terrorism 135/247 55 (48, 61) 0.143 30/55 55 (41, 68) 0.500
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